ALCES 48, 2012
A Journal Devoted to the Biology and Management of Moose

Edward M. addison
Ecolink Science

VincE F. J. crichton
Manitoba Conservation

Murray w. LankEstEr
Lakehead University (retired)

Printed at Lakehead University
Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada

(called Proceedings of the North American
Moose Conference from 1972 through 1980)

ISSN 0835-5851

Brian E. McLarEn
Lakehead University

GEraLd w. rEdMond
Maritime College of Forest Technology

kristinE M. rinEs
New Hampshire Fish and Game

ASSOCIATE EDITORS

CHIEF EDITOR
PEtEr J. PEkins

University of New Hampshire

SUBMISSIONS EDITOR
roy V. rEa

uniVErsity oF northErn British coLuMBia

BUSINESS EDITOR
arthur r. rodGErs

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources