ALCES 56, 2020
A Journal Devoted to the Biology and Management of  Moose

CHIEF EDITOR
Peter J. Pekins

University of  New Hampshire

SUBMISSIONS EDITOR
roy V. rea

UniVersity of northern British ColUmBia

BUSINESS EDITOR
arthUr r. rodgers

Ontario Ministry of  Natural Resources

ASSOCIATE EDITORS

edward m. addison
Ecolink Science

eriC Bergman
Colorado Parks and Wildlife

VinCe f. J. CriChton
Manitoba Conservation

miChelle Carstensen
Minnesota Department of   

Natural Resources

niCk deCesare
Montana Fish, Wildlife,  

and Parks

mUrray w. lankester
Lakehead University (retired)

Brian e. mClaren
Lakehead University

steVe windels
Voyageurs National Park

Printed at Lakehead University
Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada

(called Proceedings of  the North American
Moose Conference from 1972 through 1980)

ISSN 0835-5851