٢٠٠٩ ���٢د ا٢ ���� ا���د � �����م ا���� � ا����� ٧٠ ��� أ����4م "� e( � ا���اe(3 f�F ���و�� ا��gh#-ن���(�� �?%�� 2�#= ���9 ��� �#�� �#� ��* ���� �� ��#� ���#� 8���*+� ���� ����#.� ���#� 8 ���*+� ���� ��#� ���#� 8���*+� ���� ���*= ��� � ��� ����*#���� ���*+� ��� � ��� ���*= ��� �-!�� : �*�'��8 ����0� 4���� ��*��� 4�1 ��"����� ��#3% �0�� L(��� �+%� – *����0 - ��+(% �% ., ����0�� ;./) O�0D� ����0�� (7%0�� �/�� �� ��'C* ��0'� ��"����� ?6�� �"�+, �# =C���� ����0�� ���� �� )5.5% ( ���* �*�%� @��(%�� ��'�% �� 7%0��(Vortex Technique) . O��0D� ����0��� �H �% �/ �� ��& �(% ���%7�� B���, �% L�( !��C'�� 4���� ���%7� �/��+(%* ��' �� ���*� !" �����%��� ����* J* �"�G�� ���( ��� '1* K 0�� �'*�7* ?�C'�� �"�0�* �0��� ��(�� � �9�%7� . , &(*�� <6��%'�� � 4�� ��*��� > �% �����%��� ���� �" @�.�* ;I18 J*�&�� � >8 ��C ���( !" � C� 4���� � �� 4�18 ��'� O�0D� ����0�� ���( !". ��"�M� � �� أ��� �م���ل ا���" ، : ا��)��ت ا� ، d +ا��اآ��-آO� ن ، ��اد�� � . EFFECT OF GRAPHITE ON WEAR RESISTANCE OF ALUMINUM- SILICON ALLOY Saad Hameed Najem Amar Jabar Badr Aseel Hadi Hamza Babylon University Alqadisiya University Babylon University Materials Department Mechanical Department Materials Department Abstract This research deals with studying the effect of graphite on the wear resistance of aluminum – silicon alloy. Firstly this alloy (master alloy) is prepared using casting method then graphite particles added in weight ratio (5.5 %) by using vortex technique after that the master alloy and composite material casted in dies and prepared for sliding wear test , wear test was made under different conditions of applied load , sliding distance and surface roughness at the room temperature. The results show that wear rate increases with increasing any of the above conditions, also the composite material show higher resistance wear than of master alloy. ٢٠٠٩ ���٢د ا٢ ���� ا���د � �����م ا���� � ا����� ٧١ �����"� Nomenclature: ا����ز ا� ρ = �� ا�� �+�Cآgm/cm3. M = +( ا���اء �� ا�� ��Oآgm. =V1 �� د ا���Z�( 4 ا���ء�Fcm . =V2 �� 4 ا���ء )�ون ا���Fcm . M∆ = ��Oا�� )+ � YOا�gm. ρ = ا���دة �+�Cآ ���VOGا��gm/cm3. A = � � �2س ا���Oا� �F�G�cm2 . L = �+�G� ا��%�ق cm. ���.�� :Introduction J�'H8 � ����1 �*H(�� ��� � �H�7 ��9H�*� ��. �*� ��0 '��� ����� %�� � � ��� �� %% ��0�0D� �*��� - N�*7 @�%�%* �#�8 *8 � (� ��* �� �� <� � C�%�% �*� =�%', 4�, ���(�� �C�� �.� �� J��% ��%�'*�� 1 J�%7%�����%��� �*��]Smallman and Bishop ,1999. [. !' ���� O�0D� ��. �����%��� �*��� ,)MMC ( ��. �(�H8 ��' �� *8 ��������0 ?6�� � �*����* � � ��0�* ���� 7%0� - !����� �'*���� ����� ��0� @�.* - ��9%���� ���* 4���� ��*���. ;./ ��7 @�.� �� ������%���*��� �6� � � ��� !" �� ���%�� @6��0�� *8 ��' ���� �H�7�� ����� %�� �. ������%��� �9H%� ��* *�'��D� � O�0D� ��.� !��(�8 �0��� ��C 5� a �* @��%(� �����* ����1 4�� ��*���� � (%�� $�* 4�1 ��*�%�� ?6�� � -��*�% * � �*�'��D� @6��0 5� �'���� .�0�� , ������%��� ;.�� !�*�*����%�� @*?� ��� � �'���� �.�� ���1D� � � ��� @��'/* �#(���� � � ��� . ������%��� N7% !%�� ���� D� ��28 �" @�. 5�* �*��� O'��% 4�1 �" C��% �*�'��D� � O�0D� ��.) ��*�%�� �� 5�C*% ��&%'�( ]Bolton , 2002. [. 1 �� 4�1 �#(���� ��=�%'8 �#�% !%��* ��"����� � ?6�� �+��� �*�'��D� � O�08 ��. ������%� ��H ��C��.@6��0� K��' �� � ��'� ��� ��� C�%�� 4�� ��*��� @�%�% �*��� ;./) *���0 �*�'��8 ( @6��0* �*��� ����* O�('�� .�*�'��D� ������%� ���*�0� ,Y � ��%'8 ��"��� 6��� !" ���(�� �� 7%0�� S�G �* �C� �� �����bush ��7+��� J'�1C* pump impeller . ?6�� ��+% ��8 � ?� 1 @��'/* !%��* ��"�����* �*�'��D� � �6� ��� �� �%�� ������ 4�1 ��G%�� S�G� �*�'��D� ����0 ��H'� !" ��"����� ��"����� ��% S"�� ��0% 8 ��� .����0 - ����� ��"����� ?6�� K 0 BI !/ �'�� ��0�6��� ���� �� . �*�'��D� 5� BI �� �� �� �� �%�� 4�1 �%�� ���� �� ;./ 8 �� 8 L�( . ��* ���'�� �� � 7%08* �� �%�� ������ �0(%� ��"����� BI ���� O�('�� -�"����� ?*(0�� K��' ��+%� JH%% ���� �� ;./* � ��H'����]Kaw,2006. [ ٢٠٠٩ ���٢د ا٢ ���� ا���د � �����م ا���� � ا����� ٧٢ I7�� �� 7%0� 4�� *#(���� 3�� ��" O�('�� *8 ���'��� BI �� �� 7%0� � �2����*)stirring ( ��+%� ����0�� �+ ��"����� ?6�� � ��� O3� � ����]Joues ,1975[. � ��0�* ������%��� ;.�� @��%(��* @(�� N�*7� ���� ��9H� .@��'�" ��7D� ��*'0�� !" $�*% =�%'A � ���� ���� 7%0� ��C !��%���* ����%', J�� S97 S�G� �� ���%�� ����0�� ?� � ������%��� ;./ �1�'H�� ��0�*�� ]Budinski and Budinski ,(2005). [. �*�'��8 ����0� 4���� ��*��� 4�1 ��"����� ��#3% �0�� */ !��(�� L(��� � J ���– 0 *����. 2(� Experimental work: ا���7$ ا�( �����%��� ����* O�0D� ����0�� ��+(% @#�' ������ ��A�� ��0�0D� �*�'��D� ����0 ��+(% �%)Master alloy ( L(��� �./ !" �� 7%0��� - �����0 !/*)Al – 7.4% Si – 1% Mg ( !��*( ��H �% .,)4.3 Kg (� �*�'��D� � !�'�%)99.99 ( �H% !6����� �" !" 4�, $%���( ��� )1200 Cº (*� �� 7%0�� '�� *�D� � ��� ��%�0 )7 Kg ( ����( ��� '1*)750 Cº ( �9�%7� )�0 *. I7 �� 7%0�� �0'����� S�G� ���� �7 �%�*)1260 – 108 ( �* / ���� - ��+ '1* � ��GH 5 � 5+* �% �*�'��D� ���H'� �*��'��D� �� ?6��� �7� �'�� 4�1 �� �*�0�'G���* *���0�� *��'�%)99.99 ( ��# �7�� ����1 B�'#8 =C���� ��'*�� !%�� ���* �� C��� !" (��� ��0'�� �0( ��%"�+,* �� =C���* �7�� ��%0�)5 – 3 ( ��H�� � ���� !" ��H'��� ���� �H �%� �/ �� ?6�� . 0�B ��� �C�+� !%M� ����� 4�1 ��% BI �� ����1* O�('��� ;BI �% O�0D� ����0�� 4�, ��"����� �"�+, ��� Electroplating Engineering Handbook,Vol.14, published by CBS,1987.][: ���.,)13.8 gm( -)69.2 gm( -)gm 20 ( �*� *H�� ��� � * ��6���� O�('�� ��%���� �) ���*� K�� ( ����� ;I18 ����(��� =C�% �# �'�� 4�1 I� � ���� B���� � ���� !" !��*%�� 4�1 �*� *H�� �0�*� �/* �"�+, �%� �/ �� ��)40 ml ( 4��, � ���� B���� � ���� J�+% �# <%�'�� <�C��� 4�, ��/ ���*9�� �� � (�* �%� � ���� B���� !6��'�� <%�'�� *�� L�(� <�C��� .�� �"�+, �% @�. )75gm ( ���(�� *. ��"����� � !���(��)63Y105 ( ���0�% O'��% ��+� ����� �1�0 �� ����%0�� �7�� �%* ;I18 ��7�� 4�, *����� �"�G�� ���( ��� � ��% �������* ��"����� ?6�� 4�1 O�('�� . � �*��� K���% �% �/ �� K���% ?�* �I7 ��� � !6����� �" !" ��9�9�% �%* ��%�'�� �'����� �.78*50ºC �� 12�1�0 . ٢٠٠٩ ���٢د ا٢ ���� ا���د � �����م ا���� � ا����� ٧٣ ��� ���� ?�#�� ��A�� !��*( ��H �% �* �9�%7� �C*3� ���� �% �% O�0D� ����0�� ��+(% ��)4.5 Kg ( ����0�� � ���(�� ��� '1 ��H�� ��*&'� !" O�0D�)750ºC( �* � >.�� I7�� �� 7%0�� ��H'��� ���� �7 �%* �1�0�)420 rpm ( * (� !/* ����0��� �H�7�� ���H�� $�� ���(�� 4�, �*H*�� �(�)630ºC ( �% !%��* �*�'��8 ����0� >���(�� C�*%�� 7� �0( �/ � (%– *����0 ]Metals Handbook, Vol. 8 American Society for metals, Metals Park,Ohio,1973.] �% !%��* ��"����� ?6�� �"�+, �/ �� �% 4�, ���0� ��'�70%)400ºC ( �/�� �� ��'C* ��0'�* ?6�� �� K 0 4�1 *�*��� ��* ��� � N�7%�� S�G� )5.5 % ( 4�, �9�� ���( ��� 5"� �% @�. ��)800ºC ( ��*)20 min. ( ��� �7�� ����1 ����8* � �H� �H�� ����1 ��%* �����%��� ���� !" ��"����� ?6�� � O'��%�* �&%'� 5�C*% 4�1 �*H(�� ��+� 4�, ���0� $'�70% �% !' �� ���� !")250ºC.( � ا�(��4ت�J # �اآ�� B�0 40 ��� ���h2ل #�" ا�� ��ت ا�]ز�� و�� .4 Oس وا���دة ا��� bا �� �Gآ] �� ا� � U20 ��( �اء اZإ�� رات #���OP� . w26�� d��VO � )��3آ� إن أ)��د # ��ت ا��OPر ا���" ه( ذا0�� ا�O( اNو�� ا��� �B�( � ا��B 10mm (]Elmadagli and(و�Jل ) 5mm(أ�����ي و��G2ب ا��F �+�C 1 آ��d ا�� ��ت ا Alpas, (2006).] �U0و �� ر #���OPاء ا��Zإ K�I ت�� ا�� LB � U20 40 $4 )�� ذ� ��Oا� � ��# � U2Oا� � 1200، 1000 ، 600 ، 400 ، 220()� �VOام ورق �� آ�ر) � ا�G � ��ن ذي �0ر�Zت ( � ��# dN�Zه� أ��( KGYا� � ��# dN�Zوا���ء آ�� أ �� �2ق ا����G� � م +( ا�����VO ا�K�h �� ��ت ا�w26 ا�����ي +�T وا 4 ��0 � ��# Kآ � ( �P�Gاء ا�����( l 6�Oم ���2ل وا��VO �ى أ�� ���� � ا9\��ر +�� اPوأ K�p أو Graff – Sargent �� ن��O84[ وا�� ml H2O , 15 ml HNO3 , 0.5 ml HF , and 3 gm CrO3[. Y"�ب آ�F�a ا�(��4ت �و����( �G���Fس Oان ا��%��� � �B��� �I Q���N ����س ا�����زن )�اJ ����# 1���2ا�� )���+ �����O�ت ا������� ا�� ����+�Cآ d�G���F (Sartorius BP 301 S) ���I�( K���N )±1mg ( ��� Z�Zا�� ز�B� ��:K داK�P ا T �� � آ��Bم ا����ء ا����VO� وا �� :]]Al-Ammar , 2008وd�GF ا����# �+�C � �� [Pل ا����د�� ا~0 � ml .( 100(��ر�Z ذات (1) 2M�Jا� �&7���� j Zا� ��ه� )� �VOام ���N�h0 40و ��(� ����ت ا�� ��ت آ�� ذآUF ��+ ):�Uا� ������( �N�hOاء ا��Zض إ�Y� � �س وا���دة ))1ا�6�C وp ):�,)400X ( �) ا�h���( ^ة ��0 bا �� �Gا� �� K�� �N� L,�N ا��� � ا���� �اآOا����. 21 VV M − =ρ ٢٠٠٩ ���٢د ا٢ ���� ا���د � �����م ا���� � ا����� ٧٤ k ا�(��4ت � ���C: س��> �اء #�� � ا�O�� 4 ��� ��ت )� �VOام ورق 0�� l�OV� 4 ا���ر�Zت I 4�0 ��س Zت )�� أن 40 إ��� ا�� LB� ���S�P ���SVس ا�� I ز��Z ام�VO د���رآ( ا�h�^ وI 40 ��س ا����S�V ) Taylor Hobson(و LB ا���ص ا���VOGم )� �اءات ��� �� ا�I اءات)���ل .]ث� T ا����SV ��83 ا���O� 3Pة وا�Fا�. e( <��س �(�ل ا� � ( �+�6hا�� K�# 40 1 F س� س ���� � )�����O آ/ YOا� � �ام �0�VO �36 ا��OPر ا���" أ��%�)I ا���ف �( �ى و)��#��Oد #�Pأ ��Z �� � 2BGا� ���SVا��%�ق وا� �+�Gو� T�Gا�� K�2وا� ��Z �� "ا����د�� ���ل ا��� " :] .Ivkragelsky, Dobyehin, Vskombalov, 1982[ا~0 � ) 2( LA M ρ ∆ Wear Rate = (Pin-on-Disk)ي 0�0 ���� ا������Gر إ���" ا�����ص وا ���VOم ����3ا ا�����OPر Z����ز I ���س ا�����" أ��%���I( ذ � (ASTM)وا�����J 4�h ���ا�6pت ./0 d20 ص ا��وار��ض ا��h2ل #�" ���F ا�e�[O ��) � ا�� �� وا��Y� ��O(�. �� دورا� �#�� و��# 4O�0 �� ���K ا�2�آ�� ��� K��F(1370 rpm) #���دي ، و���ONن ا�����ز ��� ��2�ك ذي � O�F� ، ا�����F اbو�" + 4ON �� ��K ا�2�آ� �� ا��2�ك )�ا �B ا����ة ا��C0 40 )O O�� ا��2�ك إ�" ا���ص #�" � 2�آ�� ���ع �� K�I�� ام%�Fو y �#(V-Belt) آ���)����0ن ا��Fه�� � �O]م ا�2 y� �# d�O�. (�Oا� )B� إ��" ا�����د ا�� �ى ������ ، أ�� ا�����F ا���C � K�� ��UOO+ ا�2�آ� �� ا����د ا�� B( إ�" ا���Pbص وا�ه3ا . �د ا���# d�C y ا�� $ �� yON��� )+ K BOG� ^B�� ي #�" ذراع ذي�O2N 9,�+� إ�" إن ا����ز�((holder) إن ���# y + �� ا�� d �CO� � ا��� $ �Fا�( BI(5.5 mm). �C>�4� Result and Discussion :ا�LM��4 وا� $��� <��)�� ا�� �Gا� � ( � J�Oا� � �(�I � G2O� ت�� �F � VG0 )�6 وه�OV� ق�J ث[. d��VO �� ا��b� �م وا���ا+ d ا �ا ����N y" #�" . ا���ا+ d وJ]ء ا���ا+ d )����2س وإ,�+� ا��Y� G �م Cن آ�+ d +ا�+���F )6 #�م VG0 � ا�� �ة وا�3ي )�ور��N 8ن #�:�� ر: G � +( ��0م )� � �F ��ت ا���ا+ d إ�" داKP ا�h�ا�� �� �Gا� LB y �#و ��h��� أ�� #�� � [Krishnan, Surappa andRohatgi, (1981)[ و���ة �#� وا�Fة)VG0 40)400ºC � ا���ا+ d إ�" Wu[J]ء �F ��ت ا���ا+ ��U0 ���g+ d د�Pل ه83 ا��2 ��ت و�0زK�S( ���N أ+4O0 4� �� ��� KU #�� � ا�B]ء and Beech, (1990). [. G �Y9,�+� ا�� ��G���( أ�� ��O�Nم و� ���bا �� �G� )2BGا� �Sا� K ��O� م�VOGN y��+ م� �Sن ا�� � J�Oا� � �(�I �G2N y�/( م� G �Yوف #� ا���� وا���+�Oو� ��Cا� w Pر y�b ��U6� م ��دة� G �Yا�� � #�(mN/M 760) أ�� ���c� �م (mN/M 559)ا�y� )2BG اKI �� ا��b� �م ا���( +���S ا�Y��� )2BG� G �م 8�F�� م� ���bر�� �^ ا��� d +ا�� K��N زاو�N ا���Oس �^ ا���h�م ا��� ���c� م� G �Yر آ�3$ +�ن ا����hا�� �Zدر d +ا� ,Delanny,Froyen and Derruyttere[�^ ا�� (1987)]. ٢٠٠٩ ���٢د ا٢ ���� ا���د � �����م ا���� � ا����� ٧٥ آ�F�a ا�(��4ت �س آ��d )�2ود bا �� �Gا� �+�C2.74(آ gm/cm3 ((اآ�� +�� أ�Oأ�� ا���دة ا�� ��( إذ ، �+�Cا�� �� I )+ �,�6Vت ا�� �س) %5(ه3ا ا���6Vض �Fا�( bا �� �Gا� �+�Cآ �� . )+ d +ا�و���N أن �N%ى ه3ا ا����hن إ�" و�Zد ا�� Ashby and Jones, 2007.] [. e( � ا� �6 ا��")[ e(3 �(�ل ا��gh# �� �F[N 6�C2( ا�(Gا�� K�2دي �^ ا��J K�S( � YON "1 إن ���ل ا��� F "�2�ا�� K � زاد K�2وآ��� زاد ا� T� �I�Bوآ�3$ ا� ���VOGع ا���دة ا����� ا����� ^UVN K�2ا� �Kh2N ا��SOر و�0زN^ ا�K�2 #�" ا�� �� وان ا���Oل 0/. �SVا� LBGا� ^� �� ��� e�[Oا� LB LB ا���ص(ا�2�ار�N ا�����Oة )�G� ا���OFك ) � ( y �# ك�2O0 ا�3ي وان ��0 K ذ�$ ه� �hFل ا����6ت wI ����0 #� اZ9��د ا��G( )BYU� Q�BN . ا�LBG ا�� �( ا�� �� وه� �� K���� �� I �� ^+�N ��� ص��G0 T ا�K�2 وه83 ا�����6ت �G0� ا���Oل Z%ء �� LB ا�� �� إ�" LB ا�� دة ا��%ا�� �� LB ا�� �� ا���OFك ا�3ي )�ور�GN 8� ز�Nدة �Iة ا���OFك وا�N )O�7O #��� ز�Nدة +( آ� � ا��� yG6� ص�وآ�O �� ���G�G ا���� �ت ا��3آ�رة أ#]8 +�ن ��F�G ا�e�[O . ا��]�LBG� e ا���ص إ�" LB ا�� �ار ��� N%داد ���ل ا���" �O �ف 0%داد )�]Sarkar, 1980. [. إن ���و�� ا���دة �UNأ K�Sا� )+ �F[Nو �� �Gاآ�� ����" أ#�" �� ���و�� ا��Oا�� ��G( dN%آ� K��0 ا���رة #�" أن � O +ا� �س F 1 إن ���2 ��ت ا��bا �ارة F � ��0 "دي إ�i0 )Oا� � #��ا� �Nار��Pاp�� ا�2�ار�N ا���G#�ة #�" ذ�$ آ�����p � ا�2�ار�N وا���G ا�2 .[Smallman ,Bishop,1999[ا��OFك �I �� #�� ا�LBG ا�� �( ��� ��0 "�# �#�GN K ���ل ا���" gh#e( � �"��F اR=�Rق e(3 �(�ل ا�� �� �F[N 6�Cا��%�)3( ا� �+�G� دة�N%( داد%N "اء ، ق إن ���ل ا���%Zأ K�O�0 ف� �آ� ا���ص F �Nو+( )�ا �Nد�P�6 أ�V� ص��ة �� ��دة ا�� �� ا�" LB ا���ص �yG6 وN�7O #� ذ�$ ا��hOق ه83 اZb%اء )LBG ا�� Yp BGط +( ا��BP �� #�" ه ��داآ �� O� م�VOGص ا��� LB ا�� ���SP z6V�0 ل��Oا�� Kpا�Oو) �� �6( ���Gا� L �. ���� ا���6ات�OG� � uو ^B�O� K�S( Kh20 ت���Oداد ���ل ا���" . #��� إن ا��%N ا��%�ق �+�G� دة�N%(و ا���OFك ��� �N�( و�F[N ���GF +( ا�K�S أ#]8 و���N أن �N%ى ذ�$ ا�" ز�Nدة I �� ا�KYS ا����% �� �I K�Iة �ار�N #���� #�" ز�Nدة ���ل ا���" F �I�J "ا� )�N�20ل �0ر]Halling, 1979. [. e( � :���C ا�" e(3 k �(�ل ا��gh# �� �F[N 6�Cدة ���ل ا���")4( ا��Nدة ز�N%( LB ���SP د إ�" ان��N $ذ� )+ ��Gوا� �� ا�� LB ���SP ��O� I )Oص ا��وار وا��1.708µ(ا�� m ( ��SP ص� LB ا�� ��ت آ�+� ، و��� آ�ن LB ا�� ���SP �� "�#��0ن أ �ف GZ ^�O�0 ��ت ا���دة و)����O( 0%داد آ� � ا���دة ا������O )�G� ز�Nدة در�Z ا�2�ارة LBGات ه3ا ا�iO� ن�+ Sا� � ��0 ��G0 ة� Pbوه83 ا � +��ات ه�ا: � و��0 �pواbا �G�0 "دي ا�iN ��� ك��OFا� �� O� 7O�N )Oق وا��� وا�3ي ���N ا O�yZ�O �� ا����hن ].#]Elmadagli, Perry and Alpas, (2007)��� �hFل �BF �N��0م ا���" �N� إ�" ��دة ا�� ��I ص )��ن��ة و��0ن LB ا���OVا�� �� ا�� ��O�( Kp�2ا� . �� L,س آ�� وا� bا �� �Gاآ�� ��0ي ���و�� )�" أ#�" �� ا��O6 اإن ا���دة ا���C� )4 ( ��6� وا��G� +( ذ�$ آ�� ا �ارة ا��OFك �I �� #��� ا��LBG ا�� ��( ���� i�Nدي F � ��0 "دي إ�i0 )Oوا� d N%Oا� "�# � O +ا�ه� �Iرة ا��2 ��ت ا�� .إ�" ا��6Vض ���ل ا���" Conclusions:اR���9��4ت �س آ� ا��G �� اbإ�" VG0 � ا���ا+ d وJ]ء8 )����2س وإ,�+� ا��Y� G �م -1� J�Oا� � �(�I � G20 "أدت ا� ��. 2- ��O+�Cآ �� K��N س� bا �� �Gا�" ا� d +ا� . إ,�+� ا�� �س -3bا �� �Gا� �� KU+اآ�� ����" أ�Oرة #��� ���و�� ا���دة ا���h( . ٢٠٠٩ ���٢د ا٢ ���� ا���د � �����م ا���� � ا����� ٧٦ �اآ�� ����" ��Nد ا�" و�Zد �F ��ت ا���ا+ d ا���O�0 )O$ ا����رة ا�� -4Oو�� ا���دة ا����� )+ KU6ا� ��N��0 "��# �� �� . �G6�� و)�hرة #��� �G0ه4 +( ا��6Vض ���ل ا���" References:ا���Sدر 1. R.E.Smallman and B.J.Bishop,"Modern Physical Metallurgy and Materials Engineering" published by Reed Educational and Professional Ltd,1999. 2. W.Bolton, " Engineering Material Technology", third edition, Amember of Reed Elsevier group, 2002. 3. A.K.Kaw,"Mechanics of Composite Materials" published by CRC Press,2006. 4. R.M.Joues," Mechanics of Composite Materials", Scripta Book Company, Washington D. C., 1975 5. K.G. Budinski and M.K. Budinski ,"Engineering Materials, Properties and Selection" published by Prentice-Hill(2005). 6. Electroplating Engineering Handbook,Vol.14,"Nonelectrolytic Metal Coating Processes" published by CBS,1987. 7. Metals Handbook, Vol. 8 ,"Metallographic , Structures and Phase Diagrams", American Society for metals, Metals Park,Ohio,1973. 8. M.Elmadagli and A.T.Alpas,Wear 261(2006)367-381. 9. J.H.Al-Ammar, "Investigation the possibility of development the preparation of aluminum alloy 8009 by improving the manufacturing process, alloying elements and surface treatment, PhD thesis , University of Babylon, College of Engineering , Material Eng. Dept. 2008. 10. Ivkragelsky, M.N.Dobyehin, Vskombalov, "Friction and Wear, Calculation Methods", Translated from the Russian by Standen,1982. 11. B.P.Krishnan,M.K.Surappa and P.K.Rohatgi, Journal of Material Science 16(1981)1209-1216. 12. W.Wu and J. Beech, Journal of the Foundryman, Feb.(1990)83-88. 13. F.Delanny,L.Froyen and L.Derruyttere, Journal of Material Science 22(1987)1-16. 14. M.F.Ashby and D.R.Jones," Engineering Material, An Introduction to properties, Applications and Design" published by Elsevier Ltd 2007. 15. D.Sarkar," Friction and Wear "Academic Press Inc. (London) Ltd.,1980. 16. J.Halling, "Principle of Tribology" published by the Macmillam Press Limited, London, 1979. 17. M.Elmadagli,T.Perry and A.T.Alpas,Wear 262(2007)79-92. ٢٠٠٩ ���٢د ا٢ ���� ا���د � �����م ا���� � ا����� ٧٧ (a) (b) ���� )1 ( 0#*���� ���+��� ��*�� )a ( @#�' ������ )b (��� ���� ?�#�� ���� )2 (����� ���� � ���� ���� "�� ��!�� . ٢٠٠٩ ���٢د ا٢ ���� ا���د � �����م ا���� � ا����� ٧٨ ���� )3 (D1%*1 �B#��� ���� ���� "�� ��!�� . ���� )4 (E��� �*���� ���� ���� "�� ��!�� .