Al-Khwarizmi 
Engineering   

Journal 

Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal,  Vol. 4, No. 4, PP 37-44 (2008) 

 

 

Effect of Grain and Calcinations Kaolin Additives on Some 

Mechanical and Physical properties on Low Density  

Polyethylene Composites 
 

Zanaib Y. Shnean   
Department of Chemical Engineering/ University of Technology 

  

(Received  30 January  2008; accepted  10 September 2008) 

 

 

Abstract 
 

 In this work, a composite material was prepared from Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) with different 
weight percent of grain and calcinations kaolin at temperature of (850

o
C) using single screw extruder and a 

mixing machine operated at a temperature between (190-200
o
C). Some of mechanical and physical 

properties such as tensile strength, tensile strength at break, Young modulus, and elongation at break, shore 
hardness and water absorption were determined at different weight fraction of filler (0, 2, 7, 10 and 15%). It 

was found that the addition of filler increases the modulus of elasticity, elongation at break, shore hardness 

and impact strength; on other hand, it decreases the tensile strength and tensile strength at a break.   

Absorption test was carried out in water at different immersion times and different composite .The results of 
absorption show that it obeys Fick’s law and after the addition of kaolin the amount of absorption decrease. 

Calcinations kaolin filler produces better mechanical properties , than grain kaolin fillers. 
 

Keywords: Composite, low-density polyethylene, kaolin. 
 

 

1. Introduction: 
 

Materials are classified as metals, alloys, 

ceramics, glasses, composites, polymers, and 

semiconductors (1). Ceramics can be defined as 
inorganic crystalline materials, probably the most 

"natural "derived materials. They are strong, serve 

as good electrical and thermal insulators, often 

resistant to damage by high temperature and 
corrosive environments, but are mechanically 

brittle .Advanced ceramics are used in substrates 

that house computer chips, sensors and actuators, 
capacitors, wireless communications, spark plugs, 

inductors, and electrical insulation
(2,3)

. Its 

whiteness and plasticity make it extremely 
suitable for its extensive use as a filler, extender, 

ceramic raw material and pigment. The theoretical 

structural formula of kaolin is Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O. 

It is highly refractory clay and has a melting point 

above 1800C used by itself. Kaolin is white, 
soft, plastic clay mainly composed of fine-grained 

plate-like particles 
(4, 5)

.  

 
 Composites are made from different types of 

materials. They provide unique combinations of 

mechanical and physical properties that cannot be 
found in any single material. It is light weight, 

strong, ductile, high temperature resistant 

materials as well as hard, yet shock-resistance, 

cutting tools 
(2, 5)

. 
LDPE is defined by a density range of 0.910-

0.940 g/cm³. It is unreactive at room temperatures, 

except by strong oxidizing agents, and some 
solvent causes welling. It has more branching, so 

its intermolecular forces are weak, with lower 

tensile strength, and its higher resilience. Also, 
since its molecules are less tightly packed and less 

crystalline because of the side branches, its 

density is lower 
(1, 2)

. 

Many workers investigated the physico-
mechanical properties of filled polyethylene with 

additives.Vlasova
(6)

 studied the influence of the 

degree of filling and the nature of the fillers on the 



Zanaib Y. Shnean                                                       Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol.4, No.4, PP 37-44 (2008) 

 

 38 

properties of PE composites obtained by 
polymerizing ethylene on the surface of the filler 

particles. He found that the breaking stress and 

relative elongation at rupture with rise in the 
degree of filling diminish, while the elasticity 

modulus on stretching and the toughness of the 

polyethylene–kaolin composites rise. The scales 

of change in the properties of the composites with 
the degree of filling are determined by the nature 

of the filler. Tanaka and et al. 
(7)

 studied the 

dielectric properties of LDPE filled with 
aluminum silicate clay fillers by thermally 

stimulated currents and time domain dielectric 

spectroscopy. They investigated the change of the 

charge storage behavior and related dielectric 
responses by analyzing the effect of the particle 

size of the fillers and that of surface modification 

of the fillers. Dubois
 (8)

 studied the interfacial 
adhesion in polyethylene-kaolin composites using 

a stearic acid and maleic anhydride-grafted 

polyethylene as potential interfacial agents with 
the consideration of the efficiency of a 

minosilane-surface-treated kaolin. They found 

that the  melt index  of the enhanced  interfacial 

filler-polymer has been decreased They also 
conclueled that comparing  with other low 

molecular  weight additives such as stearic acid   

and    aminosilane, anhydride-grafted PE has very 
efficient in improvement the impact resistance of 

HDPE kaolin composites even at low contents. 

Privalko and Pedosenko
(9)

 characterized the 
injection-molding and blow-molding grades of 

HDPE composites containing up to 30 Vol.% of 

calcinated Kaolin. Polyethylene/kaolin 

composites by measurements of melting 
temperatures (Tm), heats of fusion (Hm) and room-

temperature densities. They showed that both Tm 

and the degree of crystallinity of a polymer matrix 
proved essentially unchanged regardless of filler 

content and/or presence of a custom coupling 

agent. Privalko et al. 
(10)

 Studied the 

characterization of samples of the blow-moulding 
grade HDPE filled with Kaolin by wide-angle X-

ray scattering, micro hardness and stretching 

calorimetry techniques. They observed that 
crystallinity of the polymer matrix in the filled 

samples remains essentially the same as that in the 

neat polymer regardless of the filler content. 
Khazraji 

(11)
 studied the mechanical ,thermal and 

electrical properties of epoxy resin reinforced 

with different clays and minerals namely 

bentonite,koalinite,zeolite,selenium oxide, barium 
titan ate and calcium carbonate. The modified 

epoxy resin was prepared using physical blends of 

this resin with 50% of additive materials, in a 
addition to using different percentage of Iraqi 

zeolite (5, 15 and 25%) .It was found that the 
impact strength of the epoxy reinforced with 5% 

of Iraqi zeolite was doubled The hardness of the 

sample reinforced with 5% of barium titanate was 
increased by 7% and the modulus of elasticity of 

the sample reinforced with 5% zeolite was 

increased by 156 % compared with the non 

treated sample. Abed-Alhakem 
(12)

 studied the 
effect of Iraqi raw ceramic kaolin and boxide on 

epoxy resin, he showed that mechanical properties 

of composites filled with relatively small particles 
increased with increasing filler content, and 

decreasing filler size. Al-Neamee 
(13)

 investigated 

the mechanical and physical properties of PE 

reinforced with alumina. She found that 
mechanical properties increase with increase of 

wt% of alumina and the absorption water was 

decreased with the addition of filler. 
In the present work, a composite material was 

fabricated using LDPE with different weight 

fraction of kaolin by using single screw-extruder 
to obtain material with the desire mechanical and 

physical properties. 

 

 

2. Experimental: 

2.1   Materials: 
 

Commercial LDPE was  used in this work; it 

was supplied by International Company for 
Chemical and Plastic Industries. The melt flow 

index and the density of the material were 

20gm/10min and 0.9235 g/cm
3
, respectively. 

Grain Kaolin has particle size of 42 μm and 

density 2.23 g/cm
3
 and melting point 1755C.It is 

available in high purity and large quantity at low 

cost. Its chemical composition is (Al2O3=39.5%, 

SiO2= 46.5%and   H2O=14.0%). 
Calcined  Kaolin has particle size of 39 μm 

and density 2.53 gm/cm
3
 . It has good strength, 

stiffness, and available at low cost .Its chemical 

composition is (SiO2=59.19%, Al2O3= 32.28%, 
Fe2O3= 2.94%,  TiO2=1.43%,  CaO= 0.46%,   

L.O.I= 10.93% ). 

 
 

2.2 Method: 
 

In this work, mechanical mixing was used to 

prepare composite materials from LDPE / kaolin 

using extruder machine. LDPE and kaolin were 
mixed with various compositions of filler (0, 2, 7, 

10 and 15%). This mixture was then fed into 

25mm single screw extruder. This machine is 
supplied with electrical heater, the materials is 



Zanaib Y. Shnean                                                       Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol.4, No.4, PP 37-44 (2008) 

 

 39 

melted by shearing it between the barrel and the 
smooth cylindrical part of the screw, finally the 

flat –end part of the screw act as a pump forcing 

the molten, composite materials out.  The barrel 
temperature was monitored and controlled by 

thermostats. The die temperature was also 

controlled by a thermostat and was adjusted, 

together with barrel temperature to yield uniform 
output. The extrusion condition were listed in 

table (1). The extruder produced in the form of 

about 2 mm diameter monofilament was cooled in 
water. The monofilament produced by using a 

screw speed from (0-50) r.p.m. was uniform and 

opaque, which was cut in the form of granules of 

3-4 mm length with the help of granules. The 
sheet was prepared by hot pressing the granules 

between hydraulic press at 190
o
C for LDPE and 

LDPE/Kaolin. A pressure of 10 MPa was applied 
for 5min to allow the composite to melt and 

spread out between plates. The  pressure was 

removed and the mold sheet was  quenched in 
water at room temperature. 

 

 

2.3 Test Method:  

2.3.1 Tensile Strength Test:  
 

It can be defined as the maximum tensile 

sustained by the material  being tested to its 

breaking point
(2)

. 
 

Tensile strength   = F/A                            …(1)  

 
where: F = force applied in N,  

            A = cross section area mm
2
. 

The tensile strengths values were determined 

by using tensile test according to ASTM D638 
(15)

. 
Tensile properties were obtained using Zwick 

universal Testing Machine. The cross head speed 

was 10mm/min, and the standard literature for 
tensile test, Dumbbell -shaped was the general 

purpose test piece for plastic materials according 

to ASTM (D638), so test Specimens type 1434 

with a thickness of 4mm used in this work.  
Elongation was measure by using Zwick machine. 

The measurement was carried out according to the 

test specification of ASTM (D638).    
Elongation% was calculated using eq: 

 

Elongation=       

100




lengthgaugeOriginal

lengthguageOriginallengthgaugeFinal       

                                                                    …(2) 

 

                                                     

2.3.2 Shore Hardness Test: 
 

Hardness is a measure of a material resistance 

to localized plastic deformation
(1)

. Shore D 
hardness was used to determine the hardness of 

the polymer materials, maximum Test Load: 50 N 

at Shore according to ASTM. 
 

 

2.3.3 Impact Strength Test: 
 

The degree of resistance of a polymeric 

material to impact loading is a piece of concern in 
some applications 

(2)
. 

Charpy test was used to determine the impact 

strength of the polymeric material, the samples of 

impact test were notched by (notch instrument) 
according to ASTM (D256-87)

(13)
. All the 

specimens of impact test of blend before and after 

reinforcement kaolin filler was standard i.e. of 
(10×4×55) mm. Impact strength  is calculated by 

using the eq: 

   
 I.S=U/A (J/m

2
)                                          ….(3) 

 

where: I.S = impact strength  (joule/ m
2
)  

             U = energy of fracture in (joule), 
             A = cross section area in (m

2
). 

 

 

2.3.4 Modulus of Elasticity Test: 
 

The Modulus measures the resistance of a 
material to elastic deformation, for linear elastic 

materials the stress  is the related to the strain 
 by young's modulus.  (Hooke's law). 
 

 


=                                                     …(4) 
 

Three point system was used to determine, 
modulus of elasticity is calculated by using the 

following relation: 

 

E = 








deflection

mass









I

gL

48

3
                         … (5) 

I = 
12

3DB
                                                     …(6) 

 
where: I =  Engineering bending momentum,   

           D = width of samples  (mm) 

           B = thickness of samples(mm) 
           G = gravity(m/sec

2
), 

           L = sample length(mm) 



Zanaib Y. Shnean                                                       Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol.4, No.4, PP 37-44 (2008) 

 

 40 










deflection

mass
 : is the slope of linear part of mass 

deflection curve obtained 
(1,2)

  
 

 

2.3.5 Absorption Test: 
 

Water absorption test was used to determine 

the coefficient of absorption by using electron-
weighing type Satorius (Germany). Water tests 

were conduced in the temperature range (32 

±2)
o
C. In order to determine the water 

absorption(20) we use the following equation:- 

 

(m2-m1)/m1 ×100= water absorption %     …(7) 
 

where:  m2-m1= m is the variation in weight gain 
with time 

m1: the original dried specimen weight and from a 

known area we can find the water absorption for 
area by using the following equation: 

 

m/A= (m2-m1)/A      (g/cm
2
)                   …(8) 

 

 
Table 1  

Extrusion Parameter. 

 

Polymer 
Température °C  

Screw 

speed 

(RPM) 
Zone1 Zone2 Zone3 Zone4 

LDPE 150 170 220 190 50 

LDPE/kaolin 150 190 250 220 50 

 

 

3. Results and Discussion 
 

Figure (1) shows the variation of tensile 

strength of LDPE at different wt.% of grain and 
calcined  kaolin. From this figures, it is clearly 

seen that the tensile strength decreases with 

increasing wt% of kaolin. Growths of micro 
cracks, which produce sharp stress gradients, are 

influenced by the shape and orientation of 

reinforcement. Therefore, the voids and cracks do 

not transfer stress, making the material more 
compliable and there by generated increasing void 

space, which was responsible for stress 

propagation and thus lowering the material tensile 
strength

 (17)
. 

 The results agree well with results obtained 

by Abed-Alhakem
(11)

. also, From this figure, it is 

found that the tensile strength of composite 
material made of (LDPE/calcined kaolin) is 

higher than that of composite material made of 

(LDPE/grain kaolin ) and this is attributed to high 
strength that LDPE/calcinations kaolin filler 

possesses. This may be due to the differences in 

behavior between grain and calcined kaolin that 
stem from their composition and structure.The 

polymer composites that contain the calcined 

kaolin having a high mullite content have 

improved mechanical properties compared to a 
similar polymer that does not contain

 (2,4)
. 

 

 
 

 
 

 

 

 
 

 

 
 

 

 
 

Fig.1. The Relation Between the Tensile Strength of 

LDPE Sample With Different Percentage of Grain 

and Calcined Kaolin Filler. 

 

Figure (2) shows the relation between the 
tensile strength at break of LDPE at different 

wt.% of grain and calcined. From this  figure it is 

clearly seen that the tensile strength  at break 
decrease with increasing wt% of kaolin filler. The 

failure may happen to the material because of the 

influence of the fracture stress, which leads to 

crack appearing. These micro cracks collectively 
join to attain a macro-size which, at critical stress 

levels, becomes unstable, and this lead obstacles 

the transition of the stress. From this figure, it is 
found that the tensile strength at break of 

composite material made of LDPE / calcined 

Kaolin is higher than that of composite material 
made of LDPE / grain kaolin and being due to 

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 5 10 15 20

weight fraction %

te
n

s
il
e

 s
tr

e
n

g
th

calcined 
Grain



Zanaib Y. Shnean                                                       Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol.4, No.4, PP 37-44 (2008) 

 

 41 

LDPE/calcinations kaolin is harder and more rigid 
than LDPE/grain kaolin filler and also 

LDPE/calcined kaolin share the external stress 

with matrix better than LDPE/grain kaolin. This 
may be attributed to that, the tensile strength at 

break, which is effectively independent of 

microstructure. 

 
 

 

 
 

 

 

 
 

 

 
 

 

 
Fig.2.  The Relation Between the Tensile Strength at 

Break of LDPE  With Weight Fraction of Grain 

and Calcined kaolin Filler. 

 

 

Figure (3) shows the relation between the   
Elongation  at break of LDPE at different wt.% of 

grain and calcined. 

 
 

 

 

 
 

 

 
 

 

 
 

 
Fig.3.  The Relation Between Elongation at Break of 

LDPE With Weight Fraction of Grain and Calcined 

kaolin Filler. 
 

 

The elongation at break is observed to 
increase on addition of kaolin filler. Experimental 

results are reported for the determination of the 

elongation of LDPE filled with and filler of 

various at different filler contents. From these 
figures it is the effect of on the weight fraction 

elongation at break of polymeric composite is 

clearly seen from the figure one can find that the 
elongation at break of composite material made of 

LDPE/calcined kaolin is higher than that of 
LDPE/grain kaolin. Figure (4) show the relation 

between the shore hardness and the weight 

fraction before and after reinforcement with filler 
for grain and calcined kaolin filler at different 

weight fraction. 

 

 
 

 

 
 

 

 

 
 

 

 
 

 

 
Fig.4. The Relation Between Shore Hardness of 

LDPE  with Weight Fraction of Both Grain and 

Calcined kaolin Filler. 

 

 

The additions of kaolin filler increase the 
hardness of composite material due to increase in 

the resistance strength of polymer to plastic 

deformation. This behavior may be due to the 
hard and high resistance to hardness of grain and 

calcinations kaolin filler material. The latter has a 

good ability to absorb the load applied by matrix 

LDPE and increase the resistance of matrix 
composed of LDPE and that will increase the 

binder force between the molecules of matrix with 

particulate reinforcement filler. The results agree 
well with results obtained by  khazraji 

(10)
 .  Figure 

(5) shows the effect of weight fractions of grain 

and calcined kaolin fillers on the tensile modulus. 
From this  figure it is clearly seen that the 

modulus of elasticity increase with increasing 

weight fraction of kaolin filler. The particle filler 

agglomerates hence reduced the strain value 
restriction the mobility of matrix chains. The 

mobility of matrix chains and agglomeration of 

particle filler is clearly indicated by the increase 
in Young’s modulus

(18)
.Also, From this figure, it 

was found that the modulus of elasticity of 

composite material made of LDPE / calcined  
kaolin were higher than those of the composite 

material made of LDPE / grain kaolin. Thus in the 

present study there was a good improvement of 

modulus of elasticity of through LDPE/kaolin the 
addition of particulate kaolin on modulus of 

elasticity.Calcined kaolin having a high mullite 

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 5 10 15 20

weight fraction % 

te
n

s
il
e

 s
tr

e
n

g
th

 a
t 
b

re
a

k
 

calcined
Grain

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 5 10 15 20
weight fraction %

E
lo

n
g
a
ti
o
n
 a

t 
b
re

a
k
 

calcined
Grain

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 5 10 15 20

weight fraction %

s
h

o
re

 h
a

rd
n

e
s
s
 

calcined
Grain



Zanaib Y. Shnean                                                       Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol.4, No.4, PP 37-44 (2008) 

 

 42 

content may be distributed uniformly or non-
uniformly within the polymer matrix to yield 

desired product properties. Grain Kaolin exists 

naturally in the hydrous form. In the hydrous 
form, kaolinite minerals form crystal structures 

that are linked together by hydroxyl containing 

moieties. Hydrous kaolin may be converted to 

calcined kaolin containing a major amount of 
mullite by thermal processes. Such processes 

result in a dehydroxylation of the kaolin and an 

aggregation of the particles, and convert the 
crystal structure to an amorphous form 

(18)
. The 

results agree well with results obtained by 

Vlasova
 (6)

 and Abed-Alhakem
 (13)

 .  

 

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 5 10 15 20

weight fraction %

m
o

d
u

lu
s
 o

f 
e

la
s
it
y

calcined
Grain 

 
Fig.5. The Relation Between Modulus of Elasticity 

of LDPE  With Weight Fraction of Both Grain and 

Calcinations Kaolin Filler. 

 

 

Figure (6) shows the variation of impact 
strength of LDPE at different wt. % of grain and 

calcined kaolin. From this figure, it is clearly seen 

that the impact strength increases with increasing 

weight fraction of kaolin. This may be due to a 
good adhesion between the matrix and filler. Also, 

from this figure, it is found that the impact 

strength of composite material made of LDPE/ 
calcined kaolin is higher than that of composite 

material made of LDPE/ grain kaolin and this is 

attributed to high strength that LDPE/ calcined 

kaolin filler possesses. Because the structure of 
Kaolin is not symmetrical the crystal layers 

become highly polarized. The polarization of the 

layer crystals allows the kaolin to adsorb water 
molecules (which are also polar) between the 

layers. 

 
 

 

 

 
 

 
 

 

 
 

 

 

 
 

 

 
 

 
Fig.6.  The Relation Between Impact Strength  of 

LDPE  With Weight Fraction of Both Grain and 

Calcined Kaolin Filler. 

 
 

Diffusion is the process by which matter is 

transported from one part of the system to another 
as a result of random molecular motion. In 

general, diffusion behavior and transport in glassy 

polymers have been classified according to the 
relative rates of mobility of the penetrate and of 

the polymer segments. Figures (7and 8) show that 

adsorption water is reduced with increase in 

weight fraction of filler, because has a high ability 
to bear water compared with polymeric material. 

The absorption percent was reduced with increase 

in the weight fraction of filler. The amount of 
water absorbed will depend primarily upon the 

chemical nature of the polymer matrix and the 

environment to which it exposed. The results 

agree well with results obtained by Al-Neamee
(14)

. 
 

 

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

0 5 10 15 20

t -1/2

w
t 
%

w t= 0 %
w t = 2 %
w  t= 7 %
w t = 10 %
w t =15 %

 
Fig.7. Shows the Relation Between the Weight   

Gains %of LDPE/ grain Kaolin With the Square 

Root of Time. 

 

 

 
 

 

 

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0 5 10 15 20

weight fraction % 

im
p

a
c
t 
s
tr

e
n

g
th

 

calcined  
Grain  



Zanaib Y. Shnean                                                       Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol.4, No.4, PP 37-44 (2008) 

 

 43 

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

0 5 10 15 20
t -1/2

w
e

ig
h

t 
g

a
in

 %

w t= 0 %
w t = 2 %
w t = 7 %
w t = 10 %
w t =15 %

 
Fig.8. Shows the Relation Between the Weight 

Gains % of LDPE/Calcined Kaolin With the Square 

Root of Time. 

 

 

4. Conclusion: 
 

The addition of kaolin was found to improve 

the modulus of elasticity, shore hardness, impact 
strength and elongation at break. On other hand, 

pure LDPE has a higher value of tensile strength. 

Water absorption values were observed to be the 
highest in pure LDPE, and these values decreases 

with increasing different percentage of kaolin. 

Kaolin calcinations filler produces better 

mechanical, and physical  than grain kaolin fillers. 
 

 

5. References: 
 

[1] Donald, R., Askelane, W., and Phule, P.P., 
"The Science Engineering of Materials", 4th 
edition, John Wiley, New York, (2003). 

[2] Callister W.D.JR“ Materials Science and 
Engineering”: An Introduction , 5th edition, 
Wiley, (2000).  

[3] Theng,B.K.G."Formation and properties of 
clay-polymer complexes", Elsevier Scientific 
publishing company, New York, P 353, 

(1979).   

[4] Alexander. and Dubois," Polymer-Layered 
Silicate Nan composites”: Preparation, 
Properties and Uses of A New Class of 

Materials,Mater. Sci. Eng., 28, P ( 1-63), 
(2000). 

[5] Worral, W.E. “Clay and Ceramic Raw 
materials” Applied Science Publishers, 
Ltd.London, (1975). 

[6] Vlasova ,“Influence of the degree of filling 
and the Properties of The fillers on the strain-

strength Properties of Synthetic PE 
Composites “, Polymer Science USSR 

Vol.30,No.7,PP.(1487-14941),(1988). 

[7] Tanaka J.,Yin W.and D. Damon; “Journal. of 
Applied Polymer Science" Issue  4-7, October 

, P (697 – 701), (1993). 

[8] Dubois Ph, “Journal. of Applied Polymer 
Science”, Vol.56,Issue9, P1093, (1995). 

[9] Privalko E.G.and Pedosenko.V. ,“ Journal of 
Applied Polymer Science”,Vol.73 , P (1267-

1271), (1999) . 
[10] Privalko.,V. P. "Journal of materials 

science", October,Vol.34, No.3, (2004). 

[11] Al-Ghazraji H.G.,M.Sc Thesis, University 
of Baghdad,(2002). 

[12] Abdl-Hakem, R.H M.Sc.Thesis 
U.O.T.,“The Effect of Iraqi Raw Ceramic 

(Kaolin and Boxide) on the Epoxy Resin”,  
(2003). 

[13] Shatha Sadik Hassan Al-Neamee, R.H 
M.Sc. Thesis U.O.T., “A study on PE. 
Kaolin Powder   Particulate Composites”, 

(2002). 

[14] Annual Book of ASTM, Section8, 
Vol.08.01 Plastic, ”Am. Soc. Test Mat.”, 

Philadelphia,(1989). 

[15] ASTM, D 790 M,P.(290-297), (1986). 
[16] Nielsen L. E. and Landel, R. F., 

"Mechanical Properties of Polymers and 

Composites", 2nd edition, Marcel Decker, 

Inc., 545 pp, (1994). (Internet) 
[17] Apicella A.," Water Sorption and 

Mechanical Properties of a Glass         

Reinforced Polyester Resin", Journal of 

Composite, Vol.13, No.4,    P(406-408), 
(1982). 

 

 
 

 

 
 

 

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اندايعت انخكُٕنٕخيت / لسى انُٓذست انكيًيأيت

 

 

 

الخالصة 

ٔانخي ْي عبارة عٍ يخهٕط بٕنيًري ، يخكٌٕ يٍ يسج بٕني اثهيٍ انٕاطئ انكثافت يع انكاؤٔنيٍ ححضير يٕاد يركبت في انبحث انحاني حى 

 حخرأذ بيٍ درخاث حرارةٔرنك باسخخذاو خٓاز انباثمت األحاديت حيث حى حشغيهٓا عُذ . ٔانغير يحرٔق (و °850)انًحرٔق بذرخّ حراريت 

 يثم ٔبعذ رنك خرث دراست بعض انخصائص انًيكاَيكيت.حى اسخخذاو ياكُت انبثك أحاديت انهٕنب في ححضير انًٕاد انًخراكبت. (و 150-200°)

 ٔندًيع انًخراكباث انًحضرة ٔلٕرَج انُخائح انًسخحصهت يع حهك انخي لٕة انصذيت ٔصالدة شٕر،،انشذ ٔإخٓاد انشذ عُذ انكسر ٔاالسخطانت

يعايم : يٍ انُخائح انخي حى انحصٕل عهيٓا نٕحع ازدياد كم يٍ.  ٔخرث انفحٕصاث بكسٕر ٔزَيّ يخخهفتحعٕد نًادة األساش بًفردِ

حى إخراء فحص االيذصاصيت نكم  . بسيادة َسبت انخهظ أنٕزَيصالدة شٕر ٔلٕة انصذيت َٔمصاٌ يمأيت انشذ،االسخطانت عُذ انكسر ،انًرَٔت

أٌ يٍ انُخائح انخي حى انحصٕل عهيٓا حبيٍ  .ًَٕرج لبم ٔبعذ انخذعيى بًسحٕق انكاؤؤنيٍ ٔأظٓرث انُخائح َمصاٌ في االيذصاصيت بعذ انخذعيى

 . َخائح أفضم يٍ انكاؤٔنيٍ انغير يحرٔقٖانكاؤٔنيٍ انًحرٔق أعظ