4308.pdf ALCES VOL. 43, 2007 KOCHAN - SEASONAL ADAPTATIONS OF MOOSE METABOLISM 123 SEASONAL ADAPTATIONS OF MOOSE (ALCES ALCES) METABOLISM Tatyana I. Kochan Institute of Physiology, Komi Science Center, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar 167982, Pervomayskaya, 50, Russia ABSTRACT: The experiments were conducted on two yearling moose (Alces alces) with rumen - ALCES VOL. 43: 123-128 (2007) Key words: adaptation, Alces Alces alces) (Schwartz et al. 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988; Re- winter decreases naturally in response to a - times higher than the mean winter HP. Similar patterns in consumption and di- - nutrients and energy, water exchange, rumen - ological adaptation to changing conditions METHODS Research was conducted with 2 yearling - SEASONAL ADAPTATIONS OF MOOSE METABOLISM - KOCHAN ALCES VOL. 43, 2007 124 - - Feces and urine were collected in plastic to chemical analysis. The water content, dry (Betula pubestris), aspen (Picea obovata), mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia), willow (Salix sp.) Chamaerion an- gustifolium Pinus sylvestris Vaccinium vitis-idaea 23:30:17:30. VFA. - - - ( - Student t-test was used to determine statistical RESULTS P < cellulose, and energy were higher in summer 0.75) 0.75 - P < 0.001) Nutritional Parameter Dry matter ± 9.5 84.2 ± Cellulose ± 1.7 18.2 ± Sugar 19.5 ± 1.2 9.1 ± 108.8 ± 7.4 47.9 ± 15.9 ± 0.2 7.3 ± 18.8 ± 1.1 8.7 ± Gross energy 2.98 ± 0.27 1.45 ± 2.2 ± 0.2 0.83 ± ALCES VOL. 43, 2007 KOCHAN - SEASONAL ADAPTATIONS OF MOOSE METABOLISM 125 P and urinary water output changed similarly. (P - P lower (P P P < 0.001) times (P increased 3 times (P 5 times (P < 0.001), and acetate 2 times (P < DISCUSSION Adaptations to cold seasons with limited that aid thermal homeostasis; e.g., when energy . 0.75) in P P < 0.01), P < 0.001). Measurement 333.3 ± 83.0 ± ± 108.3 ± 10.8 440.9 ± 191.3 ± 128.8 ± 1.9 ± Urine secretion ± 24.5 ± Approximate water retention 148.7 ± 20.3 73.0 ± - (P P < 0.01). Item Cellulose 22.7 ± 3.5 ± 0.1 Sugar 4.0 ± 0.1 3.0 ± Acetic acid ± 1.3 47.2 ± 2.5 Propionic acid 12.8 ± 0.9 8.7 ± Butyric acid 15.8 ± 3.2 ± 78.2 ± 2.0 ± - P < 0.05), P P < 0.001). ± 0.42 3.30 ± Acetone + acetoacetate, 2.35 ± ± 4.00 ± 0.80 2.00 ± ± 0.28 ± Acetic acid, ± 0.14 ± Propionic acid, 0.03 ± 0.00 0.08 ± Butyric acid, 0.01 ± 0.00 0.02 ± ± 0.14 ± SEASONAL ADAPTATIONS OF MOOSE METABOLISM - KOCHAN ALCES VOL. 43, 2007 thermal homeostasis, it is also important to reduce heat loss. - - 2 and respired CO2 oxidation-reduction process. The decrease calorimetry (Regelin et al. 1985), suggesting data in this study, which indicated an increase - declined in the rumen indicates their lower - and proteins. reduction processes leads to less production acceptor) and lower ATP production. Lower ATP synthesis in winter is apparently explained - endogenic water in reindeer during cold was maintained or reduced during winter and to reduce heat loss. energy and water sources can occur only with - I assumed oxidation was compensated the increased the The reduced (i.e, greater utilization than ) was increased glycolytic intensity prior to winter. In summer, when consumption energy, and water are highest, VFA produced production. Th low ALCES VOL. 43, 2007 KOCHAN - SEASONAL ADAPTATIONS OF MOOSE METABOLISM 127 than in ) and pointing , when there was reduced consumption , and lower water retention, the total VFA concentration in the rumen decreased as increased, while glucose and concentration . changes suggest c adaptation moose to limit heat loss during winter include , enhancement the supply, and reduced water exchange. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES CAMERON, R. D., and J. R. LUICK. 1972. CHERMNYKH, N. A., M. P. ROSHCHEVSKY, and E. A. NOVOZHILOVA. 1980. Kopytnye KHMYLOV, A. V. - KNORRE, E. P., and E. K. KNORRE. 1959. - KOCHAN, T. I - nogo opredeleniya pitatel’noy cennosti - - _____ KOCHANOV, N. E., G. M. IVANOVA,A. E. WEBER, and A. F. SYMAKOV. 1981. - wild ruminants – reindeer and moose). _____, and G. V. TULUPOV. 1979. Gazozhid- POCHINOK, K. H. N - REGELIN, W. L., C. C. SCHWARTZ, and A. W. FRANZMANN. 1985. Seasonal energy _____, _____, and _____. - RENECKER, L. A., and R. J. HUDSON. 1985. Management 49:785-792. SCHWARTZ, C. C., M. E. HUBBERT, and A. W. FRANZMANN. 33. _____, W. L. REGELIN, and A. W. FRANZMANN. 1984. in moose. Alces 20:223-244. SEASONAL ADAPTATIONS OF MOOSE METABOLISM - KOCHAN ALCES VOL. 43, 2007 128 _____, _____, _____, and M. HUBBERT. SOKOLOV, V. E., and O. F. CHERNOVA. 1987. Alces Alces WEBER, A. E., and A. V. CHALYSHEV. 1990. _____, A. F. SIMAKOV, N. I. CHUV’YUROVA, A. V. CHALYSHEV, L. P. BADLO, T. I. KOCHAN, and N. N. MONGALEV. 1992. Fisiologia pitania YAZAN, J. P., and M. V. KOZHUKHOV. - moregulation in moose). Trudy Pechoro- -