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This is an open access article under the CC BY license  

 
Al-Khwarizmi 

Engineering  

Journal 
 

Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 19, No. 3, September, (2023) 

P. P. 88- 97 

 
Creating a LabVIEW Sub VI for the INA219 Sensor for Detecting 

Extremely Low-Level Electrical Quantities 
 

Abdulrahman B. Khudhair*           Furat I.Hussein** 

Muhannad Ahmed Obeidi*** 
*,** Department of Mechatronics Engineering / Al-Khwarizmi College of Engineering/ University of Baghdad/ 

Baghdad/ Iraq 
***Form Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre/ School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering/ Dublin 

City University/ Dublin/ Ireland. 

                         Corresponding Author: *Email : abd.basheer2102m@kecbu.uobaghdad.edu.iq 
furatnejjar@uobaghdad.edu.iq Email :**  

muhannad.ahmedobeidi@dcu.ie Email :***  

 
(Received 8 February 2023; accepted 8 May 2023) 

https://doi.org/10.22153/kej.2023.05.001 

  
Abstract  

 
An impressed current cathodic protection system (ICCP) requires measurements of extremely low-level quantities of 

its electrical characteristics. The current experimental work utilized the Adafruit INA219 sensor module for acquiring 
the values for voltage, current, and power of a default load, which consumes quite low power and simulates an ICCP 
system. The main problem is the adaptation of the INA219 sensor to the LabVIEW environment due to the absence of 
the library of this sensor. This work is devoted to the adaptation of the Adafruit INA219 sensor module in the 
LabVIEW environment through creating, developing, and successfully testing a Sub VI to be ready for employment in 
an ICCP system. The sensor output was monitored with an Arduino Uno microcontroller and the LabVIEW Linx 
firmware toolkit. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique, which ranges from 0% to 100%, was applied by the 
Arduino to supply the l298N voltage driver in order to regulate the voltage input to the load. A moving average filter 
was employed to measure the ripple voltage averaging, and a median filter was utilized to stabilize the readings. A 
passive low-pass filter circuit smoothed the PWM voltage before supplying the load. The results from the MATLAB-
Simulink environment showed a cut-off frequency of 2.33 Hz, ripple voltage peak to peak was 41.1 mV and a settling 
time of 0.157 seconds. The calibrated results of the INA219 module sensor showed an absolute voltage inaccuracy of 
around 2.3% at full scale. In addition, an absolute error in the current of 2.2% at 25 mA shows a gradual increase as the 
current increases to 7% at 43 mA, while the highest absolute error for the full scale of power was at 5.8%. The obtained 
measurements were highly precise, and the values of the coefficient of variation were 0.36 %, 0.28% and 0.17% for the 
voltage, current, and power, respectively. 

 
Keywords: INA219, LabVIEW, Sub VI,  MATLAB, Low pass filter, L298N. 

 
1. Introduction  

 
Detecting and measuring the characteristics of 

low-consumption electrical circuits such as 
current, voltage, and power at extremely low 
levels has a variety of technical challenges. [1] [2] 
[3] Electrical systems that consume very small 

power values in the range of milliwatts require the 
use of sensitive and accurate instruments for that 
purpose [4]. Many techniques were used and are 
still being used in low-current measurements. The 
hall-effect-based technique utilizes the generated 
magnetic field around a conductor in the 
measurement of passed current. The ACS 712 


Abdulrahman B. Khudhair                                  Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 19, No. 3, P.P. 88- 97 (2023) 

 
89 

Hall-effect sensor is used to measure current in 
both (DC) and (AC [5]. Another technique utilizes 
Ohm's law by measuring the voltage drop across a 
resistor of less than 1 Ω, called a shunt resistor, in 
order to measure the current flowing in the circuit. 
The Adafruit INA219 sensor module is used to 
measure the current flowing in an electrical circuit 
by reading the voltage drop on the terminals of a 
0.1 Ω (R100) shunt resistor [6]. 

Many researchers have investigated routes and 
systems for detecting and monitoring accurate 
minimal current measurement circuits. Kinyua AP 
et al. [7] utilized the ACS712 current sensor to 
measure the current generated from a tomato after 
increasing the ADC resolution of the 
icrocontroller from 4.88 mV to detectable low 
values of 0.83 mV. In that work, the measured 
current was between 0.002 and 0.05 mA, 
associated with a little amount of visible noise in 
the readings. Muhammad Nizam et al. [8] 
described the usage of an ACS712 current sensor 
module in monitoring battery consumption. 
According to the research findings, the precision 
and accuracy of the current sensor were 64.91% 
and 83.75%, respectively. H. Maghfiroh et al. [9] 
applied a comparison of multi-meter readings 
with those of the INA219 current sensor in 
monitoring the inverter's input current. The study 
reveals an error of 1.27% as an inaccuracy in 
sensor readings. Afrizal Abdi Musyafiq et al. [10] 
utilized the INA219 power sensor to monitor the 
power output of the pico-hydro power plant, 
which was reported to be 24.82 mW. At values 
below 14 mA, the least difference was found to be 
0.1 mA, while the highest difference was found to 
be 1.3 mA. S. H. Cheragee et al. [11] utilized an 
INA 219 current sensor module and a shunt 
resistance to monitor the generated current from 
solar PV panels. The maximum and minimum 
observed current values in specific time intervals 
are roughly 1 mA and 0.5 mA, respectively. The 
greatest observed power was 2.5 mW, while the 
least observed power was approximately 1.5 mW. 
According to the results of Eri Wiyadi et al. [12], 
concerned with the data acquisition of solar 
module characteristics, INA219 sensor module 
output showed an error value of 0.76% and a 
linear correlation with an R-square of 0.98. The 
INA219's effective detection range was between 
10 mA and 3 A. A. T. Nugraha et al. [13] utilized 
the INA219 sensor in their study to measure the 
current generated as a result of wind energy, and 
it was able to detect extremely small values of the 
current around 1.8 milliamps. 

The motivation of this study is the need for an 
extremely low current measurement technique in 

order to detect the low current of impressed 
current cathodic protection system (ICCP). The 
current study was devoted to the modification of 
the INA219 bidirectional sensor by adapting it to 
the LabVIEW environment in order to develop an 
automated current measurement system for less 
than 25 mA. 

 
2. Experimental Work 
 

This section discusses the instrumentation 
system that has been designed and implemented 
using the following hardware (practical system) 
and software systems (LabVIEW and MATLAB): 

 
2.1 Hardware 

Figure (1) shows the hardware of the 
instrumentation system which includes the 
following parts:  
 

Fig. 1. The components of the instrumentation 

system  (created by Fritzing software). 

 
1. The microcontroller: The Arduino 
development board serves as the control unit's 
primary component. Six built-in analog input pins 
and fourteen digital input/output pins, six of 
which are used for PWM, are included [14]. 
2. Current/power sensor: The INA219 
sensor, introduced by Texas Instruments, serves 
as the foundation of the current measurement 
circuit. The bidirectional sensor INA219 detects 
the bus voltage within a range from 0 to 26 V. 
The instrument requires a supply voltage of 3 to 
5.5 V and consumes up to 1 mA of supply current. 
The sensor's operating temperature range is -40°C 
to 125°C. The voltage across a 0.1Ω resistor can 
be measured by a precision amplifier. It can 
measure up to 3.2 A because the amplifier's 
highest input difference is 320 mV. The internal 
12-bit ADC precision at the 3.2 A range is 0.8mA. 
The maximum capability of current and resolution 


Abdulrahman B. Khudhair                                  Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 19, No. 3, P.P. 88- 97 (2023) 

 
90 

detection is 400 mA and 0.1 mA respectively, 
with the internal gain set to the lowest of div8. 
The I2C protocol can be utilized to interface the 
Adrfruit INA219 module sensor to an Arduino 
Uno [15]. This sensor can detect the voltage, 
current, and power on the load by measuring the 
bus voltage and the voltage drop on the terminals 
of a shunt resistor of 0.1Ω to measure the current. 
The accuracy of measurements can be improved 
by programming registers .A bank of 16 bit 
registers ranging from 00 to 05 hexadecimal are 
used by the INA219 to store configuration 
parameters, measurement data, maximum-
minimum limits, and status details (Table (1)). 

With the configuration of registers, the 
function and mode of operation are set. For 
example, Figure (2) illustrates the features of each 
bit in the first register with address 00 HEX, 
which indicates that it is a read-write 
configuration register and that it holds data. Table 
2 tabulates the selected data to support the 
requested goal and objectives of the current work. 

 
 Fig. 2. Configration of 00 HEX register. 

 
Table 2, 

The content of configruation rgister  INA219 

sensor. 

BIT 

Config 
Num. 

BIT 
Fill Discription 

RST 15 0 Power-off Reset 
- 14 0  

BRNG 13 0 
0 =16V FSR (Full 
Scale Range) 

PG1 
,PG0 

12, 11 00 Range = ±40 mV 

BADC 10,9,8,7 0001 Mode ( 10 bit) 
SADC 6,5,4,3 0001 Mode ( 10 bit) 

MODE 2,1,0 111 
Shunt and bus, 
continuous 

 
The 16-bit configuration register is loaded with 

the binary (0000 0000 1000 1111) or 008F in 
hexadecimal. The values for shunt voltage, bus 
voltage, power, and current are stored in the 

registers with addresses 01 through 04 HEX, 
which are read only. The last address 05 HEX 
register is a calibration register that is set 
accordance to the data sheet's equations and the 
work requirements as [15]: 

Current	�	
 � �
2�� 																																														… �1� 

where IM is the maximum expected current which 
equals to 0.4 A.    

By substituting IM in Equation (1) and 
rounding to the nearest: 

Current	�	
 � �.�
��,��� � 0.00001221 � 	0.0001  

The Current LSB is multiplied by Current 
Register (04h)  content to convert a value to the 
actual current in amperes. 

 
Table 1, 

The  registers of  INA219. 

 
By substituting the value of the currentLSB and 
value of the Shunt Resistance of  the Adafruit 
INA219 sensor module in Equation (2) with  
truncate the decimal values from the result . [15]: 

Cal � trun	 ! 0.04096
Current�	
 % R	'()*

+												… �2� 

where Cal is the calibration, trun is the truncate, 
RSHUNT is the shunt resistance (Ω).  

Based on Equation (2) , the Calibration 
Register is calculated. 

Cal � trun ! 0.04096
0.0001 % 0.1+ � 4096 

By substituting the value of the currentLSB in 
Equation (3)  [data sheet – ina219]: 
PowerLSB = 20×CurrentLSB 																																… �3� 
PowerLSB = 20×0.0001 = 0.002  

For a power value in watts, the Power Register 
(03h)  content is multiplied by Power LSB, which 
is 20 times the Current LSB.  

3. Voltage Driver: L298N dual H-Bridge module 
used supply the system requird voltage (0V to 5V) 
and current up to 2A as maximum output current. 
The ENA port is delivered a PWM signal out 
from Arduino. The driver outputs 1 and 2 were 
utilized, and high and low voltages were delivered 
to IN1 and IN2, respectively, to generate positive 

POINTER 

ADDRESS 
REGISTER 

(Legend- R=read, W=write) 
HEX 

00 Configuration (R/W) 
01 Shunt voltage (R) 
02 Bus voltage (R) 
03 Power (R) 
04 Current (R) 
05 Calibration (R/W) 


Abdulrahman B. Khudhair                                  Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 19, No. 3, P.P. 88- 97 (2023) 

 
91 

and negative voltages, at Out1 , OUT2 
respectively. Driver input was connected to a DC 
source with a 500 mA, 11.85 V output that ranged 
from 0 V at 0% duty cycle (DC) to 11 V at 100%. 

4. Low pass filter (LPF): A passive low pass filter 
is a resistor-capacitor (RC) circuit used to smooth 
the analog output of the L298N by cutting off the 
higher frequency and passing the low frequency. 
The values of the resistor and capacitor are 201.7 
Ω and 338.2 µF respectively. The transfer 
function for this LPF  is given by[16]: 

-�.� ≡ 0123	
045

� 1
1 6 78.																																			… �3� 

5. The applied load: To analogize the ICCP 
system and observe the value of current flow in 
milli Ampere and power consumption in milli 
Watt, a resistor of 55 Ω was utilized, which  
requires less voltage than the RC low pass filter  
resistance. 
 
2.2 Software 

 
MATLAB/Simulink and the graphical 

pramming LabVIEW were utilized in driving and 
executing the setup harware: 
1. MATLAB/Simulink: Used to illustrate the 

output voltage profile, cut-off frequency, and 
transfer function analysis utilizing bode 
diagram as shown in Figure (3). 

 
Fig. 3. Block diagram  in Simulink.    

 
2. LabVIEW Sub VI design: LabVIEW was 
implemented to programming the embedded 
platform (Arduino Uno) through the Linx 
firmware. It acquire data from the INA219 sensor 
and adjust the DC for the L298N voltage driver. 
Figure (4a) illustrates the designed LabVIEW's 
front panel that is employed to control the DC's 
value from 0% to 100%. In addition monitoring 
the system during performance namely the 
voltage, current and power as well as other control 
operations. Figure (4b) shows the connector pane 
after the Sub VI creation, design, and setting of 
the terminals that correspond to the controls and 
indicators of the INA219 sensor. The help, or 
benefit, for the user, of the interface of the 

INA219 sensor with LabVIEW is presented in 
Figure (4c). Utilizing the I2C linx toolkit built 
into the LabVIEW block diagram, the INA219 
current sensor is configured by identifying a slave 
address with a value of 40 HEX. The RC low pass 
filter circuit causes ripple voltage. This problem 
was solved using a moving average filter in the 
LabVIEW code. More stable values were obtained 
by employing a median filter for every 10 
samples. A while loop with a 10-millisecond 
waiting time is utilized. 
 

Fig 

 
Fig. 4. LabVIEW Sub VI for the INA219 

bidirectional sensor: (a) Front panel, (b) connector 

pane and (c) Sub VI help. 

 
As illustrated in Figure (5), the flowchart 
presents the steps involved in adapting the 
INA219 sensor to work with LabVIEW software. 
The LabVIEW graphical code was developed to 
read the electrical data from the sensor and 
display it on the user interface. Finally, the code 
was tested and refined to ensure accurate and 
reliable electrical measurements. 

 
Abdulrahman B. Khudhair                                  Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 19, No. 3, P.P. 88- 97 (2023) 

 
92 

3. Result and Discussion 
 
The created Sub VI for the Adafruit INA219 

sensor module was tested and analyzed through 
behavior data acquisition during the field tests of 
the system. The features were modified to meet 
the requirements of each test, necessitating 
redesigns. This modification accommodated the 

needs in regard to the connection between all the 
components of the instrumentation system. This 
system offers the benefits of being dependable, 
low-power, and efficient for very low-level DC 
electrical measurements. The current, voltage, and 
power measurements, as well as the performance 
of this instrumentation system, are presented and 
discussed in the next subsections. 

  
Fig. 5. Flowchart presents the steps involved in adapting the INA219 sensor with LabVIEW. 


Abdulrahman B. Khudhair                                  Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 19, No. 3, P.P. 88- 97 (2023) 

 
93 

3.1 RC Low pass filter   

 
As mentioned before, the role of the RC circuit 

is to smooth the applied PWM voltage for the 
load. A square voltage of 11 V was applied at a 
frequency of 980 Hz and a DC of 50%. The 
applied voltage takes a settling time of 0.157 sec 
to reach the steady state of 4.95 V, as shown in 
the graph extracted from MATLAB/Simulink in 
Figure (6). Referring again to Figure (6), the 
steady-state voltage shows regular periodic ripples 
with a peak-to-valley difference of 41.1 mV, 
which were passed by the RC low pass filter. 

The bode diagram in Figure (7) shows the cut-
off frequency is 2.33 Hz at magnitude -3 (dB) and 
a phase angle of -45o  at the same the cut-off 
frequency. 

 
Fig. 6. The profile of applied voltage of 4.95 V at DC 

frequency of 980 Hz to the load (extracted from 

Simulink).   

 
Fig. 7. The bode diagram reveals a cut-off  frequency of 2.33 Hz (-3dB) and phase angle of -45
o
. 

 
3.2  Electrical characteristics 
 

The experiments were achieved by PWM 
control for the power across the system with a 
duty cycle from 0% to 100% via the Arduino and 
LabVIEW code in order to supply the load and 
RC filter with a range of voltage from 0 to 11 V. 
An increment of 5% in duty cycle results in a 
spectrum of voltage, current, and power data 
across the load, which is acquired by the INA219 
sensor. To investigate the error and performance 
of the instrumentation system, the experiments 
were repeated after switching the INA219 sensor 
with a sensitive multimeter of type UNI-T 
UT39A+. The experiments were conducted twice 
with the multimeter, the first time with the 
components connected in parallel to measure the 

voltage and the second time with the components 
linked in series to measure the current. The data 
obtained from the experiments for the voltage, 
current, and load across the load will be presented 
as follows: 

1. Voltage: Figure (8) shows the measured voltage 
by the INA219 sensor (Vs) and the multimeter 
(Vm) for the range of duty cycle from 0% to 
100%. The graph shows a great matching 
betweem the true and measured values of 
voltages. This match is expressed by the 
percentage of full scale error (Er) which has 
inverse proportionality with the duty cycle. The 
INA219 sensor shows lowest error value of 1.5 % 
and highest value of 2.3% which considere a 
highly acceptable narrow band over the range of 
employed duty cycle. 


Abdulrahman B. Khudhair                                  Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 19, No. 3, P.P. 88- 97 (2023) 

 
94 

 
Fig. 8. Vs of INA219 sensor versus Vm of 

multimeterover the employed range of duty cycle. 

 
2. Current: The current detected by the INA219 
sensor (Is) and the multimeter (Im) during the 
range of 0% to 100% duty cycle are shown in 
Figure (9). The differences between the sensor 
and multimeter values exaggerate as the duty 
cycle increase where the error between reading 
extends. These graphs of Is and Im are correlated 
with acceptable error values up to 40% duty cycle 
which starts to expand after this value. At 5% 
duty cycle the error is 0.1% which became in itsan 
maximum value of 7% at 95% duty cycle. 
 

Fig. 9. Is of  INA219 sensor versus Im of multimeter 

over the employed range of duty Fig.  

 
3. Power: The electrical power consumed by the 
load was obtained from the sensor output (Ps) as 
well as that calculated theoretically (Pc) by 
multiplying the Vm with Im for each value of the 
duty cycle is graphed in Figure (10). The sensor 

shows a threshold value in reading up to the duty 
cycle of 10%. After the threshold the sensor 
detects the least amount of Ps equals to 4 mW 
versus 3.4 mW for Pm at a duty cycle of 15%. 
The full-scale error of power keeps its minimum 
values at a duty cycle of 60% before climbing to 
higher values. 
 

Fig. 10. Ps of  INA219 sensor versus calculated Pc 

over the employed range of duty cycle. 
 
 
3.3  Performance Characteristics 
  

Some of the static characteristics, such as 
resolution and linearity, of the system were 
investigated. From the above data that was 
obtained from the sensor, the minimum value of 
the current that can be detected, which is 
represented by the resolution, was calculated. The 
resolution of the INA219 sensor at 1% duty cycle 
was 1 mA, which shows high manufacturing, with 
the resolution value of the multimeter represented 
by 1.012 mA in the same measurement conditions 
and duty cycle. This indicates a percent absolute 
error of 1.18%. M. Mariappan et al. stated in their 
work that the ACS712 current sensor with the 
Arduino Uno shows a resolution of 26.4 mA [17]. 

The output of the instrumentation system 
shows significant linearity, as represented by the 
acceptable coincidence between the output curves 
of Vs and Is and the linear trendlines of each 
curve, as illustrated in Figures (11). The 
coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.9966 
for both graphs determines the average difference 
between the predicted values by the fitted line 
(trendline) and the actual values for the sensor. 
The value of sensitivity was estimated for voltage 
to be equal to 0.0233 volts/% duty cycle and for 


Abdulrahman B. Khudhair                                  Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 19, No. 3, P.P. 88- 97 (2023) 

 
95 

current to be 0.4436 mA/% duty cycle. These 
results revealed that the adaptation of the 
employed sensor with LabVIEW makes this 
coupling suitable for the measurement of weak 
current values in corrosion-inhibiting applications. 
The levels of the measured electrical 
characteristics come in good agreement with the 
observed corrosion current values in the 
protection of low-carbon steel in Amel S. Merzah 
et al, work  [18]. 

 
Fig. 11. The linearty of the instrumentation system 

output, Vs and Is, supported by the linear equations 

over the employed range of duty cycle. 

 
The precision of the system in this work was 

evaluated by the coefficient of variation. The 
reading of the voltage, current and power show 
significant average precision of 0.36 %, 0.28% 
and 0.17% respectively. 

 
4. Conclusions 
   

One of the obstacles to employing sensors with 
the LabVIEW-Arduino interface is the absence of 
their sub-VIs. This study was devoted to building 
and programming a Sub-VI for the INA219 
bidirectional sensor suitable for extremely low 
electrical measurements. The following are the 
concluding remarks for the current study: 
1. The highest absolute error was calculated for 

the full scale  voltage around 2.3% at a value 
of 2.22 V. 

2. The absolute error of  the current at 2.2%, 
which is less than 25 milli-amps. It increases 
gradually with the increasing in current until it 
equals 7% at the current of 43 mA. 

3.  The highest absolute error for the full scale of 
power was at 5.8%.  

4. The linearity of voltage and current were 
investigated utilizing fitting line, and the value 
of the coefficient of determination R2 was 
estimated as both were 0.9966. 

5. measurements were highly precise and the 
values of the coefficient of variation were  0.36 
%, 0.28% and 0.17% for the voltage ,current 
and power respectively. 

 
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Abdulrahman B. Khudhair                                  Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 19, No. 3, P.P. 88- 97 (2023) 

 
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