Article


 

  AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES   12 (2019) 049–055 
 

   

       Contents lists available at http://qu.edu.iq 

  

Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences 

  
Journal homepage: http://qu.edu.iq/journaleng/index.php/JQES  

  

 

 

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +964(0)7815277599.  

E-mail address: hamed73.a@yahoo.com (Hamid A Almousawi) 

  

https://doi.org/10.30772/qjes.v12i1.591  

1998-4456/© 2019 University of Al-Qadisiyah. All rights reserved.     

    

A biotic balance of objects with nature as an architectural destination: 

(Marsh houses as case study) 

Hamid Ali Abed Almousawi a*, Mustafa Kamil Kadhima 

a Department of Architecture, University of Technology , Baghdad, Iraq  
  

A R T I C L E  I N F O 

Article history:  

Received 27 March 2019 

Received in revised form 19 April 2019  

Accepted 30 April 2019 

 Keywords: 

bio balance 

harmony 

marshes 

 

A B S T R A C T 

The biotic balance is a special strategy followed by the building, which helps it to stay and interact, and 

perform vital functions at a constant and natural rate under suitable conditions or the possibility of making 

them suitable, in the light of the general trend that seeks to preserve nature, as a result of the emergence of 

concepts of sustainability and green architecture and applied models of polarization outside the environment 

Which resulted in buildings that are not compatible with the environment and thus reduced environmental 

performance of the building, emerged the research problem of "lack of knowledge about the mechanisms of 

living organisms to achieve a biological balance with the surrounding nature." The main objective of the 

research was to "build a cognitive perception about the mechanisms by which living organisms create a 

biological balance with the surrounding environment." Therefore, the main research hypothesis was that 

there is a similarity between the mechanisms used by living organisms to balance the surrounding nature 

and the architectural solutions that the architect must follow to achieve the same Harmony with the 

surrounding nature, "and therefore adopted the methodology of research on two parts: First: the theoretical 

study, which includes the introduction of concepts and considerations related to the concept of biological 

balance, and knowledge of the mechanisms used by living organisms and try to apply in the field of 

architecture, The study concluded that the strategies of living organisms in dealing with the surrounding 

environment, along with the automatic architecture of marsh homes, is the basis of the main hypothesis and 

its applicability. 

© 2019 University of Al-Qadisiyah. All rights reserved.    

1. Introduction 

The research deals with two main areas: theoretical study and practical 

study. The research concludes with a set of conclusions and 

recommendations that represent the theoretical and practical conclusions of 

the study. The theoretical study deals with the concept of biological balance 

and how to measure the mechanism of the organism. The biological balance 

and mechanisms followed by architecture and try to find elements of 

similarity between them, to try to build a cognitive perception of those 

mechanisms and use in the production of architecture in line with the 

surroundings. The study included the handling of models of marsh houses 

and the comparison of the construction of the balance of organisms living 

in the marsh environment, and the use of these mechanisms in the 

construction of buildings in harmony with any other environment, in 

http://qu.edu.iq/
https://doi.org/10.30772/qjes.v12i1.591


50 HAMID A ALMOUSAWI , MUSTAFA K KADHIM /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES   12 (2019) 049–055 

 

addition to the presentation of the results and recommendations. Fig. 1 

shows the path that will follow the research to achieve the above. 

Figure 1. shows the research path (preparation of the researchers) 

2. Theoretical Study 

2.1. Basic concepts of research 

2.1.1. The linguistic and theological concept of biological balance: 

 When researching the linguistic assets of the terms of the terminology and 

terminology of the concept of balance, these Astolol contribute to the 

extraction of synonyms and similarities of language and at the same time 

contradictions of the balance of balance, so the synonyms of balance are 

two cases: 

 The system: corresponds to the (compatibility - compatibility - 

homogeneity), ie the situation in which things are placed in relationship 

with each other.  

 The model: corresponds to the (example - type - format) [1], but the 

meaning of the word vital "practical study of the interaction that 

determines the distribution and number of objects"[2] ie represents the 

biological balance study of objects in their environment. 

 

 

Figure 2. illustrates some of the marsh dwellings in southern Iraq 

(Source: https://www.google.com/search?ei 

2.2. Balance in Architecture: 

"The state in which each part of the composition has a fixed problem and 

the sphere of the fixed, nothing is added or eliminated without the total 

homogeneity,"[3] as Francis Ching defines the balance as "a homogeneous 

and relative organization of contradictory parts or elements , Interactive, 

opposite) within a particular design or situation. "[4] 

An equilibrium is the state of harmony between the building and the 

surrounding environment. 

A- Biotic balance: It represents the biological balance of living organisms 

within their environment, the medium that occurs at the beginning of the 

relationship or known as the ecosystem[5], which is due to many of the 

biological processes, which are evidenced by the internal biological 

medium with the external environment despite the change of climatic 

factors. 

B- Biotic Balance Mechanisms: The concept of biological balance of 

organisms, we conclude that the ability to survive within the ecosystem 

requires flexibility during the interaction of the organism with the elements 

of the ecosystem and its environmental determinants. The environmental 

determinants of the Lachroho system differ in the distinctive features of 

each ecosystem. Environmental determinants However, organisms have 

been able to survive and overcome these environmental determinants and 

changes by adopting methods that are compatible with their environmental 

environment and with the diversity of domains as well as the organisms 

they coexist with. The methods in which organisms achieve balance and 

harmony Which is due to the multiplicity of the acquisition of each group 

of organisms characteristics or characteristics are different from another 

group of beings of the same species living in a different environment these 

attributes are called adaptations, which is characteristic of an object that 

enables this organism to live under the conditions of its environment is 

called adaptation, Special adaptation organisms enable the biological 

balance with the environmental environment These adaptations in the 

organic composition of the external form and an internal structure suited 

to the functions of the object, which is called organic composition 

complemented by a set of behavior behaviors called behavioral adaptation, 

those adaptations that all organisms can be called mechanisms T Realize 

the vital balance. 

 

3. The marshes  

Are the lowlands covered by the water both in all the days of the year or in 

some of them. There is no clear difference between the marshes and 

marshes, and the people of southern Iraq call the marshes generally on 

ponds or lowlands that are filled with deep shallow water in southern Iraq 

and sedimentary plain, Where the reeds, the Golan and the papyrus[6] . 

The ecosystem of the marshes also includes shallow land that is submerged 

in water for a period of the year and is formed by the accumulation of rain 

water above the surface of the earth or as a result of the flow of water over 

a land surface especially in areas close to groundwater sources and rivers. 

The sources of marshes are subject to change. Permanent or fixed rate may 

flourish year-old and other year-old moths so living organisms in the 

marshes characterized by seasonal. 

 

 

 

 

https://www.google.com/search?ei


HAMID A ALMOUSAWI , MUSTAFA K KADHIM /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES   12 (2019) 049–055                                                                                      51 

 

4. Previous studies 

 The study of Mashhadani, Yahya Dawood, Plants and their 

environment, 1987[7] : For example, light affects a number of vital 

functions of plants with different values and by plant type and different 

growth stages of plant age. Plants grow in light and others grow. In the 

shade, between the plants of shade and light called the adaptive ability 

to live in any amount of lighting with the optical balance of plant. We 

conclude from the study that the biological balance is meant to adapt to 

climatic conditions. 

 The study of Awadat, Mohamed Abdo, and others, plant 

morphology and slice, 1992[8] : The study indicates that the biological 

balance is the flexibility and dynamism that gives the plant harmony 

with the changing environment. This is achieved through changes that 

affect the two main components of the plant, namely vegetative and 

root. The balance includes the change in shape and branches at the leg 

level, And the surface materials of the plant, the smooth surface of the 

aquatic plants may be rough in the desert plants, due to the control of 

the number and area of the holes to create a thermal balance with the 

ocean. We conclude from the study that the biological balance is 

intended to include the external and internal part and consists of 

different levels of the parts of the plant. 

 The study of Hamoud, Mohamed Hassan, and others, human 

biology, 2002[9 ] : This study may vary in the animal kingdom to 

determine the thickness and material of the outer shell of the animal. In 

dry and warm environments, it is characterized by the thinness of the 

sweating process, In humid environments it is thick to resist extreme 

cold. We conclude from the study that the biological balance is a 

process that depends on the interaction and influence interactively 

between the animal and the external environment. 

 Study "Chapman" Ecology Principles and Applications 1992[10] : 

The study deals with the concept of biological balance as a part of 

organic life and the group of living relationships that live in the ocean 

or the environment. The study also shows that the biological balance 

includes the study of animals and plants and their relation to their 

environment. It also indicates that the biological balance is the 

interaction between the living organism and the surrounding 

environment in mutual relationships through which the organism seeks 

to continue and develop. This balance is divided into two levels, namely 

the level of the organism and the surrounding ecosystem, The biological 

balance is the interaction between the environment and the organism, 

which ensures the continuity and evolution of the organism. 

 Dickinson Gordon & other study, "Ecosystems: A functional 

approach" 1998[ 11 ].The study indicates that the functional bio-

balance is a special strategy to cope with the changes and disturbances 

that occur within the ecosystem, which ensures the continuity and 

balance of objects during their interaction and performance. The study 

also points to the mechanisms of balance that arise in living organisms, 

such as avoidance, resistance and circumvention. The bio balance is 

part of the principle of adaptation to the environment. The study also 

discusses the biological balance of climate, which includes interaction 

with the surrounding climate through the amount of rain and vegetation, 

temperature and relative humidity. The study also describes the 

biological balance as the ability of the ecosystem of the organism to 

vary and vary according to the environment (desert, forests, lakes, etc.). 

We conclude from the study that the intended balance is the functional 

balance, while the study did not address the other aspects of the balance 

of form and behavior and others. 

Table 1.  shows the focus of previous studies (preparation of the 

researchers 

 

We conclude from the previous studies that the table above shows the 

aspects of each study that the biological balance in general, and most of the 

studies were outside the field of architecture, in addition to the biological 

balance was handled in most studies that leads to survival, not development 

and survival together, But most of the studies did not address the 

mechanisms and levels of biological balance and the possibility of using 

these mechanisms in other areas and within different environments, so it 

was one of the reasons for the emergence of the research problem. 

4.1. :The research problem: Having mentioned in the previous 

paragraphs the most important studies that dealt with the biological balance 

and its relationship to the survival and persistence of living organisms, we 

note our lack of a specialized architectural study, since all the previous 

studies were outside the field of architecture. We also noted that most 

studies dealt with any vital balance In general, without explaining its 

mechanisms and levels, and the possibility of using these mechanisms and 

methods in other areas and in different environments and by other 

organisms, and here we mean specifically the human and the field of 

architecture, and therefore the general problem of research can be identified 

by (b) the lack of knowledge of mechanisms and methods Biological 

balance of organisms). 

4.2. : Determination of the objectives of the research: After 

identifying the problem research must identify the main objective of the 

research is ((understanding and understanding the mechanisms and 

methods of biological balance of living organisms, and the possibility of 

using these mechanisms in the formation of an architectural product is 

consistent with the environment). Which is reached through the secondary 

objective: to arrive at conclusions about the similarity between the 

mechanisms of the organism and architectural design, specifically through 

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52 HAMID A ALMOUSAWI , MUSTAFA K KADHIM /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES   12 (2019) 049–055 

 

the handling of marsh houses in southern Iraq and some structural 

models that tried to simulate those houses. 

4.3.  The theoretical framework of the concept of biological balance: 

In this paragraph will identify and analyze a range of architectural 

studies close to the framework of the research. To solve the research 

problem as it provides the basic vocabulary through which the different 

aspects of the research problem are measured. And to prepare the 

requirements for practical application through the selection of samples 

of marsh houses or houses were built according to the mechanisms of 

construction of marsh houses that will be applied to the measure, and 

identify the vocabulary and variables of measurement and determine 

methods of measurement and astrology and the construction of 

hypotheses main and secondary research, and to extract and analyze 

the results of practical application of research, Then put forward 

conclusions, and finally put forward the final conclusions. 

4.4. Previous studies on bio-balance: 

 Dabsen, ysri, "Nature Reserves and Environmental Balance ", 

1999[12]: The study indicates that the biological balance is part of the 

ecological balance and a condition for its continuity. It is the process by 

which organisms seek to achieve their balance through the use of the 

principles of nature. There are many alternatives in organisms to 

conform to the biological balance is the behavior of the organism that is 

created according to the surrounding environmental variables. The 

reproduction of animals and plants is not done through an engineering 

sequence. The decrease of food and the feeling of increasing its numbers 

prevents it from multiplying, migrating or redistributing its spread. The 

study of biological balance is closer to the flexibility of the organism to 

survive, a process of interaction depends on the impact of the 

environment and the extent of the object 

 Arafa study, Salah "Environmental balance and the establishment 

of human settlements " 2000[13]: The study indicates the biological 

balance is the interaction of elements of the environment in groups, each 

group is an environmental range (a living area) has characteristics 

distinguish it from other neighboring environmental ranges, 

Environmental elements, such as the prevailing climate, soil components 

(non-living elements) and the quality of plant and animal life (living 

elements), where living elements interact through a reciprocal 

relationship that depends on each other in a part of his life. We conclude 

from the study that the biological balance is an interactive process with 

mutual benefits that is similar to coexistence to form a vital society, 

which interacts with the environment. 

 The study of Bayoumi, Hussein, "The Machine of Nature: Ecology 

from an Evolutionary Perspective ", 2000[14]: The study indicates the 

dynamic balance as the dynamics and the interplay between the systems 

to cope with environmental changes, which helps continuity. The study 

also describes the biological balance in the integration between 

organisms and the surrounding environment. The amount of the 

biological balance The quality of the properties of the overlapping 

ecological systems and the topographical and physical barriers that 

separate the systems, which make them very sensitive to environmental 

changes. We conclude from this study that a dynamic balance is a 

dynamic integration process that relies on flexibility in dealing with 

external variables. 

 Nebel "Enviroment Science" study 2000[15] : The study indicates the 

biological balance as a periodic exchange process occurs in two 

directions, once towards the organism and the other direction of the outer 

perimeter, and this cycle includes the transfer of materials and energy, 

and although each cycle has different characteristics, In the end we find 

that each of them complement the other, and the process of exchange 

through the outer envelope, influenced by factors such as climate, which 

includes temperatures, humidity and rainfall rates, as the study to 

balance levels, and put those levels within the hierarchy, In the general 

structure, where the product represents the base and the material The 

balance will lead to the loss of the relationship between them, where 

some consumers resort to reduce their preparation for the existence of 

imbalance in the burner, which is due to the disturbances that occur in 

the environment of the surrounding. We conclude from the study that the 

biological balance is a periodic exchange between the organism and the 

surrounding environment according to levels affect the nature Disorders 

and external changes. 

 Batton study "Physical Geography" 1974 [16] : The study indicates 

that the biological balance is the functional harmony of the organism 

with the outer environment, the members of the organism acquires a 

group of features or specifications to suit the changes in the external 

environment, In contrast to the members of similar functions in the 

organisms of different environments, where the members adapt to meet 

the effects of the external environment, so as to achieve consistency 

between the internal biological medium and the external environmental 

environment. We conclude from the study that the functional balance of 

functional is the harmony or suitability or adaptation of the components 

of the organism Components of the environment. 

 Brown study "The Relation of Evaporation to the Water content of 

the soil the time of wilting" 1998 [17 ] 

The study deals with the biological equilibrium through the term 

adaptation, which leads to ecological balance. The biological 

equilibrium is defined by the range of differences in characteristics and 

characteristics of the organism, acquired as a result of continuous 

exposure to different environmental conditions for a long period of life 

cycle, The study indicates that the biological balance leads to formative 

changes in organisms of the same species, when they grow in two 

different environments, such as the aquatic environment and the 

terrestrial environment, where the total root of the nucleus decreases T 

that grows in the aquatic environment while expanding the ground 

environment to balance the absorption Alme.nstkhals of the study that 

the vital balance is adapted to a functional change, followed by a 

configurable output from the organism affected by the environment 

surrounding the process. 

4.5 . Abstract: The main and secondary vocabulary and its possible values, 

which represent the conceptual frame, were identified. Thus, the research 

achieved its first objective in constructing a theoretical framework on the 

biological balance of the living organisms and the effects on architecture, 

And the vocabulary came as follows 

 

5. Application 

In the practical study, the vocabulary of the theoretical framework will be 
applied to a selected group of samples. For the purpose of the research, the 

vocabulary of the effect of interaction with the environment on the external 

appearance and the flexibility of formality to respond to environmental 
variables will be chosen. 

5.1. Test the hypothesis of research: - This research was based on the 
hypothesis of the main (the existence of a similarity between the 

mechanisms and strategies of living organisms to balance with nature and 

architectural solutions that must follow the architecture to achieve the 
same degree of harmony within the environment itself). The research was 



HAMID A ALMOUSAWI , MUSTAFA K KADHIM /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES   12 (2019) 049–055                                                                                      53 

 

based on the analysis of the detailed explanatory texts, drawings and 

explanatory diagrams of a number of selected projects. The analysis 
included several stages: 

5.2 : a general description of the project based on the sources and re-

analysis of each project according to the specific vocabulary for the 
measurement and the descriptive charts and illustrations. 

5.3 : the specialized description and measurement form contains a detailed 

explanation of each secondary variable within the specific adaptation 

vocabulary. The two components (the effect of interaction with the 

environment on the external appearance, the effect of formal elasticity on 

response to environmental variables) and the effect of formal elasticity on 

response to environmental variables In the form (1), which shows how the 

possible values will be based on the nature of the relationship between each 

of the two selected members of the measurement and secondary indicators 

as stated in the form, which was later applied to the selected samples, based 

on information 

 

Table 2. All the elements of the general theoretical framework. 

(preparation of the researchers). 

 

obtained from Examples of projects for each of the elected, and in line with 
the goal of research. 

 

 

6. Analysis of the results 

This section includes the discussion and analysis of the results of the 

application derived from the variables measurement form on selected 

projects based on the Exccel program to calculate the percentage of each 

variable according to the selected projects. The results related to the 

individual (the effect of interaction with the environment on the outside) 

the effect of formal flexibility on responding to environmental variables) 

to the differences between their indicators and their impact on the 

biological balance:  

 

Table 3. shows the description and measurement form to measure the 

variables by determining values ranging from 0-0 (0: not verified, 1: 

weak, 2: acceptable, 3: good, 4: very good) for the sum of variables. 

(preparation of the researcher). 

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2 4 4 01 %8 

Dimensions, 
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space 

4 4 4 02 01% 

Shape, size 
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openings 

3 4 2 9 7% 

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 porosity 1 4 2 6 5% ا

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 External 

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4 2 3 9 7% 

Shape and 

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Effect of the 

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Dimensions and 

proportions of outer 
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The mutual 

influence 

between the 
building and the 

environment 

Shape, size and area of 
openings 

Effect of building 
in the 

environment 

Form Fonts 

Colors and texture 

Softness and roughness in 

the walls 

Use hollow walls One activity 
in

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Thickness of walls Several activities 

Local materials 
harmony Fo

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porosity 

Orientation 

repulsion Surface shrinkage and 

width (mobile interfaces) 

Contrast and distribution 
of structural elements. 

Increase 

functional 

efficiency 

F
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l

 

External closure and 

internal openness 
Functional 

inefficiency 
Shape and surface area 



54 HAMID A ALMOUSAWI , MUSTAFA K KADHIM /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES   12 (2019) 049–055 

 

 

Figure 3. shows the analysis of the results of achieving the biological 

balance formality through the single (impact of interaction with the 

environment on the outside) 

The ratio of the effect of the individual indicators (the effect of interaction 

with the environment on the external form) varied in effect on the level of 

achieving the biological equilibrium. The index of the use of (dimensions 

and proportions and the area of the outer envelope) achieved the highest 

percentage of 11% (Thickness of walls) by 8%, while the indicators of 

(shape, size and area of openings), (lines shape) were 7% Finally, the index 

(using hollow walls) was 6%,as shown in Figure (2). 

 

Figure 4. shows the analysis of the results of achieving the biological 

balance formality through a single (the effect of formal flexibility on 

the response to environmental variables) 

 

The effect of the individual indicators (the effect of formal elasticity on the 

response to environmental variables) varied in effect on the level of 

achieving the formal biological balance. The use index (shape and surface 

area) reached 9%, while the steering index came at 8% (External closures 

and internal opening), (domestic materials by 7%), and finally the porosity 

 

 

Figure .5. shows The ratio of the effect of the individual (the effect of 

interaction with the environment on the external form) to the physical 

equilibrium was 63%, while the other effect (37%) was as follows  

 

 

7. Similar examples 

7.1 The first example 

 

7.2 : The second example 

 



HAMID A ALMOUSAWI , MUSTAFA K KADHIM /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES   12 (2019) 049–055                                                                                      55 

 

7.3 : The third example 

8 :Conclusions: 

 Formal biological balance is an interactive process, through which to 
develop principles that can be applied to architecture, in the 

framework of an introduction to the nature of the marshes. 

 The formal bio-balance contributes to the determination of the 
distance or space of the organism's environmental environment, which 
helps architecturally determine the exterior shape of the building and 

guide it and the relationship of anchors to the surrounding 

environment. 

 Compatibility of strategies and mechanisms of living organisms in the 
harmonization of the environment with the mechanisms of 
architectural design, and is done through the following: - 

A - dynamic interaction 

Is the ability to control the amount of interaction with the environment 
and change the color of the outer surface from separation to separation 

and move from one location to another in order to shade gives the 

object a great deal of compatibility, which can be applied to the 
architecture. The exterior coating of light colors with the possibility of 

turning to dark colors at a very low temperature at night, which is 

available in the characteristics of natural plastics. 
B - Isolation between the inside and outside 

Marshlands deliberately isolate the biosphere from the inner 

environment by increasing the thickness of the outer wall and its 
permeability and containing special materials that have the ability to 

heat insulation. This is one of the principles of marsh objects to 

achieve the equilibrium of the biological medium, which can be 
applied to urbanization, Of materials with thermal insulation 

capability. 

C) External closure and internal openness 

Reducing the holes and pores open to the environment and inward 

orientation, which enables the marsh objects to avoid the sharp 
changes of the physical medium, which can be applied to the 

architecture, such as reducing the proportion of openings in the outer 

shell to avoid the impact of environmental variables inward direction 
through the interior and interior spaces. 

D - Avoid the surface of the earth 

 Humans are called to avoid the surface of the earth, which is rapidly 
affected by the change of the state of the physical medium such as high 

or very low temperature, so that the marshes escape to the depths of the 
earth where the observed decline and relative stability to the 

temperature or resort to the vertical direction away from the impact on 

the surface of the Earth An application to urbanization, such as resorting 
to the soles of the earth, a trend that is used instinctively in models of 

automatic construction and represents one of the modern trends or what 

is known as the infrastructure. 

 A conceptual design can be presented that draws strategies and 
guidance from the environment. 

 proved models of automatic construction (marsh houses), the 
compatibility of both the mechanisms of objects and architecture in the 
principles of each. 

 consider biological balance as a principle of architectural design 
principles, no less important than other design principles. 

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