This is an open access article under the CC BY license: Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 18, No. 4, December, (2022) P. P. 1- 13 Comparative Study between Activated Carbon and Charcoal for the Development of Latent Fingerprints on Nonporous Surfaces Hadeel Faroak Hameed* Alaa K. Mohammed** Dheaa S. Zageer*** *,**Department of Biochemical Engineering / Al-Khwarizmi College of Engineering/ University of Baghdad/ Iraq ***Forensic DNA center for research and training- College of science/ University of Al-Nahrain/ Iraq hadeel.farook1205a@kecbu.uobaghdad.edu.iq: Email* **Email: dr.alaa@kecbu.uobaghdad.edu.iq **Email: dheaairoai72@gmail.com (2022 September 7 2022; Accepted uly J 20Received ) https://doi.org/10.22153/kej.2022.09.001 Abstract For criminal investigations, fingerprints remain the most reliable form of personal identification despite developments in other fields like DNA profiling. The objective of this work is to compare the performance of both commercial charcoal and activated carbon powder derived from the Alhagi plant to reveal latent fingerprints from different non-porous surfaces (cardboard, plain glass, aluminum foil sheet, China Dish, Plastic, and Switch). The effect of three variables on activated carbon production was investigated. These variables were the impregnation ratio (the weight ratio of KOH: dried raw material), the activation temperature, and the activation time. The effect factors were investigated using Central Composite Design (CCD) software. The optimum activation conditions were found as an impregnation ratio of 1:2.6, activated time of 160 min, and temperature of 630oC. The results of the comparison show that Alhagi active carbon powder (AAC) has a high ability to develop latent fingerprints on all surfaces except on plastic surfaces while the commercial charcoal failed to develop the latent fingerprint on both plastic and aluminum foil sheets surfaces. AAC was found to clearly show every feature of the latent fingerprints more than commercial charcoal for both males and females. Also, AAC has the ability to show latent fingerprints till 15 days while commercial charcoal has the ability to show latent fingerprints just till 7 days. Keywords: Fingerprint, Non-porous surface, Personal identification, CCD. 1. Introduction A fingerprint is an impression of the friction ridges found on the palmer side of the finger, often used for biometric identification in criminal investigations [1]. Before a baby is born, its fingerprint is already well developed in its mother's womb and unique fingerprints started to form [2]. Friction ridges are formed when a baby's environment is formed and the effect of pressure on its fingers as a result of the baby's touching [3]. On everyone's fingers and toes, there are faint lines that can be seen called friction ridges [4]. In criminal cases, this identity represents important physical evidence. Because every human being has a unique fingerprint pattern, these fingerprints provide almost perfect verification of the presence of a person at the crime scene [5]. Due to their dissimilar ridges and patterns, these fingerprints may easily be recognized. Water, amino acids, fatty acids, and minerals constitute fingermarks, which can be described as imprints of regions left on a friction ridge skin surface using various analytical methods [6]. For the development of latent fingerprints on diverse surfaces, several powders have been used. mailto:*ali.abbar@kecbu.uobaghdad.edu.iq mailto:*ali.abbar@kecbu.uobaghdad.edu.iq mailto:dheaairoai72@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.22153/kej.2022.09.001 Hadeel Faroak Hameed Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 18, No. 4, P.P. 1- 13 (2022) 2 Some fingerprint powders are dangerous and can lead to major health issues so it's important to find a greener option that is just as effective at detecting latent fingerprints on dry, non-porous surfaces [7]. As a result, various attempts have been made to create powders that are easily accessible, non- toxic, and inexpensive for developing latent fingerprints. Powdering is a technique that involves applying powder particles to natural residues deposited on a latent fingerprint. Friction between powder particles and natural residues causes adhesion [8]. For a long time, natural carbon elements including charcoal and active carbon have been a major component in traditional fingerprint formulations (mostly in grey and black powder)[9]. Charcoal is a lightweight black carbon residue produced by strongly heating wood (or other animals and plant material) to remove all water and volatile constituents[10]. Charcoal has been used since the earliest times for a large range of purposes due to its high surface including as a powder for the development of latent fingerprints [11] . Activated carbons are widely used in numerous fields, such as water treatment processes, environmental protection, catalyst support, protection from toxic substances, solvent recovery, decolorizing, biomedical engineering and metal recovery [12]. This study represents two samples of powders commercial charcoal and active carbon prepared from the Alhagi plant (AAC) to develop latent fingerprints by these powders on non-porous surfaces such as (cardboard, plain glass, aluminum foil sheet, China Dish, Plastic, and Switch). The purpose of the current work is to compare which powder gives good and better results to develop latent fingerprints. Another purpose is to determine the characteristics of Alhagi activated carbon under different influential factors such as impregnation ratio, activation temperature, and activation time Furthermore, a comparative study was implemented including both males and females on the same surface (cardboard). The time for the latent fingerprint to remain on the surfaces is also diagnosed. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials Alhagi plant was collected from some areas in Baghdad. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) was provided from (Himedia, India) as a chemical activation agent. Nitrogen was used as an inert gas in the carbonization step to prevent raw materials combustion. All the chemical reagents used in this study were analytical grade and were not purified further. The commercial charcoal was provided by the Acura brand (India). 2.2 Preparation activated carbon The Alhagi plant was cut into small pieces and washed well with distilled water to remove any dirt from its surface. After then dried at 60 o C for 24 h and crushed to the required size (2 mm). The dried mass of Alhagi pieces was mixed and kneaded with potassium hydroxide solution. Using varying impregnation ratios and left overnight at room temperature. Then, the sample was filtered from the base residue, washed with distilled water several times, and dried at 100 o C for 2 h. The dried material was put in a steel box in the furnace under a purified nitrogen flow of 120 cm 3 /min. After that, the sample is cooled to room temperature under the same nitrogen flow. The carbon powder was washed with hot distilled water at 60 o C until the pH value of the leachate become (6-7) to eliminate the residual base. The carbon powder produced from the carbonization step was dried at 60 o C for 24 h, pulverized, sieved to 44 microns (325-mesh screen), and put into a small container with a tight cover to prevent moisture from contacting the powder[13]. 2.3 Sample characterization A serval of characterization steps was carried out to find the best operating conditions for preparing activated carbon from the Alhagi plant using KOH solution as the activating agent. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to investigate the surface shape and its topographical properties. The obtained images are three- dimensional which represent the surface shape accurately. Analysis of the elements that compose the precursors was carried out with an Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrophotometer (EDS). SEM- EDS analysis was carried out by TESCAN, Vega III electron microscope (Czech Republic). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR, IR Affinity-1 Shimadzu, Japan) was employed to determine the functional groups that exist in the composition of both the Alhagi plant and Alhagi activated carbon. Hadeel Faroak Hameed Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 18, No. 4, P.P. 1- 13 (2022) 3 2.4 Design of experiments One of the research objectives is to produce activated carbon from Alhagi and find the optimum production conditions. Generally, many factors affect the production of AAC by chemical activation, such as activation time, activation temperature, and impregnation ratio IR. The effects of these factors on the response (yield of AAC) were investigated using Central Composite Design (CCD). Their ranges were chosen to be 500-800 ºC for the activation temperature, 1:1-1: 3 for the impregnation ratio, and the range of the activation time was chosen to be 1-4 h. [14]. Central composite design (CCD) software is a commonly used statistical approach for optimizing processing parameters and determining regression model equations from the experimental results. It can also be used to investigate the interactions between the various parameters influencing the process response[15]. For the purpose of the experimental design, a significance level (denoted as α or alpha) of 0.05 value is always satisfied to be selected. If the p- value is less than 0.05 the parameter is statistically having a significant effect on the response. In contrast, if the p-value is higher than 0.05, there is no statistically significant association between the variables and the response[16]. The F-test, which is the ratio of the mean of the square of regression to the mean of the square of residuals, can be used to determine the significance of the model equation by comparing the F-test value to the tabulated F-values while taking into consideration the degrees of freedom associated with the regression and residual variances. The mathematical model is said to be well fitted to the experimental data if the calculated F-value is higher than the tabulated F-value. In addition, the high F-value of the studied parameters indicates that this parameter is significant[17]. The polynomial equation linking the response with the independent variables is suggested by software given in Eq. (1) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑏𝑖𝑥𝑖 𝑁 𝑖=1 + ∑ 𝑐𝑖𝑖𝑥2𝑖 𝑁 𝑖=1 + ∑ 𝑐𝑖𝑗𝑥𝑖𝑥𝑗 𝑁 𝑖𝑗(𝑖<𝑗) + ∑ 𝑑𝑖𝑥3𝑖 + ∑ 𝑒𝑖𝑥4𝑖 … (1) 𝑁 𝑖=1 𝑁 𝑖=1 Where 𝑁 is the number of model inputs, 𝑓(𝑥)is the response, 𝑥𝑖 is the set off model inputs, 𝑎0 is the constant coefficients, 𝑏𝑖 and 𝑐𝑖𝑖, are model coefficient, 𝑐𝑖𝑗 interactions coefficient, and 𝑖 and 𝑗 are 1,2,3. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Characterization of activated carbon 3.1.1 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) The scanning electron microscopy technique was carried out to observe the morphology of the surface of the precursor, Alhagi powder, and the prepared Alhagi activated carbon (AAC). Figure1b shows that the surface nature of (AAC) is porous and loose. As a result of activation, they have a large number of pores, are full of cavities, and are quite irregular. The reaction between carbon atoms and KOH, as well as the impact of high temperature on the activation process, result in different pore shapes as shown in Figure (1) Fig. 1. SEM images of (a) Alhagi powder (b) Alhagi activated carbon (AAC). b a Hadeel Faroak Hameed Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 18, No. 4, P.P. 1- 13 (2022) 4 Elemental compositions of raw material (Alhagi) and AAC were investigated by energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS). The results are shown in Figures (2) and (3) respectively. It is clear from these figures that the carbon percentage for active carbon produced from raw Alhagi plants is raised from 57.38% to 97.76%. Whereas all elements’ compositions are reduced due to the carbonization process or evaporation. Fig. 2. EDS analysis of Alhagi. Fig. 3. EDS analysis of AAC. 3.1.2 The FT-IR analysis of Alhagi powder and AAC Figure (4) shows FTIR spectra for both Alhagi powder (ALH) and Alhagi activated carbon (AAC). The broad peak that appears around 3298.28 cm -1 in (ALH) is assigned to the hydroxyl group; this indicates the presence of moisture that disappears from (AAC) spectra due to its elimination by the activation process. The band at 2916.37 cm -1 in (ALH) is ascribed to alkane (C-H) stretching vibration, the fading of this peak from (ALH) spectra indicates hydrogen removal during the activation process. The bands at 1612.49 cm -1 and 1411.89 cm -1 that appeared in (ALH) and (AAC) spectra respectively are due to the skeletal C = C vibrations of organics. The peaks of 667.37 cm -1 and 709.80 cm -1 in the spectra of Alhagi and AC respectively are assigned to the bending vibration of carbon bonds (C≡C). The band at 1099.43 cm −1 in (ALH) has been assigned to (-C- O-C- ) stretching. The bands at 1141.86 cm −1 in (AAC) have been assigned to (C–O) stretching and the bands at 1018.41 and 871.82 have been assigned to(C-H plane) and (C-H bend) stretching [18], [19]. Hadeel Faroak Hameed Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 18, No. 4, P.P. 1- 13 (2022) 5 Fig. 4. FTIR spectra of Alhagi plant (ALH) and Alhagi activated carbon (AAC). 3.2 Yield of activated carbons. The preparation conditions and results of Alhagi activated carbon are shown in Table (1). The values of the parameters in the table were selected according to the CCD program, while the yield was experimentally evaluated. The sample with an IR of 1:3, activation temperature of 650 o C, and 150-min activation time show a maximum yield of 86.14 %. Table 1, The predicted values of yield using CCD software. 3.3 Interactive effect of the impregnation ratio and activation time The effect of the impregnation ratio and time interaction is demonstrated in Figure (5). The curves show that the yield of activated carbon tends to increase as the impregnation ratio rises till it reaches a value of about 2.6. Pore formation is inf lu enc ed b y t he impr e gna t ion r a t io. T h e intercalation of potassium metal into the carbon structure promotes pore formation. Thus, high impr egna tion r atio incr ea ses the a mou nt of potassium metal that can be intercalated and promotes more pore formations. This results in an increase in the surface area and yield. On the other hand, the effect of the time parameter is clear. It can be seen from the contour curves that with the increase of the activation time, the yield increases gradually at the beginning and reaches optimum at an activation time of 2.66 h. Increasing the yield RUNS IR: A TIME: B TEMP: C YIELD: R 1 2 2.5 650 80% 2 2.5 1.75 725 80.24% 3 2.5 1.75 575 79% 4 2 1 650 68.04% 5 1.5 3.25 725 54.66% 6 3 2.5 650 86.14% 7 2 4 650 74.36% 8 2.5 3.25 575 85% RUNS IR: A TIME: B TEMP: C YIELD:R 9 1.5 1.75 725 62.3% 10 1.5 3.25 575 75.56% 11 1.5 1.75 575 64.44% 12 2 2.5 650 82.42% 13 2 2.5 500 71% 14 2 2.5 800 58.6% 15 1 2.5 650 52.46% 16 2.5 3.25 725 73.63% Hadeel Faroak Hameed Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 18, No. 4, P.P. 1- 13 (2022) 6 with the activation time is due to more carbon atoms at active sites reacting with the activation agent and forming a new pore structure and the activating reaction reaches a full stage. Then, the curve begins to take a stable shape because carbon atoms on the carbon skeleton are consumed and original micropores develop into micropor es, r e s u l t i n g i n a d e c r e a s e i n y i e l d . T h i s is consistent with the finding of Li et al., (2017) [20] who examined the influence of the same experimental parameters on the yield of activated carbon produced from gulfweed. So, theoretically, the optimized values of impregnation ratio and activation time obtained using CCD software are 2 . 6 a n d 2 . 6 6 h ( 1 6 0 m i n ) r e s p e c t i v e l y . Fig. 5. The interaction between the impregnation ratio and time (a) contour (b) 3D surface. 3.4 Interactive Effect of the Impregnation Ratio and Activation Temperature The interactive effect of the impregnation ratio and activation temperature is shown in Figure (6). From the contour plot in Figure (6), we notice that the optimum value of temperature is 630 o C and the impregnation ratio is 2.6. Regarding the activation temperatures, it was perceived that as the temperature was increased from 500 to 620 °C, the yield of AAC increased till it reached an optimum value at nearly 630 o C. These results interpreted that as the activation temperature increased, the structure tended to become more porous due to KOH evaporation. After that, the percentage of yield starts to go lower because high activation temperatures caused pore explosion, resulting in reduced yield values [21]. a b Hadeel Faroak Hameed Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 18, No. 4, P.P. 1- 13 (2022) 7 Fig. 6. The interaction between the impregnation ratio and temperature a) contour b) 3D surface. 3.5 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) Statistical significance of the factors was established with Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Impregnation ratio IR has been encoded as(A), time of activation (B), Temperature (C ( and the yield (R). The experimental values obtained from the lab experiments were compared with the predicted results calculated by statistical design software. The value of coefficient R 2 is equal to 0.9696, indicating that the experimental data fits perfectly with the quadratic model. Figure (7) plots the predicted values versus experimental values, which is a good tool for studying the significance of the suggested model. As can be seen from the plot, all the data points are close to the line, indicating that the experimentally observed data fits well with the empirical model. The model equation for yield (R%) is shown mathematically in Eq. (2) in terms of coded factors. The terms express the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent response of the system. 𝑅%=81.32 + 8.02𝐴 + 0.97𝐵 − 3.62𝐶 − 0.5100𝐴𝐵 +1.61𝐴𝐶 − 3.92𝐵𝐶 −2.98𝐴2 − 2.50 𝐵2 − 4.10 𝐶 2 …(2) Fig. 7. The predicted values versus experimental values. a b Hadeel Faroak Hameed Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 18, No. 4, P.P. 1- 13 (2022) 8 From Table (2) according to the lower P-value and a higher F-value, the most significant parameter is the impregnation ratio and activation temperature with the weak effect of time. It was also noted that the more effective interaction is between the temperature and time. Table 2, ANOVA for Quadratic model Source Sum of Squares df Mean Square F-value p-value Model 1687.46 9 187.50 54.11 < 0.0001 significant A-IR 1028.48 1 1028.48 296.79 < 0.0001 B-Time 15.05 1 15.05 4.34 0.0822 C-Temp 209.96 1 209.96 60.59 0.0002 AB 2.08 1 2.08 0.6005 0.4678 AC 20.87 1 20.87 6.02 0.0495 BC 122.93 1 122.93 35.47 0.0010 A² 141.85 1 141.85 40.93 0.0007 B² 100.20 1 100.20 28.91 0.0017 C² 269.29 1 269.29 77.71 0.0001 Residual 20.79 6 3.47 Lack of Fit 17.86 5 3.57 1.22 0.5932 not significant Pure Error 2.93 1 2.93 Cor Total 1708.25 15 3.6 Comparison between charcoal and Alhagi activated Carbon (AAC)on different surfaces The commercial charcoal and Alhagi activated carbon (AAC) were used for developing latent fingerprints on several non- pours surfaces that can commonly be found at the crime scene (cardboard, plain glass, aluminum foil sheet, China Dish, Plastic and Switch.). The results show that the prepared AAC has a high ability to develop the latent fingerprints on all surfaces except on plastic while the commercial charcoal failed to develop the latent fingerprint on both plastic and aluminum foil sheet surfaces. This is due to the adhesion property of the AAC being greater than the charcoal, as a result of the activation and carbonation processes, which led to the development of the adhesion of the powder to the finger residue as shown in Figure (8). Hadeel Faroak Hameed Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 18, No. 4, P.P. 1- 13 (2022) 9 Fig. 8. Comparative visualizations of latent fingerprints between commercial charcoal and AAC on several nonporous surfaces(a) cardboard. (b) plain glass (c) aluminum foil sheet. (d) China Dish. (e) Plastic(f) Switch. 3.7 Comparison between charcoal and Alhagi activated Carbon for both male and female The commercial charcoal and Alhagi activated carbon (AAC) were used to show their performance to develop latent fingerprints from ten volunteers for both males and females on the same surface (cardboard). The result of the comparison was shown in Figure (9). It was noticed that AAC gave clear prints and showed clearly all the minutiae of the latent fingerprints more than charcoal. c Charcoal Activated carbon (AAC) d a a Activated carbon (AAC) Charcoal e f d b e c f b Hadeel Faroak Hameed Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 18, No. 4, P.P. 1- 13 (2022) 10 Fig. 9. Comparative visualization of latent fingerprints between commercial charcoal and AAC powders- (a) prepared powder (AAC) for males. (b) prepared powder (AAC) for females. (c) commercial charcoal for males. (d) commercial charcoal for females. 3.8 Fingerprints lifespan The time for the latent fingerprint to remain on the surfaces was also diagnosed. Nonporous surface(cardboard) was selected for this purpose and all samples were taken from the same volunteer at the same lab conditions. The fingerprints were developed after 1,4,7,15, and 25 days. Figure (10) shows that the latent fingerprints present on the surface examined using AAC can be successfully developed even for long time of stay on the surface, but the quality is decreased as the print’s lifespan increased. As shown in Figure (10), clear visible fingerprint was noticed till 15 days, but less contrast was noticed after 25 days. While the performance of commercial charcoal to show the latent fingerprint is lower where visible fingerprint was noticed till 7 days only. Fig. 10. Comparative visualizations of latent fingerprints for both powders on the nonporous surface(cardboard) at different lifespans. (a) after 1 day. (b) after 4 days. (c) After 7 days. (d) after 15 days. (e) after 25 days. Male a b c d Fem ale a b c d e a b c d e AAC commercial Charcoal Hadeel Faroak Hameed Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 18, No. 4, P.P. 1- 13 (2022) 11 4. Conclusion The Alhagi active carbon powder (AAC) derived from the Alhagi plant and commercial charcoal used to reveal latent fingerprints from different non-porous substrates. The (AAC) powder was compared with commercial charcoal and tested for several surfaces (cardboard, plain glass, aluminum foil sheet, China Dish, Plastic and Switch). Three parameters were examined that affect the production of AAC by chemical activation, such as activation time, activation temperature, and impregnation ratio IR. The yield of the produced activated carbon was chosen as a response. The effects of the experimental parameters were investigated using Central Composite Design (CCD) software. The optimum values of variables for Alhagi activated carbon were 1:2.6 as impregnation ratio, activation temperature of 630 o C and activation time of 160 min which give the highest yield of 86.14%. The value of coefficient R 2 is equal to 0.9696, indicating that the experimental data fits perfectly with the quadratic model. The final product was characterized by SEM, EDX and FTIR, analysis. The prepared AAC has a high ability to develop the latent fingerprints on all surfaces except on plastic while the commercial charcoal failed to develop the latent fingerprint on both plastic and aluminum foil sheet surfaces. In addition, it was noticed the prepared powder (AAC) show clearly all the minutiae of the latent fingerprints and gives good results in developing latent fingerprints for both males and females. Also, the time for the latent fingerprint to remain on the surfaces was diagnosed using two powders to visualization. It was found the prepared powder (AAC) has the ability to clearly develop the latent fingerprints until 15 days while the performance of commercial charcoal to show the latent fingerprint is lower where visible fingerprint was noticed till 7 days only. Acknowledgement we wish to thank the staff of the Biochemical Engineering Department at Al-Khwarizmi College of Engineering / University of Baghdad for the continued support they have given me throughout my M.Sc. studies. Also, we appreciate all the efforts introduced by the Criminal Evidence Investigation Directorate for the co-operation and assistance through this work. 5. References [1] V. Chauhan, “Xournals Fingerprint Studies and Dactyloscopy Abstract : Xournals,” vol. 03, no. 01, 2020. [2] S. Sehmi, “Dermatoglyphic patterns in type 2 diabetes mellitus,” Anat. J. Africa, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1162–1168, 2018, doi: 10.4314/aja.v7i1.169489. [3] J. Lakshmi Prabha and R. Thenmozhi, “A short review on Dermatoglyphics,” J. Pharm. Sci. 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(2022) 1-13، صفحة 4العدد، 18الخوارزمي الهندسية المجلدمجلة هديل فاروق حميد 13 ةالجنائي االدلةتحضير وتشخيص مسحوق للكشف عن البصمة الوراثية الكامنة لتطبيقات **عالء كريم محمد هديل فاروق حميد* زغير*** خضياء شام الكيميائية االحيائية/ كلية الهندسة الخوارزمي/ جامعة بغداد*،**قسم الهندسة هرينالن ة***كلية العلوم/ مركز الدنا العدلي/ جامع hadeel.farook1205a@kecbu.uobaghdad.edu.iq :البريد االلكتروني* dr.alaa@kecbu.uobaghdad.edu.iqالبريد االلكتروني: ** dheaairoai72@gmail.comالبريد االلكتروني *** الخالصة Save translation .DNAتظل بصبببما ابعبببابل كي الكبببكل ابكةر مودوقية لتقديد الهوية لن الرطم من التمورا أي مجاال ر مةل الجنائية،بالنسببببة للتقاياا ورق ماو , و الكاربون المنكط المقضر من نبا العاكول لن دة سموح طير مسامية ) التجاري مسقوق الجاركول اداءالهدف من الدراسة كي ماارنة وكيدسث وامل لن انتاج الكاربون النكبط ت ديرتم دراسبة ( . فتاح اضباءة,م سبم بسسبتيكي, المنكب عبقن عبيني ,سبم االلمنيوم قمعة من الزجاج , Central Composite Designتقليل النتائج بمرياة التفعيل. تم التفعيل وزمن القرارة ودرجة المادة(كيدروكسيد البوتاسيوم / وزن )وزن التفعيلنسبة (CCD) للكاربون بينت النتائج ان . درجة سليزية 630 حرارة التفعيلدرجة و دقياة 160زمن التفعيل و 1: 2.6. وجد الظروف المةلن ند نسبة الغمر التجاري الجاركولمسببقوق أكببل م البسسببتيكي بينماالمقضببر من نبا العاكول لا الاابلية لن ااهار البصببما المخفية لن كل السببموح دا السبب النكببط كببببط يظهر كاأة موب البصببببمة المخفية لكس نكما ان لمسببببقوق الكاربون الم االلمنيوم. وسببببم البصببببما الكامنة لن كل من السببببم البسسببببتيكي بإاهار لمسبقوق الكاربون المنكبط قابلية لن ااهار البصبما الكامنة لفترا زمنية تصبل الن التجاري.من مسبقوق الجاركول أضبل واالناث( )للذكورالجنسبيين يام أاط. 7وعلت الن التجاري بالنسبة لمسقوق الجاركولالمخفية يوم بينما قابلية ااهار البصما 15 mailto:hadeel.farook1205a@kecbu.uobaghdad.edu.iq*البريد mailto:hadeel.farook1205a@kecbu.uobaghdad.edu.iq*البريد mailto:dr.alaa@kecbu.uobaghdad.edu.iq mailto:dheaairoai72@gmail.com