Evaluation the wells water properties in the border line between Iraq and KSA for different uses Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Engineering Sciences, Vol. 9……No. 1 ….2016 37 EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER PROPERTIES IN BORDERLINE BETWEEN IRAQ AND KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA FOR DIFFERENT USES Dr. Yahya K. At-Temimi Babylon University, College of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department Received 23 August 2015 Accepted 23 November 2015 ABSTRACT The properties of groundwater in some wells digging on the border of Iraq with KSA along 400 km from Al-Nekheab at west to Al-Salman at south of Iraq were evaluated. Eleven wells were chosen as a case study depended on variable of water depth and stratum properties. Water samples were taken at two periods the first one at summer and the other at winter reason. The chemical properties of these samples were compared with the standard limits to evaluate the quality of water for different uses. The main parameters used for evaluation process are negative and positive ions, total dissolve salt, electrical conductivity, and turbidity. Finally, conclude the usages of water of investigated wells were un-permitted for drinking purposes except well No.10 unless treated by purifying process, but can be used for irrigation for soil which has high permeability and good drainage in addition to plant have high strength for salinity. In the other side all wells mostly used for livestock usages and poultry. For industrial usages only well No.(10) can be used for industry of cement. While all wells can be used for building purposes except wells No. (1, 2, 7, 11). Key words: TDS, Electrical conductivity, Turbidity, Drinking water standards, Industrial water standards. تقييم خواص المياه الجوفية في الحد الفاصل بين العراق والسعودية لالستعماالت المختلفة د.يحيى كاظم حسين جامعة بابل، كلية الهندسة، فسم الهندسة المدنية الخالصة الشعرط الدعدي ا العراقعي مع الجا ع في بعض االبار التي حفرت في مواقع لىع المياه الجوفيةتهتم هذه الدراسة بتقييم خواص كم بدا من النخي في غرب العراق يحت السعىما فعي ونعوب الععراقت اختيعر احعد لشعر بمعرا التمعا ا لىع 044السعو ا يبطول الكيميائيعة مواصفات اللمق الماء يخواص الطبقةت وم العينات كا في فترتين زمنيتين، االيل في الصيف ياالخرى في الشتاءت المقعاطي هعذه الميعاه مع تىعس االسعتعماالتت وليعة قور ع مع المععاطير المطىوبعل لكعع اسعتعمال ليعر تقيعيم م ئمعة لهذه العينات االطو ات السالبة يالمووبة ياالم ح الذائبة الكىية باالضافة ال العكورة يالموصعىية شمىقييم تالالرئيسية التي استعمى في لمىية Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Engineering Sciences, Vol. 9……No. 1 ….2016 30 ( الطمكعن اسعتعمالها الغعرا الشعرب معالم طعتم اسعتعمال 04ا مياه هعذه االبعار مالعدا البمعر رقعم ص الدراسة ال خى الكهربائيةت لكن طمكن استعمال مياه هذه االبار فعي را المخاصعيع الاراليعة التعي لهعا مقايمعة ويعدة لىمىوحعة يفعي اراضعي ات لمىيات التنقية البمعر رقعم فقع ى غالبا كع االبار طمكن استعمالها لىماشية يالدياونت اما في الصعنالة ف فا طة لالية يتصرطف ويدت يمن احية اخر (00, 3, 2, 0طمكن استعمالل في صنالة السمن بينما كع االبار طمكن استعمال مياهها الغرا البناء ما لدا االبار ( 04 List of Acronyms Ca ++ Calcium Cl -1 Chloride CO3 Carbonate EC Electrical conductivity FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation H2S Hydrogen Sulphide HCO 3 Bicarbonate IDWS Iraqi Standard for Drinking water K + Potassium Mg 2+ Magnesium MoH Ministry of Health Na + Sodium NO -3 Nitrate OSC Organization of Central of Statistic pH Hydrogen Ion Concentration PO -4 Phosphate mg/l Parts per million SAR Sodium Adsorption Ratio SO -4 Sulphate T.H Total Hardness TDS Total Dissolved Salt WHO World health organisation w.c.t With compared to INTRODUCTION Water plays important roles in the life of the community, as it needs to sustain life directly by using it for drinking and in making its own food, and indirectly, as in agriculture, industry, power generation, health and other services. Investigation of alternative resources for surface water was the main task for researchers because shortage and the degradation of surface water quality at last 10 years ago. Climate change in the world and extreme Iraq’s climate (dry and lower rainfall about 40 cm 3 /year)(MoE 2006) rising importance of groundwater studies. So many researchers were Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Engineering Sciences, Vol. 9……No. 1 ….2016 37 studied groundwater properties such as the water quality and its effect on nutrients availability for corn in Sulaimania region was studied by Mam Rasool (Mam Rasool, 2000). Also Al-Manmi was Investigates chemical and environmental of groundwater in Sulaimaniya City and there uses (Al- Manmi,2002). While Sadiq was discusses groundwater availability in south of Iraq (Sadiq,2013) as well as Al- Husseini was analyse groundwater flow of Bahr Al-Najaf Area (Al- Husseini,2013) also Al-salim was discusses recharging of groundwater processes in Wadi Al-Kassab Catchment's Area(al-salim,2013). The Iraq land were divided into five physiogarghic zones (Sadiq 2013) as illustrated in Figure (1), the zone number five (region of study) has deep water aquifer and lower quantity. DESCRIPTION OF THE REGION OF STUDY The distributions of investigated wells were on the border strip between Iraq and KSA along 400km from Al-Nekheabe at west of Iraq to Al-Salman at south of Iraq. This wide area not have any surface water resources (rivers, canals, lakes …etc.). Therefore, it is depended mainly upon groundwater. The geological description of this area is sand valleys with hard stratum for sand and calcite rocks (Sadiq 2013). Eleven wells were used for evaluation the quality of water for different uses. All wells information’s were listed in Tables (1) and (2). Tests were executed in labs of environment directorate of Baghdad in 2008. SUITABLE OF GROUNDWATER USES Drinking water The using of water for drinking purpose required meeting water specifications for drinking usages. WHO and IDWS were presenting a limitations for using water for drinking as listed in Table (3) (IDWS 1998; WHO 2006) . Figures from (2) to (10) can observing all wells found hade over in Ca ++ , Mg ++ , Na - , and T.D.S except well No. (10), all wells agreement with pH value except well No. (11), and all wells have hardness, so groundwater of well No. (10) can be used for drinking purpose when an process used to eliminate sulphate. Irrigation usage "The water used in irrigation depends on type of soil and kind of plant" (Al-Saed 2006). Wilcox, Schofield, Doneen, Eaton, and Thorne and Thorne were presented more than system to classification the irrigation water(Al-Manmi 2008). While in this study procedures of USA salinity Lab. was used. It can be classified the water for many zones depending on Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Electrical Conductivity( EC) as illustrated in Figure (11). The usage of wells water for irrigation can be evaluated. The water characteristic of all wells except well No. 10 can be used for soil which has high permeability and good drainage in addition to plant have high strength for salinity, while water of well No. 10 can be used for irrigation for most plant, as shown in Table(4). Livestock drinking usages Livestock have an ability to drinking water with ionic concentration more than human ability (Clark 1977), so properties of water used for livestock drinking were lower than for humane drinking use. Ayers and Westcot presented a classification for drinking water for livestock as shown in Table(5) (Ayers 1994). A according to this classification well No. (10) regarded has Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Engineering Sciences, Vol. 9……No. 1 ….2016 37 excellent rating, wells No.(1,2,4,6,7,9,11) has very satisfactory rating, and wells No. (3,5,8) has satisfactory rating for livestock but unfit for poultry. Industrial usages The industries that may be construct in study zone, according to availability of raw materials and there circumstances, were cement and oil industries. Water standard for cement and oil industries usages was presented by Hem as illustrated in Table (6)(Hem 1991). Therefore just well No.(10) was satisfies requirements for industry of cement while other wells may be need other treatments. Table (7) summarize evaluations for industrial usages. Water for building usage Classifications of Altoviski, shown in Table (8)(Al-Manmi 2008), for water that use in building usages, the wells water were evaluated. All wells can be used for this purposes except wells No. (1, 2, 7, 11) because this wells have ( Mg ++ ) ion over water requirements. CONCLUSIONS The deducing was obtaining according to previous evaluations, were the location of well and excavation level with respect to sea level don’t have effect on water properties, also the behaviour of concentration of anions, cations, and T.H. for investigated wells was approximately the same. Moreover the usages of water of investigated wells were un-permitted for drinking purposes because have high concentration of anions, cations, and hardness except well No.10 unless treated by purifying process. For irrigation all wells except well No. 10 can be used for soil which has high permeability and good drainage in addition to plant have high strength for salinity, while water of well No. 10 can be used for irrigation for most plant. While for livestock usages all wells mostly used for livestock usages and poultry. For industrial usages the investigated wells were showed weakness for industrials usages except well No.(10) that satisfies requirements for industry of cement. While all wells can be used for building purposes except wells No. (1, 2, 7, 11). REFERENCES [1] Al- Husseini, T. R. Abdul-Mehdi, (2013), ” Transient Groundwater Flow Analysis of Bahr Al- Najaf Area Using Fuzzy Approach”, Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Al-Mustansiriyah, Ph.D. thesis. [2] Al-Manmi, D. A. M. A. (2008), “Water Resources Management in Rania Area Sulaimaniyah NE- IRAQ”. Department of Geology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, . Ph.D. thesis. [3] Al-Saed, K., and N., Fatihy (2006), "Validity and observation acceptable the irrigation water". recommended paper, agriculture research centre, Egypt [4] Al-Salim, T. H., (2013), “Rainwater Harvesting of Wadi Al-Kassab Catchment's Area by Weir Construction, West of Mosul City / North of Iraq”, the international conference to achieve sustainable development in Iraq, ministry of higher education and scientific research, Baghdad, Iraq Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Engineering Sciences, Vol. 9……No. 1 ….2016 33 [5] Ayers, R. S., and Westcot, D.W. (1994), "Water Quality for Agriculture Irrigation and Drainage", FAO, Rome, Italy. Paper 29, Rev. 1. [6] Clark, J. W., Viessman, W. and Hammer, M.J. (1977), "Water Supply and Pollution Control". New York, USA., Welly & Sons. [7] Hem, J. D. (1991), "Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water". USGS Water Supp. Paper no. 2254, 263. [8] IDWS (1998), "Guidelines Standard for Drinking water". Public Halthy, Iraqi. [9] Lamaddalena, N. (1997), “Integrated Simulation Modelling for Design and Performance Analysis of on-demand Pressurized Irrigation System", technical university of Lisbon, Lisbon. Ph.D. Dissertation. [10] MoE (2006), “State of the environment in Iraqi company report 2006”. Baghdad, Iraq. The Directorate of Maritime Inspection [11] Mam Rasool, G.A., 2000, "Steady of water quality and its effect on nutrients availability for corn in Sulaimania region", M.Sc. thesis, Collage Of Agriculture, University of Sulaimania. [12] Sadiq, J. B. (2013). “Groundwater in Iraq”. the international conference to achieve sustainable development in Iraq, ministry of higher education and scientific research, Baghdad, Iraq. [13] Suares, D. L., (1981), "Relation between PhC and SAR and alternate method of estimating SAR of soil or drainage water", Soil Science Society American journal 45:469-475. [14] WHO, (2006), "Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality", Recommendations, 3rd ed. Geneva vol.1. Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Engineering Sciences, Vol. 9……No. 1 ….2016 37 Table (1): Description of wells. Direction Elevation w.c.t sea level (m) Elevation of excavation w.c.t sea level (m) Name of well Well No. E N 42 0 13 ' 785 " 31 0 02 ' 347 " 355.5 136 Al Amger 1 43 0 15 ' 913 " 30 0 17 ' 304 " 372.3 87 Al Bateen 2 43 0 19 ' 547 " 30 0 19 ' 083 " 389 144 Al Gazali 3 43 0 27 ' 881 " 30 0 20 ' 615 " 392 112 Al-Hakim 4 43 0 29 ' 408 " 30 0 14 ' 986 " 398 118 Al-Hamza 5 43 0 34 ' 445 " 30 0 03 ' 785 " 395 67 Treeq Al-Huseen 6 43 0 38 ' 999 " 30 0 04 ' 507 " 390 70 Al-Sufawi 7 43 0 45 ' 846 " 29 0 57' 309 " 400 70 Alfarise 8 44 0 14 ' 504 " 29 0 35' 154 " 230 -30 Sallah 9 44 0 43 ' 077 " 29 0 12 ' 000 " 198 -44 Anssab 10 45 0 18 ' 067 " 29 0 09 ' 036 " 110 -130 Fatema 11 Table (2): Water quality collected from wells. No. of well Well name Ca ++ mg/l Mg ++ mg/l Na - mg/l Cl - mg/l SO4 - mg/l T.H mg/l T.D.S mg/l pH Turbidity NTU 1 Al Amger 360 336 280 242 1290 1890 2040 7 58 2 Al Bateen 324 336 290 257 1290 1800 2140 6.92 86 3 Al Gazali 288 215 461 368 1260 1620 3756 7.64 4.19 4 Al-Hakim 396 215 301 334 1220 1890 2240 6.8 83.5 5 Al-Hamza 396 258 437 257 1116 2070 3618 7.28 7.52 6 Treeq Al- Huseen 360 150 343 183 827 1530 2658 7.92 5.45 7 Al-Sufawi 360 288 508 312 1236 2106 4188 7.61 50.12 8 Alfarise 360 215 438 212 1172 1800 3538 7.96 16.1 9 Sallah 357 152 221 2.5 677 1520 1480 7.54 278 10 Anssab 190 115 105 85 41 950 385 8.02 110 11 Fatema 722 184 300 325 177 2565 2230 6.18 3.8 Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Engineering Sciences, Vol. 9……No. 1 ….2016 37 Table (3): Water quality for Drinking Water (IDWS 1998; WHO 2006) Ca ++ (mg/l) Mg ++ (mg/l) Na - (mg/l) Cl - (mg/l) So4 -2 (mg/l) T.H (mg/l) T.D.S (mg/l) pH Turbidity NTU IDWS 74 74 244 274 274 500 0444 77ت7-7ت - WHO 37 027 244 274 274 ---- 0444 77ت7-7ت 5 Table(4): EC, SAR, and evaluation of water for investigated well No. of well Well name EC (dS/cm) SAR(epm) Zone 1 Al Amger 3.99 2.5 C4-S1 2 Al Bateen 4.22 2.7 C4-S1 3 Al Gazali 5.56 5.0 C4 -S1 4 Al-Hakim 4.44 3.0 C4-S1 5 Al-Hamza 4.68 4.2 C4-S1 6 Treeq Al-Huseen 3.736 3.8 C4-S1 7 Al-Sufawi 5.752 4.8 C4-S1 8 Alfarise 5.404 4.5 C4-S1 9 Sallah 2.870 2.5 C4-S1 10 Anssab 0.115 1.5 C1-S1 11 Fatema 4.53 2.6 C4-S1 Na - , Ca ++ , Mg ++ , and SAR in (epm) (Suares,1981) Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Engineering Sciences, Vol. 9……No. 1 ….2016 74 Table (5): Water quality for livestock and poultry usages (Ayers,1994) REM. Rating EC (dS/m) Usable for all classes of livestock and poultry Excellent <1.5 Usable for all classes of livestock and poultry. May cause temporary diarrhoea in livestock not accustomed to such water; watery droppings in poultry. Very satisfactory 1.5-5.0 May cause temporary diarrhoea or be refused at first by animals not accustomed to such water. Satisfactory for livestock 5.0-8.0 Often causes watery faeces, increased mortality and decreased growth, especially in turkeys. Unfit for poultry Usable with reasonable safety for dairy and beef cattle, sheep, swine and horses. Avoid use for pregnant or lactating animals. Limited Use for livestock 8.0-11.0 Not acceptable for poultry. Unfit for poultry Unfit for poultry and probably unfit for swine. Considerable risk in using for pregnant or lactating cows, horses or sheep, or for the young of these species. In general, use should be avoided although older ruminants, horses, poultry and swine may subsist on waters such as these under certain conditions. Very limited Use 11.0-16.0 Risks with such highly saline water are so great that it cannot be recommended for use under any conditions. Not Recommended >16.0 Table (6): Water quality standard for industrial usages(Hem 1991) Oil industrial Cement factory parameters 75 ---- Ca ++ (mg/l) 30 ----- Mg ++ (mg/l) 300 250 Cl - (mg/l) ---- 250 So4 -2 (mg/l) 6 -9 6.5 -8.5 pH 350 ------ T.H (mg/l) Table (7): Wells that Satisfies standard limitations for industrial usages. T.H (mg/l) PH So4 -2 (mg/l) Cl - (mg/l) Ca ++ (mg/l) Mg ++ (mg/l) Industrial ------ All 10,11 1,6,8,9,10 ----------- ---------- Cement No one All 10,11 All All 6,9,10 Oil Table (8): Water quality for building usages (Al-Manmi 2008). Parameters Ca ++ Mg ++ Na + Cl - So4 -2 HCO3 - Permissible limit (mg/l) 437 271 1160 2187 1460 350 Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Engineering Sciences, Vol. 9……No. 1 ….2016 70 Concentration of Ca for investigated wells 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 No. of well Ca(mg/l) Ca (mg/l) WHO IDWS (136) (-30)(70)(70)(67)(112)(144)(87) (-130)(-44)(118) Figure (2): Concentration of Ca and Elevation of excavation w.c.t sea level (m). Figure (1): Locations of wells in Physiogarghic zone (Sadiq 2013) Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Engineering Sciences, Vol. 9……No. 1 ….2016 72 Concentration of Mg for Investgated Wells 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 No. of Well Mg(mg/l) Mg mg/l WHO IDWS (136) (-30)(70)(70)(67)(118)(112)(144)(87) (-130)(-44) Figure (3): Concentration of Mg and Elevation of excavation w.c.t sea level (m). Concentration of Na for investigated wells 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 No. of Well Na(mg/l) Na mg/l WHO IDWS (136) (-30)(70)(70)(67)(118)(112)(144)(87) (-130)(-44) Figure (4): Concentration of Na and Elevation of excavation w.c.t sea level (m). Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Engineering Sciences, Vol. 9……No. 1 ….2016 77 Concentration of Cl for investigated wells 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 No. of Wells Cl(mg/l) Cl (mg/l) WHO limitations IDWS (136) (-30)(70)(70)(67)(118)(112)(144)(87) (-130)(-44) Figure (5): Concentration of Cl and Elevation of excavation w.c.t sea level (m). Concentration of SO4 for investigated wells 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 No. of wells SO4(mg/l ) SO4 mg/l WHO IDWS (136 ) (-30)(70)(70)(67)(118)(112 ) (144 ) (87) (-130)(-44) Figure (6): Concentration of SO4 and Elevation of excavation w.c.t sea level (m). Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Engineering Sciences, Vol. 9……No. 1 ….2016 70 Concentration of T.H. for investigated wells 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 No. of well T.H.(mg/l) T.H mg/L IDWS (136) (-30)(70)(70)(67)(118)(112)(144)(87) (-130)(-44) Figure (7): Concentration of T.H. and Elevation of excavation w.c.t sea level (m). Concentration of T.D.S. for investigated wells 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 No. of well TDS(mg/l) T.D.S mg/l WHO IDWS (136) (-30)(70)(70)(67)(118)(112)(144)(87) (-130)(-44) Figure (8): Concentration of T.D.S. and Elevation of excavation w.c.t sea level (m). Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Engineering Sciences, Vol. 9……No. 1 ….2016 77 pH value for Investegated wells 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 No. of well pH pH value WHO-IDWS WHO-IDWS (136 ) (-30)(70)(70)(67)(118)(112)(144)(87) (-130)(-44) Figure (9): Value of pH and Elevation of excavation w.c.t sea level (m). Turbidity of Wells 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 No. of Wells NTU Turbidity NTU WHO (136) (-30)(70)(70)(67)(118)(112)(144)(87) (-130)(-44) Figure (10): Value of turbidity and Elevation of excavation w.c.t sea level (m). Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Engineering Sciences, Vol. 9……No. 1 ….2016 77 250 250 750 750 2250 2250 5000 5000 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 10 100 1000 10000 EC(μS/cm) C2-S4 C1-S1 C1-S2 C1-S3 C1-S4 C2-S3 C2-S2 C2-S1 C3-S4 C3-S3 C3-S2 C3-S1 C4-S4 C4-S3 C4-S2 C4-S1 Dangerous of salinity low medium high veryhigh d a n g er o u s o f N a lo w m ed iu m h ig h C1, C2, C3 and C4 meanes low, medium, high, and veryhigh dangerous of salinity respectively S1, S2, S3 and S4 meanes low, medium, high, and veryhigh dangerous of Na respectively Figure (11): Classification of irrigation water according to USA salinity lab. (Lamaddalena 1997).