Article

AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 15 (2022) 212–217

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Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences

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* Corresponding author.

E-mail address: ahmed.shakir@qu.edu.iq (Ahmed Al-Saadi)

https://doi.org/10.30772/qjes.v15i4.855

Analysis of aerodynamics around tall buildings with several

configurations

Ahmed Ali Shakir Al-Saadi

Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of AL-Qadisiyah, Ad-Diwaniyah, Iraq.

A R T I C L E I N F O

Article history:

Received 8 July 2022

Received in revised form 14 August 2022

Accepted 21 September 2022

Keywords:

Aerodynamics

Wind

Tall buildings

CFD

Drag coefficient

A B S T R A C T

The streamlined exterior shapes of tall buildings are important to reduce the effect of the wind. Therefore,

an examination of different techniques for the exterior design of tall buildings is required. This study aims

to analyses some tall buildings to select the most streamlined design in order to reduce high wind risks. The

benchmark used in the current study is a building with a height of 120 m and a triangular cross-section with

a side length of 20 m. A square cross-section twisted building design is used as a modified model in tall

buildings of about 120 m. The rotation angle of the building is 45° for each twisted path. Six configurations

of this type of building are tested with different radiuses of fillet on their edges, which are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and

5 m respectively. All geometries of the buildings are created by SolidWorks, while mesh and simulations

are achieved using ANSYS Fluent. A great agreement is obtained between the current results and the

previous related study for the benchmark. Using twisted buildings with a fillet of 5 m can lead to a reduction

of the drag coefficient of about 27.5% relative to the benchmark. Wind in a horizontal direction can be

reduced by using twisted geometry. But in terms of separation, using a fillet with a large radius can lead to

avoiding early separation of air.

1. Introduction

Several criteria determine the design and location of tall buildings in

cities. Climate is the most important parameter for designing tall buildings

[1-4]. Residential areas' environments should be improved for more

comfortable and optimized energy use. And that can lead to a controlled

environmental situation in these specific areas. Wind force is one of the

most effective climatic factors in tall building designs [5]. A difference in

temperature can lead to a change in the static pressure and that can lead to

an increase in the velocity of wind [6]. Most tall building designs are more

interested in studying wind loads than earthquake loads [7-10].

Architectural design, structural, and mechanical approaches are the main

three approaches to designing tall buildings. The structural approach

focuses on earthquake and wind loads for tall buildings because these types

of buildings are more vulnerable to the external conditions than low-rise

buildings [11]. It is necessary for evaluating wind loads in tall buildings and

the uncommon exterior designs, especially in buildings with more than 40

stories, because of the changing wind loads fast and suddenly [12]. All

architectural designers aspire to minimize the effects of wind on buildings

in parallel to reduce the swirls behind the buildings, at corners, and near the

ground.

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AHMED AL-SAADI /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 15 (2021) 212–217 213

Many studies have been conducted for the exterior design optimization of

tall buildings. Davenport [13] examined the effect of the exterior design of

buildings on the overall behaviour of aerodynamics by using many model

tests. Baghaei [14] investigated aerodynamic optimization of high-rise

buildings. In his study, he focused on climate-roofing in Iran. 40 prototypes

with different climates were used to achieve the optimal design. The

optimal design of a building should have a minimum of eddies around the

building. In the 1990's, high-rise buildings increased overall in the world,

and that led to an increase in the studies of aerodynamics of tall buildings

to reduce the effect of wind on this type of building [15-19]. Some

researchers examined tapered and set-back design techniques for high-rise

buildings [20, 21]. Other techniques of exterior building design, such as

openings and spoilers, were used to reduce the effect of the wind on

buildings [22, 23]. Kelly et al. [24] studied the influence of helical or

twisted building models on the aerodynamics around buildings to resist

wind loads. Tse et al. [25] analysed available space and cost regarding tall

building designs and their effects on economic terms. Tanaka et al. [26]

investigated many cross-sectional models of tall buildings, such as square,

rectangular, circular, elliptical, and angle-modified models, in addition to

helical and compound models. Some researchers mentioned that changing

the exterior design of buildings has been restricted by many design factors,

not just aerodynamics [27-29]. Furthermore, different perspectives have

been taken during the design of tall buildings, in addition to aerodynamics

[30-37]. Pressure coefficients for high-rise buildings have been studied to

provide a clear picture of pressure differences [38-39]. while some studies

concentrated on the impact of wind on pedestrians [40-43, 56]. Some

previous studies used Autodesk Flow Design for simulating the

aerodynamics around buildings [2, 44, 45]. Some recent research has

focused on the applications of CFD in tall buildings [54, 55].

The main aim of this study is to analyse the drag force on tall buildings. Six

different designs of tall buildings with a twist, in addition to the benchmark

model, are used to achieve the optimal design for these proposed

designs. The building with the minimum drag force is the best in terms of

wind aerodynamics. That can lead to a decreased wind load on the

building. Studying the aerodynamics of tall buildings is limited in many

countries, such as Iraq, and that is the greatest motivation to carry out this

numerical study.

2. Numerical approach

The analysis of aerodynamics around high-rise buildings in this research

was achieved by using CFD simulation. SolidWorks and ANSYS Fluent

were used to create and simulate all configurations of tall buildings. All the

3-D full-scale configurations used in the current work were created using

SolidWorks Software because of the complex shape of the twist. ANSYS

Fluent was used to create a mesh around the main geometry and simulate

all models inside the computational domain.

2.1. Numerical models

Six twisted building models, in addition to the benchmark, were created.

The benchmark had a triangular cross-sectional area with sharp edges, as in

Daemei et al.'s study [2].

Nomenclature

2-D Two-dimensional L Height of the building

3-D Three-dimensional r Fillet radius

CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics V Velocity

A Frontal area of the building

CD Drag coefficient Greek symbols

FD Drag force ρ Density

Figure 1. The benchmark (a) and twisted without fillet model (b).

214 AHMED AL-SAADI /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 15 (2022) 212–217

While twisted building models have the same conditions except for the

radius of fillet, which was nil, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 m respectively. All these

buildings have the same height, which was 120 m, and the ratio of height

to width was 6. Figure 1 shows the benchmark (a) and twisted without fillet

model (b). The overall width of the benchmark model was 20 m, exactly

the same as the aspect ratio (L/W=6). It was noted that the width of the

cross-sectional area of the twisted model was 20 m. But the overall width

of the twisted model was more than 20 m because of the twisted angle.

Figure 2 illustrates all twisted models in isometric and top views. The first

model on the left side is without a fillet. Then the rest, with a radius of 1 m

to 5 m, respectively. It was noted that the frontal area of these twisted

models was not equal because of the magnitude of the fillet radius. The

frontal area of all building models was calculated by using SolidWorks

software to achieve more accurate results.

2.2. Computational domain set-up

ANSYS Fluent software was used to create a computational domain around

the 3-D geometry of the building. Different dimensions for the

computational domain have been used depending on the scale of the model

and conditions [46-48]. Figure 3 shows the benckmark model inside the

computational domain. Recommended dimensions by Bairagi and Dalui

[48] were used in the current study. The distance from the inlet to the tested

model was five times the building's height. While the distance from the

tested model to the outlet was 15 times the building's height, the overall

width of the computational domain was 10 times the building's height, in

addition to the width of the building. The overall height of the

computational domain was 6 times the building's height.

2.3. Mesh refinement

Creating mesh is a very important step to obtaining accurate results.

Therefore, mesh refinement, especially near the wall of testing geometry,

is crucial. Tetrahedral mesh is used in all cases of the present study because

of its sharp edges and twisted geometry. Prismatic cells are added around

buildings and over the ground to improve the quality of the mesh. Seven

layers of prismatic cells are used as the optimal case in the current study. A

growth rate of 1.2 is used in the global domain of mesh. Figure 4 shows the

side view of the mesh throughout the computational domain.

Real air movement is not completely horizontal, but it can be in any

direction because of the topography of the earth. Some previous studies

focused on the direction of air and the effect of it on pedestrian comfort, as

shown in Figure 5 [49-53]. The wind speed increases as the distance from

the ground increases. The highest velocity of air could occur at a height of

about 500 m [14]. In the current study, the direction of air is completely

Figure 2. All twisted building models.

Figure 3. Tall building inside the computational domain

Figure 4. Mesh with seven layers of prismatic cells

AHMED AL-SAADI /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 15 (2021) 212–217 215

parallel to the horizontal ground of the computational domain.

2.4. Drag coefficient

The drag coefficient (CD) is a dimensionless quantity which represents, in

the current study, the resistance of a building against the wind. It is better

to decrease this amount as much as possible to increase comfort standards

for pedestrians and to decrease serious problems for pedestrians at the same

time. Each shape has a different drag coefficient than the others.

This dimensionless quantity can be mathematically clarified by the

following equation (1) [2]:

𝐶𝐷 =
2 𝐹𝐷

𝜌 𝐴 𝑉 2
(1)

where CD represents the drag coefficient, and it is a dimensionless quantity.

FD represents the drag force (N). ρ represents the air density (kg/m
3) at 15℃.

A represents the frontal area of the building (m2). V represents wind speed

(m/s).

3. Results and discussions

The numerical simulations were achieved in two stages. First, CD was

evaluated for the building with a triangular cross-sectional area as in

Daemei et al.'s [2] study to validate the methodology of the present study.

Then, six modified exterior shapes of twisted buildings were simulated.

3.1. Validation of numerical results

The mesh dependency test is the major step to achieving accurate numerical

results. Therefore, a variety of mesh densities were tested to obtain the

optimal number of meshes for this study. Figure 6 shows the mesh

dependency test for the benchmark in the present study.

Validation of the numerical simulation results for the benchmark in the

current study was accomplished by comparing them with the previous study

of Daemei et al. [2] for similar conditions. The benchmark model of the

building in the present study had an equilateral triangular cross-sectional

area. The length of the side of the triangle was 20 m, while the overall height

of this building was 120 m. This baseline model had sharp edges on all

sides, exactly similar to the model in the previous study [2]. Figure 7 shows

the drag coefficient with the time for the benchmark in Daemei et al. study

[2]. They used Autodesk Flow Design to achieve all drag coefficients for

many configurations. Figure 8 shows the CD as a function to iterations for

the benchmark in the present study; ANSYS Fluent was applied to obtain

all numerical results. Table 1 shows the CD in the current study and previous

study. A good agreement on the benchmark data between the previous and

present studies was achieved.

Table 1. Drag coefficients for the benchmark.

A previous study [2] Current study

Software
Autodesk Flow

Design
ANSYS Fluent

CD 0.79 0.8

Percentage Error (%) ----- 1.2

Figure 7. CD of the basic model in Daemei et al. study [2]

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

0.E+00 1.E+06 2.E+06 3.E+06 4.E+06 5.E+06

Number of mesh

Figure 5. Airflow around buildings [14]

Figure 6. CD as a function of mesh dependency.

Time (s)

Number of mesh

216 AHMED AL-SAADI /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 15 (2022) 212–217

3.2. Numerical simulation results of modified buildings

The numerical simulations for the modified models of buildings were

conducted. The CD was assessed on twisted models of buildings. Six

modified models were simulated. All modified models had the same overall

height, cross-sectional shape, and twisted angle. The first model had sharp

edges, while the other five had fillet radiuses of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 m. The

frontal area of these models was not equal because of the different edges.

And it was calculated by using SolidWorks for more accurate results. All

values of CD were recorded and evaluated when the airflow was in a

stabilization mode. Six modified models, in addition to the benchmark,

were investigated. A comparison between all models was employed to

figure out which model has the lowest drag coefficient in order to reduce

drag force and bending torque. It is clear from Figure 9 and Table 2 that

the CD of the benchmark was about 0.8. While the CD for all modified

buildings was less than 0.7, as shown in Figure 9. The twisted building

without a rounded fillet had the highest CD of the modified group of

buildings because of early separation of air. Using fillet on all edges can

reduce CD as well as vortex formations behind the building. According to

Figure 9 and Table 2, increasing the radius of the fillet decreases the drag

coefficient. Increasing the radius of fillet for edges can lead to decreasing

CD, but that can be affected by the capacity of the building. Therefore, a

balance between CD and the capacity of the building should be taken into

consideration. Twisted tall buildings, on the other hand, are an expensive

style to implement, but they are important in earthquake zones, as

mentioned in previous studies [2, 24].

Table 2. Drag coefficients for all models

4. Conclusion

Six modified exterior shapes of buildings, in addition to the benchmark,

were numerically simulated using ANSYS Fluent to determine the optimal

design among them, in proportion to the drag coefficient. According to the

numerical simulations of the present work, twisted buildings with a square

cross-sectional area and using a radius of fillet of 5 m had the best

performance in reducing CD. Because this technique can result in less

swirling wind at the edges. The twist in the building helps the wind flow in

an inclined direction. Therefore, the horizontal velocity of air can be

decreased to create more comfortable conditions around tall buildings. All

results of numerical simulations for modified models were compared to the

benchmark and between them as well, in order to define the best exterior

shape of a tall building. It is clear that the sixth modification had the lowest

CD, which was 0.58. And that means the CD was reduced by 27%.

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