ALCES 46, 2010 A Journal Devoted to the Biology and Management of Moose Edward M. addison Ecolink Science VincE F. J. crichton Manitoba Conservation Murray w. LankEstEr Lakehead University (retired) Brian E. McLarEn Lakehead University Printed at Lakehead University Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada (called Proceedings of the North American Moose Conference from 1972 through 1980) ISSN 0835-5851 kristinE M. rinEs New Hampshire Fish and Game EdMund s. tELFEr Canadian Wildlife Service richard M. P. ward Yukon Department of Renewable Resources ASSOCIATE EDITORS CHIEF EDITOR PEtEr J. PEkins University of New Hampshire SUBMISSIONS EDITOR GEraLd w. rEdMond Maritime College of Forest Technology BUSINESS EDITOR arthur r. rodGErs Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources