AL-Qadisiya Journal For Engineering Sciences Vol. 6 No. 4 Year 2013 352 EFFECT OF OIL PRODUCTS ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF REACTIVE POWDER CONCRETE Asst. Lec. Sana Taha Abdul-Hussain Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Al-Mustansiriya University, sanaalsalami@gmail.com ABSTRUCT The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of two of oil products (kerosene and fuel oil which is locally called as black oil) on compressive strength of reactive powder concrete (RPC). RPC was prepared using cement, silica fume, fine sand, steel fibers and superplasticizer to cast and test 63 specimens of cubes with various steel fibers ratios of 0%, 1% and 2% at different exposure times in oil products (0, 30, 90 and 180) days. In general the results showed that RPC has good resistance to the effect of kerosene and fuel oil. A slight decrease in compressive strength occurred as the time of exposure to the oil products increases. The RPC specimens of 2% steel fibers content had the lower decrease in compressive strength as a result of the denser microstructure. The decreasing ratio of RPC compressive strength exposed to fuel oil (1.33%) was lower than that of kerosene (2.91%). This may be attributed to the lower viscosity of kerosene than fuel oil. KEY WORDS: reactive powder concrete, oil products, kerosene, black oil, compressive strength. لى مقاومة األنضغاط لخرسانة المساحيق الفعالةتأثيرالمشتقات النفطية ع م.م سنا طه عبد الحسين الهندسة المدنيةالجامعة المستنصرية،كلية الهندسة،قسم الخالصة المشتقات النفطية (النفط االبيض و نفط الوقود المعروف محليا ه الدراسة هو التحري عن تأثير اثنين منالهدف من هذ الرمل الناعم، تم تحضير خرسانة المساحيق الفعالة من السمنت، .النفط األسود) على مقاومة األنضغاط لخرسانة المساحيق الفعالةب الحديد نموذج من المكعبات بأستخدام نسب مختلفة من ألياف 63لصب و فحص والملدن المتفوق ألياف الحديدأبخرة السليكا, النتائج اظهرت ان بشكل عام) يوم. 180و 90، 30، 0%) عند اوقات تعرض مختلفة في المشتقات النفطية (2% و%1، 0( لنفط االبيض و النفط االسود. مقاومة االنضغاط انخفضت قليال بزيادة زمن ت مقاومة جيدة لتأثيراذاخرسانة المساحيق الفعالة لهيكلها االكثر كثافة. هي االقل انخفاضا في المقاومة كنتيجة % الياف حديد2التعرض للمشتقات النفطية. الخلطة التي تحتوي على رضة قل من تلك المتع%) أ1.33(احيق الفعالة المتعرضة لنفط الوقود ان نسبة االنخفاض في مقاومة االنضغاط لخرسانة المس . للزوجة االقل للنفط االبيض مقارنة مع نفط الوقودلان ذلك قد يعود .%)2.91( للنفط االبيض .، مقاومة االنضغاطالنفط االسود ،النفط االبيضالمشتقات النفطية، ،خرسانة المساحيق الفعالةالكلمات المرشدة: AL-Qadisiya Journal For Engineering Sciences Vol. 6 No. 4 Year 2013 353 INTRODUCTION In the mid 1990`s, one of the astonishing developments in the field of concrete technology was made by introduction of ultra-high performance fiber reinforced (UHP-FRC) by Richard and Cheyrezy (1994) which is more commonly known as ultra-high performance reactive powder concrete (RPC) [Behzad et al. (2012)]. Reactive powder concrete (RPC) is coarse aggregate-free concrete, which has limited applications so far recorded in the construction industry [Tam et al. (2012)]. Oil has become one of the most vital energy resources from the beginning of the previous century for its unique economic and operative characteristics. This has enabled it to exceed the other available power resources, and its importance has increased rapidly with its wide spread use and the discovery of huge oil reserves in different parts of the world [Ra’ed (2002)]. Durable concrete has the ability to withstand the effects of environmental conditions to which it will be subjected, such as weathering, chemical attack, and abrasion. The migration of water, petroleum products, and other liquids through properly designed, placed, consolidated, and uncracked concrete is minute. Concrete is impermeable for all intents and purposes. For example, with a permeability coefficient of (3×10-14m/s) for concrete with a water cement ratio of 0.45, the loss of water through the wall of (1900 m3) tank would be less than (4 litters) per year. The thickness of the concrete and the hydrostatic head of the liquid in tanks of normal proportions do not significantly affect the rate of migration through the concrete [Close and Jorgensen (1991)]. Structures for storage or transportation of oil have for years been constructed of steel, but as a result of the critical storage of steel plate and problems of serviceability and safety during the Second World War, reinforced or prestressed concrete tanks were used to store many different liquids, such as: crude oil, bitumen, heavy fuel oil, light fuel oil, gas oil, lamp kerosene, power kerosene etc. [Abdul Hussein (2005)] Storage of liquid petroleum products may be done in above ground or underground steel or concrete tanks or in underground salt domes, mined caverns or abandoned mines. Underground tanks are most common for military bases, gasoline stations and wholesale bulk storage terminals [Cholakov (2003)]. [AL-Zaidi (2001)] Studied the influence of oil products (gas oil and kerosene) on the physical properties of concrete and he revealed that specimens cured in gas oil and kerosene showed higher compressive strength for all ages compared with their water counterparts. The effect of state of concrete (wet or dry) before exposure to oil products doesn’t produce significant effect on the compressive strength. Many researchers [Lea (1970), ACI (1968), Pearson and Smith (1919)] have reported that mineral oil has no effect on the quality of concrete. The damage of the oils depends on their viscosity; the higher viscosity of the oil, concrete is the less dangerous [Rashed (1998)]. Therefore viscosity of oil is a very important property for oil store tanks [Spamer (1994), [Biczock (1964) and Hernibrock (1994)]. Researches conducted by [Williamson (1982), Bergstrom (1975) and Jonston (1982)] showed that the increase in compressive strength was ranging from negligible, in most cases, to 15% for 150mm×300mm cylinders containing different types and contents of fibers. [Al-Hamadani (1997)] Studied the mechanical properties of concrete exposed to gas oil. He used different types of admixture such as High Rang Water Reducing agent (HRWR), Microsilica agent (MS), Lime Stone Dust (LSD) and he found that the compressive strength of dried concrete specimens resoaked in gas oil was increased by (2.6%, 4.1%, 1.7%, and 2.4%) after 180 days soaking for HRWR, MS and LSD mix. The compressive strength of the admixture AL-Qadisiya Journal For Engineering Sciences Vol. 6 No. 4 Year 2013 354 concrete was higher than that of concrete without admixture for the same curing and exposure conditions. The increase in strength of admixture concrete was attributed to the pozzolanic activity in case of using micro silica, which produced additional gel, and due to reduced w/c ratio in case of HRWR. For LSD concrete the reduction in air content and filler increase in density were responsible for the observed increase in strength. The following advantages and disadvantages of concrete for oil storage can be listed [Abdul- Hussain (2005)]. • Advantages:- 1. Much lower cost compared with steel plates. 2. The availability of its raw materials throughout the world. 3. A significant durability towards different types of environment. 4. Good resistance to fire, explosions and impact. 5. Its adaptability for different types. 6. Relative low maintenance cost. 7. Its suitability for underground, and under-sea storage tank. • Disadvantages:- 1. The unknown behavior of concrete in direct contact with oil products. 2. Penetration of the lighter fraction of oil products through the tanks. 3. Concrete undergoes volume changes. These may be as shrinkage or thermal movements. Thus cracking may be unavoidable. 4. Possible bond weakening in oil saturated concrete tanks. 5. The impossibility of moving concrete tanks to different locations. 6. Possibility of cracks due to differential settlement. The present work is focused on compressive strength of RPC after exposure to oil products because of the most common of all tests on hardened concrete is the compressive strength test, partly because it is an easy test to perform, and partly because many, though not all, of the desirable characteristics of concrete are qualitatively related to its strength; but mainly because of the intrinsic importance of the compressive strength of concrete in structural design [Neville (2005)]. EXPEREMENTAL PROGRAM The experimental program was conducted to study the behavior of concrete mixes of RPC that was in direct content with oil products. The purpose of this investigation is to identify the means of achieving impermeable concrete that can be used for the construction of oil storage tanks or oil pipelines. There are many other industrial situations where concrete may come into direct contact with different garage floor and oil drilling rings… etc. The specimens were exposed to oil products for various times after water curing of 28 days and compared with reference mix specimens which was cured in water without exposure to oil products. Two types of oil products have been used (kerosene and fuel oil). The exposure time to the oil products were (0, 30, 90 and 180) days after the initial curing. AL-Qadisiya Journal For Engineering Sciences Vol. 6 No. 4 Year 2013 355 MATERIALS CEMENT Ordinary Portland cement (type I Tasluja-Bazian) which is produced in Iraq by the United Cement Company (UCC) was used in all test specimens. The chemical analysis and physical test results of the cement are given in (Tables 1 & 2), respectively. They conform to the [Iraqi specification No. 5/1984]. SILICAFUME Silica fume is a highly reactive material that is used in relatively small amounts to enhance the properties of concrete. The chemical composition and properties of silica fume used in this work are given in (Table 3). STEEL FIBERS The characteristics of steel fibers used in the experimental program are given in (Table 4). (Figure 1) shows a sample of the used steel fibers. FINE AGGREGATE Fine aggregate from Al-najaf Al-ashraf region has been used. It is yellowish brown colored sand with rounded shaped particles. The grading of this sand is shown in (Table 5). SUPERPLASTICIZER A superplasticizer type which is known commercially as (SikaVisco Crete-PC 20) was used in this work. SikaViscoCrete-PC 20 is a third generation superplasticizer for concrete and mortar. (Table 6) indicates the technical description of aqueous solution of the superplasticizer used. It is free from chlorides and complies with [ASTM C494/C494M-1999a]. OIL PRODUCTS (Table 7) show the properties of kerosene and fuel oil respectively which are used in this investigation. They were brought from the local market and stored in plastic containers to avoid any losses. Water Tap water has been used for concrete mixing and curing of specimens. MIX PROPORTIONS In most basic form, reactive powder concrete contains high content of Portland cement as main cementitious materials beside silica fume as a second supplementary cementitious component. The superplasticizer has been used in an appropriate ratio to give flowable concrete. In addition steel AL-Qadisiya Journal For Engineering Sciences Vol. 6 No. 4 Year 2013 356 fibers are also added to enhance its properties. Many mix proportions were tried in this study to get maximum compressive strength. The variable used in the RPC mix was the volume ratio of steel fibers (three volume ratios were considered 0%, 1% and 2%). The mix proportions of RPCs̓ are shown in (Table 8). MIXING PROCEDURES Mixing procedure proposed by [Wille et al (2011)] was used in this research to obtain RPC in a simpler way without any accelerated curing regimes. Pan mixer of 0.056 m3 capacity was used to prepare the concrete. Sand and silica fume were first mixed for 4 minutes, then cement was added and the dry component (cement, sand and silica fume) were mixed for 5 minutes. Superplastcizer was added to the water and stirred, then the blended liquid was added to the dry mix during the mixer rotation and the mixing process continues for 3 minutes. Finely, steel fibers were all added by hand within 2 minutes. The total mixing time was about 14 minutes. SPECIMEN'S PREPARATION AND CASTING PROCDURE Specimen's molds (50 mm cubes) were cleaned thoroughly, tightened well and the internal surfaces were oiled with thin car engine oil to prevent the hardened Concrete adhesion with molds. Once the concrete mixing was done, the molds were filled with RPC. A vibrating table was used for consolidation of RPC into the molds. After being molded, all the specimens were cured under polyethylene sheets for about 24 hr in a laboratory environment. CURING After 24 hours of casting, the specimens were stripped from molds and placed in water containers in the laboratory to be cured at room temperature. Heat curing at elevated temperature was not used in this research in order to gain an advantage of producing RPC of exceptional mechanical properties using conventional curing method without any additional provisions. After 28 days of water curing, the specimens were soaked in kerosene or fuel oil in plastic containers for different exposure times (30, 90 and 180 days) until test date. Reference specimens (o day exposure time) where tested immediately after the end of water curing. TEST RESULTS Three cubes of (50mm×50mm×50mm) for each mix were tested to determine the compressive strength and an average value is obtained according to [ASTM C109/C109 (2002)]. Compressive strength test was performed by using universal testing machine (ELE) of 2000 KN capacity in the Constructional Materials Laboratory of Engineering College of Al-Mustansyiria University. Results are given in (Table 9) and presented in (Figures 2 & 15). (Figures 2 & 3) show the relationship between compressive strength and different exposure times of kerosene and fuel oil. Generally, it is shown from these Figures that a slight decrease in compressive strength occurred as the time of exposure increases for the specimens exposed to kerosene and fuel oil. It is also shown that compressive strength of RPC increases with the increase in steel fibers ratio. AL-Qadisiya Journal For Engineering Sciences Vol. 6 No. 4 Year 2013 357 (Figures 4 & 5) show the relationship between compressive strength and steel fibers ratio of various exposure times of kerosene and fuel oil respectively. It is shown from these figures that the compressive strength increases with the increase of steel fibers ratio. At the ratio of 2% steel fibers the decrease in compressive strength after exposure time 180 days is slight compared with the mixes of 0% and 1% steel fibers content for both kerosene and fuel oil exposure. (Figures 6 to 8) show the relationship between compressive strength and steel fibers ratios at exposure time (30, 90 and 180) days, respectively. It is shown from these figures that RPC exhibits good resistance to kerosene and fuel oil exposure especially the mixes with 2% steel fibers. As mentioned before. These best results obtained from RPC with 2% steel fibers may be attributed to its more dense microstructure compared to RPC with lower steel fibers ratios. (Figures 9 to 11) show the relationship between compressive strength and exposure time for mixes of (0%, 1% and 2% steel fibers) respectively. These figures show that the compressive strength of specimens exposed to fuel oil is slightly higher than that of specimens exposed to kerosene at the same exposure time and steel fibers ratio. This may be attributed to the lower viscosity of kerosene than of fuel oil (see Table 7), which enable kerosene to penetrate through concrete easier than fuel oil. (Figures 12 & 13) show the decreasing ratio in compressive strength of RPC exposed to kerosene and fuel oil respectively with the increase in exposure time. Generally, low decrease in compressive strength of RPC exposed to kerosene and fuel oil was observed. It is shown in these figures that the decreasing ratio in compressive strength is reduced with addition of 1% steel fibers as presented in (Table 9). This reduction is greatly enhanced when 2% steel fibers used. For example, the addition of 1% steel fibers reduces the decreasing ratio in compressive strength from 10.14% to 9.46% for RPC exposed to kerosene for 180 days. The addition of 2% steel fibers drops this ratio to 2.91%. Similar trends for other exposure times are shown in (Figures 12 & 13) and can be read from the results listed in (Table 9). These results makes steel fibers ratio of 2% to be the more effective ratio to enhance the permeability of RPC through the enhancement in RPC microstructure in addition to the main role of steel fibers in increasing ductility and tensile strength of RPC. However, lower decreasing ratios were recorded for RPC exposure to fuel oil (only 1.33 % after 180 days of exposure for RPC with 2% steel fibers) compared to those of RPC exposure to kerosene. This again can be attributed to the lower viscosity of kerosene. (Figures 12 & 13) also show that the decreasing ratio in compressive strength increasing with the increase in exposure times for both kerosene and fuel oil. This is expected because longer exposure time allows more penetration of oil products. However, decreasing ratios (after 180 days of exposure) are ranged from 10.14% for RPC with 0% steel fibers exposed to kerosene to only 1.33% for RPC with 2% steel fibers ratio exposed to fuel oil. Lower ratios are recorded for exposure times of 30 and 90 days (Table 9).The above discussion indicates the good permeability and resistance of RPC to the effects of oil products. (Figures 14 & 15) show the increasing ratio of compressive strength of RPC exposed to kerosene and fuel oil respectively with the increase in steel fibers ratio. This increasing ratio is generally ranged from 14.38% to 21.4% where steel fibers ratio increases from 0% to 2%. CONCLUSIONS Based on the experimental results in this research, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. It is possible to produce reactive powder concrete with compressive strength of 114 MPa using normal water curing at room temperature without using heat curing. AL-Qadisiya Journal For Engineering Sciences Vol. 6 No. 4 Year 2013 358 2. For the RPC specimens exposed to kerosene and fuel oil, a slight decrease in compressive strength occurred as the time of exposure increases. The decreasing ratio is ranged from only 0.08% for RPC of 2% steel fibers exposed to fuel oil for 30 days to 10.14% for RPC of 0% steel fibers exposed to kerosene for 180 days. 3. The compressive strength of RPC increases with the increase of steel fibers ratio for different exposure times and oil products. The increasing ratio is generally ranged from 14.38% to 21.41% when steel fibers ratio increases from 0% to 2%. 4. RPC with 2% steel fibers exhibits better resistance to kerosene and fuel oil exposure (strength decreases after 180 days of exposure by 1.33% for fuel oil and 2.91% for kerosene), than that of RPC with 0% (strength decreases after 180 days of exposure by 9.42% for fuel oil and 10.14% for kerosene) and 1% (strength decreases after 180 days of exposure by 8.42% for fuel oil and 9.46% for kerosene). These better results may be attributed to the denser microstructure (lower permeability) of RPC with 2% steel fibers compared to RPC with lower steel fibers ratios. 5. The compressive strength of RPC specimens exposed to fuel oil is slightly higher than that of specimens exposed to kerosene at the same exposure time and steel fibers ratio. This may be attributed to the lower viscosity of kerosene than that of fuel oil, which enables kerosene to penetrate through concrete easier than fuel oil. REFERENCES Abdul Hussain F.K., 2005, '' Influence of crude oil and kerosene on the properties of fiber reinforced concrete'', M.Sc. Thesis, University of technology Baghdad. ACI "Manual of concrete practice" part3, USA, 1968. Al-Hamadani, Z.K. , 1997, “Improvement of the performance of concrete against oil products” M.Sc. Thesis, University of technology Baghdad. AL-Zaidi, M.D., 2001, “Influence of oil products on the physical and Electrical properties of concrete”, MS.c Thesis, University of technology, 116 pp. ASTM C109/C109M-02,"Standard test methoqd for compressive strength of hydraulic cement mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] cube specimens)". ASTM C494/C494M-1999a,"Standared specification for chemical admixtures for concrete". ASTM C1420-2003,"Standard specification for use of silica fume as a mineral admixture in hydraulic cement concrete''. Behzad N., Raizal S.M.R., Mohad. S.J., 2012, ''A review on ultra high performance 'ductile' concrete (UHPdc) technology'', International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering, Volume 2, No 3, SSN 0976 - 4399. Bergstrom, S.G., 1975, “Anordic research project on fiber reinforced cement based materials”., Fiber Reinforced cement and concrete Rilem Sympos Sium, construction press Ltd. Lancaster, London, VOL – 2, pp.7. AL-Qadisiya Journal For Engineering Sciences Vol. 6 No. 4 Year 2013 359 Biczock, I., 1964, "Concrete corrosion and concrete protection", Pub. House of the Hungarian Academy of Science, Budapest, pp. 324-329. Cholakov G.St., 2003, ''Control of pollution in the petroleum industry'', Pollution Control Technologies-Vol.III-Control of Pollution in the Petroleum Industry, http://www.eolss.net/Eolss- sampleAllChapter.aspx. Close S.R. and Jorgensen L.F., 1991, ''Prestressed concrete tanks for hazardous liquids'', Point of View, Concrete International, October, pp47-51. Hernibrock, F. B., 1994, "The effectiveness of various treatment and coating for concrete in Reducing Penetration of Kerosene'', ACI. Journal, proc. V.41, p.13-20. Iraqi Specification, No. 5/1984, (السمنت والسيطرة النوعيةلمركزي للتقييس االجهاز وزارة التخطيط, .البورتالندي) Iraqi Specification, No. 45/1984, الجهاز المركزي للتقييسوزارة التخطيط, والسيطرة النوعية (ركام تعمل في الخرسانة والبناء) المصادر الطبيعية المس Jonston C.D., 1982, ”Steel fiber reinforced concrete a review of mechanical properties”, Fiber Reinforced Concrete, American concrete institute publishing, SP 44, , pp. 127-143. Lea F.M., 1970, "The chemistry of cement and concrete", London, Edward Arnold (Pub.) Ltd., pp. 659-665. Neville A.M., 2005, "Properties of Concrete", England, Fourth Edition, p581. Pearson J.C., and Smith, G.A, 1919, "Test of concrete tanks for oil storage'', ACI Journal, proc. V.15. Ra’ed K.H.A., 2002, “Behavior of high performance concrete in direct contact with an oil products”, M.Sc. Thesis, University of technology Baghdad. Rashed L., 1998, "Behavior of fiber reinforced concrete exposed to oil products", M.Sc. thesis, University of Technology, Baghdad. Spamer M. A., 1994, "Navy installation of protective linings for prestressed concrete tanks containing liquid fuels'', ACI Journal, Proc. Vol.40 April, pp417-428. Tam, C.M., Tam, V.W.Y. and Ng, K.M., 2012, ''Assessing drying shrinkage and water permeability of reactive powder concrete produced in Hong Kong'', Construction and Building Materials 26,pp. 79-89. Wille, K., Naaman, A. E., and Montesinos, G. J., 2011, "Ultra-high performance concrete with compressive strength exceeding 150MPa (22ksi): A simpler way", ACI Materials Journal, January- February, Title no.108-M06, pp.46-54. http://www.eolss.net/Eolss-sampleAllChapter.aspx http://www.eolss.net/Eolss-sampleAllChapter.aspx AL-Qadisiya Journal For Engineering Sciences Vol. 6 No. 4 Year 2013 360 Williamson G.R, 1982, “The effect of steel fiber Reinforced concrete”, Sp 44, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, , pp. 195-207. Table (1): Chemical composition of cement* Compound Composition Chemica l Composi tion Percent by weight [Iraqi specification No. 5/1984] Lime CaO 61.19 - Silica SiO2 21.44 - Alumina Al2O3 4.51 - Iron Oxide Fe2O3 3.68 - Magnesia MgO 2.31 Maximum 5 Sulfate SO3 2.7 Maximum 2.8 Loss on ignition L.O.I 2.39 Maximum 4.0 Insoluble residue I.R 1.18 Maximum 1.5 Lime saturation factor L.S.F 0.87 0.66-1.02 Tricalcium aluminates C3A 6.06 - Tricalcium silicate C3S 42.85 - Dicalcium silicate C2S 29.4 - Tricalcium alumina ferrite C4AF 11.18 - *All tests were made at the National Center for Construction Laboratories and research. Table (2): Physical composition of cement* Physical Properties 0BTest Results 1BIraqi specification No. 5/1984 Fineness using Blain air permeability apparatus(cm2/gm) 4050 Minimum 2300 Setting time using Vicat’s instruments Initial(min.) Final(hr) 135 3:25 Minimum 45 Maximum 10 Compressive strength for cement Paste Cube at: 3days(MPa) 7days(MPa) 28days(MPa) 24.4 32.3 47.2 Minimum 15 Minimum 23 *All tests were made at the National Center for Construction Laboratories and research. AL-Qadisiya Journal For Engineering Sciences Vol. 6 No. 4 Year 2013 361 Table (3): Composition and Properties of Silica Fume* *According to the manufacturer editors. Table (4): Characteristics of steel fiber used* *According to the manufacturer editors Table (5): Grading of Fine Sand* Sieve size (mm) Cumulative passing % [Iraqi Specification No.45/1984] Zone 4 9.5 100 100 4.75 100 100-95 2.36 100 95-100 1.18 100 90-100 0.600 88 80-100 0.300 20 15-50 0.150 5 0-15 *The test has been performed in the Structural Material Laboratory of Engineering College of Al- Mustansyiria University. Composition (%) Silica fume ASTM C1240-03 SiO2 98.87 Minimum 85% Al2O3 0.01 - Fe2O3 0.01 - CaO 0.23 - MgO 0.01 - K2O 0.08 - Na2O 0.00 - Blaine fineness (m2/kg) 200000 - Type of steel Hooked Relative Density 7860 kg/m3 Yield strength 1130 MPa Modulus of Elasticity 200 000 MPa Strain at proportion limit 5650*10-6 Poisson's ratio 0.28 Average length (L) 30 mm Nominal diameter (d) 0.375 Aspect Ratio(L/d) 80 AL-Qadisiya Journal For Engineering Sciences Vol. 6 No. 4 Year 2013 362 Table (6): Technical description of the used superplasticizer* *According to the manufacturer editors. Table (7): Properties of oil product used* Oil Inspection Data Kerosene Results Fuel Oil (Black Oil) Results Moisture content, % by volume 0.05 - 0.1 0.05 - 0.1 Sulfer content, % by weight 0.2 - 0.3 4 - 5 H2S Concentration ppm 2 – 3 2 - 3 Specific gravity (gm/cm3) at: 20 Cº 0.78-0.80 0.95 - 0.985 25 Cº = = 30 Cº = = 35 Cº = = 40 Cº = = 80 Cº = = Viscosity (centipoises) 1.36 at (20 Cº) 135 at (60 Cº) 1.25 at (25 Cº) 80 at (70 Cº) 1.16 at (30 Cº) 63 at (75 Cº) 1.07 at (35 Cº) 51 at (80 Cº) 1.00 at (40 Cº) 42 at (85 Cº) - 34 at (90 Cº) - 29 at (95 Cº) - 24 at (100 Cº) *Oil analyses were made by the Laboratory Department/ Al-Dura Refinery. Main action Concrete superplasticizer Appearance/Colures Light brownish liquid Chemical base Modified polycarboxylates based polymer Density 1.09 kg/l, at 20 °C PH 7 Chloride ion content% Free Effect on setting Non-retarding AL-Qadisiya Journal For Engineering Sciences Vol. 6 No. 4 Year 2013 363 Table (8): Mix proportions of reactive powder concrete mixes Mixture description RPC 0% RPC 1% RPC 2% Portland cement (C) (kg/m3) 900 900 900 Silica fume (SF) (kg/m3) 225 225 225 *Silica fume % 25 25 25 Fine sand (FS) (kg/m3) 900 900 900 Steel fibers ( kg/m3) 0 78 156 **Steel fiber % (by volume) 0 1 2 Superplasticizer (Kg/m3) 56.25 56.25 56.25 ***Superplasticiz er % 5.5 5.5 5.5 Water (W) (kg/m3) 180 180 180 W/C 0.2 0.2 0.2 W/(C+SF) 0.16 0.16 0.16 *Percent of cement weight, **Percent of mix volume, ***Percent of binder (cement + silica fume) weight. Table (9): Results of compressive strength Mix Description S teel F ibers ratio ( %) Oil Prod ucts Exp osure Time (Da y) Compressi ve Strength (MPa) Decreasing rate in compressive strength as time of exposure increased for the same product and steel fibers ratio (%) Increasing rate in compressive strength as the steel fibers ratio increased for the same product exposure time (%) RPC-0% 0 - - 97.6 - - A1-0% 0 Kerosene 30 93.6 4.09 - A3-0% 0 Kerosene 90 90.69 7.07 - A6-0% 0 Kerosene 180 87.7 10.14 - B1-0% 0 Fuel Oil 30 94.1 3.58 - B3-0% 0 Fuel Oil 90 91.7 6.04 - AL-Qadisiya Journal For Engineering Sciences Vol. 6 No. 4 Year 2013 364 B6-0% 0 Fuel Oil 180 88.4 9.42 - RPC-1% 1 - - 105.6 - 7.57 A1-1% 1 Kerosene 30 101.6 3.78 7.87 A3-1% 1 Kerosene 90 98.9 6.34 8.3 A6-1% 1 Kerosene 180 95.6 9.46 8.26 B1-1% 1 Fuel Oil 30 102.8 2.65 8.46 B3-1% 1 Fuel Oil 90 99.5 5.77 7.83 B6-1% 1 Fuel Oil 180 96.7 8.42 8.58 RPC-2% 2 - - 114 - 14.38 A1-2% 2 Kerosene 30 113.8 0.17 17.75 A3-2% 2 Kerosene 90 112.2 1.57 19.17 A6-2% 2 Kerosene 180 110.68 2.91 20.76 B1-2% 2 Fuel Oil 30 113.9 0.08 17.38 B3-2% 2 Fuel Oil 90 113 0.87 18.84 B6-2% 2 Fuel Oil 180 112.48 1.33 21.4 Figure (1): Steel Fibers used in RPC AL-Qadisiya Journal For Engineering Sciences Vol. 6 No. 4 Year 2013 365 . 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 50 100 150 200 Co m pr es si ve s tr en gt h (M Pa ) Exposure time (days) Figure (2): Relationship between compressive strength and different times of kerosen exposure RPC-0% steel fibe RPC-1% steel fibe RPC-2% steel fibe 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 50 100 150 2 Co m pr es si ve s tr en gt h (M Pa ) Exposure time (days) Figure (3): Relationship between compressive strength and different times of fuel oil exposure RPC-0% steel fib RPC-1% steel fib RPC-2% steel fib 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0% 1% 2% Co m pr es si ve s tr en gt h (M Pa ) Steel fibers (%) Figure (4): Relationship between compressive strength and steel fibers ratios of kerosen exposure exposure time 0 day exposure time 30 days exposure time 90 days exposure time 180 days 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0% 1% 2%C om pr es si ve s tr en gt h (M Pa ) Steel fibers (%) Figure (5): Relationship between compressive strength and steel fibers ratios of fuel oil exposure at exposure time 0 day at exposure time 30 days at exposure time 90 days at exposure time 180 days AL-Qadisiya Journal For Engineering Sciences Vol. 6 No. 4 Year 2013 366 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0% 1% 2% Co m pr es si ve s tr en gt h (M Pa ) Steel fibers (%) Figure (6): Relationship between compressive strength and steel fibers ratios at (exposure time 30 days) compared with mixes not exposed to oil products kerosen exposure fuel oil exposure without exposure 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0% 1% 2%Co m pr es si ve s tr en gt h (M Pa ) Steel fibers (%) Figure (7): Relationship between compressive strength and steel fibers ratios at (exposure time 90 days) compared with mixes not exposed to oil products kerosen exposure fuel oil exposure without exposure 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0% 1% 2% Co m pr es si ve s tr en gt h (M Pa ) Steel fibers (%) Figure (8): Relationship between compressive strength and steel fibers ratios at (exposure time 180 days) compared with mixes not exposed to oil products kerosen exposure fuel oil exposure without exposure AL-Qadisiya Journal For Engineering Sciences Vol. 6 No. 4 Year 2013 367 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 0 100 200 Co m pr es si ve s tr en gt h (M Pa ) Exposure time (days) Figure (9): Relationship between compressive strength and exposure time for mixes of (0% steel fibers) kerosen exposure 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 0 100 200Co m pr es si ve s tr en gt h (M Pa ) Exposure time (days) Figure (10): Relationship between compressive strength and exposure time for mixes of (1% steel fibers) kerosen exposure 110.5 111 111.5 112 112.5 113 113.5 114 114.5 0 100 200 Co m pr es si ve s tr en gt h (M Pa ) Exposure time (days) Figure (11): Relationship between compressive strength and exposure time for mixes of (2% steel fibers) kerosen exposure fuel oil exposure AL-Qadisiya Journal For Engineering Sciences Vol. 6 No. 4 Year 2013 368 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 30 90 180 D ec re as in g ra ti o (% ) Exposure time (days) Figure (12): Decreasing ratio of compressive strength of RPC exposed to kerosen mixes with 0% steel fibers mixes with 1% steel fibers mixes with 2% steel fibers 0 2 4 6 8 10 30 90 180 D ec re as in g ra ti o (% ) Exposure time (days) Figure (13): Decreasing ratio of compressive strength of RPC exposedto fuel oil mixes with 0% steel fibers mixes with 1% steel fibers mixes with 2% steel fibers 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 30 90 180 In cr ea si ng r at io (% ) Exposure time (days) Figure (15): Increasing ratio of compressive strength of RPC exposed to fuel oil mixes with 1% steel fibers mixes with 2% steel fibers 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 30 90 180 In cr ea si ng r at io (% ) Exposure time (days) Figure (14): Increasing ratio of compressive strength of RPC exposed to kerosen mixes with 1% steel… Iraqi specification No. 5/1984 Test Results