©M.S. Zunoomy, U. Israth, & A.M.M. Aaqil Available Online at https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al Al-Lisan: Jurnal Bahasa (e-Journal), Volume 7, No. 2, August 2022 161 Volume 7, No. 2, August 2022 ISSN 2442-8965 (P) ISSN 2442-8973 (E) Contrastive Study on Differences in Sentence Aspects between Arabic, Tamil, and English Languages M.S. Zunoomy (Corresponding Author) zunoomy@seu.ac.lk South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka U. Israth israth@seu.ac.lk South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka A.M.M. Aaqil aaqilamm@seu.ac.lk South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka Abstract: This research focuses on studying differences in sentence elements between Arabic, English, and Tamil by exposing similarities and dissimilarities. It uses a descriptive contrastive methodology. This research is based on a theory of linguistics. According to this, the researchers used books, articles, theses, and website articles to obtain the necessary information for Secondary data. It finds that Arabic, English, and Tamil belong to different linguistic families. The Arabic language belongs to the Semitic languages, no matter what, Tamil language belongs to Dravidian, and English belongs to the Indo-European family. In this case, they specialize in specific sentence elements according to their linguistic components. Based on this, there are more differences than similarities. For example, there are differences in gender, numeral, tense, pronouns, adjectives, genitives, and articles. These things affect learning a language as a foreign or second language. This study helps the learners to get the differences between the languages. Learners of Arabic, a foreign language, should pay attention to their own language grammar in order to be fluent in both languages to study the Arabic linguistic system in contrast to the Tamil language for learning a language in the best way and to learn Tamil language in the best way, regardless of their mother tongue to learn Arabic fluently. Keywords: Translation; sentence; Arabic; Tamil; English; linguistics A. INTRODUCTION A complete sentence, which expresses the simplest complete mental forms on which it is intolerable, consists of three main elements: subject, verb, and predication. There are various sentence elements in every language. The sentences contain elements that build a meaningful sentence. Based on this, Arabic is one of the Semitic language https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al http://u.lipi.go.id/1421293761 mailto:zunoomy@seu.ac.lk mailto:aaqilamm@seu.ac.lk ©M.S. Zunoomy, U. Israth, & A.M.M. Aaqil Available Online at https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al Al-Lisan: Jurnal Bahasa (e-Journal), Volume 7, No. 2, August 2022 162 families among the popular languages spread worldwide (Shathifa & Zunoomy, 2022). It is the language spoken by more than two billion people universally. The Arabic is the language of wordings, syntax, and morphology as it is concerned with the wealthy of its sounds and the word derivations and its competing eloquence characterized by flexibility and diversity in its sentence structures, even though each letter in Arabic has a value and every symbol (Harakat) has a special purpose (Hisham, 2017). Al- Mubarridh is the first person to use the term “sentence” from the beginning, so he divided it into nominal and verbal sentences. Al-Zamakhshari divided it into nominal, verbal, conditional, and adverbial sentences. Some split it into three types: Ibn Hisham and those who followed him: nominal, verbal and conditional (Muslih, 2016). Based on this, the sentence elements of Arabic distinguish by their structure and formation. The Tamil language is one of the classical languages in the whole world. It is mentioned at the 20th rank on the anthropology list of the most spoken languages around the world. It belongs to the family of Dravidian languages (Halima, 2019). Spoken predominantly by Tamils in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Singapore, it has smaller communities of speakers in many other countries. As of 1996, it was the eighteenth most spoken language, with over 74 million speakers worldwide. It is one of the official languages of India, Singapore, and Sri Lanka. Tamil has Nominal sentences only. It includes three kinds of sentence elements: simple, compound, and complex (Zunoomy, Munas, 2021). While English, a language of English origin, is the primary language in the United Kingdom, the United States, and many other countries, including the West Germanic language family. This language originated from a combination of several local languages spoken by Norwegians, Danes, and Anglo - Saxons from the 6th to 10th centuries (Rizvi, Saujan, & Munas, 2021). English is the first language in the United States, Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, United Kingdom, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, New Zealand, and Trinidad and Tobago. In addition, English is also one of the official languages of international organizations such as the United Nations and the International Olympic Committee, as well as official languages in various countries, such as in South Africa, Belize, Philippines, Hong Kong, Ireland, Canada, Nigeria, Singapore, and so on. (Rizvi, Saujan, & Munas, 2021). At the same time, English https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al ©M.S. Zunoomy, U. Israth, & A.M.M. Aaqil Available Online at https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al Al-Lisan: Jurnal Bahasa (e-Journal), Volume 7, No. 2, August 2022 163 Language has four types of sentences: simple, compound, complex, and compound- complex. Arabic, English, and Tamil languages belong to a different language families. Therefore, learners of Arabic as a foreign language face difficulties and make mistakes in identifying the meanings of sentences and their translation between these languages due to lack of knowledge and clarity in the linguistic pattern. To determine the similarities and dissimilarities in sentence elements between Arabic, English and Tamil languages, there are several pieces of research on the sentence elements of the Arabic language, in contrast with other languages such as English, Indonesian language, Hausa language, and others. According to the researchers, there were contrast studies between Arabic and Tamil languages in some of the specific topics, which exclude the contrastive study in the linguistic system. It is worth noting that this research is necessary to improve the field of teaching Arabic as a foreign language and translate it better. A contrast study between Arabic and the Hausa language in pronouns, Abd Abdullah, a thesis submitted for a master's degree in arts in Arabic from the University of Jezira, in 2017. The study aims to analyze and research the pronouns through a contrastive study between Arabic and Hausa. The pronouns of Hausa language have a particular feature, unique and different from the Arabic language, but from many languages. The pronouns constituted a fundamental difficulty for the language learner of Arabic from the children of the Hausa, so the researcher decided to study the system of pronouns in the two languages, Arabic and Hausa, a contrastive study to identify similarities and differences. On the other hand, to clarify the problems that may occur when teaching pronouns among learners of the Arabic language from the children of Hausa. He used in the study the descriptive analytical approach. The study reached several results, the most important of which are: that the sentence structure in the Hausa language is entirely different from the sentence structure in Arabic, whereby the Hausa requires that the subject precedes the verb and then the object, and it is not permissible for the thing to precede the verb and the subject, and this is the opposite of what is precedent to Arabic. It is acceptable for Arabic, and this rule has made many who write in Arabic use the nominal sentence because it is closer to his mother tongue. The researchers were able to clarify the structure of sentences in Arabic with the use of https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al ©M.S. Zunoomy, U. Israth, & A.M.M. Aaqil Available Online at https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al Al-Lisan: Jurnal Bahasa (e-Journal), Volume 7, No. 2, August 2022 164 pronouns and to identify methods that help reveal the similarities and differences between the two languages.This study differs from the mentioned study because this study compares eight differences among three languages: English, Tamil, and Arabic Conjunctions and its uses in Arabic and Tamil languages - a contrastive study by Shathifa Bint Muhammad Cassim and Shaheqa Farwinn Bint Abdul Rahim, a paper presented at the Faculty of Arts and Culture Symposium at the University of South Eastern of Sri Lanka in 2015, this research seek about conjunctions through their structure, function, and status in sentences and its significance in Arabic language and Tamil language. The research is concerned with studying the similarities and differences between the Arabic language and the Tamil language. The researchers benefited from the paper to define the two languages and know the uses of conjunctions in Tamil language from the structure of sentences and their function. This study also differs from the mentioned study because it briefly discussed convergence. However, in this case, the conjunction is one of eight. Demonstrative Pronouns in Arabic and English: A Contrastive Study by Sulaiman Bin Omar Al-Suhaibani, 2015. This research deals with the study of demonstrative pronouns in Arabic and English as a contrastive study. Where contrastive linguistics is one of the oldest methods of modern linguistics and one of the most critical studies in the field of linguistics. It is interested in studying the linguistic system in the various languages, contrasting them with each other, and highlighting their similarities and differences. The research dealt with the demonstrative pronouns in their classification in speech, mentioning the demonstrative pronouns in both Arabic and English, explaining the common ones, their functions and their uses in speech, then analyzing some of the Qur’anic verses in which the demonstrative pronouns are mentioned, and looking at their translation. In order to show aspects of similarity and difference between the two languages. The researchers used this study to determine the uses of demonstrative pronouns in Arabic sentences and the problems in their translation. This research aims to identify similarities and dissimilarities in Arabic, English, and Tamil sentence elements. This research, therefore, included this question. What are the similarities and dissimilarities in sentence elements between Arabic, English, and Tamil? https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al ©M.S. Zunoomy, U. Israth, & A.M.M. Aaqil Available Online at https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al Al-Lisan: Jurnal Bahasa (e-Journal), Volume 7, No. 2, August 2022 165 B. RESEARCH METHOD The researchers used descriptive and contrastive methods to implement this study and achieve its objectives. The researcher used the descriptive method to illustrate what the Arabic, English, and Tamil languages contain. On the other hand, the researcher used the comparative method to compare Arabic, English, and Tamil to discover similarities and differences. Furthermore, they constructed their theoretical work using primary data. And collected data by reviewing research articles, proceedings, and grammar books. Finally, they analyzed and systematically compared them. C. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION Findings Sentence elements in Arabic, English and Tamil The sentence in Arabic originates from several words, according to a specified pattern under syntax, which means parsing and grammatical factors, and the rules for the structure of the sentence are nominal or verbal, affirmaive or negative, informative or constructive. It studies the relationships from the sentence itself and the relations before it and what follows after. The advantages in the grammar of Arabic language are that they are subordinate to the purposes of expression and meaning, and this is clearly demonstrated by the flourishing of the phenomenon of parsing in Arabic language (Naasir, 2013). Differences in the sentence elements between Arabic, English and Tamil These differences affect in the sentence elements between Arabic, English and Tamil languages, whether it is a simple sentence, a compound sentence, or a complex sentence (Ayoob, 1985). 1. Differences in Gender Table 1. The Sentence Elements between Arabic, English and Tamil Differences in Gender Arabic Language English Language Tamil Language Two types gender 1. Masculine 2. Feminine It has three symbols ✓ Taa Marboota ✓ Al-Alif al-Muqshoora Three types of gender 1. Masculine 2. Feminine 3. Neuter Five types of gender 1. /ɑːɳ pɑːl/ " masculine" 2. /pɛɳ pɑːl/ "feminine 3. / pələr pɑːl/ “the sane plural is for masculine or https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al ©M.S. Zunoomy, U. Israth, & A.M.M. Aaqil Available Online at https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al Al-Lisan: Jurnal Bahasa (e-Journal), Volume 7, No. 2, August 2022 166 ✓ Al-Alif al Mamdhoodha feminine, 4. /ʷond̺ʳən pɑːl/ "Insane noun" 5. pələʋɪn pɑːl/ "Insane noun" The word varies in Arabic language with regard to gender into two types: masculine and feminine. As for the masculine noun, it does not need a sign to indicate it, while the feminine has three symbols; Taa Marboota /t̪a: al-marbu:t̪ˁa:/ such as /niʕma:/ and /qud̪ra:/, Al-Alif al-Muqshoora /al-alif al-maqsˁu:ra:/ (Short Alif) such as /ʕuðra:/ and /fud̪ˁla:/, Al-Alif al Mamdhoodha /al-alif al-mamd̪u:d̪a:/ (long Alif) such as /sawd̪a:ʔu/ and /bajd̪ˁa:ʔu/. Each of these symbols must be added at the end of the word, as every noun that is ended in one of them is called feminine. In the Tamil language, gender is divided into five, namely: i. /ɑːɳ pɑːl/ " masculine" - if the name is sane and singular, for example: /sɪɾʉʋən/ "boy". The symbol for gender is at the end of the verbs, for example: /sɪɾʉʋən ʋən̪d̪ɑːn/ "the boy came." Here the morpheme /ɑːn/ represents the gender. ii. /pɛɳ pɑːl/ "feminine" - if the noun is sane and singular, for example: /t̪ɑːj/ "mother". The sign of gender is at the end of the verbs, for example: /t̪ɑːj ʋən̪d̪ɑːɭ/ "the mother came." The morpheme /ɑːɭ/ represents the gender in this sentence. iii. / pələr pɑːl/ “the sane plural is for masculine or feminine,” for example: / sɪɾʉʋərgəɭ/ “boys” and / ɑːsɪɾɪjəjgəɭ/ “female teachers”. The symbol of gender is at the end of the verbs, for example: / sɪɾʉʋərgəɭ / ɑːsɪɾɪjəjgəɭ ʋən̪d̪ɑːrgəɭ/ “The boys and the teachers came”. The morpheme / ɑːrgəɭ/ represents the gender in the plural. iv. /ʷond̺ʳən pɑːl/ "Insane noun" - if it is singular, for example: மரம் /məɾəm/ "tree". The symbol of gender is at the end of the verbs, for example: /məɾəm ʋɪɻʉn̪d̪əd̪ʉ/ "the tree fell." The morpheme /əd̪ʉ/ represents the gender. v. pələʋɪn pɑːl/ "Insane noun" - if it is a plural, for example: /mɑːɖʉgəɭ/ "cows". The symbol of gender is at the end of the verbs, for example: /mɑːɖʉgəɭ ʋən̪d̪ənə/ “the cows came”. Here the morpheme / ənə / represents the gender (Ayoob, 1985) At the same time, English language has three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. In general, we can say that nouns denoting sex are masculine or feminine and that other nouns are neuter. (Declerck, 1991) i. Masculine: it refers to words for a male figure or male member of a species (i.e., man, boy, actor, horse, https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al ©M.S. Zunoomy, U. Israth, & A.M.M. Aaqil Available Online at https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al Al-Lisan: Jurnal Bahasa (e-Journal), Volume 7, No. 2, August 2022 167 ii. Feminine: it refers to female figures or female members of a species (i.e., woman, girl, actress, mare, etc.) iii. Neuter: it refers to things that have no gender (i.e., rock, table, pencil, etc.) 2. The difference in Numeral Table 2. The difference in Numeral between Arabic, English and Tamil The difference in Numeral Arabic Language English Language Tamil Language Three types of numbers 1. Singular 2. Double 3. Plural Two types of numbers 1. singular number 2. plural number Two types of numbers 1. Singular 2. Plural Arabic language has a specified number system, versa the number system in Tamil language, where the number in Arabic is from the singular, the double and the plural, and in the Tamil language from the singular and plural only. This language takes everything that is not singular as a plural and does not differentiate between one, two and three except with specificity and mention the number, for example: i. /ʷoɾʉ mənɪd̪ər ʋən̪d̪ɑːr/ “a man came” ii. /ʲɪɾʉ mənɪd̪ərgəɭ ʋən̪d̪ɑːrgəɭ/ "Two men came" iii. /muːnd̺ʳʉ mənɪd̪ərgəɭ ʋən̪d̪ɑːrgəɭ/"Threemencame" In English, have two numbers: 1) the singular number, and 2) the plural number. Number as a grammatical category of nouns in English. In English, nouns in the singular number are always used either with the numeral one or with an article, the indefinite article a / an which is semantically equal to the numeral one, and the definite article the : i. one / a student or one / an apple ii. the student or the apple In English nouns in the singular number may not be used without an article or without the numeral one. Forms such as student or apple, used without the above- mentioned functional words, are grammatically unacceptable. Proper nouns and uncountable nouns, such as Tom, William, Jane, James, London, Washington, love, courage, peace, water, bread, sugar, milk, furniture, etc., are, of course, an exception to the rule. Proper nouns do not take the numeral one nor the indefinite article a / an , but they can be used with the definite article them. (canta, 2016). https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al ©M.S. Zunoomy, U. Israth, & A.M.M. Aaqil Available Online at https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al Al-Lisan: Jurnal Bahasa (e-Journal), Volume 7, No. 2, August 2022 168 3. Differences in Tense Table 3. The difference in Tenses between Arabic, English and Tamil Differences in Tense Arabic Language English Language Tamil Language Three types of Tenses 1. Past Tense 2. Present Tense 3. Imperative Tense 12 Types of Tenses 1. Simple Past Tense 2. Past Perfect Tense 3. Past continuous Tense 4. Past Perfect continuous 5. Simple Present tense 6. Present perfect Tense 7. Present continuous Tense: 8. Present perfect continuous Tense 9. Simple Future tense 10. Future perfect Tense 11. Future continuous Tense 12. Future perfect continuous Three types of Tenses 1. Past Tense 2. Present Tense 3. Future Tense The word in Arabic language is divided according to the tense into three parts, namely: past, present and imperative tenses i. Past Tense: is a word that indicates the meaning and time in the past, for example:/fahima al-t̪ˁa:lib al-d̪arsa/ "the student understood the lesson." ii. Present Tense: It is a word that indicates the meaning and time, both immediately and presenting, for example: /jafraħu mud̪arrisuka bi nadʒaħika/ "Your teacher happies in your success." The present tense must be the beginning of /hamza, nu:n, t̪a: or ja:/ and these letters are called as "letters of present tense". iii. Imperative Tense: It is a word that requires verb and time in the future, for example: "Write a letter to your brother." Verbs are defined in Arabic language by one of four symbols: i. /qad̪/; comes on the past and present verbs, for example: /qad̪ na:ma Zajd̪/ “Zaid has slept” and /qad̪ jaqu:mu:/ “He may wake up”. ii. /si:n wa sawfa/; Each of them comes in the present tense only, for example: /sajaqu:mu & sawfa jaqu:mu/ “He will wake up”. iii. /t̪a: al-t̪aʔni:θ sa:kina:/; Relate to past verbs only, ex: /qa:mat̪ d̪ˁarabat̪/ “she woke up and hit”. https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al ©M.S. Zunoomy, U. Israth, & A.M.M. Aaqil Available Online at https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al Al-Lisan: Jurnal Bahasa (e-Journal), Volume 7, No. 2, August 2022 169 iv. /ja: al-muxat̪ˁaba:/; The indication of the verb itself on the request for feminine and it is in importive tense only, for example: /qu:mi: wad̪ˁribi:/ “Get up and hit”. Verbs in Tamil are divided into three tenses, which are: 1. Past Tense: it indicates action in the past tense, for example: /sɪɾʉʋən pɑːɖət̪t̪əj ʋɑːsɪt̪t̪ɑːn/ "The boy read the lesson". The past tense is known by different symbols: / t̪ , ʈ , r /. Examples: i. /t̪ - pəɖɪ+ ( t̪ ) + ʲeːn = pəɖɪt̪t̪eːn/ "I studied". ii. /ʈ - ʷʊɳ+ ( ʈ ) + ʲeːn = ʷʊɳɖeːn/ "I ate". iii. /r - kəl+ ( r ) + ʲeːn = kət̺t̺ʳeːn/ "I learned". 2. Present Tense: it indicates action in the present time, for example: /sɪɾʉʋən pɑːɖəm pəɖɪkkɪnd̺ʳɑːn/ "The boy reads the lesson". two morphemes are used in present tense /kɪnd̺ʳʉ , kɪɾʉ/ and both of them enter the present verb, it indicates the verb in the present only, for example: i. /kɪnd̺ʳʉ - ʋəɾʉ + ( kɪnd̺ʳʉ ) + ɑːn = ʋəɾʉgɪnd̺ʳɑːn/ "He comes (now)". ii. /kɪɾʉ - sɛl ( kɪɾʉ ) + ʲeːn =tʃɛlgɪɾeːn/ "I go (now)". 3. Future Tense: it indicates action in the future tense, for example: /sɪɾʉʋən pɑːɖəm ʋɑːsɪppɑːn/ "The boy will read the lesson". Here the two morphemes வ், ப் /ʋ, p/ and each of them denote the future verb only, and they have a future function, for example: i. /ʋ - ʋəɾʉ + ( ʋ ) + ɑːn = ʋəɾʉʋɑːn/ "He will come" ii. /p - pɑːr + ( p ) + ɑːn = pɑːrppɑːn/ "He will see" Imporative tense as in Arabic indicates requesting an act in the future, for example: /ʷʊnəd̪ʉ pɑːɖət̪t̪əj ʋɑːsɪˑ/ "Read your lesson". Meanwhile, in English Language there are 12 Tenses by combining both Tense and Aspect system as follow: i. Simple Past Tense: it used to describe action that happened in the past or were habitual Ex. I played tennis yesterday ii. Past Perfect Tense: it used to describe an event that was completed before another took place. Ex: Sam had left before we got there https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al ©M.S. Zunoomy, U. Israth, & A.M.M. Aaqil Available Online at https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al Al-Lisan: Jurnal Bahasa (e-Journal), Volume 7, No. 2, August 2022 170 iii. Past continuous Tense: it used to describe events or situation that “were going on at time when another action took place. Ex: while we were studying English, it began to rain. iv. Past Perfect continuous:it used to show the order of two past events. The past perfect shows the earlier action and the past simple shows the later action. Ex:When the police arrived, the thief had escaped. v. Simple Present tense: it used to denote general action or events or to describe habitual events. Ex: The earth goes round the sun vi. Present perfect Tense: it used to denote situation that happened in the past and continues until the present time. Ex: We have lived in Canada for 20 years. vii. Present continuous Tense: it used to denote that the action is going on just now, that is happening at the same time of speaking or writing.Ex: She is having lunch now. viii. Present perfect continuous Tense: it used to express the duration of an action up to the present tense with using expressions or words such as: since or for. Ex: I have been Learning English for three years. ix. Simple Future tense: it used to refer to actions or states that begin and end in the future. Ex: I will write you next week x. Future perfect Tense: it used to refer a completed action in the future. Ex: By the next time I see you, I shall have graduated. xi. Future continuous Tense: it used to talk about future events that will be in progress at a specific time in the future. Ex: I shall be writing my new story next week. xii. Future perfect continuous: it used to describe actions that will continue up until a point in the future. Ex: I will have been sleeping for two hours by the time he gets home (Boultiah & Boultiah, 2011-2012) 4. Differences in Pronoun Table 4. The difference in Numeral between Arabic, English and Tamil Differences in Pronoun Arabic Language English Language Tamil Language 12 types of pronouns 1. /ʔna/ 2. /naħnu/ 3. /ʔnt̪a/ 4. /ʔnt̪i/ 7 Types of Tenses 1. I 2. You 3. We 4. They 9 types of pronouns 1. /nɑːn/ 2. /nɑːm/ 3. /niˑ/ 4. /niːŋgəɭ/ https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al ©M.S. Zunoomy, U. Israth, & A.M.M. Aaqil Available Online at https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al Al-Lisan: Jurnal Bahasa (e-Journal), Volume 7, No. 2, August 2022 171 5. /ʔnt̪uma:/ 6. /ʔnt̪um/ 7. /ʔnt̪unna/ 8. /huwa/ 9. /hija/ 10. /huma:/ 11. /hum/ 12. /hunna/ 5. He 6. She 7. It 5. /əʋən/ 6. /əʋəɭ/ 7. /əʋərgəɭ/ 8. /əd̪ʉ/ 9. /əʋə/ Pronouns in Arabic are divided into three parts: /mut̪akallim/ first person, /muxat̪ˁab/ second person and /ɣa:ʔib/ third person. The following table (5) shows pronouns in Arabic language: Table 5. Pronouns in Arabic Language The following table (6) shows pronouns in Tamil language: Table 6. Pronouns in Arabic Language Pronoun Place Numeral Gender /nɑːn/ first person Singular Masculine/ Feminine /nɑːm/ first person Plural Masculine/ Feminine /niˑ/ second person Singular Masculine/ Feminine /niːŋgəɭ/ second person Plural Masculine/ Feminine /əʋən/ third person Singular Masculine /əʋəɭ/ third person Singular Feminine /əʋərgəɭ/ third person Plural Masculine/ Feminine /əd̪ʉ/ third person Singular Masculine/ Feminine /əʋə/ third person Plural Masculine/ Feminine Pronouns in English can be divided in one of three “persons.” A first-person pronoun refers to the speaker, a second-person pronoun refers to the person being Pronoun Place Numeral Gender /ʔna/ first person Singular Masculine/ Feminine /naħnu/ first person Dual / Plural Masculine/ Feminine /ʔnt̪a/ second person Singular Masculine /ʔnt̪i/ second person Singular Feminine /ʔnt̪uma:/ second person Dual Masculine/ Feminine /ʔnt̪um/ second person Plural Masculine /ʔnt̪unna/ second person Plural Feminine /huwa/ third person Singular Masculine /hija/ third person Singular Feminine /huma:/ third person Dual Masculine/ Feminine /hum/ third person Plural Masculine /hunna/ third person Plural Feminine https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al ©M.S. Zunoomy, U. Israth, & A.M.M. Aaqil Available Online at https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al Al-Lisan: Jurnal Bahasa (e-Journal), Volume 7, No. 2, August 2022 172 spoken to, and a third-person pronoun refers to the person being spoken of. For each of these three grammatical persons, there is a plural as well. Table 7. Pronouns in Englis Pronoun Place Numeral Gender I first person Singular Masculine/ Feminine You Second person Singular/plural Masculine/ Feminine We first person Plural Masculine/ Feminine They Third person Plural Masculine/ Feminine He Third person Singular Masculine She Third person Singular Feminine It Third person Singular Masculine/ Feminine There is no difference between first person pronouns among the languages. As for second person pronouns, there are special forms of singular and non-singular in both languages. There is no difference between the masculine and the feminine, whether singular or not, and between rational and irrational in Tamil. At the same time, in Arabic language, there is a difference between the masculine and the feminine in the singular and the plural without dual. The two languages agree in third person pronouns in the use of the singular pronouns to the masculine and the feminine. in the plural, Arabic differentiates as masculine and feminine, while Tamil language does not differentiate between them. Likewise, Tamil language like Arabic is distinguished by the distinction between the sane in the use of their person pronouns. In Tamil, there are specific pronouns for the singular and plural third person pronouns for insane, but it does not differentiate between masculine and feminine. 5. Differences in kinds of pronoun: The following table (8) shows kinds of pronoun in Arabic language: Table 8. Kinds of Pronoun in Arabic language Subject Pronouns Arabic /ʔna/ , /naħnu/ , /ʔnt̪a/ , /ʔnt̪i/ , /ʔnt̪uma:/ , /ʔnt̪um/ , /ʔnt̪unna/ , /huwa/ , /hija/ , /huma:/ , /hum/ , /hunna/ English I , We , You , He , She , It , They Tamil /nɑːn/ , /nɑːm/ , /niˑ/ , /niːŋgəɭ/ , /əʋən , /əʋəɭ/ , /əʋərgəɭ/ , /əd̪ʉ/ , /əʋə/ Object Pronouns Arabic /ni:/ , /na:/ , /ka/ , /ki/ , /kuma:/ , /kum/ , /kunna/ , /hu/ , /ha:/ , /huma:/ , /hum/ , /hunna/ English Me, Us , You , Him , Her , It , Them Tamil /ʲɛnnəj/ , /ʲɛŋgəɭəj/ , /ʷʊnnəj/ , /ʷʊŋgəɭəj/ , /əʋənəj/ , /əʋəɭəj/ , /əʋərgəɭəj/ , /əd̪əj/ , /əʋəjgəɭəj/ Possessive Arabic /e/ , /na:/ , /ka/ , /ki/ , /kuma:/ , /kum/ , /kunna/ , /hu/ , https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al ©M.S. Zunoomy, U. Israth, & A.M.M. Aaqil Available Online at https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al Al-Lisan: Jurnal Bahasa (e-Journal), Volume 7, No. 2, August 2022 173 Pronouns /ha:/ , /huma:/ , /hum/ , /hunna/ English Mine , Ours , Yours , his , Hers , Not used , Theirs Tamil /ʲɛnnʉɖəjjə/ , /ʲɛŋgəɭʉɖəjjə/ , /ʷʊnnʉɖəjjə/ , /ʷʊŋgəɭʉɖəjjə/ , /əʋənʉɖəjjə/ , /əʋəɭʉɖəjjə/ , /ɑːʋərgəɭʉɖəjjə/ , /əd̪ənʉɖəjjə/ , /əʋəjgəɭʉɖəjjə/ Possessive Adjectives English My , Our , Your , His , Her , Its , Their Reflexive pronoun English Myself , Ourself , Yourself, your selves , Him self , Herself , Itself , Themselves Table 9. Kinds of pronoun in Arabic Language Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns Possessive Pronouns /ʔna/ /ni:/ /e/ /naħnu/ /na:/ /na:/ /ʔnt̪a/ /ka/ /ka/ /ʔnt̪i/ /ki/ /ki/ /ʔnt̪uma:/ /kuma:/ /kuma:/ /ʔnt̪um/ /kum/ /kum/ /ʔnt̪unna/ /kunna/ /kunna/ /huwa/ /hu/ /hu/ /hija/ /ha:/ /ha:/ /huma:/ /huma:/ /huma:/ /hum/ /hum/ /hum/ /hunna/ /hunna/ /hunna/ The following table (10) shows kinds of pronoun in Tamil language: Table 10. Kinds of Pronoun in Tamil Language Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns Possessive Pronuns /nɑːn/ /ʲɛnnəj/ /ʲɛnnʉɖəjjə/ /nɑːm/ /ʲɛŋgəɭəj/ /ʲɛŋgəɭʉɖəjjə/ /niˑ/ /ʷʊnnəj/ /ʷʊnnʉɖəjjə/ /niːŋgəɭ/ /ʷʊŋgəɭəj/ /ʷʊŋgəɭʉɖəjjə/ /əʋən/ /əʋənəj/ /əʋənʉɖəjjə/ /əʋəɭ/ /əʋəɭəj/ /əʋəɭʉɖəjjə/ /əʋərgəɭ/ /əʋərgəɭəj/ /ɑːʋərgəɭʉɖəjjə/ /əd̪ʉ/ /əd̪əj/ /əd̪ənʉɖəjjə/ /əʋə/ /əʋəjgəɭəj/ /əʋəjgəɭʉɖəjjə/ Kinds of pronouns in English There are many types and subtypes of pronouns in English. This paper shall identify and discuss with copious types of Pronouns. They are as follows: https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al ©M.S. Zunoomy, U. Israth, & A.M.M. Aaqil Available Online at https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al Al-Lisan: Jurnal Bahasa (e-Journal), Volume 7, No. 2, August 2022 174 Table 11. Pronouns in English Subject pronoun Object pronoun Possessive Adjectives Possessive pronoun Reflexive pronoun I Me My Mine Myself We Us Our Ours Ourself You You Your Yours Yourself, your selves He Him His his Him self She Her Her Hers Herself It It Its Not used Itself They Them Their Theirs Themselves (Nkopuruk & odusina, 2018) Kinds of pronoun in Arabic language as the subject, for example: /huwa jana:mu/ “he is sleeping”, as objective caes, possessor in the sentence, for example: /ʔaʃuruka/ “I thank you”, /qalami: dʒad̪i: d̪un/ “my pen is new” Kinds of pronoun in Tamil language as the subject, for example: /əʋən ʲɛɻʉn̪d̪ʉɭɭɑːn/"He is standing", as objective caes, possessor in the sentence, for example: /mʊɦəmmət̪ əʋənəj əɖɪt̪t̪ɑːn/“Muhammad hit him”, /ʲɛnəd̪ʉ pʊt̪t̪əgəm pʊd̪ɪjəd̪ʉ/ "My book is new". 6. The difference in adjective: Table 12. Difference in adjective between Arabic, English and Tamil Language The difference in adjective Arabic Language English Language Tamil Language Adjectives come after the noun Adjectives are usually placed before the nouns Adjective followsthe noun The adjective precedes the noun in Tamil Language. for example: /nɑːn pɛɾɪjəd̪oɾʉ ʋəɾəjn̪d̪eːn/ "I drew a big fish". At the same time, adjective follows the noun, for example: /ʔna rasamt̪u samkan kabi:ran/ “I drew a big fish”. At the same time The English language, Adjective consist of single words or someone collection. According to language terminology when several adjectives come before a noun (or when nouns are used modify another noun), the usually have to put in particular order. In grammar, we say the adjectives 'modify' nouns. The word 'modify ' means ' “change a little” Adjective give a little different meaning to a noun: Ex: Cold weather, hot weather, nice weather, bad weather. It comes in three forms: absolute, comparative and superlative like cool-cooler-coolest. Examples: a. I don't like cold weather. (Adjective) + (noun) https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al ©M.S. Zunoomy, U. Israth, & A.M.M. Aaqil Available Online at https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al Al-Lisan: Jurnal Bahasa (e-Journal), Volume 7, No. 2, August 2022 175 b. Alex is a happy child. (Adjective) + (noun) c. The hungry boy has a fresh Apple. (Adjective) + (noun) (adj.)+(noun) (Nurhayati, 2012) Arabic adjectives are words that describe or modify a person or thing in a sentence. Their placement is quite different from English where the adjectives come before the noun, as in “beautiful girl”. In Arabic their placement is reversed: fataah jameela = girl beautiful. 7. The difference in Genitive: Table 12. Difference in Genitive between Arabic, English and Tamil Language The difference in Genitive Arabic Language English Language Tamil Language 1 type of possessive 1. The possessed precedes the possessor three types possessive 1. Possessive Nouns 2. Possessive Pronouns 3. Possessive Determiners 1 type of possessive 1. The possessor precedes the possessed The possessed precedes the possessor in Arabic. At the same time, the possessor precedes the possessed in Tamil. For example: In Arabic: /kit̪a:bu Muħammad̪in/ "The Book of Muhammad". Here, the possessed is /kit̪a:bu/ and the possessor is /Muhammadh/. In Tamil: /mʊɦəmməd̪ʉɖəjjə pʊt̪t̪əgəm/. Here, the possessor /mʊɦəmməd̪ʉɖəjjə/ precedes the possessed /pʊt̪t̪əgəm/. /ʕala:mat̪ul dʒarri/ the genitive case, the deletion of the definite article “ʔl”, the deletion of the indefinite article /tanwin/, the deletion of the signs of dual and plural /no:n/ are signs of genitive in Arabic language, while /ʷʊɖəjjə , ʲɪn/are used in Tamil to denote genitive with them. for example: /mɑːɳəʋənʉɖəjjə peːnəj, mɑːɳəʋənɪn peːnəj/ "student’s pen". In English, the genitive case is a grammatical case for nouns and pronouns. It is most commonly used for showing possession. It has three types possessive case i. Possessive Nouns: it usually shown by preceding it with "of" or by adding 's (or just ') to the end. ii. Possessive Pronouns: The possessive-case pronouns are "mine," "yours," "his," "hers," "its," "ours," and "theirs." iii. Possessive Determiners: The possessive-case determiners are "my," "your," "his," "her," "its," "our," and "their." (The possessive determiners are known as https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al ©M.S. Zunoomy, U. Israth, & A.M.M. Aaqil Available Online at https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al Al-Lisan: Jurnal Bahasa (e-Journal), Volume 7, No. 2, August 2022 176 possessive adjectives in traditional grammar.) (shrives, n.d.) (Sabrina, 2009/2010) 8. The difference in article: Table 13. Difference in Article between Arabic, English and Tamil Language The difference in article Arabic Language English Language Tamil Language 1 type of article 1. /ʔl/ three types article 1. a 2. an 3. the 2 types of possessives 1. / ʷoɾʉ/ 2. / pələ/ /ʔl/ is one of the definite articles in Arabic language. When it occurs on indefinite noun, it will be a definite noun. Example: /kit̪a:bun/ “a book” --- /ʔl/ + / kit̪a:bun/ = /ʔlkit̪a:bu/ “the book” While Tamil language differs from Arabic language, where indefinite article in Tamil comes at the beginning of the word instead of the definite article /ʔl/ "the" in Arabic language. This article differs according to the number only without the type, so the article / ʷoɾʉ/ for the singular, / pələ/for the plural, for example: /ʷoɾʉ sɪɾʉʋən/"a boy", /pələ sɪɾʉʋərgəɭ/"boys". In English there are three types of articles: a, an, and the. These used before nouns or noun equivalents. Articles differ as definite articles and indefinite articles. The definite article (the) is used before a noun to indicate that the identity of the noun is known to the reader. The indefinite article (a, an) is used before a noun that is general or when its identity is not known. There are certain situations in which a noun takes no article. Examples: the (before a singular or plural noun) Ex: The boy sitting next to me raised his hand. a (before a singular noun beginning with a consonant sound) Ex: I own a cat and two dogs. an (before a singular noun beginning with a vowel sound)Ex:I think an animal is in the garage (Sentance, 2006), Discussions Researchers discovered that sentence aspects have different types and structures in Arabic, Tamil, and English languages in this study titled "Contrastive Study on Differences in Sentence Aspects between Arabic, Tamil, and English Languages." This research focuses on eight sentence aspects: gender, numeral, tense, pronoun, adjective, genitive, and article. Researchers funded some outcomes at the end of this research that https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al ©M.S. Zunoomy, U. Israth, & A.M.M. Aaqil Available Online at https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al Al-Lisan: Jurnal Bahasa (e-Journal), Volume 7, No. 2, August 2022 177 all three languages have masculine and feminine genders, but English has an extra one, namely neuter. Simultaneously, the Tamil language has three more. Every language has two types of numerals, except Arabic, which has an extra one, namely the double numeral. In tense, Arabic and Tamil have three types, but English has twelve types. When it comes to adjectives, both English and Tamil place them before nouns, whereas Arabic only places them after nouns. At the same time, by considering the pronoun, all three languages have the same three types of persons, namely first person, second person, and third person. However, there are some structural differences in usage. Similarly, each language has its own set of rules and theories for constructing sentence structure. Researchers believe that a variety of language families influence these differences. D. CONCLUSION According to the discussion part of this research; Arabic, English and Tamil languages belong to different linguistic families. As for the Arabic language, it belongs to the Semitic languages, no matter what Tamil language belongs to Dravidian and English belongs to the Indo-European family. According to this case, they specialize in specific sentence elements according to their linguistic components. Based on this, there are more differences than similarities. There are differences in gender, numeral, tense, pronouns, kinds of pronouns, adjectives, genitive and articles. These things effect in learning a language as a foreign or second language. This study will help the learners to get the differences among the languages. Learners of Arabic a foreign language should pay attention to their own language grammar in order to be fluent in both languages to study the Arabic linguistic system in contrast to Tamil language for learning a language in the best way and to learn Tamil language in the best way, regardless of their mother tongue to learn Arabic fluently. By considering the limitations of this study, it is organized around eight aspects of sentence structure in English, Tamil, and Arabic languages. This research study on eight aspects of sentences in one paper, but doing research in the future under separate headings will help the readers find more clarity on this matter. The results will be colorful by researching all aspects of speech in different articles. The researches should be done in translation difficulties among the trilingual. Researches on problems faced by the Second language https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al ©M.S. Zunoomy, U. Israth, & A.M.M. Aaqil Available Online at https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/al Al-Lisan: Jurnal Bahasa (e-Journal), Volume 7, No. 2, August 2022 178 learners when learning these sentence aspects should be done in the various academic level such school, college, university levels REFERENCES Aaqil, A. M. M., Sainulabdeen, Z. M., & Razick, A. M. (2022). Aĥtâ al-tarjamah baina muta’allimiy al-lugah al-arabiyyah lugatan śânawiyyatan ‘inda tarjamati al- jumal al-basîţah min al-lugah al-arabiyyah ilâ al-lugah al-tâmiliyyah (translation errors among the second language learners of arabic when translating arabic simple sentences to tamil). Loghat Arabi: Jurnal Bahasa Arab dan Pendidikan Bahasa Arab, 3(1), 21-36. https://doi.org/10.36915/la.v3i1.36 Aaqil, A.M.M., Faizer, M., & Moulana R. R. (2022). Challenges faced by the undergraduates in enhancing their English language. 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