Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Engineering Sciences, Vol. 9……No. 1 ….2016 95 MODIFICATION OF BAGHDAD POTABLE WATER BY USING RECYCLE WASTE GLASS Asst. Prof. Dr. Besma M. Fahad Asst. lecturer Hyman Jafar Meerza Material Eng. Dep. /College of Engineering Material Eng. Dep. /College of Engineering Al Mustansiriya Univ. /Baghdad. Iraq. Al Mustansiriya Univ. /Baghdad. Iraq. Received 16 September 2015 Accepted 7 January 2016 ABSTRACT Modification or purification of potable water with the use of recycle waste glass reduces the drain on the natural resources of the raw materials, which is widely used in our daily life. However, the disposal of waste glass is not an easy matter, which is because glass is neither incinerated nor decomposed material. In this study, ten samples of potable water were collected from ten regions in Baghdad capital city in order to investigate their physical and chemical properties. Chemical and physical properties of water were identified. Several parameters of water quality were analyzed including: turbidity, electrical conductivity, and acidity function (pH) and total suspended solids according to Iraqi standards. The results of all water samples showed that the physical and chemical analysis tests were acceptable for drinking except the station of Madinat Alsadar. Using the waste glass to eliminate this problem, as low cost and inert material, was successful in potable water treatment. As a conclusion, the TSS was decreased after filtration process by waste glass especially for Althaalba and Alameria potable water which were disappeared (being zero). Keyword: Modification, Purification, Potable water, Total suspended solids, Waste glass. ملخص: مياه الشرب مع استخدام نفايات الزجاج المعاد تدويرها يقلل من استنزاف الموارد الطبيعية من المواد الخام، و الذي تعديل او تنقية يستخدم على نطاق واسع في حياتنا اليومية، ويرجع سبب ذلك كون الزجاج من المواد التي ال تحرق وال تتحلل. لعشرة مناطق في العاصمة بغداد من اجل التحقق من الخواص الفيزيائية في هذه الدراسة تم جمع عشر عينات من مياه الحنفية ك: والكيميائية للماء. وقد تم تحديد الخواص الفيزيائية و الكيميائية، وتم تحديد العديد من المعامالت المحددة لنوعية المياه بما في ذل الصلبة العالقة وفقا للمعايير العراقية. ( و مجموع الموادpHالعكورة، التوصيل الكهربائي، معامل الحموضة ) واظهرت نتائج جميع عينات المياه من خالل االختبارات الفيزيائية و الكيميائية بانها مقبولة للشرب ماعدا محطة مدينة الصدر، كانت ناجحة في معالجة مياه واستخدمت نفايات الزجاج للقضاء على هذه المشكلة، كونها منخفضة التكلفة و تعتبر من المواد الخاملة، إذ ( قد انخفضت بعد عملية الترشيح باستخدام نفايات الزجاج و خاصة بالنسبة لمياه الشرب لمنطقتي TSSالشرب. و كاستنتاج، فان ) الثعالبة و العامرية حيث اختفت و اصبحت )صفر(. Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Engineering Sciences, Vol. 9……No. 1 ….2016 06 Nomenclature: EC: Electrical Conductivity. pH: Potential Hydrogen. TSS: Total Suspended Solids. INTRODUCTION: Water remains the most important requirements of daily life and it must be accorded to its importance for the processing of citizens conform to the standard specifications. Filtration is a process by which suspended solid particles are separated from a liquid by passing the liquid through a porous. In this filtration process, waste glass was aimed to use. With the rapid economy growth and continuously increased consumption, a large amount of waste materials is generated. Among them, waste glass material is an important part. Glass is a non-metallic and inorganic material made by sintering selected raw materials, so it can neither be incinerated nor decomposed. Glass recycling can save energy and decrease environmental waste. Focus on glass recycling technology will also widen the application domain of waste glass and promote further development of glass techniques. The increasing awareness of glass recycling speeds up focus on the use of waste glass with different forms in various fields. Large amounts of domestic, industrial and mining waste are generated annually in each country. The use of recycled materials instead of virgin materials will reduce the demanding of virgin materials. (Simon O. Rutledge and Graham A. Gagnon 2002) evaluated the performance of a pressure filter utilizing crushed glass as the filter media in a dual media anthracite–glass filter compared to a dual media anthracite–sand filter. After 6 months, they found that the crushed glass used in this project had a higher angularity and slightly higher uniformity coefficient then the sand tested.(YuliaZakharova and Andrew Wheatley 2008), for metal removal (copper, iron and zinc) from urban runoff, recycled crushed glass was used as filtration medium. The results indicate that glass can be effectively used for the removal of a metal such as iron in its total form, whereas this medium is likely to be less effective for metals like copper and zinc which are predominantly found in the dissolved form. (Habayeb Abdul Al-Hussein Majid2008) worked on Modern Paint Company waste water thrown into the Tigris River to investigate how it is agree with the Iraqi specifications of rivers protection system by measuring: PH , BOD , TDS , TSS , SO4 -2 , PO4 -3 , NO3 -1 , Cl-1. It was showed by results that the specifications of water coming from the treatment unit have been within the limits except the biological need for Oxygen for some samples because of damage in the aeration pumps. (Healy, M.G., et. al. 2010) examined the performance of intermittently loaded filter columns comprising different media – sand, crushed glass and soil. They concluded that 100% of total suspended solids (TSS) were removed and nitrification was complete, and bacterial numbers were reduced by over 80%, with best removals achieved in the soil filters (93%). (ElifSoyer et. al. 2010), for rapid filtration, crushed recycled glass was used as a medium. Two physically identical filter columns were operated in parallel in all the experiments. One filter contained a silica sand medium, whereas the other filter contained crushed recycled glass. The observations were (1) Provided that a coagulant was used, the filter containing crushed glass produced effluent turbidities and particle counts similar to those obtained with the sand filter. (2) The crushed glass medium generated both a smaller clean-bed head loss and smaller clogging head losses than those of the sand filter. It is concluded that crushed glass shows significant promise as an alternative to silica sand in rapid filtration (L. W. Gill, Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Engineering Sciences, Vol. 9……No. 1 ….2016 06 et. al. 2011) treated the efficiency of two stratified filters in parallel (one with sand as a media, the other with recycled glass) receiving secondary treated effluent from a single house which also operated as a Bed and Breakfast has been compared over a two year period. It is found that a layer of 100 mm of limestone sand was also included in both filters to target phosphorus removal. The evidence was that the limestone layer started to approach saturation particularly in the glass filter with a reduction in removal efficiency apparent over time. (RafaHAlsuhaili et. al. 2012)studied the ability of using crushed glass solid wastes in water filtration by using a pilot plant, constructed in Al-Wathba water treatment plant in Baghdad. Different depths and different grain sizes of crushed glass were used as mono and dual media with sand and porcelaniate in the filtration process. The mathematical model by Tufenkji and Elimelech was used to evaluate the initial collection efficiency η of these filters. The results designated that the collection efficiency varied inversely with the filtration rate. All the dual filters showed that theoretical values ηth was less than practical values ηprac. Whereas the dual filter 35cm porcelanite and 35cm glass showed the highest collection efficiency. The main objective of this study is to investigate the benefit of using a recycled waste glass as filter in treating portable water, to examine how it could remove total suspended solids or reduce them from portable water, and to find out the effect of using waste glass as a filter on the physical and chemical properties of water. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 1. Materials used and Equipments: a. Ten samples of water b. Waste glass c. Filter paper and funnels d. Beakers e. pH meter f. Electrical conductivity meter g. Turbidity meter h. Oven i. Digital Balance 2. Tests 2.1. pH Test: pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of the water. The pH test is one of the most common analyses done in volunteer estuary monitoring programs.It is measured on a scale from 0 – 14.In this study, the electronic pH meter is used. The pH of the water is different depending on a number of conditions (APHA, et. al. 2005): 1. The source of the water. 2. The type of soil. 3. Bedrock and vegetation through which it travels. 4. The types of contaminants the water encounters in its path. 5. And even the amount of mixing and aeration due to turbulence in its flow. Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Engineering Sciences, Vol. 9……No. 1 ….2016 06  The procedure: After calibration of the devise (meter), place the electrode into the water sample and record the pH using the pH meter shown in Fig. (1).The glass electrode on these meters must be carefully rinsed with deionized water after each use to ensure accurate results. Figure (1): pH meter 2.2. Electrical Conductivity Test: This method is used to measure the electrical conductivity generated by various ions in the water. The electrical conductivity is the capacity of water to carry an electrical current and varies both with number and types of ions in the solutions, which in turn is related to the concentration of ionized substances in the water. Most dissolved inorganic substances in water are in the ionized form and hence contribute to conductance. Rough estimation of dissolved ionic contents of water sample can be made by multiplying specific conductance (in mS/cm) by an empirical factor which may vary from 0.55 to 0.90 depending on the soluble components of water and on the temperature of measurement.  The procedure: The conductivity meter often indicates conductivity directly as shown in Fig. (2). Commercial probes commonly contain a temperature sensor. With such instruments, rinse probe three times with 0.0100M KCl. Adjust temperature compensation dial to 0.0191 C−1. With probe in standard KCl solution, adjust meter to read 1412 μmho/cm. This procedure automatically adjusts cell constant internal to the meter, [11] . Figure (2): Conductivity meter Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Engineering Sciences, Vol. 9……No. 1 ….2016 06 2.3. Turbidity Test: Water turbidity is caused by suspended and colloidal matter such as clay, silt, finely divided organic and inorganic matter, and plankton and other microscopic organisms.  The procedure: • Turbidity is an expression of the optical property that causes light to be scattered and absorbed rather than transmitted with no change in direction or flux level through the sample which is put in the clean beaker. • Correlation of turbidity with the weight or particle number concentration of suspended matter is difficult because the size, shape, and refractive index of the particles affect the light-scattering properties of the suspension. When present in significant concentrations, particles consisting of light-absorbing materials such as activated carbon cause a negative interference. • In low concentrations these particles tend to have a positive influence because they contribute to turbidity. The presence of dissolved, color-causing substances that absorb light may cause a negative interference. Some commercial instruments may have the capability of either correcting for slight color interference or optically blanking out the color effect using the meter shown in Fig. (3). Figure (3): Turbidity meter 2.4. Total Suspended Solids Test: Solid analyses are important in control of biological and physical water treatment processes and for calculate the strength of water .the more solids present in particle in water give strong waste water and cause putrefaction problems.  The Procedure:  In this process, the beaker washes and dried in the oven.  Use filtration papers of (102) moderate which placed in the beaker, then pour amount of (30 ml) of drinking water in the filtration beaker and wait till all amount of water get down to the beaker.  Residues with filter paper dried at 103 °C to 105°C. Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Engineering Sciences, Vol. 9……No. 1 ….2016 06  The difference between the weight of the filter paper (1.0280 g) before and after filtration represents the amount of total suspended solids as in equation (1), (APHA, et. al. 2005).  Calculations Water with total suspended solids; it’s given by the equation: Total suspended solids (TSS mg /L) = (1) Where: A is the weight of dried residue + filter paper (mg), B is the weight of filter paper (mg), and V is the volume of the sample (mL) 2.5. Filtration Process: The crushed waste glass was obtained from waste sheet glass (window glass-soda lime glass). Glass objects were cleaned and then crushed manually and mechanically to get the required gradation. Crushed glass was sieved to ensure completely uniform distribution of particle size. The particle size was (150 and 300) µm.  The Procedure:  Wash the crushed waste glass by clean water then dry it by oven.  Use filtration papers which placed on the filtration flask, and put )10 g) of crushed glass on a cake filtration, in which the particles are removed on the surface of a cake formed by the solids accumulating on a septum  Put the amount of (30 ml) drinking water on the crushed glass which is at filtration flask, and leave it for ten minutes. The process considered as a batch system.  Wait until all the amount of filter water get down.  Use the amount of filtered water to repeat the filtration procedures twice to determine TSS accurately as shown in Fig. (4). F Figure (4): Filtration Process Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Engineering Sciences, Vol. 9……No. 1 ….2016 09 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1- pH Test: The pH measurements showed that the pH values were almost the same for all stations around (7) before and after filtration and were all in acceptable limit as shown in Table (1) and Fig.(5). The time for each test takes five minutes. 2- Electrical Conductivity Test: Table (2) and Fig. (6) show the values of the electrical conductivity for ten different samples of water before and after filtration. There is no difference between the values of electrical conductivity for each station before and after filtration, so they have the same values. It is noted that the conductivity values ranged from the maximum (1083)μS/cm at (Madinat Alsader)to the minimum (683)μS/cm at (Almansoor),and other region are between these values . Also, the time for each test takes five minutes. 3- Turbidity Test: Table (3) and Fig. (7) express the values of the turbidity of ten different water samples before and after filtration and showed that most samples of water are acceptable except (Madinat AlSader) which was very high before filtration, that means this water unacceptable to use for drinking depending on Iraqi standards as shown in Appendix (1), But this value is reduced after filtration from (21.30 NTU to 10.0 NTU). The portable water sample of Madinat AlSader had large amount of suspended solids which were reduced after filtration process by using waste glass and this resulted to reduce the turbidity value for the same station. 4- Total Suspended Solids test before and after filtration process: Table (4) and Fig. (8) show the total suspended solids (TSS) for ten different water samples before and after filtration. It shows that the TSS values before filtration process were high in some regions that have been testing, it appeared less worthless in (Althaalba) which was (0.3333) mg/L which makes this water acceptable to drink, but the highest values at (Madinat Alsader) was value (5) mg/L, other region between these values. After filtration process, the TSS values showed a significant reduction in most regions especially in (Althaalba and Alameria) which disappeared and become (zero).That means, the process of filtration using waste glass was successful and it can be used to help in purification of potable water. The TSS values for Aldora and Bab Al moatham did not change before and after filtration process because of the small size of suspended particles which penetrate through the waste glass filter. Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Engineering Sciences, Vol. 9……No. 1 ….2016 00 CONCLUSION The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of using crushed waste glass as coarse sand and filter in the treatment process to drinking water, where the results can be concluded as the following:  The process of using the recycling waste glass is successful to be as a water treatment component.  After testing the physical and chemical properties of the ten samples of drinking water, most of the stations of water are acceptable for drinking except the station of Madinat Alsader which was not acceptable depending on the Iraqi standards.  After filtration treatment by waste glass, the drinking water were more acceptable to drink, the (TSS) were less in some samples and the others were being zero (disappears) such as in Althaalba and Alameria.  So the process of using the recycling waste glass is an important method with many advantages such as:  Saving energy reduces acid rain, global warming and air pollution.  Saving the environment from waste glass.  Saving the cost of the raw material.  It can be reused in many cases.  Creates employment in the glass industry.  Reduces operating waste disposal costs by reducing weight and volume of waste storage, transportation and disposal…etc. (1) PPENDIXA The Iraqi standards of drinking water Units of Measurement Concentration or Value (maximum unless otherwise stated) Parameters mg/l Pt/Co 15-20 Color - Should be acceptable Odor - Should be acceptable Taste NTU 4-5 Turbidity C˚ 9-15 Temperature μS/cm 301-2000 Conductivity - 6.5-8.5 PH value mg/l It should be zero TSS Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Engineering Sciences, Vol. 9……No. 1 ….2016 06 REFERENCES: [1] APHA, AWWA, WEF. (2005). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewaters, 21st Edition .American public Health Association. Washington DC [2] BCCDC Environmental Health Laboratory Services (2006). Safe Drinking Water: Public Health Laboratory Surveillance Update. British Columbia, Canada. [3] A Chin, David A. (1999), “Water Resources Engineering”, Prentice Hall. [4] Crook, J., Ammermman, D.K., Okun, D.A. and Matthews, R.L. 1992 Guidelines for Water Reuse. Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts. [5] Diab, F, Saleh, S & El-burai, S 2010, ‘Recycled glass and its applications in construction’, B.Sc graduation thesis, Islamic University of Gaza, Palestine. [6] Elif Soyer1, O¨mer Akgiray2, Nursen O¨ z Eldem1, Ahmet Mete Saatc¸ı2 (2010). Crushed Recycled Glass as a Filter Medium and Comparison with Silica Sand. Clean-Soil, Air, Water, 38(10), 927-935. [7] Finkle, I &Ksaibati, K 2007, ‘Recycled glass utilization in highway construction’, Department of Civil & Architectural Engineering, University of Wyoming, Wyoming, United States. [8] Habayeb Abdul Al-Hussein Majid (2008). DETERMINING THE EXTENT OF THEAGREEMENT BETWEEN MODERN PAINTS COMPANY WASTE WATER AND SEWAGE AND IRAQI SPECIFICATIONS. Technical magazine / folder atheist twenty / number 4. [9] Hach. 1997. Hach Water Analysis Handbook.3rd ed. Hach Company. Loveland, CO LaMotte Chemical Products Company. Undated Laboratory Manual for Marine Science Studies. LaMotte Educational Products Division, Chestertown, MD.41 pp. [10] Hayder, M. Arshad and J.A. Aziz,(2009): "Evaluation of drinking water quality in Urban areas of case study of southern Lahore Pakistan" Pak. J. Eng. And Appl. Sci. Vol. 5, PP (16-3). [11] Healy, M.G., Burke, P., Rodgers, M. (2010). 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A dilute standard for pH, conductivity, and acid neutralizing capacity measurement. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 8:67-72. [16] RafaH. Alsuhaili, Awatif Soaded A. alsaqqar, Nawar Omran Ali Nasser (2012). INITIAL COLLECTION EFFICIENCYFOR GLASS FILTER MEDIA. Number 2 Volume 18 February Journal of Engineering. [17] River Watch Network. 1992. Total Alkalinity and pH Field and Laboratory Procedures. (Based on University of Massachusetts Acid Rain Monitoring Project). [18] Ronald L. Droste, lstEdition, 1997.Theory and Practice of Water & Waste Water Treatment. [19] Shareef ,Kafia, M., Muhammad, Suleiman, G. and Shekhani, Nazanin, M.,(2009) : “Physical and Chemical Status of Drinking Water from Water Treatment Plants on Greater Zab River “J. Appl. Sci. Environ Manage. Vol.13 (3) 89 -92. [20] Simon O. Rutledge and Graham A. Gagnon (2002). Comparing crushed recycled glass to silica sand for dual media filtration. J. Environ. Eng. Sci. 1: 349–358. [21] UNCED 1992 Chapter 18 Protection of the quality and supply of freshwater resources. In: Agenda 21. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Geneva. [22] U.S.EPA. 1995. Quality Management Plan for WED. National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory. Western Ecology Division, Corvallis, OR. [23] WHO 1993 Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. Volume 1 Recommendations. Second edition. World Health Organization, Geneva. [24] World Health Organization (1997). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Volume 3 Surveillance and Control of Community Supplies, Geneva. [25] Yulia Zakharovacvysz, Andrew Wheatley (2008). TREATMENT OF URBAN RUNOFF BY FILTRATION USING A RECYCLED GLASS MEDIUM. 11 t h International Conference on Urban Drainage, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Engineering Sciences, Vol. 9……No. 1 ….2016 05 Table (1): pH values pH. Value The region Sample No. 6.67 Almansoor 1 7.08 Alameria 2 6.99 MadinatAlsader 3 6.90 Albaladiat 4 6.82 Althaalba 5 7.03 Alzaafarania 6 7.01 Haifa street 7 7.17 Aldora 8 7.02 Alkathmia 9 7.04 Bab Al moatham 10 Table (2): Conductivity values Conductivity value μS/cm The region Sample No. 16˚C (683) Almansoor 1 15.4˚C(784) Alameria 2 16.2˚C(1083) MadinatAlsader 3 16.2˚C(982) Albaladiat 4 16.1˚C(914) Althaalba 5 16˚C(890) Alzaafarania 6 16.2˚C(1035) Haifa street 7 16.1˚C(960) Aldora 8 16.1˚C(1010) Alkathmia 9 16.1˚C(1034) Bab Al moatham 10 Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Engineering Sciences, Vol. 9……No. 1 ….2016 66 Table (3): Turbidity values Turbidity value(NTU) After filtration Turbidity value(NTU) Before filtration The region Sample No. 0.82 0.82 Almansoor 1 0.58 0.58 Alameria 2 10.0 21.30 MadinatAlsader 3 0.91 0.91 Albaladiat 4 2.24 2.24 Althaalba 5 3.91 3.91 Alzaafarania 6 1.27 1.27 Haifa street 7 5.0 5.04 Aldora 8 2.45 2.45 Alkathmia 9 0.97 0.97 Bab Al moatham 10 Table (4): TSS Values before and after filtration process Samples No. Region name TSS values before filtration(mg/L) TSS values after filtration (mg/L) 1 Almansoor 1.3333 0.333 2 Alameria 1 0 3 Haifa street 3 1.3333 4 Aldora 1 1 5 Alkathmia 2.333 1.6666 6 MadinAlalsader 5 3.6666 7 Albaladiat 4 1.66666 8 Althaalba 0.333 0 9 Alzaafarania 3.3333 1 10 Bab Almoatham 0.666667 0.66666 Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Engineering Sciences, Vol. 9……No. 1 ….2016 66 Figure (5): pH values for different Baghdad districts Figure (6): Electrical Conductivity values (μ S) for different Baghdad districts 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 E le ct ri ca l co n d u ct iv it y v a lu e s ( E C , μ S ) District Al-Karkh Al-Rusafa 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 p H v a lu e District Al-Karkh Al-Rusafa Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Engineering Sciences, Vol. 9……No. 1 ….2016 66 Figure (7): Turbidity values (NTU) for different Baghdad districts Figure (8): TSS values before and after filtration (mg/l) for different Baghdad districts 0 5 10 15 20 25 T u rb id it y ( N T U ) District Al-Karkh Al-Rusafa 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 T S S v a lu e s (m g /l ) District TSS Befor filtration (mg/l) TSS after filtration (mg/l)