AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 14 (2021) 021–030
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Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences
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* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: mushtaq76h@gmail.com (Mushtaq I. Hasan )
https://doi.org/10.30772/qjes.v14i1.735
2411-7773/© 2021 University of Al-Qadisiyah. All rights reserved. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
A review of earth to air heat exchanger as a passive cooling and heating
technique and the affecting parameters
Mushtaq I. Hasana* , Dhay Mohammed Mutera
aDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Thi‐Qar, Nasiriyah 64001, Iraq
A R T I C L E I N F O
Article history:
Received 18 February 2021
Received in revised form 31 March 2021
Accepted 15 April 2021
Keywords:
computational fluid dynamics
earth‐to‐air heat exchanger system
geothermal energy
heating, cooling
affecting parameters
thermal performance
A B S T R A C T
In the recent time the EAHE is widely used as a passive cooling and heating technique due to the mounting
thermal potential of earth as and as a result of energy crisis. In the past years many researches published
including studying this type of heat exchanger and using it in many applications and many locations with
different climate conditions. Also, these researches investigated the most affecting parameters. In this paper
a review is prepared to survey the published literature in this field to shed a light on the research.
© 2021 University of Al-Qadisiyah. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction:
The requirement to reduction a consumption in the energy for heating
and cooling loads improved through past time. Energy saving can be
reached by depend on the renewable energies for example solar, wind and
geothermal energy. For heating and cooling buildings it can be reliant on
the ground for example warmth source in the winter and as heat sink
in the summer. The utilities of the geothermal energy in heating and
cooling spaces can be consummate by using (EAHE) or moreover named
earth heat exchanger Singh et al. [1].
Earth to air heat exchanger is a passive heating and cooling systems and
it used in wide types of application for example heating and cooling
greenhouse, industrial and inhabitation buildings. EAHE is usually involves
of pipe or more -pipes that inside the earth vertically or level. First the end
of the tube is linked to the supply end of the fan and the other
of side is open for air. While the air of flows during the inhumed of tubes,
the heat is transmission from air to the contiguous soil through a summer
period and the opposite in a winter.
Abbreviations
DE Dry heat exchanger P.P pumping power
COP Coefficient of performance WE Wet heat exchanger
EAHE Earth Air Heat Exchanger
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22 MUSHTAQ I. HASAN , DHAY MOHAMMED MUTER /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 14 (2021) 021–030
2. Applications:
The earth to air heat exchanger used in many applications mainly in Yusof
et al. [2]
1) Agricultural applications, 2) residential building Equations
2.1. Agricultural applications:
Okonkwo, W et al . [3] conducted an experimentally investigation the
poultry house, with solar Trombe wall which is equipped in order to the
provide the ventilation, cooling and heating to a poultry house. They noted
that the EAHEs maintained the temperature in the range from 28°C -35°C,
586 is grams the average body weight, the rate of mortality is around 3%and
the feed conversion ratio is 1.87% . Ahachad, M et al.[ 4] and Fawaz, H et
al. [ 6] performed experimentally the influence of the heat stress
phenomenon are offered with simulating and modeling on the poultry house
and it the effect of all parameter on the performance of the building
(shape , ventilation, orientation etc) in North of Morocco. From the results
showed temperature will decrease per 2 air changes per hour by about
1.5°C, for 5 air changes per hour to 2.7 C° and for 10 air changes
per hour 3.8 C°, the temperature of the inlet air reduction (up to 9 C°), and
the production quality is enhancement. the ventilation lead to a full decrease
of the cycle cooling capacity of 29.9 %. Choi, Salim et al. [5] studied
the geothermal of heat pump for heating of poultry house, the geothermal
of heat pump allows the lesser cost of heating, developed the production
performance with decline amount of the gases discharges. Kapica, J,et al.
[7] estimated the decrease of CO2 by using the solar-wind hybrid system
for heating the house of poultry hey discovered that the larger system
provides a greater CO2 drop ,however the energy utilization ratio
reductions . Azzeddine L aknizi. [8 ]study plan and modeling of the earth
to air HE for the typical poultry house to estimate the potential of cooling
and heating. They results found that the outlet temperature is 15°C for
cooling mode of summer and heating mode in winter was 21.8°C..
Azzeddine et al. [9] studied the thermal performance of the EAHEs through
the parametrical to investigate the influences of the velocity of the air, the
physical properties and the diameter of the pipe. The results
displayed that a heat exchanger gives the coefficient of performance is
higher with a upper efficiency and a system has the potential energy
146.38 M W h in heating and 104.3 M W h in cooling modes. Wasseemet
al. [10] studied experimentally the thermal performance of EAHE in arid
and humid soil in the Basra in the semi desert region for a poultry shed.
They found results advances the overall heat exchange efficiency. The
(COP) of the wetted exchanger with an average COP of 6.41, while the dry
exchanger ( DE) obtained the value of 5. 07. On average, the exit
temperature from the wet exchanger ( WE )was 37.35°C ,however in the
dry exchanger it was 38.91°C in the warmest hours of the day. Also, the
WHE warmed the air over than the dry exchanger system, throughout the
night time.
2.2. Residential building:
Sodha et al. [11] investigated the EAHEs pipe length requisite in the
cooling of the model with different earth surface dealings of Delhi (India)
for compound climate. Observed from the result that for meeting the
cooling load demand the dry sunny superficies requisite long tunnel, while,
wet covered surface requisite the smallest length one. From the parametric
of their research, saw that improvement for the temperature of the profiles
in soil with great moisture of substances is faster than compared to the soil
by little moisture substances. Sharan and Jadhav [12] used EAHEs to
heating and cooling with modes was working in India ,Ahmedabad, with
yearly the middle temperature varieties between (23◦C and 43◦C). They
found that a system was capable to rise the temperature with nearly 14◦C
in January and reduce the temperature in May with a same value. The
performance coefficient (COP) for heating and cooling was 3.8and 3.3,
correspondingly. F. Al-Ajmi et al.[ 13] improved a theoretically model to
calculate the earth to air heat exchanger temperature of air outlet and the
potential of this cooling apparatus in a warm and dry weather. The model
for the classic home of Kuwait City. They found that the EAHEs had
the ability to decrease home cooling energy request through the summer
season by 30%. M.K. Ghosal and G.N.Tiwari .[14] in India, analytically
model was advanced to study the efficiency of the earth thermal air heat
exchanger combined greenhouse found in New Delhi. Their Results
presented that the thermal performance was suitable and advance by using
of EAHEs . M.K.Ghosal et al. [15] presented advanced numerical model of
using the kept thermal energy of earth for space warming to investigate the
potential with the advantage of (EAHE) systems with the greenhouses
situated in the Delhi, India. Experimental. They found that the air
temperature were discovered to be on the average from( 7-8 C° ) greater
than a same greenhouse when operational minus EAHE. Cheletal et al
[16] executed experimentally during winter season thermal analysis with
EAHE systems for the building integrated. The dimensions of building air
temperature showed that with using EAHE system is an increase by 5 –
15.8 ˚C in the temperature of air of building compared by ambient air
temperature, consequently the concluded that the EAHE is appropriate to
an axillary system for heating and cooling buildings . Transient Systems
Simulation Software (TRNSYS) by Abdullahi Ahmed. et al. [ 17]
estimated a thermal performance of the EAHEs for unlike shapes and work
conditions in the UK. Their result showed major enhancement in potential
and internal thermal conditions to decrease use of the energy concentrated
conservative cooling system . Bansal et al. [18] and Vaz et al. [20] showed
out a numerical studies by the help of FLUENT based on the
computational fluid dynamics(CFD) surroundings for calculating the
heating and cooling capability of earth to air-pipe heat exchanger
(EAPHE ) system . Mohammad Jia et al. [19] investigated experimentally
the measurement the capacity of cooling the ETAHEs in Bangladesh..
They found that the COP and the capacity of Cooling increased with the
increase of mass rate of flow ,the outlet temperature declined below
ambient temperature as the inlet air. Khalajzadeh et al. [21] estimated the
performance thermal of earth heat exchanger (GHE) and evaporative
cooler hybrid systems of Tehran, Iran in summer climate. They [60] saw
that the hybrid systems are able to change the conventional air conditioner
efficiently and its cooling efficacy is higher than unity. Tudor et al. [22]
analyzed and advanced the suitability of using the EAHEs as the passive
method for heating and cooling of houses under the climate for five cities
of South – Eastern Europe. They obtained that the exit air temperature from
EAHEs noted during July and August month was the maximum monthly
average, while in January month was the minimum. Moreover, they
discussed, best the thermal performance and the high heat gain record with
using pipe diameter of 100 mm instead of 200 and 300 mm &17 m pipe
length instead of 10 and 5 m, 2.5 & 3.5 m burial depth in its place of 1 m
.Ramirez-Davila et al [23] executed numerically study on the performance
thermal of the (EATHE) system by changing climatic conditions for three
cities in Mexico. Their results presented that use of EAHEs was suitable
for extreme and enough temperature areas wherever the thermal inertia
MUSHTAQ I. HASAN , DHAY MOHAMMED MUTER /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 14 (2021) 021–030 23
influence is greater in soil. Earth to air heat exchangers (EAHE) s with
solar chimneys Haorong Li. et al. [24]. Experiments studied to estimate
the performance the system in summer to investigates an innovative passive
air conditioning system. They noted that EAHE full cooling aptitude in that
Experimental was 3308 W, while the maximum cooling ability of coupled
system EAHEs and solar chimneys was 2582 W, and they concluded that
the increase in the exit air temperature . Trilok Singh Bisoniya et al.[25]
discussed the decrease a cooling of energy demand of buildings
experimentally in dry and hot climate Bhopal (Central India) .Observations
of ; temperature was drop from 12.90 °C to11.30 °C and the gain energy
of cooling of EAHEs improve 0.85 to 1.87 MJ h for the air flow of
speeds of 2m/s to 5m/s . Trilok Singh Bisoniya et al. [26]discussed the
efficiency of decreasing the heat of energy request of buildings in dry and
cold winter climate conditions by using EAHE. Experimental results
showed that heating potential various from 0.59 to 1.22MJ h for air of
flow speeds of 2 to 5 m/s ,also correlation coefficient and root mean square
of percentages deviance of 2.1% and 0.999. Nitish Shrestha et al. [27]
Performance analysis of EAHE at different atmospheric conditions,
Experimental that system consist of finned tube. Observed that in cooling
mode the inlet temperature of the air drops with rise in the pipe length. The
temperature reduction for a length of 1.2m differs from 1-3 C° at velocity
6.5m/sec. G.N. Tiwari et al. [28] experimentally estimate thermal
conductivity of a soil, the EAHE system has been planned ,measurement
of room with improved values of radius of pipe, length of pipe, number of
air variations, and depth at which( HE) be fixed under the superficies of the
ground. They observed that the outlet air temperature a reduction of( 5 – 6
°C ) in summer for a number of 5 air variations with 0.10 m and 21 m
enhanced diameter and pipe length respectively. Sanjeev Jakhar. et al. [29]
expected experimentally the thermal of performance of earth to air tunnel
heat exchanger (EATHE ) system linked by the solar air heating duct to
develop the capacity of heating EATHE system. They noted that the
capability of heating of EATHE system improved from 1217.625 to
1280.753 kWh after it was linked with the solar air heating duct with a
significant rise of temperature of room by 1.1– 3.5 ◦C . the effect of a
thermal performance of EAHE by its design parameters are planned
numerically by Thakur et al.[ 30]. From result their displayed that the
thermal performance improved with using finned pipe wherever the air
temperature was recorded drop about 20.5 ˚C compared with 17.7 ˚C when
the pipe is finless. Numerical study by Benhammou et al. [ 31] to estimate
the thermal of performance of the (EAHE)system a passing one
dimensional season below the climate conditions of Algerian Sahara.
through summer . They found that the decline in the air temperature
between inside and exit of the system is greater with high the inlet air
temperature consequently by the tube length of 50 m, the drop in the air of
temperature is 11 ˚C for the air inside temperature of 44 ˚C and is 5 C° for
the air inside temperature of 29 ˚C. After observing their results they
reached to that the thermal of performance of EAHEs developed at great
air temperature through the summer season. Hiresh .et al. [32] performed
an experimental operate to study the earth to Air Heat exchanger
performance. They found that about 261.5 W was the maximum quantity
of heat transfer from air to surrounding soil at 5 m/s the velocity of air.
Also, they explained from the results that with temperature of inlet air
changing from 32 ˚C to 40.3 ˚C the exit air temperature increased with 4.5
˚C at 5 m/s. Anuj Mathur et al [33] showed an numerical the problematic
of increase of heat nearby the tube during the summer period by soil
having low moisture content and great specific heat. They obtained that the
saturation of soil with heat hampers the performance of EAHEs and
the heat can be enhanced in winter days with running the system. Sanjeev
et al. [34] discuss experimentally and simulation typical with using
TRNSYS 17 to evaluation the heating of potential of earth air heat
exchanger with and without solar heat pipe (SHD). They establish
through the simulation results and experimental results that the heating
capacity and exit air of temperature of EAHEs enhanced by using solar
heat duct.
Figure 1: Experimental set-up of EATHE coupled with solar air
heating duct.
Moreover, in the winter season they found that the exit air of
temperature improved by reduced air velocity. Badgaiyan P et al. [35].
evaluated the performance of EAHE with several operating parameters was
studied experimentally and numerically. They proved that thermal
performance enhanced with increasing the length of pipe, wherever the
outlet temperature reduced. Additionally, they concluded that for three
velocity of air flow (4, 5, and 6 m/s). the less outside temperature found
with 4 m/s air velocity .Omar Hamdi et al. [36] study the performance of
the earth -to-air heat exchanger (EAHEs) and discovery out the usefulness
of the cooling of buildings in the hot region in the south east of the Algeria
at Biskra University. From result observed The air temperature at the
outside of the exchanger is about 24 °C at the starting of May to reach
nearly 32 C° in early September. Nasreddine Sakhri1 et al. [ 37]
experimentally study is showed on the performance of a combined system
:EAHEs and the solar chimney. as an arid region in the North-west of
the city of Bechar, Algeria. They showed results of the capacity of the
system to rise the outlet air temperature exit the system by 14 °C and
produce the heating mode. The inside temperature increased ,then, the
system travelled to a cooling mode by decreasing this temperature of air
by 11.6 °C (from 36.2 °C at the inside to 24.6 °C at the outside ). Three
dimensional EAHEs combined with a house building by Mushtaq I. Hasan
and Sajad W. Noori [ 38] discussed a numerical the potential for drop in
energy consumption for heating and cooling loads by using the EAHE
system in southern Iraq in the weather of Nasiriya city .They results showed
that thermal performance and the outlet air temperature improved with
length and the pipe of number of the EAHE system. So, The EAHEs is
higher appropriate for work through winter month , wherever , the drop
in energy saving and heating capacity are great compared with the decrease
in energy saving and cooling capacity in summer months.
24 MUSHTAQ I. HASAN , DHAY MOHAMMED MUTER /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 14 (2021) 021–030
2.3.Study the earth to air heat exchanger performance
with solar chimney:
Also, they used MATLAB software with CFD modeling by. Salman
H et al. [ 39] studied to the investigating the influence of tube length ,
the air of speed , and tube diameter on a performance of the air
thermal HE system in Basrah, used (EAHE) collected with Solar chimney
(SC) .The results have shown that the temperature at outlet from the buried
pipe declines with rising the pipe length , declining pipe diameter,
declining mass flow rates of flowing air in the tube and rising depths up
to 4m.
Figure 2: the Earth–tube–air heat exchanger system.
Earth to -air heat exchangers (EAHEs) with solar chimneys by
Haorong Li. et al. [ 24]. Experiments studied to evaluate the performance
the system in summer to investigates an innovative passive air conditioning
system. They noted that EAHE maximum cooling capacity during that
Experimental was 3308 W, while the full cooling capability of coupled
system EAHEs and solar chimneys was 2582 W, and they saw that the rise
in the outside air temperature . Nasreddine Sakhri1. et al. [ 40] an
experimental investigation is showed on the performance of a combined
system: earth-to-air heat exchanger and a solar chimney, as an arid region
in the North-west of the city of Bechar, Algeria. They showed results the
capacity of the system to rise the outlet air temperature exit the system with
14 °C and produce a heating mode. The inside temperature increased
,then, a system travelled to the cooling mode by decreasing this temperature
of air with 11.6 °C ( from 36.2 °C at the inside to 24.6 °C at the
exit ).
2.4.E ffect of soil type and moisture content on EAHEs:
After the parametric study by Puri. [40] Saw that advance of
temperature profiles is quicker in soil by great humidity substances than to
soil by little humidity contents. Their result improvement of the
temperature with soil moisture contents.. Sodha et al. [11] studied the earth
air HE pipe length requisite in the cooling of the model with different earth
surface dealings of Delhi (India) for compound climate. Observed from the
result that for meeting the cooling load demand the dry sunny surface
requisite long tunnel, while, wet shaded superficies requisite the smallest
length one. And , improvement of the temperature of the profiles in soil
by great moisture of contents is faster than compared to the soil with little
moisture substances. Santamouris et al. [41] studied the effect of different
earth superficies the boundary of conditions on the of a multiple and a single
parallel EAHEs They provide efficiency is high by using EAHE.. Clara et
al. [42] Presented the influence of soil shield, soil composition and climate,
on the performance of the EAHE systems. They reached that the bare
surface for heating develops the performance of the EAHE, while the
surface humid for the cooling object is better. They additionally ,showed
that the higher water contented and a carefully packed soil nearby the tubes
of EAHEs develop EAHE system performance. Mathur et al. [43-44-45]
evaluated that the soil temperature about of the tube depends on the thermal
conductivity of soil wherever the soil by a lesser thermal conductivity
will saturate at the quicker than to the soil with the greater thermal
conductivity. Mushtaq I. Hasan and Sajad W. Noori .[46] explained an
numerical the influence of some plan and environmental factors ( the
material of pipe and the thickness of pipe wall, moist content of soil,) on
the overall performance of an EAHE systems. They showed that the
saturated soil shows the greatest general performance of EAHEs
compared with further soils, also the wall thickness and tube material no
significant influence on the overall performance. Agrawal. et al. [47]
discuss experimentally the influence sub-soil moisture content in hot and
arid climate to enhance soil thermal properties and its influence on EATHE
the pipe of length and thermal performance requisite for selected
temperature declined for the summer cooling. They noted that COP and
the average heat transfer rate improved by 24.0% and 24.1%
correspondingly for 20% moisture contented at 30 m EATHEs the pipe of
length than to the dry system. Kamal Kumar A et al. [48] studied the
moisture contented and its effect on the pipe of length and the performance
of thermal necessary for selected temperature increase in the winter
season. They saw that the coefficient of performance and the average heat
transfer rise up to 26.1% and 26.0% correspondingly, for 15% the
moisture contented at 30 m length pipe of EAPHE system as than to the
arid climate.
3. Affecting parameters:
3.1. The effect of flow velocity:
Bansal et al. [50] numerical study carried out on the ETHE systems
through the winter period .From their results they proved that 23.4 m of
long the earth air thermal heat exchanger system can increase air of
temperature for the flow of speeds of 2–5 m/s in the range from 4.1–4.8
C°. Vikas et al [51, 54] ,Sanjeev et al. [34] showed experimentally and
numerically the influence of the air speed on the performance of earth
to air heat exchanger system . Their result found experimentally and
numerically during summer and winter seasons that the exit air temperature
improved with rising the air of speed. Vikas Bansal. et al. [53] presented
experimentally the effect of the operative parameters ( air of velocity, the
pipe materials ) on a performance of thermal of EPAHE systems to
reduction the cooling capacity of the buildings in summer period. They
found the air temperature reduce with rise the velocity, and the
performance of coefficient of the system differs from 1.9 to 2.9 for rise in
speed from 2.0 to 5.0 m/s. V. Bansal et al.[ 52-56] performed the numerical
simulation of cooling capacity and thermal performance of an EAHEs in
the hot and dry conditions. They have saw that the velocity of air during
a pipe buried has been noted significantly influenced the performance
of the earth to air heat exchanger . Mohammad Hossein et al. [ 55] Carried
out experimentally treatments on the influence of important parameters,
counting pipe material and burial pipe (pipe of length, depth, air
velocity)and on the performance of EAHE systems .They obtained that
5.5 of COP of the system for cooling type was greater than 3.5 for
heating COP of material which is higher for steel than PVC. Also, the
differential temperatures were 14.4 C° and 9.4 C° for cooling and heating
modes .
MUSHTAQ I. HASAN , DHAY MOHAMMED MUTER /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 14 (2021) 021–030 25
Figure 3: Schematic of the EAHE piping design.
Misra et al. [57] Estimate the variant of derating element of the EAHEs
because of the influence of the parameters. They results displayed that the
rise in the flow of velocity it causes decline in thermal performance of
EAHEs. Nitish Shrestha1. et al. [28] performance analysis of EAHE at
different atmospheric conditions observed that in cooling type the inlet
temperature of the air drops with rise in the pipe length. The temperature
reduction for a length of 1.2m differs from 1-3 C° at velocity 6.5m/sec.
Salman H et al. [ 39]. studied to show the effect of the tube of length, air
speed , and pipe diameter on the performance of the air thermal HE system
in Basrah . The result have presented that the potential of Earth Tube is
providing lesser exit temperature of air inside to the area. They discover
that the temperature at outlet from the buried pipe declines with rising the
length of pipe, declining pipe diameter, declining mass flow rates of
flowing air in the tube and rising depths above to 4.m .Experimental and
theoretical study have been by Mohammed Benhammou and Belkacem
Draoui [ 58] to show the impact of dynamical and geometrical parameters
on the thermal performance of EAHEs the thermal performance of
(EAHEs) to the summer cooling in the Algerian Sahara. Their result
obtained that the air exit temperature declines with rising the length of pipe
but it rises with rising the velocity of air and pipe cross section , also
experimental that COP declined quickly with increasing the velocity of air.
numerical study by Benhammou et al. [ 31] to estimate the thermal of
performance of earth to air heat exchanger system a passing one
dimensional season below the climate conditions of Algerian Sahara.
through summer . They noted from the results that the air temperature in
outlet from the system with pipe length of 30 m is less by 2 ˚C compared
with 10 m pipe length. Also, they observed that the air temperature in outlet
decrease by 1.8 and 1.2 with using 10 cm pipe diameter 30 cm and 1 m/s
the air of velocity in place of 3 m/s. Similarly with the found of Krarti et
al. [49]. Ahmed et al [59].discussed numerical and an experimental
investigation about the thermal performance EAHE systems with diverse
parameters (pipe of length, pipe space ,pipe diameter and pipe material) in
Egyptian weather conditions. The results showed by using computational
fluid dynamic saw that the air temperature at exit increases with reduced
diameter, increasing pipe length and decreasing the flow rate. Sanjeev J et
al. [34] showed experiment was through winter season for the influence of
diverse inside flow velocities, concluded that the best rise in EAHE exit
temperature at the speed 5m/s compared with velocity at 2.5m/s and
3.5m/s. While, Jahkar et al [60] studied the parametric were done to
analyses the influence of mass flow rate, radius of buried pipe , length of
tube and the material of pipe on the performance study of a EWHE system.
They obtained that by an rise in mass flow rate, the temperature in the outlet
of EHWE rise .
Figure 4: schematic diagram of the experimental setup.
Badgaiyan P et al. [35] estimated the performance of EAHEs with
several operating parameters was studied. . They proved that thermal
performance enhanced with increasing the length of pipe, wherever the
outlet temperature reduced. Additionally, they concluded that for three
velocity of air flow (4, 5, and 6 m/s). the less outlet temperature found with
4 m/s air velocity. Mushtaq I. Hasan and Sajad W. Noori [61] study a
numerically the overall performance of the EAHE by five forms of the
EAHEs channel. They discover that the outlet air temperature reduced
through the summer and increased through the winter season period, with
increasing pipe of length or declining the air of speed, so, they showed
that there is the circular form gives the greatest general performance since
it has the smallest pressure drop than by further figures.
3.2. Effect of length of pipe:
Mihalakakou et al. (1995) [62] discuss the parametrical model in
which changing parameters were tube radius ,pipe length, speed of the air
inlet the pipe and the buried of depth pipe under the earth superficies.
conclude with increase the velocity the temperature is enhance. Bansal et
al. [50] numerical study carried out on the earth air HE systems through
the winter periods .From their results they proved that 23.4 m of long
the earth air thermal HE systems can increase the air of temperature for a
flow of velocities of 2–5 m/s in the range from 4.1–4.8 °C,. Maerefat and
Haghighi [63] ,Pohstiri et al., [65] have advanced a mathematically typical
based on energy conservation equations and resolved by iterative way to
find out the ability of the solar chimney and EAHE system. pipe lengths of
EAHE must be used to afford a best thermal security condition less than
35m .They results showed of the influence of EAHEs tube radius on the
system performance exposes that the rise of the EAHEs diameter up to 0.5m
does not rise the room air temperature. Ascione et al.[64].evaluated the
energy of performance of the air to conditioned building joined by ground
heat exchanger (GHE) in the Italian weather. From their result obtained for
a 50 m length of ground heat exchanger pipe was about 14.2 kWh/m2 is
the maximum major energy that saving . Mohammad Hossein et al. [ 55]
Carried out experimentally treatments on the influence of important
parameters, counting pipe material and burial pipe (pipe of length, depth,
air velocities )and on the performance of an EAHE systems .They
obtained that 5.5 of COP of the system for cooling style was greater than
3.5 for heating COP of material which is higher for steel than PVC. Also,
the differential temperatures were 14.4◦C and 9.4◦C for cooling and heating
modes . academics[66-67] have discovered that the system provide best
the thermal of performance with rising the tube length burying, the pipe
at a depth above to 3 m, expanding the superficies of a pipe, decreasing
the tube radius and the air flow rate inlet the tube. Nitish Shrestha1. et al.
[28] performance analysis of EAHEs at different atmospheric conditions
26 MUSHTAQ I. HASAN , DHAY MOHAMMED MUTER /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 14 (2021) 021–030
observed that in cooling style the inlet temperature of the air drops with rise
in the tube length. The temperature reduction for the length of 1.2m differs
from 1-3 C° at velocity 6.5m/sec. Experimental and theoretical study have
been by Mohammed Benhammou and Belkacem Draoui [ 58] to show the
influence of dynamical and geometrical parameters on the thermal
performance of EAHEs the thermal performance of (EAHEs) for summer
cooling during the Algerian Sahara region. Their result concluded that the
air exit temperature declines with rising the length of pipe, then it
increased with increasing the velocity of air and pipe cross section , also
experimental that the coefficient of performance declined fast with rises
the velocity of air. numerical study by Benhammou et al. [ 31] to estimate
the thermal of performance of earth to air heat exchanger system a
passing one dimensional season below the climate conditions of Algerian
Sahara. through summer . They noted that the air temperature in outlet from
the system with pipe length of 30 m is less by 2 ˚C compared with 10 m
pipe length. Also, they observed that the air temperature in outlet decrease
by 1.8 and 1.2 with using 10 cm pipe diameter 30 cm and 1 m/s the air of
velocity in place of 3 m/s. Similarly with the found of[49] . Ahmed et al
[59] discussed numerical and experimentally investigation about the
thermal performance of EAHEs with parameters (pipe of length , pipe
space ,pipe diameter and pipe material) in Egyptian weather conditions. The
results showed by using computational fluid dynamic observed that the air
temperature at exit increases with reduced diameter, increasing tube length
and decreasing the flow rate. Jahkar et al [67] studied the parametric were
done to analyses the influence of mass flow rates, radius of buried tube ,
pipe length and pipe substance on the performance analysis of the EWHEs.
They obtained that with the rise in mass flow rate, the temperature in the
outlet of EHWEs rises. While [76] showed experiment was through
winter season for the influence of diverse inside flow velocities, concluded
that the best growth in EAHE exit temperature at the velocity 5m/s than
to velocity at 2.5m/s and 3.5m/s. Badgaiyan P et al. [35] estimated the
performance of EAHE with several working parameters was studied. They
proved that thermal performance enhanced with increasing the length of
pipe, wherever the outlet temperature reduced. Additionally, they
concluded that for three velocity of air flow (4, 5, and 6 m/s). the less outlet
temperature found with 4 m/s air velocity.. Mushtaq I. Hasan and Sajajd W.
Noori .[61] study a numerically the general performance of the EAHE by
five forms of the earth air heat exchanger channel. They discovered that the
exit air temperature reduced through the summer and increased through the
winter period, with rising the pipe of length or declining the air of velocity,
so, they established that there is the circular form gives the greatest general
performance since it has the smallest pressure of drop compared by further
figures.. Agrawal. et al. [48]studied experimentally the influence sub-soil
humidity content in hot and arid climate to improve soil thermal properties
and its influence on EATHE the tube of length and thermal performance
requisite for selected temperature declined for the summer cooling. , COP
and the average heat transfer rate improved by 24.0% and 24.1%
correspondingly for 20% moisture contented at 30 m EATHE the pipe of
length as compared to the arid system. Mushtaq I. Hasan and Sajad W.
Noori [46] studied numerically the effect of the parameters (inside
condition, pipe diameter, pipe length, and exit condition) on the general
performance of the EAHEs .They pretend results presented that the EAHE
systems with pipe radius ( 6 in) has the best values of general performance.
Then, the diameter of pipe more suitable is 2 in from the thermal of
performance point of overview.
3.3. Effect of diameter of pipe:
Mihalakakou et al. (1995) [62] discuss the parametrical typical in
which changing parameters were pipe radius ,pipe length, speed of the
air inlet the cylinder and the buried of depth pipe under the ground
superficies. conclude with increase the velocity the temperature is
enhance.. Maerefat and Haghighi [63], Pohstiri et al. [65] have advanced
the mathematical typical based on energy conservation equations and
resolved by iterative way to find out the ability of the solar chimney and
EAHE system. pipe lengths of EAHE must be used to afford a best thermal
security condition less than 35m .They results showed of the influence of
EAHE system tube radius on the system of performance exposes that the
rise of the EAHEs diameter above to 0.5m does not rise the area air
temperature .academics [66,67] have discovered that the system provide
best the thermal of performance by rising the tube length burying, the tube
at the depth up to 3 m, expanding the superficies of the pipe, decreasing
the tube diameter and the air flow rates inlet the pipe. G.N. Tiwari et al.
[69] experimentally estimate thermal conductivity of the soil, earth - to air
heat exchanger system has been planned ,measurement of room with
improved values of radius of pipe, length of pipe, number of air variations,
and depth at which( HE). They observed that the exit air temperature a
reduction of 5 – 6 C° in summer for the number of 5 air variants with 0.10
m and 21 m enhanced diameter and length of pipe correspondingly. Salman
H et al. [ 39] studied to investigate the impact of the pipe of length, air
velocity , and pipe diameter on performance of the air thermal HE system
in Basrah . The result have presented that the potential of Earth Tube is
providing lesser outside temperature of air inside to the area. They discover
that the temperature at outlet from the buried pipe declines with rising
the length of pipe , declining pipe radius, declining mass flow rates of
the flowing air in the tube and rising depths above to 4m. Numerical
study by Benhammou et al. [ 31] to estimate the thermal of performance
of earth air HE system a passing one dimensional season below the climate
conditions of Algerian Sahara. through summer . They noted from the
results that the air temperature in outlet from the system with pipe length of
30 m is less by 2 ˚C compared with 10 m pipe length. Also, they observed
that the air temperature in outlet decrease by 1.8 and 1.2 with using 10 cm
pipe diameter 30 cm and 1 m/s the air of velocity in place of 3 m/s.
Similarly with the found of [49]. Ahmed et al . [59] discussed numerical
and experimentally investigation about the thermal performance of the
EAHE system with diverse parameters ( pipe length , pipe space ,pipe
diameter and pipe material) in Egyptian weather conditions. The results
showed by using computational fluid dynamic saw that the air
temperature at outlet increases with reduced radius, increasing tube length
and decreasing the flow rate. Jahkar et al. [68] studied the parametric were
done to analyses the influence of mass flow rate, diameter of buried
tube , pipe length and tube of material on the performance enquiry of
the EWHE system . They obtained that with an rise in mass flow rates, the
temperature in the outlet of EHWE rises . While [76] showed experiment
was through winter season for the influence of diverse inlet flow velocity,
concluded that the batter growth in EAHE exit temperature at the velocity
5m/s than to the speed at 2.5m/s and 3.5m/s. Mushtaq I. Hasan and
Sajad W. Noori [48] studied numerically the influence of the parameters
(inside condition, pipe diameter, pipe length, and exit condition) on the
general performance of the earth air heat exchanger( EAHE) system .They
simulated result presented that the EAHE systems by pipe diameter ( 6 in)
has the better values of general performance. Then, the diameter of tube
more suitable is 2 in from the thermal performance point of overview.
MUSHTAQ I. HASAN , DHAY MOHAMMED MUTER /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 14 (2021) 021–030 27
3.4. Effect of pipe of thickness:
Mushtaq I. Hasan and Sajad W. Noori (2018)[70] explained an
numerical the influence of specific design and environmental factors
(pipe material and thickness of tube wall, moist content of soil,) on the
overall performance of the earth to air heat exchangers. they showed that
the saturated soil displays the greatest general performance of EAHEs than
by other soils, also the wall thickness and pipe material no significant
influence on the overall performance.
Figure 5: Schematic of EAHE system
Mushtaq I. Hasan and Sajad W. Noori..[71] studied numerically the
effect of wall thickness and tube material on the overall performance of
EAHEs . Their results noted the more suitable to use is PVC pipe because
it is non-corrosive and less cost compared with steel pipe. The influence of
wall thickness on the overall performance is less and can be neglected.
3.5. Effect of pipe material:
Vikas Bansal. et al. [72] discuss experimentally the influence of the
operative parameters ( the air velocity, the tube material) on the thermal
performance of EPAHE systems to decrease the cooling capacity of the
buildings in summer. they found the air temperature reduce with rise the
speed, and the COP of the system differs from 1.9 to 2.9 for rise in the
velocity of 2.0 to 5.0 m/s. In addition the maximum rises in temperature
for steel and PVC pipes are 10.3 and 12.7 8C correspondingly. V. Bansal
et al. [52-56] performed the numerical simulation of cooling capacity and
thermal performance of EAHEs in the warm and dry conditions. They
have observed that the performance of the EAHEs is not significantly
influenced by the material of a pipe buried, while the velocity of air during
a pipe buried has been noted significantly influenced the performance
of the EAHEs . Mohammad Hossein et al. [ 55] Carried experimentally
treatments the influence of important parameters, counting pipe material
and burial pipe (pipe length, depth, air velocity ) and on the performance
of the EAHE system. They discovered that 5.5 of COP of the system to
cooling mode was greater than 3.5 for heating COP of material which is
higher for steel than PVC. Also, the differential temperatures were 14.4◦C
and 9.4◦C for cooling and heating types . Hatraf et al. [73] have studied the
parameters effectiveness the performance of EAHE during
experimentation and modeling. They have done design using the simple
typical varied some and the supply of the air temperature. they found was
that the pipe of material has no influence on a performance of the HE,
which is arrangement by the found of Bansal et. al [52]. Serageldin et
al., [75] calculated the thermal of performance of the EAHEs used to
cooling and heating in the Egyptian climate conditions. They have
advanced the mathematical typical founded on unsteady, one
dimensional, quasi to state for energy conservation equation Three diverse
kinds of pipe material were used , specifically steel , PVC and the copper.
The exit air of temperature was 19.7 °C in PVC tube, and 19.8
°C for together copper and steel correspondingly. So, it is established that
the difference in the exit air temperature for many pipe material is also
lesser and later it is negligible. Mushtaq I. Hasan and Sajad W. Noori [ 70]
, Mohd, Noor A et al. [74] explained a numerical the influence of certain
design and environmental factors (tube material and thickness of pipe wall,
moist content of soil,) on the overall performance of the earth to air heat
exchangers systems in Nasiriyah town in southern of Iraq. they showed
that the saturated soil displays the greatest general performance of EAHEs
than with further soils , also the wall thickness and pipe material no
significant influence on the overall performance. Mushtaq I. Hasan and
Sajad W. Noori.[71] studied numerically the influence of wall thickness
and tube material on the general performance of EAHE. The results showed
the more suitable to use is PVC pipe because it is non-corrosive and less
cost compared with steel pipe. The influence of wall thickness on the
overall performance is less and can be neglected, The pressure drop and the
exit air temperature for the two materials improved with rising the velocity
of air.
3.6. Effect of pipe depth buried underground:
Pfafferot.[75] and Pfafferot et al. [76] studied the average of yearly
temperature profile at depths of 1 m, 2 m, 4 m and 8 m. They results
presented that the temperature at depths of 4 and 8 m was stable during the
time in the range of 9 to 13°C. Cucumo et al. [77] explained the effect of
the burial pipe depth on the performance of earth to air heat exchanger
systems. The model allowable also to calculate the temperature of air inlet
the tube and of soil nearby the buried pipe, taking into description the
thermal perturbation of greater free superficies and the possible phase
change (concentration) in the buried pipes. A like model was advanced
by Su et al. [78] for discuss the thermal performance of EAHEs used for
the building energy saving. Mohammad Hossein et al. [55] Carried
experimentally treatments the influence of important parameters, counting
pipe material and burial pipe (pipe length, depth, air speed) and on the
performance of an EAHE. They discovered that 5.5 of COP of the
system for the cooling style was greater than 3.5 for heating COP
of material which is higher for steel than PVC. Also, the differential
temperatures were 14.4◦C and 9.4◦C for cooling and heating modes.
Academics [66,67] have discovered that a system provides best the
thermal of performance by rising the pipe length burying, the pipe at
a depth up to 3 m, expanding the superficies of the pipe, decreasing the
pipe diameter and the air flow rates inlet the pipe. Mushtaq I. Hasan and
Sajad W. Noori.[79] thesis discussed a numerical study about the potential
decrease in the request of energy and the overall performance of (EAHE)
systems for heating and cooling of the house buildings by EAHE system
of southern of Iraq in Nasiriyah city. they showed that more appropriate to
use is the EAHE system of case 2 compared with case 1 and case 3 II
(consist of one layer buried with 3 m depth of EAHE system and the EHAE
of this case3 II buried with depth of 4 m ) with saving in energy 17.84% of
winter at January months and 9.33 % of summer months at August month.
28 MUSHTAQ I. HASAN , DHAY MOHAMMED MUTER /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 14 (2021) 021–030
4.The disadvantages. of this application:
1. Possibility of Depletion of Geothermal Sources.
2. High Investment Costs for Geothermal System.
3. Land Requirements for Geothermal System to Be Installed.
4. environmental Concerns about Greenhouse Emissions.
5. Conclusions:
The EAHE is one of the systems that can be used for decreasing
energy consumed in buildings ,thermal performance of the EAHE depends
on several chief influences such as under earth temperature difference, plan
and specification of the EAHE pipe, the following conclusions can be
decided:
1.Thermal performance improved with using finned pipe wherever the air
temperature was recorded drop about 20.5 ˚C compared with 17.7 C° when
the pipe is finless
2. The wall thickness and pipe material no significant influence on the
overall performance
3. The effect of EAHE system tube diameter on the system of performance
exposes that the rise of the EAHEs diameter
lead to increase in area of pipe that it cause increase in temperature outside
of pipe and it cause decrease in pressure drop.
4. The EAHEs had the ability to decrease home cooling energy request
through the summer season by 30%.
5. The increase in length of pipe of EAHE lead to decline in the temperature
interning to the poultry houses, then it increased with increasing the
velocity of air and pipe cross section.
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