111-116 Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal,Vol. 12, No. 4, P.P. Reducing the Water Hardness Ghassan Hassan Abdulrazzaq Department of Petroleum processing Engineering (Received http://dx.doi.org/10.22153/kej.2016.07.002 Abstract Hard water does not pose a threat to human health These reactions are caused by the high higher fuel consumption for industrial use . for increasing the precipitation of Ca 2+ hardness is research has been conducted by changing the number of coil turns and voltage of the system. The spectroscopy electron microscope was used for imaging the produced crystals. that the electromagnetic polarization can be used precipitation percent of CaCO3. Keywords : Electromagnetic polarization, 1. Introduction Water hardness is a measure of the capacity of water to its reaction with soap. Hard water more soap foaming. The reason for this is not a single substance, but a diverse dissolved polyvalent metal ions, mainly cautions and magnesium, although much less contributing and other cautions, e.g., barium, iron, manganese, strontium and zinc. Hardness is usually expressed in mg /L CaCO3, the German, French and English of hardness are expressed as follows 1. German hardness = 10 mg CaO in 1 liter of water 2. French degree of hardness = 10 mg CaCO liter of water 3. English hardness = 10 mg CaCO of water. Because the distribution of the earth's crust, magnesium is present in natural waters, where together with calcium makes total hardness of Khwarizmi Engineering Journal,Vol. 12, No. 4, P.P. 111- 116 (2016) Water Hardness by Using Electromagnetic Polarization Method Ghassan Hassan Abdulrazzaq Petroleum processing Engineering/ College of Petroleum & Minerals Engineering Email:ghassanaldoori@yahoo.com (Received 20 March 2016; accepted 24 July 2016) http://dx.doi.org/10.22153/kej.2016.07.002 Hard water does not pose a threat to human health but may cause precipitation of soap or the high concentrations of Ca and Mg. In the industry they are undesirable because use .Electromagnetic polarization water treatment is a method which can be used 2+ and CO3 2- ions in hard water to form CaCO3 which leads to decrease the water research has been conducted by changing the number of coil turns and voltage of the system. The spectroscopy electron microscope was used for imaging the produced crystals. Results of that the electromagnetic polarization can be used in precipitation to decrease the hardness of water due to increase in polarization, water hardness,CaCO3. Water hardness is a measure of the capacity of water to its reaction with soap. Hard water causes more soap foaming. The reason for this is not a single substance, but a diverse dissolved cautions of calcium, and magnesium, although much less contributing and other cautions, e.g., barium, iron, manganese, ss is usually expressed in mg /L , the German, French and English Degrees as follows : German hardness = 10 mg CaO in 1 liter of French degree of hardness = 10 mg CaCO3 in ness = 10 mg CaCO3 in 0.7 liters Because the distribution of the earth's crust, magnesium is present in natural waters, where together with calcium makes total hardness of water. The concentrations of particularly high in the area dom dolomite rocks. This is the case of ground water in the vicinity of Tikrit university. natural waters are characterized by a high content of magnesium, whose concentration can be up to 200 mg / dm3, which makes them unfavorable for use in the public water supply, since maximum concentration of magnesium in drinking water according to current regulations is limited to 50 mg / dm3 [1]. In the experiments presented in this paper reduction of the concentration of magnesium in the water that flows into an abandoned mine shaft "undermine" is discussed. This water has shown a stable composition and a negligible presence of microorganisms, and as such has been introduced in the water supply system city . The only drawback is the high content of magnesium, which ranges up to 100 mg / dm However, as the river water composition, that is, it often causes quality of raw water, thereby the consumption Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal (2016) Electromagnetic Polarization Engineering/ Tikrit University cause precipitation of soap or results stone in the boilers. are undesirable because of Electromagnetic polarization water treatment is a method which can be used which leads to decrease the water research has been conducted by changing the number of coil turns and voltage of the system. The esults of the investigation indicated dness of water due to increase in the water. The concentrations of Mg ions are particularly high in the area dominated by the case of ground water Tikrit university. In this area, natural waters are characterized by a high content of magnesium, whose concentration can be up to , which makes them unfavorable for public water supply, since the maximum concentration of magnesium in drinking water according to current regulations is [1]. resented in this paper the he concentration of magnesium in the water that flows into an abandoned mine shaft . This water has shown a stable composition and a negligible presence of microorganisms, and as such has been introduced in the water supply system in the vicinity of Tikrit . The only drawback is the high content of magnesium, which ranges up to 100 mg / dm3. However, as the river water has variable sition, that is, it often causes reduction the quality of raw water, thereby the consumption of Ghassan Hassan Abdulrazzaq Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4, P.P. 111- 116(2016) 112 large amounts of coagulants and flocculants to ensure its physical and chemical safety is increased[3]. The total solute (Total Dissolved Solids) of inorganic salts are dissolved in water with. Unit of milligram per liter (mg / l). The majority of salts consisting of cautions of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium, and anions are carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, sulfate and nitrate. The dissolved substance introduced can affect its taste. On the basis of the measured values the palatability of the drinking water is evaluated. Table (1) shows some parameters of water [4]. Table 1, parameters of water hardness. Water mg / L CaCO3 German degrees° d Soft <71.4 <4 Easy hard 71.4 to 142.8 4 -8 Moderately hard 142.8 to 321.4 8 -18 Hard 321.4 to 535.7 18 -30 Very hard > 535.7 > 30 1.1. Background Water is essential raw material for industrial production, energy, food industry for communal needs and more. Most requirements for water purity set the food industry (beer, juices) and municipal systems to supply drinking water to citizens. Therefore of great importance all processes for treating raw water which must be removed, suspended solid, organic and inorganic chemical compounds, bacteria and chemicals which gives a bad taste and odor. Due to the high prices of raw water treatment, appropriate technologies must be combined as best way to establish a balance between the price and the resulting water quality. The processes to treat and recover raw water is the use of electromagnetic field. Hydrate ion interaction forces can be influenced by mechanical agitation, temperature, concentration ion and electromagnetic fields. Electromagnet field can weaken the ion and water molecules and increase the collision between the Ca2+ and CO3 2- ions, thus accelerating the rate of nucleation and precipitation of CaCO3[5] . The chemical features of groundwater depende on the type and amount of dissolved mineral substances. Measure the intensity of the melting of rocks in the process, ie corrosion, is hardness water. Increased hardness is a sign of intense corrosion and vice versa. Determined in forming calcium and magnesium ions in water. Total hardness shapes all the calcium and magnesium salts in water[6]. Carbonate hardness make hydrogen carbonates and carbonates of calcium and magnesium. The calcium and magnesium hardness values and relationship depend on the composition of the rocks through which water flows. Groundwater generally is stiffer than surface water. The concentration of minerals in groundwater increases with length of detention or the flow of water through underground cavities[7]. Some studies about the water reported that Water hardness can be divided into: • carbonate hardness, comes from Ca and Mg ions in the form of bicarbonate • Non-carbonate hardness, comes from Ca and Mg ions in the form of sulphates, chlorides and nitrates. • Boiling water bicarbonates is converted into carbonates, which are insoluble in What disappears carbonate hardness, left non-carbonate (permanent) hardness. • The waters are classified into four levels of hardness, if hardness is expressed in mg / L CaCO3 [8]. 2. Methodology The principle of this method is to provide an electromagnetic field with certain frequencies in the hard water that flows through a coil with a certain winding number that can promote the process of precipitation of CaCO3 . This creates small seed crystals in water in the form of very small particles of calcium carbonate prior to entry of the water zone at high temperature. Calcium carbonate adheres to the surface of these very small particles and grow in size. These larger particles tend to be removed by the flow . Faraday law associated with Lenz's law states that the electric field is induced in the magnetic coil when the magnetic field changes with time. The magnetic field is proportional to the current in the coil winding when current changes in coils; the alternating magnetic field is an electric field resisting these changes. This induced AC voltage is high on the side of inspection and tube coil decreases to nothing at the tube coil shows ionic configuration of particles in a magnetic field .Pipe center coil and the coil shown in Figure (1). Ghassan Hassan Abdulrazzaq Al Fig. 1. Configuration of ionic particles in a magnetic field The carbonate ions CO3 -2 will calcium ions Ca +2 ,and the result will produce some precipitation and crystallization of calcium carbonate .as illustrated in equation [9] : Ca +2 + CO3 -2 →CaCO3 2.1. Experimental Work Treatment Process had been conducted by mixing the prepared solution (50 ml) 10 minutes with rate of (19.02 ml /s) temperature equals to the room temperature (25 C) as follows: 1. EWT system used consisted of copper pipe wrapped with copper wire and Power supply as shown in figure (1) . Sample of hard water is circulated through the electromagnet field using silicon tube (ID 6 mm) and peristaltic pump as shown in Figure (2). Fig. 2. Schematic of electromagnet 2. After the EWT treatment, solution in the reservoir tube again was introduced to process to measure the content of Ca contained in the solution and to examine the type and number of crystals formed. 3. The average values of CaCO3 concentrati the two cases ,before and after electromagnetic field water treatment were cpmpared 3. Results and Discussion A- Figure (3) shows the effect of voltage changing on the precipitation of CaCO Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4, P.P. 113 a magnetic field. will react with ,and the result will produce precipitation and crystallization of calcium in equation number (1) …(1) Treatment Process had been conducted by solution (50 ml) for about /s) ,the solution temperature equals to the room temperature (25 o of copper pipe wrapped with copper wire and Power supply as Sample of hard water is circulated through the electromagnet field using silicon tube (ID 6 mm) and peristaltic pump as Equipment. the EWT treatment, solution in the was introduced to the testing process to measure the content of Ca +2 ions contained in the solution and to examine the type concentration for the two cases ,before and after electromagnetic were cpmpared . shows the effect of voltage precipitation of CaCO3. An increasing in the applied voltage will cause increasing in the precipitation percent of CaCO Any increasing in the voltage will cause some increasing in the current through the solenoid coil on EWT tool. This will increase the induction of electromagnetic fields on water according to Faraday's law. As a result the increased induction of electromagnetic fields will improve the effectiveness and impact energy between the ions of Ca +2 and CO3 -2 in solution so that the rate of precipitation of CaCO3 changing the voltage source are shown in table (2) and the graphical representation is shown in Figure (3). Table 2, Applied voltage vs. percentage of CaCO precipitation . Fig. 3. Effect of voltage source changing precipitation of CaCO3 . B- From figures (4,5) precipitation of CaCO3 is increased is duplicated . 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 1 2 3 4 5 Voltage (v) P re c ip ita tio n ( % ) Voltage (v) CaCO3 1 14 2 15 3 17 4 19 5 20 6 22 7 24 8 27 9 28 10 13 11 33 12 35 Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4, P.P. 111- 116(2016) increasing in the applied voltage will cause some increasing in the precipitation percent of CaCO3. ny increasing in the voltage will cause some increasing in the current through the solenoid coil on EWT tool. This will increase the induction of electromagnetic fields on water according to 's law. As a result the increased induction of electromagnetic fields will improve the effectiveness and impact energy between the ions in solution so that the rate of increases. Results of ource are shown in table (2) and the graphical representation is shown in vs. percentage of CaCO3 voltage source changing on From figures (4,5) it can be seen that the is increased when voltage 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Voltage (v) 3 Precipitation % Ghassan Hassan Abdulrazzaq Al Fig. 4. (A) : Precipitation of CaCO3 source of (6 V). Fig . 5. Precipitation of CaCO3 when voltage of (12 V). C- Results of changing the turns number are shown in table (3) and the graphical representation is shown in Figure(6). Table 3, Number of turns vs. Percentage of CaCO3 precipitation. Number of turns CaCO3 Precipitation % 50 24 100 32 150 35 200 39 250 43 Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4, P.P. 114 Precipitation of CaCO3 when voltage Precipitation of CaCO3 when voltage source Results of changing the turns number are ) and the graphical ). Percentage of CaCO3 Precipitation % Fig. 6. Effect of changing the number of turns on the precipitation of CaCO3 D - The greater the number of turns are used, the larger electromagnetic fields induced by the water hardness in the coil. This impact on increasing the effectiveness of collisions between Ca 2+ and CO increasing the precipitation of CaCO (7,8) shows the increasing precipitation of CaCO3 number of turns. Fig. 7. Precipitation of CaCO3 when turns. Fig. 8. Precipitation of CaCO turns 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 50 100 150 Number of t urns P re ci p it at io n ( % ) Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4, P.P. 111- 116(2016) changing the number of turns on 3 . The greater the number of turns are used, the larger electromagnetic fields induced received by the water hardness in the coil. This has an impact on increasing the effectiveness of and CO3 2 - ions thereby precipitation of CaCO3 .Figures increasing percent of the with increasing the Precipitation of CaCO3 when coil with 100 Precipitation of CaCO3 when coil with 250 150 200 250 Number of t urns Ghassan Hassan Abdulrazzaq Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4, P.P. 111- 116(2016) 115 4. Conclusion Depending on where the rain falls, the water remains naturally soft, or becomes contaminated with various contaminants. Water is the best solvent, and as it passes through the soil it, collects various pollution. No method for purifying water can produce laboratory water cleaned of all contaminants. Only a combination of effective and economical method can produce satisfactory laboratory water quality. For high efficiency treatment water is used in combination of several methods .Results showed that the electromagnet field affected an increase in the precipitation amount of CaCO3 up to 34% compared to non electromagnetic fields. Increasing the voltage, the number of turns of coil causes an increase in precipitation CaCO3. Increasing the electromagnetic field levels caused the CaCO3 particle to unit with each other to form larger groups .The benefit of this method is in the reduction or elimination of chemical additives method. 5. References [1] Patrons, S. A., Judd, S. J., Stephenson, T., Udol, S., and Wang, B. L. (1997). Magnetically augmented water treatment. Inst. Chem. Eng. 75(B2), 98-104. [2] Gehr, R., Zhai, Z. A., Finch, J. A., and Fao, S. R. (1995). Reduction of soluble mineral concentrations in CaSO4 water using a magnetic field. Water. 29,933-940. [3] Arnedo-Pena A, C (2007). "Domestic water hardness and prevalence of atopic eczema in Castellon (Spain) school children". Salud Publica Mex. 492 (4): 295–301 [4] Cho, Y.I.,et al. (1997). Theory of electronic anti-fouling technology to control precipitation fouling in heat exchangers. Heat Mass Transfer. 24, 757-770. [5] Bott T. R., The Fouling of Heat Exchangers, Elsevier Science, New York, (1995) [6] Muller-Steinhagen, H. (1999). Cooling Water fouling in heat exchangers. In “Advances in Heat Transfer”, Vol. 33, pp.415-496. Academic Press, New York .DREYBRODT, [7] EISENLOHR, L. (2000.): Limestone Dissolution Rates in Karst Environments. U:Klimchouk, A., Ford, D., Palmer, A., Dreybrodt, W. (ur.): Speleogenesis. Evolution of Karst aquifers, National speleological society, Huntsville, 136-148. FORD, D., WILLIAMS P. (1989.): Karst Geomorphology and Hydrology, [8] Cho Y. I., (2002). Efficiency of physical water treatment in controlling calcium scale accumulation in recirculating open cooling water system, ASHRAE Research Project 1155-TRP. [9] Tijing, L. D., et al, An experimental study on the bulk precipitation mechanism of physical water treatment for the mitigation of mineral fouling, International Communication in Heat and Mass Transfer, 34, (2007), 673-681. )2016( 111-116، "! � 4، ا���د����12 ا���ارز�� ا������� ا����� ���ن �� �� ا��زاق 116 ا����ه 0,�/$� ا.�-$,�ب ا�*��و�)��ط��� ��ة %$��# ���ن �� �� ا��زاق ,�+�� *()'& /%��� ھ���� ا���$ وا����دن / �� ھ���� ا������ت ا������ hassanaldoori@yahoo.comg: ا�1)'� ا�0(/)و.- �"2� ا� ا�/��H7ت ��G.�ت ا����ه وا�/- *�/BC -D �B�/. E)'� *(�A %/9'�1@ *)�@ ا�?�<=ن أو و�(�; �:(9 �8)ا 6�7 �45 ا3.��ن '0 � ا���ء ا���) I�> �'م ا�(����و=����K=م وا����ا����- ا�(�� L�%ه ا�?���7 ا+� ذات ا�/)اNھ -D��D��ام ا� G/�H� 1=لP+ (�Q-7��?. ان �B���+)ةا���ء�ھ- ا������ ا�/- 7 �ام G/�H� ��CH5 (S%9 ا����ه أ�B� إ,)اؤھ� �/' . �B���+ )ةا���ء إن�ز'�دة *)��@ أو 7 �W�D �<�)'�P ا��P/�0ب ا�(W)و+��Kط��- ھ- ا��)'�P ا�/- '/ CO3وا'=.�ت ا�()<=.�ت ا����Ca 2+ �1 اL/8ال ا'=.�ت ا�(����=م ا��=,�1 +�� '�/E �7; ز'�دة *���P ا���ء �CaCO3/(='�1�1C Iت ا���)ة��ه D- ا�� -2 �ام ��)ا�G/�H� ��ZH+ (S%و,��; أ . I�/P'(�> [41إ,)اء ا� �� ا����$ : *WBا� (��K/> -ھ ��.�Sا� �P'(د ���ت ا���\ وا���7 (��K/> 6ام .ا[و��G/ا� �* 91 �W/ودرا� �B*د ���ت ا��ا���()و�(=ب �/?=') ا��1�14ت ا����7 (��K* �� ا�Z�>(W)- ا����$ و 91 و<�WBز'�دة ا� � ا��/�EZ ا�C \� .��5�4=ل ا[.1=ب و<� . �1�1C CaCO3ت أل ���7�D ا��P/�0ب ا�(W)و+��Kط��- D- ز'�دة .��1 *)��@ و<�=رة أ_1/&