




































Tira Nur Fitria 

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   Volume 5, Nomor 2, Agustus 2020 

          ISSN 2442-8965 (P) ISSN 2442-8973 (E) 

 

Error Analysis of English Abstract in International Journal of 

Economics, Business, and Accounting Research (IJEBAR) 

 
Tira Nur Fitria 

tiranurfitria@gmail.com 

Institut Teknologi Bisnis AAS Indonesia 

 

 

ABSTRACT 

This study aims to determine the types of errors and the most dominant type of errors in the 

International Journal of Economics, Business, and Accounting Research (IJEBAR) STIE AAS 

Surakarta, published in 2018. This study employed a qualitative method. The author used 

documents to collect data and analyzed the data by identifying errors, classifying errors, 

explanation errors, and tabulating errors. The research findings showed that the type of errors in 

IJEBAR was related to some aspects of writing, such as grammar, punctuation, and spelling. In 

the grammar aspect, there were 36 data or 50.70 %, which consist of some errors in class words 

(part of speech), for example in determiner/article (22 data or 61.11 %), verb (11 data or 30.56 

%), preposition (2 data or 5.56 %), and noun (1 data or 2.78 %). There were 21 data or 29.58 % 

in the punctuation aspect, and in the spelling aspect, there are 14 data or 19.72 %. The most 

dominant type of errors found in IJEBAR is the aspect of grammar, as 36 data or 50.70%. 

Errors can be caused by a lack of language skills such as the learner's lack of knowledge of the 

target language's correct rules or an error in translating using specific translation tools. 

Therefore, in writing English abstract well and correctly, it should follow the language (English) 

rule, which refers to the correct grammatical, punctuation, and spelling aspect. 

 

Keywords: Error Analysis; Abstract Journal; Grammar; Punctuation; Spelling. 

 

 

 

 

A. INTRODUCTION 

One of the most important parts of a scientific article is the abstract (Mckee, 2020). 

Day & Gastel (2006, p. 52) states that an abstract also usually viewed as a miniature 

version of the paper. It is a summarization of the important keys and points in a 

scientific paper, such as in thesis, dissertation, paper, report, journal, and article (Fitria, 

2018c). An abstract is very important and necessary because it is part of the section of a 

paper that is written. Helmenstine (2019) states that an abstract is a concise summary of 

an experiment or research project. It should be written shortly or briefly. The abstract 

http://u.lipi.go.id/1421293761


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should provide an overview of the whole research described (Oliver, 2004, p. 13) and 

(Powner, 2014, p. 207). 

The purpose of the abstract is to summarize the research paper by stating the 

goal/purpose of the research, the research method, the result/findings, and the last is a 

conclusion. Abstract should be brief and specific as possible, but still writing complete 

sentences that follow one another logically (Matthews et al., 2000, p. 68). 

In other words, the readers who read an abstract should be able to understand why 

the writers conduct the study/research, how the writer conducts it, what the writer finds, 

and why the writer’s work is important and necessary. Brown (2019) states that almost 

everyone knows what an abstract is. It is a short synopsis that precedes the short text of 

the journal article. The readers can find the article and maybe determined and decided 

whether they read it or not based on the abstract’s wording (Bly, 2009, p. 5). This 

statement also supported by Kolin (2013, p. 696) that the readers maybe do not read 

entire the report, but almost the readers will read the abstract. 

In the academic world, this abstract is used by educational institutions/institutions/ 

organizations as initial information on a study when it is included in the thesis, 

dissertation, journals, conferences, workshops, seminars, or others. Patrick (2014) 

defines that the abstract explains and describes both an unpublished or published 

research study in a certain form. It is a brief overview of the investigation or invention, 

so the other researchers can comprehend the content of the research. The information 

which usually provided in the abstract must be sufficient to help the other researchers in 

deciding whether the research is relevant to his/her interest or not. Therefore, abstract 

should be brief but not lacking in important elements necessary for the understanding of 

the research conducted. The abstract also helps the researchers decide whether to read 

the research paper in its entirety or not, even they can download it for necessity. The 

journal’s abstracts are usually presented in English, or the combination of two 

languages, such as the Indonesian and English (Wulandari, 2014). 

An abstract is a complete summary and explains the entire contents of scientific 

article. An abstract usually is placed at the beginning of the scientific article. Good 

abstract writing needs to be considered considering this section is part of the article that 

is read after the title. It is reasonable, whether or not a scientific article is read depends 

on the impression the reader gets when reading the abstract. The hardest part of the 



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article to work on is abstract. An abstract in English is an absolute necessity that must 

exist (requirements in the accreditation of scientific journals). The overall goal of the 

abstract is to show how the proposed study will extend prior research in the area 

(Chasan-Taber, 2014, p. 287). 

An abstract must be informative and descriptive, meaning that any information 

contained in the abstract must be based on facts. In other words, it is not permissible to 

include information that is not, in fact, clear in the content of an article in an abstract. 

The abstracts for an article should describe the topic, the purpose, thesis, or organizing 

construct and the scope of the article; the sources used and the conclusions (Klimova, 

2013). Allen & Hougland (2020) state that the abstract is written when a research is 

finished. An abstract usually is more appropriate for articles and research reports 

(Dumaine & Healey, 2003, p. 2). 

Scientific paper usually requires writing abstract English for each published text. 

Scriptwriters, in general, have completed their manuscripts with the intended abstract 

even though they are not all in English. From the abstracts compiled by the authors, 

perhaps still there are some problems and errors that need to be corrected or corrected 

for grammar, vocabulary, spelling, punctuation, or other aspects. Therefore, the correct 

spelling, grammar, and punctuation are important in writing English abstract (Fitria, 

2018a). 

The recent studies also focus on error analysis, such as first research entitled Error 

Analysis Found In the Students’ Writing Composition of Simple Future Tense written by 

Fitria (2018) and second research entitled Errors in Students’ Writing Composition in 

Simple Present Tense “My Daily Activity” written by Fitria (2019). Both of them, the 

research focus on error analysis in tenses such as simple present and simple future tense. 

Those research also have the same goal of the research, is to analysis the aspects of 

grammatical, punctuation, and spelling error. Other previous studies also written by 

Novita (2018) entitled “An Error Analysis on Undergraduate Thesis Abstracts of 

English Language Education Students of Sanata Dharma University”. This study to find 

out the mechanical and grammatical errors found in the undergraduate thesis abstracts. 

Concerning this study, the writer wants to study error analysis of English abstracts 

which has published in an international journal to find the errors. 



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Error analysis has occupied an important key in linguistic (Spillner, 2017, p. 10). 

Error analysis also related to the process of deciding and determining the incidence, 

event, nature, cause, and effect/impact of an unsuccessful language (James, 2013). 

According to (Hamzah, 2012), the basis of the severity of errors can affect 

communication. Errors can be caused by lack of language skills such as the learner's 

lack of knowledge of the correct rules of the target language or an error in translating 

using certain translation tools. 

IJEBAR is an International Journal of Economics, Business, and Accounting 

Research (IJEBAR). It is a peer-reviewed and open-access international scientific 

journal in the areas of Economic, Business, and Accounting theme. This analysis of 

research only focuses on a journal which published in 2018. Therefore, the researcher is 

interested to do the research analysis entitled “Error Analysis in the International 

Journal of Economics, Business, and Accounting Research (IJEBAR)”. Thus, based on 

the analysis problems, this study aims to find out the types of error and the most 

dominant type of errors found in the International Journal of Economics, Business, and 

Accounting Research (IJEBAR) STIE AAS Surakarta published in 2018. 

 

B. RESEARCH METHOD 

This research employs descriptive qualitative research. In general, basic qualitative 

research is providing a descriptive account to understand a phenomenon by using data 

that be collected in several ways (Ary et al., 2018).  He also adds that the qualitative 

researcher focuses on how people make sense of or interpret the experience (Ary et al., 

2009). 

Data in this research were abstract. An abstract is a complete summary and 

explains the entire contents of scientific articles in a journal. While data source in this 

research is taken from International Journal of Economics, Business, and Accounting 

Research (IJEBAR) STIE AAS Surakarta which published in 2018, they are 1) Volume 

2, No 01 (2018), 2) Volume 2, No 02 (2018), 3) Volume 2, No 03 (2018), 4) Volume 2, 

No 04 (2018). From that volume journal in 2018, there are 24 abstracts to be analyzed 

in this research. 

The researcher uses the documentation for collecting data. According to Arikunto 

(2002), documentation is the technique to look for data about things or variables in 



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some forms of fieldnotes, books, reports, newspapers, magazines, transcripts, 

inscriptions, dairy, and agendas for information under investigation. The purpose of 

documentation is to collect and complement and analyze the data that is not mentioned 

by the subject/object of the research and to know about how much data would be 

accounted for in the research.  

According to Patton (2002), data analysis related to the process of selecting and 

arranging the order of the data,  organize into a pattern,  category,  and description of 

each basic unit. In this research, the researcher analyses the errors found in IJEBAR 

journal published in 2018. The descriptions as follow: (1) Identifying errors. In this 

step, the researcher identifies the errors in IJEBAR journal published in 2018. (2) 

Classifying errors. In this step, the researcher classifies the errors into some writing 

aspects such as grammar, punctuation, and spelling. (3) Explanation errors. In this step, 

the researcher explains the source of error found. The writer tries to figure out the 

source of errors by predicting it if needed. (4) Tabulating of errors. In this step, the 

researcher draws the errors into a table/chart based on the classification of errors to 

tabulate the number of errors found in the journal and then figures out the most 

dominant errors in the journal.  In tabulation data, the researcher uses a simple statistical 

analytical method, the proportion as a whole (100%) then divided by the types of errors 

found in the journal. Then, the researcher counts the percentage frequency of each error 

occurrence by using the following formula below: 

 

Which: Pi = the proportion of the errors’ frequency 

             Fi = frequency of each type of error 

             n = the total number of errors analyzed 

 

C. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 

Findings 

Some writing errors are very common and frequently seen in abstract 

journals/articles. This research will explain details of the most common and easily 

avoidable writing errors such as spelling, punctuation, and grammar aspect. In IJEBAR 

journal published in 2018, there are some errors found in the aspect of spelling, 

punctuation, and grammar as follows: 



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Grammar 

Grammar is the study of how to form words that has certain forms into a proper 

sentence. Or in other words, Grammar is a collection of structural rules that set the 

composition of words, phrases, and clauses in natural languages given. In this research, 

there are some errors found in IJEBAR journal in the aspect of grammar as follow: 

Verb 

 Nordquist (2018b) defines that a verb is one of the parts of speech that describes 

an action or occurrence. It also can indicate a state of being. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

From three examples above show that there are some errors in the aspect of 

grammar, especially the verb. Verb error data 1 shows that the singular verb “has” does 

not fit with the plural subject “variables”. It should be changed to the verb form for a 

suitable subject-verb agreement. Then, the correct form should be written: “have”. In 

verb error data 2 shows that the verb “have” does not seem to agree with the subject 

“the percentage”. It should be changed into an appropriate verb form. Then, the correct 

form should be written “has”. While the verb error data 3 example shows that the 

singular verb “states” does not agree with the plural subject “results”. It should be 

changed to the verb form for a suitable subject-verb agreement. Then, the correct form 

should be written “state”. 

 

 

 

Verb Error Data 1 

…two independent variables has a positive effect on the value of the company. 

 

Verb Error Data 2 

The percentage based on variable empathy t test and responsiveness have a 

significant positive effect on member satisfaction,.. 
 

Verb Error Data 2 

The results of this study states that the orientation of innovation and competitive… 

 

Verb Error Data 4 

…in order to obtains a sample of 10 chemical companies… 
 



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The data above show that there are some errors in the aspect of grammar, 

especially the using of main verb. The verb error data 4 shows that the verb “obtains” 

should be in the base form to-infinitive following “in order”. It should be changed into 

the appropriate form. Then, the correct form should be written: “obtain”. While the verb 

error data 5 shows that the verb “analyze” should be in the to-infinitive form. It should 

be added by the appropriate form. Then, the correct form should be written: “to 

analyze”. 

 

 

 

The data above show that there are some errors in the aspect of grammar, 

especially the verb. Verb error data 6 appears that the form of the verb “use” does not 

work with “was” in this sentence. It should be changed into an appropriate verb in the 

form participle (V3) to make a passive form in this context. Then, the correct form 

should be written “was used”. 

 

 

 

The data above show that there are some errors in the aspect of grammar, 

especially the verb. The verb error data 7 shows that the verb “were” does agree with 

the subject “the number of samples in this study”. It should be changed into the 

appropriate verb. Then, the correct form should be written “was”. 

 

 

 

 

The data above show that there are some errors in the aspect of grammar, 

especially the verb. The verb error data 8 shows that the verb “go” is written into the 

Verb Error Data 5 

In this study aims analyze the effect of financial ratios on the performance of 

cigarette companies listed on the IDX. 
 

Verb Error Data 6 

The purpose of this study was use to examine the effect of good corporate 

governance on company value. 
 

Verb Error Data 7 

The number of samples in this study were 45 samples. 
 

Verb Error Data 8 

…in predicting financial distress in go public company automotive sub sector 

and component 2012-2016 periods. 
 



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wrong form after the preposition “in”. It should be changed into the gerund form 

(V+ing). Then, the correct form should be written: “going”. 

 

Determiner/Article 

Determiner/article is a word or a group of words that specifies, identifies, or 

quantifies the noun or the noun phrase that follows it (Nordquist, 2018a). 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The four examples above show that there are some errors in the aspect of 

grammar, especially determiner/article. From four examples above show that the noun 

phrase which is written bold seems to be missing a determiner/article before it. It should 

be added by the appropriate article “a” or “the”. In the first example, the noun phrase 

“qualitative method” should be written “a qualitative method” or “the qualitative 

method”. In the third example, the noun phrase “F test” should be written “an F test” or 

“the F test”. In the fifth example, the noun phrase “application of sharia principles and 

service” should be written “an application of sharia principles and service” or “the 

application of sharia principles and service”. Then, in the thirteenth example, the noun 

phrase “performance audit” should be written “a performance audit” or “the 

performance audit”. 

 

 

 

Determiner Error Data 1 

This research uses qualitative method that is by obtaining company data then 

compare the method used. 
 

Determiner Error Data 2 

Based on hypothesis test by using significant level α = 0,05 result of F test,.. 

 

Determiner Error Data 3 

…means independent variable that is application of sharia principles and 

service 
 

Determiner Error Data 4 

This study examines the effect of performance audit of the government… 

 



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Noun 

 A noun is a part of speech that names or identifies a person, place, and thing, It 

also can identify a quality, idea, thought, or activity. 

 

 

 

The example above shows that there is an error in the aspect of grammar, 

especially in the noun. The example above shows that the singular verb shows do not 

appear to agree with the plural subject “results”. Therefore, it should be changed into an 

appropriate verb form of the subject-verb agreement. The correct form should be written 

“show”. 

Preposition 

Nordquist (2018c) defines that preposition is a word that refers to the relationship 

between a noun, pronoun, and other words in a sentence. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The two examples above show that there are some errors in the aspect of 

grammar. In the first example shows that there is a missing preposition after the word 

“value”. It should be added by the preposition, then it is written “value of”. While the 

second example shows that there is a missing preposition after the word “determined”. 

It should be added by the correct preposition, then the correct form should be written: 

“determined by”. 

Punctuation 

Punctuation is a system of signs or symbols given to readers to show how 

sentences are made and how they should be read. English punctuation which is most 

commonly used includes full stop, comma (point), an ellipsis (dots), colon, semicolon, 

question mark (question mark), an exclamation mark (sign exciting), quotation marks 

(hyphen), a hyphen, slash, parentheses (brackets), an apostrophe. 

 

 

Noun Error Data 1 

The results shows that there was a difference between company method and full 

costing method,… 
 

Preposition Error Data 1 

…or can be seen from the significance value 0.172> = 0.05. 
 

Preposition Error Data 2 

The purpose sampling method was used and determined 100 samples. 

 

Punctuation Error Data 1 

In this study the influence of pritability is activity while liquidity and solvency do 

not affect profitability. 
 



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The example above shows that there are some errors in the aspect of grammar. In 

the 1st example appears that there is missed a comma after the introductory phrase of 

“in this study”. It should be added by a comma, then the correct form should be written: 

“In this study, …”. While in the 17th example appears that there is missed a comma 

after the introductory phrase “In the year 2015”. It should be added by a comma, then 

the correct form should be written: “In the year 2015, …”. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The example above shows that there are some errors in the aspect of grammar. In 

the 3rd example appears that the word “t-test” is missing a hyphen. It should be added 

by the hyphen(s). Therefore, the correct form should be written “t-test”. In the 15th 

example appears that the word “City Regions” is missing a hyphen. It should be added 

by the hyphen(s). Therefore, the correct form should be written “City-Regions”. While 

In the 15th example appears that the word “sub sector” is missing a hyphen. It should be 

added by the hyphen(s). Therefore, the correct form should be written “sub-sector”. 

Spelling 

Spelling is the rules of how to describe sounds (words, phrases, sentences, etc.). 

English spelling includes the addition or fusion of letters in a word ending in a certain 

letter, abbreviated writing with correct punctuation. 

 

 

 

Punctuation Error Data 2 

In the year 2015 there are 2 companies i.e. IMAS, GDYR and 2016 year 

whereas LPIN is GDYR, IMAS and PRAS. 
 

Punctuation Error Data 3 

While testing the hypothesis using F test for simultaneous test and t test 

partially,… 
 

Punctuation Error Data 4 

…a significant effect on the Original Revenue of District / City Regions in the 

Surakarta Residency. 
 

Punctuation Error Data 5 

…in predicting financial distress in go public company automotive sub sector 

and component 2012-2016 periods. 
 

Spelling Error Data 1 

To determine the effect of cash flows from operating activities, cash flows from 

investment activities and cash flows… 
 



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The examples above show that there are some errors in the aspect of spelling. In 

the 2nd example appears that the word “investment” does not seem to fit in this context. 

It should be replaced with a different one. Therefore, the correct form should be written: 

“investing”. While in the 3rd example appears that the word “relation” also does not 

seem to fit in this context. It should be replaced with a different one. Therefore, the 

correct form should be written “relationship”. In the 5th example appears that the word 

“againts” is not in the dictionary or perhaps the spelling is incorrect. It should be 

replaced with the appropriate word to prevent future alerts. Therefore, the correct form 

should be written “against”. In the 9th example appears that the word “significance” 

does not seem fit in this context. Therefore, the correct form should be written 

“significant”. In the 10th example appears that the word “purpose” does not seem fit in 

this context. Therefore, the correct form should be written “purposive”. While in the 

12th example appears that the word “shiftshare” is not in the dictionary. Therefore, the 

correct form should be written by adding space between “shift” and “share” to be “shift 

share”. 

 

Spelling Error Data 2 

…show that together regression model can be used to explain the relation 

between Return on Asset,… 
 

Spelling Error Data 3 

the application effect of sharia principles and service againts customer 

satisfaction level… 
 

Spelling Error Data 4 

Based on the F test shows that the significance number is… 
 

Spelling Error Data 5 

The purpose sampling method was used and determined 100 samples. 
 

Spelling Error Data 6 

The method used to analyze the leading sectors in this research is location 

quotient and shiftshare analysis… 
 



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From the examples above shows that there are some errors in the aspect of 

spelling. The spelling error data 7 appears that the word “pay out” seems to be 

miswritten in this context. It should be replaced with appropriate word to fit in this 

sentence. Therefore, the correct form should be written without spacing between “pay” 

and “out” into “payout”. 

Discussion 

Some points of good writing usually include grammar, spelling, punctuation, and 

capitalization (MacMillan, 2017). By mastering these rules and conventions, it makes 

the writing easier to be understood by the readers. This research will identify the type of 

errors and find out the most dominant type of errors written in IJEBAR journal 

published in 2018. Below the table of the result of students’ writing composition, it is 

found of errors, such as in grammar, punctuation, and spelling. The table as follow: 

 

Table 1. Frequency of Error in Abstract of IJEBAR Journal 
 

 

 

Aspect 

Aspect of Error Analysis 

 

Grammar Punctuation 

 

 

 

 

 

21 

Spelling 

 

 

 

 

 

14 

Determiner/ 

Article 

Verb Preposition Noun 

 22 

61.11 % 

11 

30.56 % 

2 

5.56 % 

1 

2.78 % 

TOTAL   36  

%            50.70 % 29.58 % 19.72 % 

 

From the table above, it shows that the type errors in IJEBAR journal published in 

2018 include writing aspects, they are grammar, punctuation, and spelling. In grammar 

aspect, it is found = 36 data or 50.70 %, which show some errors in class words (part of 

speech) such as in part of determiner/article (22 data or 61.11 %), verb (11 data or 30.56 

%), preposition (2 data or 5.56 %), and noun (1 data or 2.78 %). In the punctuation 

aspect, it is found 21 data or 29.58 %, and in the spelling aspect, it is found 14 data or 

19.72 %. While, the most dominant type of errors found in IJEBAR journal published in 

2018 is an aspect of grammar, there are 36 data or 50.70%. In punctuation as 21 data or 

Spelling Error Data 7 

…earnings per share and dividend pay out ratio to stock returns on 

manufacturing companies… 
 



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29.58, then in spelling as 14 data or 19.72 %. Below the description of the students’ 

writing composition as follow: 

Grammar is related to the system of the language itself. Not only understanding 

how language works but by learning the grammar of a language, it will make better 

writing. Grammar errors in English that often occur are related to the inability of 

learners to process and arrange the sentences they make. In this research, there are some 

errors in the aspect of grammar, such as in some parts of speech (class word). First, in 

determiner, some noun phrases are written bold seem to be missing a determiner/article 

before it. Therefore, it should be added by the appropriate article “a” or “the”. For 

example, in the noun phrase “qualitative method”, “application of sharia principles and 

service” and “performance audit”. The other examples are must be written into correct 

word with determiner/article “a” or “the”, like in “the cost”, “the full”, “the writer”, “an 

independent”, “a partially”, “the price”, “a stock”, “a simple”, “the economic”, “an 

expert”, or “the audit”. In verb, there are some singular verb does not fit with the plural 

subject or vice versa. Therefore, it should be changed to the other verb form for 

appropriate subject-verb agreement. For example, the singular “the plural subject 

“variables” should be changed into “have”, The verb “have” does not seem to agree 

with the subject “the percentage”. Therefore, it should be changed into “has”, and the 

singular verb “states” do not agree with the plural subject “results”. Therefore, it should 

be changed to “state”. In preposition, there is a missing preposition after the word 

“value” and “determined”. It should be added by the preposition, then it is written 

“value of” and “determined by”. 

Punctuation is a sign of how structure, organization, intonation, and pauses can be 

observed in reading. Punctuation means giving the right punctuation in the right place to 

show the exact length of the sentence and its meaning. Providing proper punctuation in 

English is important to make it easier for readers to understand what is written. In this 

research, there are some errors in the aspect of punctuation. There is missing a comma 

after the introductory phrase of “in this study” and “In the year 2015”. It should be 

added by a comma, then the correct form should be written “In this study” and “In the 

year 2015, …”. Then, the other example shows that there are some words are missing a 

hyphen, such as “t test”, “City Regions” and “sub sector”. Therefore, it should be added 



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by the hyphen(s). Therefore, the correct form should be written “t-test”, “City-Regions” 

and “sub-sector”. 

Spelling is the rules of how to describe sounds (words, phrases, sentences, etc.) in 

the form of writing and the use of punctuation. It includes vowel, consonant, silent 

letter, prefix, suffix, contraction, homonym, synonym, etc. In this research, there are 

some errors in the aspect of spelling. There are some words do not seem to fit in this 

context of the sentence. For example, the word “investment”, should be written, 

“investing”. The word “relation” should be written “relationship”. The word 

“significance” should be written “significant”. The word “purpose” should be written 

“purposive”. The word “againts” is not in the dictionary or perhaps the spelling is 

incorrect. It should be replaced and written “against”. Then, the word “pay out” seems 

to be miswritten in this context. It should be written without spacing between “pay” and 

“out” into “payout”. 

Errors can be caused by a lack of language skills such as the learner's lack of 

knowledge of the target language's correct rules or an error in translating using certain 

translation tools. As stated by Heydari & Bagheri (2012) that the errors made by the 

students can be from both from the intra-language and interlanguage interference. This 

is while the errors caused by mother tongue interference were in a small proportion. 

Interlingual errors include errors in choosing vocabulary and composing sentences 

caused by the influence of the native language. While intralingual errors in the form of 

omissions or improper additions to the form of words or sentence forms. Interlingual 

errors are caused by the process/mechanism of transfer and borrowing from the learners' 

LI to L2. Intralingual errors are attributed to the processes/mechanisms of some factors. 

 

D. CONCLUSIONS 

Based on the analysis, it shows that the type errors found in the International 

Journal of Economics, Business, and Accounting Research (IJEBAR) STIE AAS 

Surakarta published in 2018 covers of three important aspects of writing, such as in 

grammar (structure), punctuation, and spelling aspect. In the grammar aspect, it is found 

36 data or 50.70 %, which consist of some errors in class words (part of speech) 

especially in determiner/article (22 data or 61.11 %), verb (11 data or 30.56 %), 

preposition (2 data or 5.56 %), and noun (1 data or 2.78 %). In the punctuation aspect, it 



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is found 21 data or 29.58 %, and in the spelling aspect, it is found 14 data or 19.72 %. 

While the most dominant type of errors found in IJEBAR journal published in 2018 is 

an aspect of grammar, it is found 36 data or 50.70%. 

Errors can be caused by lack of language skills such as the learner's lack of 

knowledge of the target language's correct rules or an error in translating using certain 

translation tools. Related to the analysis in this research, the writer offers some 

suggestions related to the error analysis. It would be better for the authors if making an 

abstract of English is done at the final stage, where all parts of the article for publication 

have been completed in abstract writing in English. The part that is often a standard 

error of the writers/authors in translating abstract English is the incorrect use of 

language, punctuation, and correct spelling. For the other researchers. The result of this 

study may be used as reference and information to conduct further researches with the 

same topic. This research can also contribute to writing a good and proper abstract 

based on the language (English) rule, which refers to the correct grammatical, 

punctuation, and spelling. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



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