id	sid	tid	token	lemma	pos
alces-475	1	1	f:\alces\vol_39\p65\3905.pdf	f:\alces\vol_39\p65\3905.pdf	NUM
alces-475	1	2	alces	alce	NOUN
alces-475	1	3	vol	vol	NOUN
alces-475	1	4	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	1	5	39	39	NUM
alces-475	1	6	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	1	7	2003	2003	NUM
alces-475	1	8	sinclair	sinclair	NOUN
alces-475	1	9	–	–	PUNCT
alces-475	1	10	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	1	11	as	as	ADP
alces-475	1	12	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	1	13	landscapers	landscaper	NOUN
alces-475	1	14	161	161	NUM
alces-475	1	15	the	the	DET
alces-475	1	16	role	role	NOUN
alces-475	1	17	of	of	ADP
alces-475	1	18	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	1	19	as	as	ADP
alces-475	1	20	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	1	21	landscapers	landscapers	PROPN
alces-475	1	22	a.	a.	PROPN
alces-475	1	23	r.	r.	PROPN
alces-475	1	24	e.	e.	PROPN
alces-475	1	25	sinclair	sinclair	PROPN
alces-475	1	26	centre	centre	PROPN
alces-475	1	27	for	for	ADP
alces-475	1	28	biodiversity	biodiversity	NOUN
alces-475	1	29	research	research	NOUN
alces-475	1	30	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	1	31	6270	6270	NUM
alces-475	1	32	university	university	NOUN
alces-475	1	33	boulevard	boulevard	NOUN
alces-475	1	34	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	1	35	university	university	PROPN
alces-475	1	36	of	of	ADP
alces-475	1	37	british	british	PROPN
alces-475	1	38	columbia	columbia	PROPN
alces-475	1	39	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	1	40	vancouver	vancouver	PROPN
alces-475	1	41	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	1	42	bc	bc	PROPN
alces-475	1	43	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	1	44	canada	canada	PROPN
alces-475	1	45	v6	v6	PROPN
alces-475	1	46	t	t	PROPN
alces-475	1	47	1z4	1z4	NUM
alces-475	1	48	abstract	abstract	NOUN
alces-475	1	49	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	1	50	the	the	DET
alces-475	1	51	role	role	NOUN
alces-475	1	52	of	of	ADP
alces-475	1	53	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	1	54	in	in	ADP
alces-475	1	55	ecosystems	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	1	56	is	be	AUX
alces-475	1	57	to	to	PART
alces-475	1	58	modify	modify	VERB
alces-475	1	59	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	1	60	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	1	61	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	1	62	alter	alter	VERB
alces-475	1	63	pathways	pathway	NOUN
alces-475	1	64	of	of	ADP
alces-475	1	65	nutrients	nutrient	NOUN
alces-475	1	66	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	1	67	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	1	68	thereby	thereby	ADV
alces-475	1	69	change	change	VERB
alces-475	1	70	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	1	71	composition	composition	NOUN
alces-475	1	72	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	2	1	their	their	PRON
alces-475	2	2	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	2	3	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	2	4	scale	scale	NOUN
alces-475	2	5	structuring	structuring	NOUN
alces-475	2	6	effects	effect	NOUN
alces-475	2	7	make	make	VERB
alces-475	2	8	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	2	9	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	2	10	‘	'	PUNCT
alces-475	2	11	ecological	ecological	ADJ
alces-475	2	12	landscapers	landscaper	NOUN
alces-475	2	13	’	'	PUNCT
alces-475	2	14	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	3	1	through	through	ADP
alces-475	3	2	this	this	PRON
alces-475	3	3	they	they	PRON
alces-475	3	4	influence	influence	VERB
alces-475	3	5	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	3	6	function	function	NOUN
alces-475	3	7	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	3	8	biodiversity	biodiversity	NOUN
alces-475	3	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	4	1	landscaping	landscaping	NOUN
alces-475	4	2	effects	effect	NOUN
alces-475	4	3	occur	occur	VERB
alces-475	4	4	when	when	SCONJ
alces-475	4	5	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	4	6	are	be	AUX
alces-475	4	7	regulated	regulate	VERB
alces-475	4	8	by	by	ADP
alces-475	4	9	food	food	NOUN
alces-475	4	10	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	4	11	rather	rather	ADV
alces-475	4	12	than	than	ADP
alces-475	4	13	by	by	ADP
alces-475	4	14	predators	predator	NOUN
alces-475	4	15	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	5	1	this	this	DET
alces-475	5	2	condition	condition	NOUN
alces-475	5	3	is	be	AUX
alces-475	5	4	constrained	constrain	VERB
alces-475	5	5	by	by	ADP
alces-475	5	6	four	four	NUM
alces-475	5	7	factors	factor	NOUN
alces-475	5	8	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	5	9	when	when	SCONJ
alces-475	5	10	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	5	11	1	1	X
alces-475	5	12	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	5	13	body	body	NOUN
alces-475	5	14	size	size	NOUN
alces-475	5	15	is	be	AUX
alces-475	5	16	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	5	17	enough	enough	ADV
alces-475	5	18	to	to	PART
alces-475	5	19	avoid	avoid	VERB
alces-475	5	20	predators	predator	NOUN
alces-475	5	21	;	;	PUNCT
alces-475	5	22	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	5	23	2	2	X
alces-475	5	24	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	5	25	populations	population	NOUN
alces-475	5	26	adopt	adopt	VERB
alces-475	5	27	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	5	28	scale	scale	NOUN
alces-475	5	29	migration	migration	NOUN
alces-475	5	30	behaviour	behaviour	NOUN
alces-475	5	31	because	because	SCONJ
alces-475	5	32	predators	predator	NOUN
alces-475	5	33	are	be	AUX
alces-475	5	34	unable	unable	ADJ
alces-475	5	35	to	to	PART
alces-475	5	36	follow	follow	VERB
alces-475	5	37	them	they	PRON
alces-475	5	38	;	;	PUNCT
alces-475	5	39	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	5	40	3	3	X
alces-475	5	41	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	5	42	in	in	ADP
alces-475	5	43	multispecies	multispecies	PROPN
alces-475	5	44	communities	community	NOUN
alces-475	5	45	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	5	46	savanna	savanna	NOUN
alces-475	5	47	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	5	48	grasslands	grassland	NOUN
alces-475	5	49	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	5	50	with	with	ADP
alces-475	5	51	a	a	DET
alces-475	5	52	range	range	NOUN
alces-475	5	53	of	of	ADP
alces-475	5	54	predator	predator	NOUN
alces-475	5	55	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	5	56	prey	prey	PROPN
alces-475	5	57	sizes	size	NOUN
alces-475	5	58	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	5	59	only	only	ADV
alces-475	5	60	the	the	DET
alces-475	5	61	largest	large	ADJ
alces-475	5	62	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	5	63	can	can	AUX
alces-475	5	64	avoid	avoid	VERB
alces-475	5	65	predation	predation	NOUN
alces-475	5	66	because	because	SCONJ
alces-475	5	67	they	they	PRON
alces-475	5	68	subsidize	subsidize	VERB
alces-475	5	69	predators	predator	NOUN
alces-475	5	70	that	that	PRON
alces-475	5	71	regulate	regulate	VERB
alces-475	5	72	smaller	small	ADJ
alces-475	5	73	prey	prey	NOUN
alces-475	5	74	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	5	75	;	;	PUNCT
alces-475	5	76	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	5	77	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	5	78	4	4	X
alces-475	5	79	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	5	80	in	in	ADP
alces-475	5	81	single	single	ADJ
alces-475	5	82	predator	predator	NOUN
alces-475	5	83	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	5	84	prey	prey	NOUN
alces-475	5	85	systems	system	NOUN
alces-475	5	86	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	5	87	tundra	tundra	NOUN
alces-475	5	88	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	5	89	desert	desert	NOUN
alces-475	5	90	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	5	91	boreal	boreal	NOUN
alces-475	5	92	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	5	93	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	5	94	temperate	temperate	ADJ
alces-475	5	95	forests	forest	NOUN
alces-475	5	96	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	5	97	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	5	98	ecological	ecological	ADJ
alces-475	5	99	conditions	condition	NOUN
alces-475	5	100	determine	determine	VERB
alces-475	5	101	whether	whether	SCONJ
alces-475	5	102	or	or	CCONJ
alces-475	5	103	not	not	PART
alces-475	5	104	predators	predator	NOUN
alces-475	5	105	regulate	regulate	VERB
alces-475	5	106	prey	prey	NOUN
alces-475	5	107	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	6	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	6	2	structuring	structuring	ADJ
alces-475	6	3	role	role	NOUN
alces-475	6	4	of	of	ADP
alces-475	6	5	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	6	6	in	in	ADP
alces-475	6	7	maintaining	maintain	VERB
alces-475	6	8	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	6	9	diversity	diversity	NOUN
alces-475	6	10	is	be	AUX
alces-475	6	11	evident	evident	ADJ
alces-475	6	12	not	not	PART
alces-475	6	13	just	just	ADV
alces-475	6	14	in	in	ADP
alces-475	6	15	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	6	16	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	6	17	but	but	CCONJ
alces-475	6	18	also	also	ADV
alces-475	6	19	in	in	ADP
alces-475	6	20	birds	bird	NOUN
alces-475	6	21	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	6	22	other	other	ADJ
alces-475	6	23	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	6	24	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	6	25	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	6	26	invertebrates	invertebrate	NOUN
alces-475	6	27	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	7	1	this	this	DET
alces-475	7	2	role	role	NOUN
alces-475	7	3	makes	make	VERB
alces-475	7	4	them	they	PRON
alces-475	7	5	prime	prime	ADJ
alces-475	7	6	candidates	candidate	NOUN
alces-475	7	7	as	as	ADP
alces-475	7	8	‘	'	PUNCT
alces-475	7	9	umbrella	umbrella	NOUN
alces-475	7	10	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	7	11	’	'	PUNCT
alces-475	7	12	for	for	ADP
alces-475	7	13	conservation	conservation	NOUN
alces-475	7	14	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	8	1	protection	protection	NOUN
alces-475	8	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	8	3	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	8	4	mammal	mammal	ADJ
alces-475	8	5	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	8	6	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	8	7	their	their	PRON
alces-475	8	8	habitats	habitat	NOUN
alces-475	8	9	also	also	ADV
alces-475	8	10	conserves	conserve	VERB
alces-475	8	11	a	a	DET
alces-475	8	12	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	8	13	part	part	NOUN
alces-475	8	14	of	of	ADP
alces-475	8	15	the	the	DET
alces-475	8	16	remaining	remain	VERB
alces-475	8	17	community	community	NOUN
alces-475	8	18	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	9	1	it	it	PRON
alces-475	9	2	also	also	ADV
alces-475	9	3	means	mean	VERB
alces-475	9	4	that	that	SCONJ
alces-475	9	5	such	such	ADJ
alces-475	9	6	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	9	7	become	become	VERB
alces-475	9	8	the	the	DET
alces-475	9	9	‘	'	PUNCT
alces-475	9	10	indicator	indicator	NOUN
alces-475	9	11	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	9	12	’	'	PUNCT
alces-475	9	13	for	for	ADP
alces-475	9	14	the	the	DET
alces-475	9	15	health	health	NOUN
alces-475	9	16	of	of	ADP
alces-475	9	17	the	the	DET
alces-475	9	18	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	9	19	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	10	1	alces	alce	NOUN
alces-475	10	2	vol	vol	NOUN
alces-475	10	3	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	11	1	39	39	NUM
alces-475	11	2	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	11	3	161	161	NUM
alces-475	11	4	-	-	SYM
alces-475	11	5	176	176	NUM
alces-475	11	6	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	11	7	2003	2003	NUM
alces-475	11	8	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	11	9	key	key	ADJ
alces-475	11	10	words	word	NOUN
alces-475	11	11	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	11	12	biodiversity	biodiversity	NOUN
alces-475	11	13	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	11	14	ecological	ecological	ADJ
alces-475	11	15	landscapers	landscaper	NOUN
alces-475	11	16	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	11	17	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	11	18	function	function	NOUN
alces-475	11	19	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	11	20	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	11	21	in	in	ADP
alces-475	11	22	terrestrial	terrestrial	ADJ
alces-475	11	23	ecosystems	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	11	24	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	11	25	plants	plant	NOUN
alces-475	11	26	form	form	VERB
alces-475	11	27	the	the	DET
alces-475	11	28	basis	basis	NOUN
alces-475	11	29	of	of	ADP
alces-475	11	30	all	all	DET
alces-475	11	31	communities	community	NOUN
alces-475	11	32	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	11	33	in	in	ADP
alces-475	11	34	terms	term	NOUN
alces-475	11	35	of	of	ADP
alces-475	11	36	both	both	DET
alces-475	11	37	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	11	38	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	11	39	function	function	NOUN
alces-475	11	40	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	12	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	12	2	abiotic	abiotic	ADJ
alces-475	12	3	environment	environment	NOUN
alces-475	12	4	sets	set	VERB
alces-475	12	5	the	the	DET
alces-475	12	6	particular	particular	ADJ
alces-475	12	7	form	form	NOUN
alces-475	12	8	of	of	ADP
alces-475	12	9	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	12	10	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	12	11	with	with	ADP
alces-475	12	12	cold	cold	ADJ
alces-475	12	13	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	12	14	dry	dry	ADJ
alces-475	12	15	climates	climate	NOUN
alces-475	12	16	having	having	AUX
alces-475	12	17	slow	slow	ADJ
alces-475	12	18	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	12	19	intermittent	intermittent	ADJ
alces-475	12	20	flow	flow	NOUN
alces-475	12	21	of	of	ADP
alces-475	12	22	resources	resource	NOUN
alces-475	12	23	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	13	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	13	2	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	13	3	moves	move	VERB
alces-475	13	4	from	from	ADP
alces-475	13	5	single	single	ADJ
alces-475	13	6	layer	layer	NOUN
alces-475	13	7	lichens	lichen	NOUN
alces-475	13	8	in	in	ADP
alces-475	13	9	the	the	DET
alces-475	13	10	antarctic	antarctic	NOUN
alces-475	13	11	through	through	ADP
alces-475	13	12	arctic	arctic	ADJ
alces-475	13	13	tundra	tundra	NOUN
alces-475	13	14	to	to	ADP
alces-475	13	15	complex	complex	ADJ
alces-475	13	16	rainforests	rainforest	NOUN
alces-475	13	17	of	of	ADP
alces-475	13	18	the	the	DET
alces-475	13	19	tropics	tropic	NOUN
alces-475	13	20	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	14	1	thus	thus	ADV
alces-475	14	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	14	3	plants	plant	NOUN
alces-475	14	4	determine	determine	VERB
alces-475	14	5	the	the	DET
alces-475	14	6	niche	niche	NOUN
alces-475	14	7	possibilities	possibility	NOUN
alces-475	14	8	of	of	ADP
alces-475	14	9	animals	animal	NOUN
alces-475	14	10	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	15	1	to	to	ADP
alces-475	15	2	what	what	DET
alces-475	15	3	extent	extent	NOUN
alces-475	15	4	do	do	AUX
alces-475	15	5	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	15	6	alter	alter	VERB
alces-475	15	7	the	the	DET
alces-475	15	8	basic	basic	ADJ
alces-475	15	9	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	15	10	of	of	ADP
alces-475	15	11	communities	community	NOUN
alces-475	15	12	set	set	VERB
alces-475	15	13	by	by	ADP
alces-475	15	14	plants	plant	NOUN
alces-475	15	15	?	?	PUNCT
alces-475	16	1	because	because	SCONJ
alces-475	16	2	all	all	DET
alces-475	16	3	animals	animal	NOUN
alces-475	16	4	in	in	ADP
alces-475	16	5	terrestrial	terrestrial	ADJ
alces-475	16	6	systems	system	NOUN
alces-475	16	7	depend	depend	VERB
alces-475	16	8	directly	directly	ADV
alces-475	16	9	or	or	CCONJ
alces-475	16	10	indirectly	indirectly	ADV
alces-475	16	11	on	on	ADP
alces-475	16	12	plants	plant	NOUN
alces-475	16	13	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	16	14	they	they	PRON
alces-475	16	15	must	must	AUX
alces-475	16	16	to	to	ADP
alces-475	16	17	some	some	DET
alces-475	16	18	degree	degree	NOUN
alces-475	16	19	alter	alter	NOUN
alces-475	16	20	plant	plant	NOUN
alces-475	16	21	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	16	22	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	16	23	rates	rate	NOUN
alces-475	16	24	of	of	ADP
alces-475	16	25	flow	flow	NOUN
alces-475	16	26	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	16	27	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	16	28	species	species	NOUN
alces-475	16	29	composition	composition	NOUN
alces-475	16	30	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	17	1	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	17	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	17	3	even	even	ADV
alces-475	17	4	at	at	ADP
alces-475	17	5	their	their	PRON
alces-475	17	6	most	most	ADV
alces-475	17	7	abundant	abundant	ADJ
alces-475	17	8	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	17	9	are	be	AUX
alces-475	17	10	numerically	numerically	ADV
alces-475	17	11	insignificant	insignificant	ADJ
alces-475	17	12	in	in	ADP
alces-475	17	13	comparison	comparison	NOUN
alces-475	17	14	to	to	ADP
alces-475	17	15	such	such	ADJ
alces-475	17	16	groups	group	NOUN
alces-475	17	17	as	as	ADP
alces-475	17	18	birds	bird	NOUN
alces-475	17	19	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	17	20	reptiles	reptile	NOUN
alces-475	17	21	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	17	22	not	not	PART
alces-475	17	23	to	to	PART
alces-475	17	24	mention	mention	VERB
alces-475	17	25	insects	insect	NOUN
alces-475	17	26	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	17	27	protozoa	protozoan	NOUN
alces-475	17	28	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	17	29	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	17	30	protists	protist	NOUN
alces-475	17	31	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	18	1	nevertheless	nevertheless	ADV
alces-475	18	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	18	3	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	18	4	impact	impact	VERB
alces-475	18	5	plant	plant	NOUN
alces-475	18	6	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	18	7	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	18	8	function	function	NOUN
alces-475	18	9	to	to	ADP
alces-475	18	10	a	a	DET
alces-475	18	11	greater	great	ADJ
alces-475	18	12	extent	extent	NOUN
alces-475	18	13	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	18	14	relative	relative	ADJ
alces-475	18	15	to	to	ADP
alces-475	18	16	their	their	PRON
alces-475	18	17	abundance	abundance	NOUN
alces-475	18	18	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	18	19	than	than	ADP
alces-475	18	20	any	any	DET
alces-475	18	21	other	other	ADJ
alces-475	18	22	animal	animal	NOUN
alces-475	18	23	group	group	NOUN
alces-475	18	24	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	19	1	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	19	2	are	be	AUX
alces-475	19	3	“	"	PUNCT
alces-475	19	4	ecological	ecological	ADJ
alces-475	19	5	landscapers	landscaper	NOUN
alces-475	19	6	”	"	PUNCT
alces-475	19	7	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	20	1	because	because	SCONJ
alces-475	20	2	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	20	3	change	change	VERB
alces-475	20	4	the	the	DET
alces-475	20	5	physical	physical	ADJ
alces-475	20	6	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	20	7	biotic	biotic	ADJ
alces-475	20	8	landscape	landscape	NOUN
alces-475	20	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	20	10	they	they	PRON
alces-475	20	11	can	can	AUX
alces-475	20	12	affect	affect	VERB
alces-475	20	13	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	20	14	function	function	NOUN
alces-475	20	15	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	20	16	hurlbert	hurlbert	NOUN
alces-475	20	17	1997	1997	NUM
alces-475	20	18	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	20	19	paine	paine	NOUN
alces-475	20	20	2000	2000	NUM
alces-475	20	21	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	20	22	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	21	1	this	this	DET
alces-475	21	2	impact	impact	NOUN
alces-475	21	3	leads	lead	VERB
alces-475	21	4	naturally	naturally	ADV
alces-475	21	5	to	to	ADP
alces-475	21	6	the	the	DET
alces-475	21	7	conservation	conservation	NOUN
alces-475	21	8	issues	issue	NOUN
alces-475	21	9	of	of	ADP
alces-475	21	10	umbrella	umbrella	NOUN
alces-475	21	11	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	21	12	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	21	13	indicator	indicator	NOUN
alces-475	21	14	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	21	15	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	21	16	landres	landre	NOUN
alces-475	21	17	et	et	PROPN
alces-475	21	18	al	al	PROPN
alces-475	21	19	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	21	20	1988	1988	NUM
alces-475	21	21	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	21	22	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	22	1	can	can	AUX
alces-475	22	2	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	22	3	act	act	VERB
alces-475	22	4	as	as	ADP
alces-475	22	5	umbrella	umbrella	NOUN
alces-475	22	6	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	22	7	purely	purely	ADV
alces-475	22	8	because	because	SCONJ
alces-475	22	9	of	of	ADP
alces-475	22	10	their	their	PRON
alces-475	22	11	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	22	12	scale	scale	NOUN
alces-475	22	13	structuring	structuring	NOUN
alces-475	22	14	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	22	15	functional	functional	ADJ
alces-475	22	16	effects	effect	NOUN
alces-475	22	17	so	so	SCONJ
alces-475	22	18	that	that	SCONJ
alces-475	22	19	in	in	ADP
alces-475	22	20	protecting	protect	VERB
alces-475	22	21	them	they	PRON
alces-475	22	22	they	they	PRON
alces-475	22	23	also	also	ADV
alces-475	22	24	protect	protect	VERB
alces-475	22	25	most	most	ADJ
alces-475	22	26	other	other	ADJ
alces-475	22	27	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	22	28	?	?	PUNCT
alces-475	23	1	can	can	AUX
alces-475	23	2	they	they	PRON
alces-475	23	3	also	also	ADV
alces-475	23	4	act	act	VERB
alces-475	23	5	as	as	ADP
alces-475	23	6	surrogates	surrogate	NOUN
alces-475	23	7	for	for	ADP
alces-475	23	8	other	other	ADJ
alces-475	23	9	groups	group	NOUN
alces-475	23	10	so	so	SCONJ
alces-475	23	11	that	that	SCONJ
alces-475	23	12	easily	easily	ADV
alces-475	23	13	detectable	detectable	ADJ
alces-475	23	14	trends	trend	NOUN
alces-475	23	15	in	in	ADP
alces-475	23	16	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	23	17	reflect	reflect	VERB
alces-475	23	18	similar	similar	ADJ
alces-475	23	19	trends	trend	NOUN
alces-475	23	20	in	in	ADP
alces-475	23	21	other	other	ADJ
alces-475	23	22	less	less	ADV
alces-475	23	23	obvious	obvious	ADJ
alces-475	23	24	groups	group	NOUN
alces-475	23	25	?	?	PUNCT
alces-475	24	1	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	24	2	as	as	ADP
alces-475	24	3	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	24	4	landscapers	landscaper	NOUN
alces-475	24	5	–	–	PUNCT
alces-475	24	6	sinclair	sinclair	NOUN
alces-475	24	7	alces	alce	NOUN
alces-475	24	8	vol	vol	NOUN
alces-475	24	9	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	24	10	39	39	NUM
alces-475	24	11	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	24	12	2003	2003	NUM
alces-475	24	13	162	162	NUM
alces-475	24	14	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	24	15	as	as	ADP
alces-475	24	16	ecological	ecological	ADJ
alces-475	24	17	landscapers	landscaper	NOUN
alces-475	24	18	‘	'	PUNCT
alces-475	24	19	ecological	ecological	ADJ
alces-475	24	20	engineers	engineer	NOUN
alces-475	24	21	’	'	PUNCT
alces-475	24	22	are	be	AUX
alces-475	24	23	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	24	24	that	that	PRON
alces-475	24	25	change	change	VERB
alces-475	24	26	the	the	DET
alces-475	24	27	physical	physical	ADJ
alces-475	24	28	state	state	NOUN
alces-475	24	29	of	of	ADP
alces-475	24	30	the	the	DET
alces-475	24	31	biotic	biotic	ADJ
alces-475	24	32	or	or	CCONJ
alces-475	24	33	abiotic	abiotic	ADJ
alces-475	24	34	environment	environment	NOUN
alces-475	24	35	in	in	ADP
alces-475	24	36	which	which	PRON
alces-475	24	37	they	they	PRON
alces-475	24	38	live	live	VERB
alces-475	24	39	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	24	40	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	24	41	thereby	thereby	ADV
alces-475	24	42	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	24	43	alter	alter	VERB
alces-475	24	44	the	the	DET
alces-475	24	45	flow	flow	NOUN
alces-475	24	46	of	of	ADP
alces-475	24	47	resources	resource	NOUN
alces-475	24	48	to	to	ADP
alces-475	24	49	other	other	ADJ
alces-475	24	50	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	24	51	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	24	52	jones	jones	PROPN
alces-475	24	53	et	et	PROPN
alces-475	24	54	al	al	PROPN
alces-475	24	55	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	24	56	1994	1994	NUM
alces-475	24	57	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	24	58	1997	1997	NUM
alces-475	24	59	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	24	60	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	25	1	thus	thus	ADV
alces-475	25	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	25	3	in	in	ADP
alces-475	25	4	marine	marine	ADJ
alces-475	25	5	environments	environment	NOUN
alces-475	25	6	corals	coral	NOUN
alces-475	25	7	create	create	VERB
alces-475	25	8	their	their	PRON
alces-475	25	9	own	own	ADJ
alces-475	25	10	local	local	ADJ
alces-475	25	11	environment	environment	NOUN
alces-475	25	12	as	as	ADV
alces-475	25	13	well	well	ADV
alces-475	25	14	as	as	ADP
alces-475	25	15	largescale	largescale	ADJ
alces-475	25	16	habitats	habitat	NOUN
alces-475	25	17	for	for	ADP
alces-475	25	18	other	other	ADJ
alces-475	25	19	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	25	20	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	26	1	perhaps	perhaps	ADV
alces-475	26	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	26	3	termites	termite	NOUN
alces-475	26	4	create	create	VERB
alces-475	26	5	similar	similar	ADJ
alces-475	26	6	households	household	NOUN
alces-475	26	7	on	on	ADP
alces-475	26	8	a	a	DET
alces-475	26	9	local	local	ADJ
alces-475	26	10	scale	scale	NOUN
alces-475	26	11	in	in	ADP
alces-475	26	12	terrestrial	terrestrial	ADJ
alces-475	26	13	systems	system	NOUN
alces-475	26	14	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	27	1	however	however	ADV
alces-475	27	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	27	3	such	such	ADJ
alces-475	27	4	‘	'	PUNCT
alces-475	27	5	engineering	engineering	NOUN
alces-475	27	6	’	'	PUNCT
alces-475	27	7	operates	operate	VERB
alces-475	27	8	on	on	ADP
alces-475	27	9	relatively	relatively	ADV
alces-475	27	10	local	local	ADJ
alces-475	27	11	scales	scale	NOUN
alces-475	27	12	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	28	1	there	there	PRON
alces-475	28	2	are	be	VERB
alces-475	28	3	also	also	ADV
alces-475	28	4	processes	process	NOUN
alces-475	28	5	that	that	PRON
alces-475	28	6	take	take	VERB
alces-475	28	7	place	place	NOUN
alces-475	28	8	on	on	ADP
alces-475	28	9	much	much	ADV
alces-475	28	10	larger	large	ADJ
alces-475	28	11	scales	scale	NOUN
alces-475	28	12	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	28	13	landscapes	landscape	NOUN
alces-475	28	14	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	28	15	watersheds	watershed	NOUN
alces-475	28	16	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	28	17	biomes	biome	NOUN
alces-475	28	18	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	28	19	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	28	20	determine	determine	VERB
alces-475	28	21	not	not	PART
alces-475	28	22	only	only	ADV
alces-475	28	23	physical	physical	ADJ
alces-475	28	24	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	28	25	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	28	26	but	but	CCONJ
alces-475	28	27	also	also	ADV
alces-475	28	28	function	function	VERB
alces-475	28	29	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	28	30	species	species	NOUN
alces-475	28	31	composition	composition	NOUN
alces-475	28	32	of	of	ADP
alces-475	28	33	whole	whole	ADJ
alces-475	28	34	ecosystems	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	28	35	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	29	1	an	an	DET
alces-475	29	2	example	example	NOUN
alces-475	29	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	29	4	one	one	NUM
alces-475	29	5	such	such	ADJ
alces-475	29	6	process	process	NOUN
alces-475	29	7	is	be	AUX
alces-475	29	8	fire	fire	NOUN
alces-475	29	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	29	10	which	which	PRON
alces-475	29	11	in	in	ADP
alces-475	29	12	savanna	savanna	NOUN
alces-475	29	13	biomes	biome	NOUN
alces-475	29	14	of	of	ADP
alces-475	29	15	africa	africa	PROPN
alces-475	29	16	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	29	17	australia	australia	PROPN
alces-475	29	18	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	29	19	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	29	20	south	south	PROPN
alces-475	29	21	america	america	PROPN
alces-475	29	22	changes	change	VERB
alces-475	29	23	plant	plant	NOUN
alces-475	29	24	succession	succession	NOUN
alces-475	29	25	from	from	ADP
alces-475	29	26	a	a	DET
alces-475	29	27	‘	'	PUNCT
alces-475	29	28	fireless	fireless	ADJ
alces-475	29	29	climax	climax	NOUN
alces-475	29	30	’	'	PUNCT
alces-475	29	31	to	to	ADP
alces-475	29	32	a	a	DET
alces-475	29	33	‘	'	PUNCT
alces-475	29	34	fire	fire	NOUN
alces-475	29	35	disclimax	disclimax	NOUN
alces-475	29	36	’	'	PUNCT
alces-475	29	37	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	30	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	30	2	savanna	savanna	NOUN
alces-475	30	3	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	30	4	fire	fire	NOUN
alces-475	30	5	typically	typically	ADV
alces-475	30	6	impedes	impede	VERB
alces-475	30	7	the	the	DET
alces-475	30	8	succession	succession	NOUN
alces-475	30	9	of	of	ADP
alces-475	30	10	trees	tree	NOUN
alces-475	30	11	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	30	12	promotes	promote	VERB
alces-475	30	13	grassland	grassland	NOUN
alces-475	30	14	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	30	15	fire	fire	NOUN
alces-475	30	16	tolerant	tolerant	ADJ
alces-475	30	17	herbs	herb	NOUN
alces-475	30	18	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	30	19	frost	frost	NOUN
alces-475	30	20	1985a	1985a	NUM
alces-475	30	21	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	30	22	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	31	1	fire	fire	NOUN
alces-475	31	2	operates	operate	VERB
alces-475	31	3	as	as	ADP
alces-475	31	4	a	a	DET
alces-475	31	5	probability	probability	NOUN
alces-475	31	6	function	function	NOUN
alces-475	31	7	on	on	ADP
alces-475	31	8	a	a	DET
alces-475	31	9	biome	biome	NOUN
alces-475	31	10	scale	scale	NOUN
alces-475	31	11	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	31	12	while	while	SCONJ
alces-475	31	13	individual	individual	ADJ
alces-475	31	14	fire	fire	NOUN
alces-475	31	15	events	event	NOUN
alces-475	31	16	occur	occur	VERB
alces-475	31	17	at	at	ADV
alces-475	31	18	least	least	ADJ
alces-475	31	19	at	at	ADP
alces-475	31	20	landscape	landscape	NOUN
alces-475	31	21	scales	scale	NOUN
alces-475	31	22	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	32	1	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	32	2	can	can	AUX
alces-475	32	3	have	have	VERB
alces-475	32	4	analogous	analogous	ADJ
alces-475	32	5	effects	effect	NOUN
alces-475	32	6	to	to	PART
alces-475	32	7	fire	fire	VERB
alces-475	32	8	in	in	ADP
alces-475	32	9	savanna	savanna	NOUN
alces-475	32	10	systems	system	NOUN
alces-475	32	11	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	32	12	hobbs	hobbs	PROPN
alces-475	32	13	1996	1996	NUM
alces-475	32	14	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	32	15	sala	sala	PROPN
alces-475	32	16	et	et	PROPN
alces-475	32	17	al	al	PROPN
alces-475	32	18	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	32	19	1996	1996	NUM
alces-475	32	20	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	32	21	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	33	1	one	one	PRON
alces-475	33	2	could	could	AUX
alces-475	33	3	even	even	ADV
alces-475	33	4	describe	describe	VERB
alces-475	33	5	a	a	DET
alces-475	33	6	‘	'	PUNCT
alces-475	33	7	mammal	mammal	ADJ
alces-475	33	8	disclimax	disclimax	NOUN
alces-475	33	9	’	'	PUNCT
alces-475	33	10	where	where	SCONJ
alces-475	33	11	plant	plant	NOUN
alces-475	33	12	succession	succession	NOUN
alces-475	33	13	is	be	AUX
alces-475	33	14	held	hold	VERB
alces-475	33	15	in	in	ADP
alces-475	33	16	a	a	DET
alces-475	33	17	different	different	ADJ
alces-475	33	18	state	state	NOUN
alces-475	33	19	as	as	ADP
alces-475	33	20	a	a	DET
alces-475	33	21	result	result	NOUN
alces-475	33	22	of	of	ADP
alces-475	33	23	the	the	DET
alces-475	33	24	restructuring	restructuring	NOUN
alces-475	33	25	imposed	impose	VERB
alces-475	33	26	by	by	ADP
alces-475	33	27	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	33	28	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	34	1	thus	thus	ADV
alces-475	34	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	34	3	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	34	4	act	act	VERB
alces-475	34	5	as	as	ADP
alces-475	34	6	ecological	ecological	ADJ
alces-475	34	7	landscapers	landscaper	NOUN
alces-475	34	8	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	35	1	such	such	ADJ
alces-475	35	2	impacts	impact	NOUN
alces-475	35	3	are	be	AUX
alces-475	35	4	evident	evident	ADJ
alces-475	35	5	in	in	ADP
alces-475	35	6	most	most	ADJ
alces-475	35	7	terrestrial	terrestrial	ADJ
alces-475	35	8	biomes	biome	NOUN
alces-475	35	9	where	where	SCONJ
alces-475	35	10	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	35	11	are	be	AUX
alces-475	35	12	abundant	abundant	ADJ
alces-475	35	13	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	36	1	boreal	boreal	ADJ
alces-475	36	2	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	36	3	taiga	taiga	NOUN
alces-475	36	4	forests	forest	VERB
alces-475	36	5	the	the	DET
alces-475	36	6	boreal	boreal	ADJ
alces-475	36	7	forests	forest	NOUN
alces-475	36	8	of	of	ADP
alces-475	36	9	canada	canada	PROPN
alces-475	36	10	are	be	AUX
alces-475	36	11	dominated	dominate	VERB
alces-475	36	12	by	by	ADP
alces-475	36	13	a	a	DET
alces-475	36	14	few	few	ADJ
alces-475	36	15	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	36	16	of	of	ADP
alces-475	36	17	conifer	conifer	NOUN
alces-475	36	18	trees	tree	NOUN
alces-475	36	19	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	36	20	in	in	ADP
alces-475	36	21	particular	particular	ADJ
alces-475	36	22	the	the	DET
alces-475	36	23	white	white	ADJ
alces-475	36	24	spruce	spruce	NOUN
alces-475	36	25	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	36	26	picea	picea	NOUN
alces-475	36	27	glauca	glauca	NOUN
alces-475	36	28	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	36	29	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	37	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	37	2	dominant	dominant	ADJ
alces-475	37	3	mammal	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	37	4	there	there	PRON
alces-475	37	5	is	be	VERB
alces-475	37	6	the	the	DET
alces-475	37	7	snowshoe	snowshoe	ADJ
alces-475	37	8	hare	hare	NOUN
alces-475	37	9	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	37	10	lepus	lepus	PROPN
alces-475	37	11	americanus	americanus	PROPN
alces-475	37	12	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	37	13	that	that	PRON
alces-475	37	14	depends	depend	VERB
alces-475	37	15	largely	largely	ADV
alces-475	37	16	on	on	ADP
alces-475	37	17	woody	woody	NOUN
alces-475	37	18	shrubs	shrub	NOUN
alces-475	37	19	such	such	ADJ
alces-475	37	20	as	as	ADP
alces-475	37	21	willow	willow	NOUN
alces-475	37	22	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	37	23	salix	salix	NOUN
alces-475	37	24	spp	spp	NOUN
alces-475	37	25	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	37	26	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	38	1	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	38	2	birch	birch	NOUN
alces-475	38	3	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	38	4	betula	betula	PROPN
alces-475	38	5	spp	spp	PROPN
alces-475	38	6	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	38	7	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	39	1	during	during	ADP
alces-475	39	2	winter	winter	NOUN
alces-475	39	3	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	40	1	every	every	DET
alces-475	40	2	10	10	NUM
alces-475	40	3	years	year	NOUN
alces-475	40	4	hares	hare	NOUN
alces-475	40	5	reach	reach	VERB
alces-475	40	6	high	high	ADJ
alces-475	40	7	numbers	number	NOUN
alces-475	40	8	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	40	9	at	at	ADP
alces-475	40	10	those	those	DET
alces-475	40	11	times	time	NOUN
alces-475	40	12	they	they	PRON
alces-475	40	13	eat	eat	VERB
alces-475	40	14	all	all	PRON
alces-475	40	15	of	of	ADP
alces-475	40	16	the	the	DET
alces-475	40	17	terminal	terminal	ADJ
alces-475	40	18	shoots	shoot	NOUN
alces-475	40	19	of	of	ADP
alces-475	40	20	small	small	ADJ
alces-475	40	21	white	white	ADJ
alces-475	40	22	spruce	spruce	NOUN
alces-475	40	23	within	within	ADP
alces-475	40	24	their	their	PRON
alces-475	40	25	reach	reach	NOUN
alces-475	40	26	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	40	27	usually	usually	ADV
alces-475	40	28	up	up	ADP
alces-475	40	29	to	to	ADP
alces-475	40	30	120	120	NUM
alces-475	40	31	cm	cm	NOUN
alces-475	40	32	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	40	33	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	40	34	fig	fig	NOUN
alces-475	40	35	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	40	36	1	1	NUM
alces-475	40	37	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	40	38	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	41	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	41	2	slow	slow	ADJ
alces-475	41	3	growing	grow	VERB
alces-475	41	4	spruce	spruce	NOUN
alces-475	41	5	then	then	ADV
alces-475	41	6	take	take	VERB
alces-475	41	7	about	about	ADV
alces-475	41	8	10	10	NUM
alces-475	41	9	years	year	NOUN
alces-475	41	10	to	to	PART
alces-475	41	11	recover	recover	VERB
alces-475	41	12	from	from	ADP
alces-475	41	13	this	this	DET
alces-475	41	14	browsfig	browsfig	NOUN
alces-475	41	15	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	42	1	1	1	X
alces-475	42	2	.	.	X
alces-475	42	3	the	the	DET
alces-475	42	4	frequency	frequency	NOUN
alces-475	42	5	of	of	ADP
alces-475	42	6	snowshoe	snowshoe	NOUN
alces-475	42	7	hare	hare	NOUN
alces-475	42	8	browse	browse	VERB
alces-475	42	9	heights	height	NOUN
alces-475	42	10	on	on	ADP
alces-475	42	11	terminal	terminal	ADJ
alces-475	42	12	shoots	shoot	NOUN
alces-475	42	13	of	of	ADP
alces-475	42	14	small	small	ADJ
alces-475	42	15	white	white	ADJ
alces-475	42	16	spruce	spruce	NOUN
alces-475	42	17	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	42	18	yukon	yukon	PROPN
alces-475	42	19	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	42	20	canada	canada	PROPN
alces-475	42	21	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	43	1	hares	hare	NOUN
alces-475	43	2	can	can	AUX
alces-475	43	3	prevent	prevent	VERB
alces-475	43	4	trees	tree	NOUN
alces-475	43	5	from	from	ADP
alces-475	43	6	growing	grow	VERB
alces-475	43	7	above	above	ADP
alces-475	43	8	about	about	ADV
alces-475	43	9	1	1	NUM
alces-475	43	10	m	m	NOUN
alces-475	43	11	for	for	ADP
alces-475	43	12	several	several	ADJ
alces-475	43	13	decades	decade	NOUN
alces-475	43	14	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	44	1	alces	alce	NOUN
alces-475	44	2	vol	vol	NOUN
alces-475	44	3	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	44	4	39	39	NUM
alces-475	44	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	44	6	2003	2003	NUM
alces-475	44	7	sinclair	sinclair	NOUN
alces-475	44	8	–	–	PUNCT
alces-475	44	9	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	44	10	as	as	ADP
alces-475	44	11	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	44	12	landscapers	landscaper	NOUN
alces-475	44	13	163	163	NUM
alces-475	44	14	ing	ing	ADJ
alces-475	44	15	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	44	16	develop	develop	VERB
alces-475	44	17	a	a	DET
alces-475	44	18	new	new	ADJ
alces-475	44	19	shoot	shoot	NOUN
alces-475	44	20	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	44	21	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	44	22	add	add	VERB
alces-475	44	23	another	another	DET
alces-475	44	24	10	10	NUM
alces-475	44	25	cm	cm	NOUN
alces-475	44	26	in	in	ADP
alces-475	44	27	height	height	NOUN
alces-475	44	28	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	44	29	only	only	ADV
alces-475	44	30	to	to	PART
alces-475	44	31	have	have	VERB
alces-475	44	32	this	this	PRON
alces-475	44	33	browsed	browse	VERB
alces-475	44	34	off	off	ADP
alces-475	44	35	at	at	ADP
alces-475	44	36	the	the	DET
alces-475	44	37	next	next	ADJ
alces-475	44	38	peak	peak	NOUN
alces-475	44	39	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	45	1	thus	thus	ADV
alces-475	45	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	45	3	a	a	DET
alces-475	45	4	tree	tree	NOUN
alces-475	45	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	45	6	50	50	NUM
alces-475	45	7	cm	cm	NOUN
alces-475	45	8	high	high	ADJ
alces-475	45	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	45	10	may	may	AUX
alces-475	45	11	take	take	VERB
alces-475	45	12	50	50	NUM
alces-475	45	13	-	-	SYM
alces-475	45	14	80	80	NUM
alces-475	45	15	years	year	NOUN
alces-475	45	16	to	to	PART
alces-475	45	17	reach	reach	VERB
alces-475	45	18	the	the	DET
alces-475	45	19	escape	escape	NOUN
alces-475	45	20	height	height	NOUN
alces-475	45	21	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	45	22	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	45	23	some	some	PRON
alces-475	45	24	of	of	ADP
alces-475	45	25	them	they	PRON
alces-475	45	26	never	never	ADV
alces-475	45	27	do	do	VERB
alces-475	45	28	so	so	ADV
alces-475	45	29	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	45	30	die	die	VERB
alces-475	45	31	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	46	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	46	2	contrast	contrast	NOUN
alces-475	46	3	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	46	4	trees	tree	NOUN
alces-475	46	5	protected	protect	VERB
alces-475	46	6	from	from	ADP
alces-475	46	7	browsing	browse	VERB
alces-475	46	8	grow	grow	NOUN
alces-475	46	9	at	at	ADP
alces-475	46	10	an	an	DET
alces-475	46	11	accelerating	accelerate	VERB
alces-475	46	12	rate	rate	NOUN
alces-475	46	13	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	46	14	can	can	AUX
alces-475	46	15	escape	escape	VERB
alces-475	46	16	within	within	ADP
alces-475	46	17	10	10	NUM
alces-475	46	18	years	year	NOUN
alces-475	46	19	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	47	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	47	2	boreal	boreal	NOUN
alces-475	47	3	forest	forest	NOUN
alces-475	47	4	is	be	AUX
alces-475	47	5	subject	subject	ADJ
alces-475	47	6	to	to	ADP
alces-475	47	7	fires	fire	NOUN
alces-475	47	8	from	from	ADP
alces-475	47	9	lightening	lighten	VERB
alces-475	47	10	strikes	strike	NOUN
alces-475	47	11	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	47	12	so	so	ADV
alces-475	47	13	a	a	DET
alces-475	47	14	mosaic	mosaic	NOUN
alces-475	47	15	is	be	AUX
alces-475	47	16	formed	form	VERB
alces-475	47	17	of	of	ADP
alces-475	47	18	patches	patch	NOUN
alces-475	47	19	at	at	ADP
alces-475	47	20	different	different	ADJ
alces-475	47	21	ages	age	NOUN
alces-475	47	22	since	since	SCONJ
alces-475	47	23	a	a	DET
alces-475	47	24	fire	fire	NOUN
alces-475	47	25	occurred	occur	VERB
alces-475	47	26	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	48	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	48	2	effect	effect	NOUN
alces-475	48	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	48	4	hares	hare	NOUN
alces-475	48	5	is	be	AUX
alces-475	48	6	to	to	PART
alces-475	48	7	keep	keep	VERB
alces-475	48	8	these	these	DET
alces-475	48	9	patches	patch	NOUN
alces-475	48	10	in	in	ADP
alces-475	48	11	an	an	DET
alces-475	48	12	open	open	ADJ
alces-475	48	13	state	state	NOUN
alces-475	48	14	for	for	ADP
alces-475	48	15	a	a	DET
alces-475	48	16	century	century	NOUN
alces-475	48	17	or	or	CCONJ
alces-475	48	18	more	more	ADJ
alces-475	48	19	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	48	20	creating	create	VERB
alces-475	48	21	a	a	DET
alces-475	48	22	landscape	landscape	NOUN
alces-475	48	23	suitable	suitable	ADJ
alces-475	48	24	for	for	ADP
alces-475	48	25	other	other	ADJ
alces-475	48	26	plants	plant	NOUN
alces-475	48	27	that	that	PRON
alces-475	48	28	like	like	ADP
alces-475	48	29	open	open	ADJ
alces-475	48	30	areas	area	NOUN
alces-475	48	31	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	48	32	many	many	ADJ
alces-475	48	33	herbs	herb	NOUN
alces-475	48	34	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	48	35	shrubs	shrub	NOUN
alces-475	48	36	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	48	37	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	48	38	indirectly	indirectly	ADV
alces-475	48	39	promoting	promote	VERB
alces-475	48	40	their	their	PRON
alces-475	48	41	own	own	ADJ
alces-475	48	42	food	food	NOUN
alces-475	48	43	supply	supply	NOUN
alces-475	48	44	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	48	45	krebs	krebs	PROPN
alces-475	48	46	et	et	PROPN
alces-475	48	47	al	al	PROPN
alces-475	48	48	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	48	49	2001	2001	NUM
alces-475	48	50	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	48	51	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	48	52	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	49	1	furthermore	furthermore	ADV
alces-475	49	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	49	3	experiments	experiment	NOUN
alces-475	49	4	have	have	AUX
alces-475	49	5	shown	show	VERB
alces-475	49	6	that	that	SCONJ
alces-475	49	7	hare	hare	NOUN
alces-475	49	8	numbers	number	NOUN
alces-475	49	9	decline	decline	VERB
alces-475	49	10	because	because	SCONJ
alces-475	49	11	of	of	ADP
alces-475	49	12	a	a	DET
alces-475	49	13	combination	combination	NOUN
alces-475	49	14	of	of	ADP
alces-475	49	15	lack	lack	NOUN
alces-475	49	16	of	of	ADP
alces-475	49	17	food	food	NOUN
alces-475	49	18	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	49	19	an	an	DET
alces-475	49	20	increase	increase	NOUN
alces-475	49	21	in	in	ADP
alces-475	49	22	predators	predator	NOUN
alces-475	49	23	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	50	1	experimental	experimental	ADJ
alces-475	50	2	increase	increase	NOUN
alces-475	50	3	in	in	ADP
alces-475	50	4	rate	rate	NOUN
alces-475	50	5	of	of	ADP
alces-475	50	6	food	food	NOUN
alces-475	50	7	supply	supply	NOUN
alces-475	50	8	plus	plus	CCONJ
alces-475	50	9	removal	removal	NOUN
alces-475	50	10	of	of	ADP
alces-475	50	11	predators	predator	NOUN
alces-475	50	12	kept	keep	VERB
alces-475	50	13	hare	hare	NOUN
alces-475	50	14	numbers	number	NOUN
alces-475	50	15	high	high	ADJ
alces-475	50	16	for	for	ADP
alces-475	50	17	an	an	DET
alces-475	50	18	extended	extended	ADJ
alces-475	50	19	period	period	NOUN
alces-475	50	20	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	51	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	51	2	inference	inference	NOUN
alces-475	51	3	is	be	AUX
alces-475	51	4	that	that	SCONJ
alces-475	51	5	under	under	ADP
alces-475	51	6	these	these	DET
alces-475	51	7	conditions	condition	NOUN
alces-475	51	8	hares	hare	NOUN
alces-475	51	9	could	could	AUX
alces-475	51	10	prevent	prevent	VERB
alces-475	51	11	forest	forest	NOUN
alces-475	51	12	regeneration	regeneration	NOUN
alces-475	51	13	altogether	altogether	ADV
alces-475	51	14	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	52	1	there	there	PRON
alces-475	52	2	are	be	VERB
alces-475	52	3	similar	similar	ADJ
alces-475	52	4	browsing	browsing	NOUN
alces-475	52	5	effects	effect	NOUN
alces-475	52	6	by	by	ADP
alces-475	52	7	moose	moose	NOUN
alces-475	52	8	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	52	9	alces	alce	NOUN
alces-475	52	10	alces	alce	NOUN
alces-475	52	11	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	52	12	on	on	ADP
alces-475	52	13	aspen	aspen	NOUN
alces-475	52	14	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	52	15	other	other	ADJ
alces-475	52	16	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	52	17	at	at	ADP
alces-475	52	18	isle	isle	PROPN
alces-475	52	19	royale	royale	PROPN
alces-475	52	20	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	52	21	u.s.a	u.s.a	PROPN
alces-475	52	22	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	53	1	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	53	2	risenhoover	risenhoover	NOUN
alces-475	53	3	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	53	4	maass	maass	PROPN
alces-475	53	5	1987	1987	NUM
alces-475	53	6	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	53	7	pastor	pastor	PROPN
alces-475	53	8	et	et	PROPN
alces-475	53	9	al	al	PROPN
alces-475	53	10	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	53	11	1988	1988	NUM
alces-475	53	12	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	53	13	mcinnes	mcinne	NOUN
alces-475	53	14	et	et	PROPN
alces-475	53	15	al	al	PROPN
alces-475	53	16	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	53	17	1992	1992	NUM
alces-475	53	18	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	53	19	pastor	pastor	NOUN
alces-475	53	20	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	53	21	naiman	naiman	NOUN
alces-475	53	22	1992	1992	NUM
alces-475	53	23	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	53	24	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	53	25	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	53	26	on	on	ADP
alces-475	53	27	birch	birch	NOUN
alces-475	53	28	in	in	ADP
alces-475	53	29	scandinavia	scandinavia	PROPN
alces-475	53	30	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	53	31	danell	danell	INTJ
alces-475	53	32	et	et	PROPN
alces-475	53	33	al	al	PROPN
alces-475	53	34	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	53	35	1985	1985	NUM
alces-475	53	36	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	53	37	danell	danell	NOUN
alces-475	53	38	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	53	39	bergstrom	bergstrom	PROPN
alces-475	53	40	1989	1989	NUM
alces-475	53	41	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	53	42	danell	danell	VERB
alces-475	53	43	et	et	PROPN
alces-475	53	44	al	al	PROPN
alces-475	53	45	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	53	46	1994	1994	NUM
alces-475	53	47	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	53	48	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	54	1	moose	moose	PROPN
alces-475	54	2	abundance	abundance	NOUN
alces-475	54	3	influences	influence	VERB
alces-475	54	4	the	the	DET
alces-475	54	5	density	density	NOUN
alces-475	54	6	of	of	ADP
alces-475	54	7	trees	tree	NOUN
alces-475	54	8	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	54	9	hence	hence	ADV
alces-475	54	10	composition	composition	NOUN
alces-475	54	11	of	of	ADP
alces-475	54	12	the	the	DET
alces-475	54	13	habitats	habitat	NOUN
alces-475	54	14	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	54	15	but	but	CCONJ
alces-475	54	16	these	these	DET
alces-475	54	17	effects	effect	NOUN
alces-475	54	18	also	also	ADV
alces-475	54	19	depend	depend	VERB
alces-475	54	20	on	on	ADP
alces-475	54	21	the	the	DET
alces-475	54	22	abiotic	abiotic	ADJ
alces-475	54	23	conditions	condition	NOUN
alces-475	54	24	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	54	25	composition	composition	NOUN
alces-475	54	26	of	of	ADP
alces-475	54	27	other	other	ADJ
alces-475	54	28	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	54	29	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	55	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	55	2	general	general	ADJ
alces-475	55	3	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	55	4	a	a	DET
alces-475	55	5	forest	forest	NOUN
alces-475	55	6	with	with	ADP
alces-475	55	7	many	many	ADJ
alces-475	55	8	moose	moose	NOUN
alces-475	55	9	is	be	AUX
alces-475	55	10	different	different	ADJ
alces-475	55	11	structurally	structurally	ADV
alces-475	55	12	from	from	ADP
alces-475	55	13	one	one	NUM
alces-475	55	14	without	without	ADP
alces-475	55	15	them	they	PRON
alces-475	55	16	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	56	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	56	2	both	both	DET
alces-475	56	3	banff	banff	PROPN
alces-475	56	4	national	national	PROPN
alces-475	56	5	park	park	PROPN
alces-475	56	6	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	56	7	canada	canada	PROPN
alces-475	56	8	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	56	9	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	56	10	yellowstone	yellowstone	PROPN
alces-475	56	11	national	national	PROPN
alces-475	56	12	park	park	PROPN
alces-475	56	13	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	56	14	usa	usa	PROPN
alces-475	56	15	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	56	16	elk	elk	PROPN
alces-475	56	17	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	56	18	cervus	cervus	NOUN
alces-475	56	19	elaphus	elaphu	NOUN
alces-475	56	20	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	56	21	browsed	browse	VERB
alces-475	56	22	juvenile	juvenile	ADJ
alces-475	56	23	trees	tree	NOUN
alces-475	56	24	of	of	ADP
alces-475	56	25	aspen	aspen	NOUN
alces-475	56	26	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	56	27	willow	willow	NOUN
alces-475	56	28	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	56	29	salix	salix	NOUN
alces-475	56	30	spp	spp	NOUN
alces-475	56	31	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	56	32	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	57	1	so	so	ADV
alces-475	57	2	intensively	intensively	ADV
alces-475	57	3	that	that	SCONJ
alces-475	57	4	they	they	PRON
alces-475	57	5	changed	change	VERB
alces-475	57	6	the	the	DET
alces-475	57	7	landscape	landscape	NOUN
alces-475	57	8	from	from	ADP
alces-475	57	9	a	a	DET
alces-475	57	10	dense	dense	ADJ
alces-475	57	11	conifer	conifer	NOUN
alces-475	57	12	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	57	13	aspen	aspen	VERB
alces-475	57	14	woodland	woodland	NOUN
alces-475	57	15	to	to	ADP
alces-475	57	16	an	an	DET
alces-475	57	17	open	open	ADJ
alces-475	57	18	parkland	parkland	NOUN
alces-475	57	19	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	57	20	grassland	grassland	NOUN
alces-475	57	21	with	with	ADP
alces-475	57	22	scattered	scatter	VERB
alces-475	57	23	mature	mature	ADJ
alces-475	57	24	trees	tree	NOUN
alces-475	57	25	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	57	26	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	57	27	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	57	28	maintained	maintain	VERB
alces-475	57	29	it	it	PRON
alces-475	57	30	thus	thus	ADV
alces-475	57	31	for	for	ADP
alces-475	57	32	40	40	NUM
alces-475	57	33	years	year	NOUN
alces-475	57	34	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	57	35	houston	houston	PROPN
alces-475	57	36	1982,white	1982,white	NUM
alces-475	57	37	2001	2001	NUM
alces-475	57	38	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	57	39	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	58	1	temperate	temperate	ADJ
alces-475	58	2	woodland	woodland	NOUN
alces-475	58	3	the	the	DET
alces-475	58	4	deciduous	deciduous	ADJ
alces-475	58	5	hardwood	hardwood	NOUN
alces-475	58	6	forests	forest	NOUN
alces-475	58	7	of	of	ADP
alces-475	58	8	north	north	PROPN
alces-475	58	9	america	america	PROPN
alces-475	58	10	are	be	AUX
alces-475	58	11	the	the	DET
alces-475	58	12	home	home	NOUN
alces-475	58	13	of	of	ADP
alces-475	58	14	white	white	ADJ
alces-475	58	15	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	58	16	tailed	tail	VERB
alces-475	58	17	deer	deer	NOUN
alces-475	58	18	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	58	19	odocoileus	odocoileus	ADJ
alces-475	58	20	virginianus	virginianus	NOUN
alces-475	58	21	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	58	22	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	58	23	mcshea	mcshea	NOUN
alces-475	58	24	et	et	PROPN
alces-475	58	25	al	al	PROPN
alces-475	58	26	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	58	27	1997	1997	NUM
alces-475	58	28	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	58	29	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	59	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	59	2	preferred	preferred	ADJ
alces-475	59	3	habitat	habitat	NOUN
alces-475	59	4	of	of	ADP
alces-475	59	5	these	these	DET
alces-475	59	6	deer	deer	NOUN
alces-475	59	7	is	be	AUX
alces-475	59	8	young	young	ADJ
alces-475	59	9	forest	forest	NOUN
alces-475	59	10	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	59	11	regenerating	regenerate	VERB
alces-475	59	12	after	after	ADP
alces-475	59	13	fire	fire	NOUN
alces-475	59	14	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	59	15	or	or	CCONJ
alces-475	59	16	logging	log	VERB
alces-475	59	17	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	59	18	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	60	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	60	2	these	these	DET
alces-475	60	3	conditions	condition	NOUN
alces-475	60	4	deer	deer	NOUN
alces-475	60	5	can	can	AUX
alces-475	60	6	reach	reach	VERB
alces-475	60	7	numbers	number	NOUN
alces-475	60	8	that	that	PRON
alces-475	60	9	prevent	prevent	VERB
alces-475	60	10	forests	forest	NOUN
alces-475	60	11	from	from	ADP
alces-475	60	12	regenerating	regenerate	VERB
alces-475	60	13	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	60	14	holding	hold	VERB
alces-475	60	15	them	they	PRON
alces-475	60	16	in	in	ADP
alces-475	60	17	an	an	DET
alces-475	60	18	open	open	ADJ
alces-475	60	19	shrub	shrub	NOUN
alces-475	60	20	state	state	NOUN
alces-475	60	21	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	60	22	schmitz	schmitz	PROPN
alces-475	60	23	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	60	24	sinclair	sinclair	PROPN
alces-475	60	25	1997	1997	NUM
alces-475	60	26	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	60	27	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	61	1	deer	deer	NOUN
alces-475	61	2	can	can	AUX
alces-475	61	3	maintain	maintain	VERB
alces-475	61	4	this	this	DET
alces-475	61	5	state	state	NOUN
alces-475	61	6	while	while	SCONJ
alces-475	61	7	inhibiting	inhibit	VERB
alces-475	61	8	hemlock	hemlock	NOUN
alces-475	61	9	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	61	10	tsuga	tsuga	ADJ
alces-475	61	11	canadensis	canadensis	NOUN
alces-475	61	12	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	61	13	regeneration	regeneration	NOUN
alces-475	61	14	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	61	15	extirpating	extirpating	ADJ
alces-475	61	16	rare	rare	ADJ
alces-475	61	17	herbaceous	herbaceous	ADJ
alces-475	61	18	plants	plant	NOUN
alces-475	61	19	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	61	20	alverson	alverson	NOUN
alces-475	61	21	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	61	22	waller	waller	NOUN
alces-475	61	23	1997	1997	NUM
alces-475	61	24	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	61	25	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	62	1	without	without	ADP
alces-475	62	2	deer	deer	NOUN
alces-475	62	3	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	62	4	forests	forest	NOUN
alces-475	62	5	proceed	proceed	VERB
alces-475	62	6	to	to	ADP
alces-475	62	7	dense	dense	ADJ
alces-475	62	8	hardwood	hardwood	NOUN
alces-475	62	9	forests	forest	NOUN
alces-475	62	10	with	with	ADP
alces-475	62	11	abundant	abundant	ADJ
alces-475	62	12	infrastructure	infrastructure	NOUN
alces-475	62	13	in	in	ADP
alces-475	62	14	the	the	DET
alces-475	62	15	shrub	shrub	NOUN
alces-475	62	16	layer	layer	NOUN
alces-475	62	17	that	that	PRON
alces-475	62	18	forms	form	VERB
alces-475	62	19	the	the	DET
alces-475	62	20	nesting	nesting	ADJ
alces-475	62	21	habitat	habitat	NOUN
alces-475	62	22	for	for	ADP
alces-475	62	23	rare	rare	ADJ
alces-475	62	24	birds	bird	NOUN
alces-475	62	25	such	such	ADJ
alces-475	62	26	as	as	ADP
alces-475	62	27	the	the	DET
alces-475	62	28	kentucky	kentucky	PROPN
alces-475	62	29	warbler	warbler	NOUN
alces-475	62	30	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	62	31	oporornis	oporornis	DET
alces-475	62	32	formosus	formosus	NOUN
alces-475	62	33	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	62	34	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	62	35	mcshea	mcshea	NOUN
alces-475	62	36	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	62	37	rappole	rappole	NOUN
alces-475	62	38	1997	1997	NUM
alces-475	62	39	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	62	40	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	63	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	63	2	essence	essence	NOUN
alces-475	63	3	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	63	4	there	there	PRON
alces-475	63	5	are	be	VERB
alces-475	63	6	two	two	NUM
alces-475	63	7	woodland	woodland	NOUN
alces-475	63	8	states	state	NOUN
alces-475	63	9	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	63	10	which	which	DET
alces-475	63	11	state	state	NOUN
alces-475	63	12	prevails	prevail	VERB
alces-475	63	13	is	be	AUX
alces-475	63	14	determined	determine	VERB
alces-475	63	15	by	by	ADP
alces-475	63	16	the	the	DET
alces-475	63	17	abundance	abundance	NOUN
alces-475	63	18	of	of	ADP
alces-475	63	19	deer	deer	NOUN
alces-475	63	20	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	64	1	tropical	tropical	PROPN
alces-475	64	2	forest	forest	NOUN
alces-475	64	3	tropical	tropical	ADJ
alces-475	64	4	forests	forest	NOUN
alces-475	64	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	64	6	at	at	ADP
alces-475	64	7	least	least	ADJ
alces-475	64	8	in	in	ADP
alces-475	64	9	the	the	DET
alces-475	64	10	holocene	holocene	NOUN
alces-475	64	11	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	64	12	have	have	AUX
alces-475	64	13	been	be	AUX
alces-475	64	14	far	far	ADV
alces-475	64	15	less	less	ADV
alces-475	64	16	subject	subject	ADJ
alces-475	64	17	to	to	ADP
alces-475	64	18	major	major	ADJ
alces-475	64	19	structuring	structuring	NOUN
alces-475	64	20	forces	force	NOUN
alces-475	64	21	of	of	ADP
alces-475	64	22	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	64	23	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	65	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	65	2	both	both	CCONJ
alces-475	65	3	africa	africa	PROPN
alces-475	65	4	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	65	5	asia	asia	PROPN
alces-475	65	6	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	65	7	elephant	elephant	NOUN
alces-475	65	8	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	65	9	inhabit	inhabit	VERB
alces-475	65	10	the	the	DET
alces-475	65	11	forests	forest	NOUN
alces-475	65	12	but	but	CCONJ
alces-475	65	13	their	their	PRON
alces-475	65	14	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	65	15	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	65	16	scale	scale	NOUN
alces-475	65	17	impact	impact	NOUN
alces-475	65	18	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	65	19	as	as	SCONJ
alces-475	65	20	opposed	oppose	VERB
alces-475	65	21	to	to	ADP
alces-475	65	22	local	local	ADJ
alces-475	65	23	feeding	feeding	NOUN
alces-475	65	24	effects	effect	NOUN
alces-475	65	25	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	65	26	remains	remain	VERB
alces-475	65	27	unknown	unknown	ADJ
alces-475	65	28	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	66	1	this	this	PRON
alces-475	66	2	is	be	AUX
alces-475	66	3	a	a	DET
alces-475	66	4	subject	subject	NOUN
alces-475	66	5	that	that	PRON
alces-475	66	6	needs	need	VERB
alces-475	66	7	research	research	NOUN
alces-475	66	8	for	for	ADP
alces-475	66	9	conservation	conservation	NOUN
alces-475	66	10	reasons	reason	NOUN
alces-475	66	11	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	67	1	i	i	PRON
alces-475	67	2	will	will	AUX
alces-475	67	3	refer	refer	VERB
alces-475	67	4	later	later	ADV
alces-475	67	5	to	to	ADP
alces-475	67	6	the	the	DET
alces-475	67	7	paleohistorical	paleohistorical	ADJ
alces-475	67	8	effects	effect	NOUN
alces-475	67	9	of	of	ADP
alces-475	67	10	megaherbivores	megaherbivore	NOUN
alces-475	67	11	in	in	ADP
alces-475	67	12	forests	forest	NOUN
alces-475	67	13	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	68	1	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	68	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	68	3	however	however	ADV
alces-475	68	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	68	5	do	do	AUX
alces-475	68	6	influence	influence	VERB
alces-475	68	7	the	the	DET
alces-475	68	8	distribution	distribution	NOUN
alces-475	68	9	of	of	ADP
alces-475	68	10	trees	tree	NOUN
alces-475	68	11	in	in	ADP
alces-475	68	12	tropical	tropical	ADJ
alces-475	68	13	forests	forest	NOUN
alces-475	68	14	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	68	15	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	68	16	thereby	thereby	ADV
alces-475	68	17	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	68	18	the	the	DET
alces-475	68	19	species	species	NOUN
alces-475	68	20	diversity	diversity	NOUN
alces-475	68	21	of	of	ADP
alces-475	68	22	tropical	tropical	ADJ
alces-475	68	23	trees	tree	NOUN
alces-475	68	24	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	69	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	69	2	turn	turn	NOUN
alces-475	69	3	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	69	4	the	the	DET
alces-475	69	5	dispersion	dispersion	NOUN
alces-475	69	6	of	of	ADP
alces-475	69	7	trees	tree	NOUN
alces-475	69	8	influences	influence	VERB
alces-475	69	9	the	the	DET
alces-475	69	10	extraordinary	extraordinary	ADJ
alces-475	69	11	diversity	diversity	NOUN
alces-475	69	12	of	of	ADP
alces-475	69	13	insects	insect	NOUN
alces-475	69	14	that	that	PRON
alces-475	69	15	live	live	VERB
alces-475	69	16	in	in	ADP
alces-475	69	17	these	these	DET
alces-475	69	18	trees	tree	NOUN
alces-475	69	19	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	69	20	janzen	janzen	PROPN
alces-475	69	21	1970	1970	NUM
alces-475	69	22	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	69	23	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	70	1	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	70	2	such	such	ADJ
alces-475	70	3	as	as	ADP
alces-475	70	4	bush	bush	PROPN
alces-475	70	5	pig	pig	PROPN
alces-475	70	6	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	70	7	potamochoerus	potamochoerus	NOUN
alces-475	70	8	porcus	porcus	PROPN
alces-475	70	9	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	70	10	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	70	11	duiker	duiker	PROPN
alces-475	70	12	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	70	13	cephalophus	cephalophus	PROPN
alces-475	70	14	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	70	15	sylvicapra	sylvicapra	NOUN
alces-475	70	16	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	70	17	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	70	18	in	in	ADP
alces-475	70	19	african	african	ADJ
alces-475	70	20	lowland	lowland	NOUN
alces-475	70	21	formammals	formammal	NOUN
alces-475	70	22	as	as	ADP
alces-475	70	23	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	70	24	landscapers	landscaper	NOUN
alces-475	70	25	–	–	PUNCT
alces-475	70	26	sinclair	sinclair	NOUN
alces-475	70	27	alces	alce	NOUN
alces-475	70	28	vol	vol	NOUN
alces-475	70	29	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	70	30	39	39	NUM
alces-475	70	31	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	70	32	2003	2003	NUM
alces-475	70	33	164	164	NUM
alces-475	70	34	est	est	X
alces-475	70	35	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	70	36	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	70	37	peccaries	peccary	NOUN
alces-475	70	38	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	70	39	pecari	pecari	NOUN
alces-475	70	40	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	70	41	tayassu	tayassu	PROPN
alces-475	70	42	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	70	43	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	70	44	deer	deer	NOUN
alces-475	70	45	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	70	46	pacas(agouti	pacas(agouti	PROPN
alces-475	70	47	spp	spp	NOUN
alces-475	70	48	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	70	49	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	70	50	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	70	51	agoutis	agoutis	PROPN
alces-475	70	52	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	70	53	dasyprocta	dasyprocta	ADJ
alces-475	70	54	spp	spp	NOUN
alces-475	70	55	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	70	56	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	70	57	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	70	58	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	70	59	rats	rat	NOUN
alces-475	70	60	in	in	ADP
alces-475	70	61	new	new	ADJ
alces-475	70	62	world	world	NOUN
alces-475	70	63	tropical	tropical	ADJ
alces-475	70	64	forests	forest	NOUN
alces-475	70	65	concentrate	concentrate	VERB
alces-475	70	66	on	on	ADP
alces-475	70	67	fruit	fruit	NOUN
alces-475	70	68	under	under	ADP
alces-475	70	69	parent	parent	NOUN
alces-475	70	70	trees	tree	NOUN
alces-475	70	71	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	70	72	removing	remove	VERB
alces-475	70	73	most	most	ADJ
alces-475	70	74	of	of	ADP
alces-475	70	75	them	they	PRON
alces-475	70	76	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	70	77	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	70	78	transporting	transport	VERB
alces-475	70	79	a	a	DET
alces-475	70	80	few	few	ADJ
alces-475	70	81	to	to	ADP
alces-475	70	82	other	other	ADJ
alces-475	70	83	areas	area	NOUN
alces-475	70	84	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	71	1	we	we	PRON
alces-475	71	2	can	can	AUX
alces-475	71	3	see	see	VERB
alces-475	71	4	the	the	DET
alces-475	71	5	effect	effect	NOUN
alces-475	71	6	of	of	ADP
alces-475	71	7	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	71	8	by	by	ADP
alces-475	71	9	examining	examine	VERB
alces-475	71	10	tree	tree	NOUN
alces-475	71	11	distributions	distribution	NOUN
alces-475	71	12	in	in	ADP
alces-475	71	13	areas	area	NOUN
alces-475	71	14	where	where	SCONJ
alces-475	71	15	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	71	16	have	have	AUX
alces-475	71	17	been	be	AUX
alces-475	71	18	removed	remove	VERB
alces-475	71	19	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	72	1	thus	thus	ADV
alces-475	72	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	72	3	in	in	ADP
alces-475	72	4	tropical	tropical	ADJ
alces-475	72	5	forests	forest	NOUN
alces-475	72	6	of	of	ADP
alces-475	72	7	costa	costa	PROPN
alces-475	72	8	rica	rica	PROPN
alces-475	72	9	disturbed	disturb	VERB
alces-475	72	10	by	by	ADP
alces-475	72	11	agriculture	agriculture	NOUN
alces-475	72	12	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	72	13	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	72	14	are	be	AUX
alces-475	72	15	at	at	ADP
alces-475	72	16	low	low	ADJ
alces-475	72	17	density	density	NOUN
alces-475	72	18	from	from	ADP
alces-475	72	19	hunting	hunt	VERB
alces-475	72	20	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	73	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	73	2	undispersed	undispersed	ADJ
alces-475	73	3	seeds	seed	NOUN
alces-475	73	4	of	of	ADP
alces-475	73	5	the	the	DET
alces-475	73	6	tree	tree	NOUN
alces-475	73	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	73	8	cassia	cassia	NOUN
alces-475	73	9	grandi	grandi	PROPN
alces-475	73	10	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	73	11	are	be	AUX
alces-475	73	12	at	at	ADP
alces-475	73	13	high	high	ADJ
alces-475	73	14	density	density	NOUN
alces-475	73	15	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	73	16	suffer	suffer	VERB
alces-475	73	17	unusually	unusually	ADV
alces-475	73	18	high	high	ADJ
alces-475	73	19	mortality	mortality	NOUN
alces-475	73	20	from	from	ADP
alces-475	73	21	bruchid	bruchid	PROPN
alces-475	73	22	beetles	beetle	NOUN
alces-475	73	23	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	73	24	janzen	janzen	PROPN
alces-475	73	25	1971	1971	NUM
alces-475	73	26	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	73	27	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	74	1	similarly	similarly	ADV
alces-475	74	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	74	3	tropical	tropical	ADJ
alces-475	74	4	islands	island	NOUN
alces-475	74	5	often	often	ADV
alces-475	74	6	lack	lack	VERB
alces-475	74	7	the	the	DET
alces-475	74	8	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	74	9	vertebrates	vertebrate	NOUN
alces-475	74	10	found	find	VERB
alces-475	74	11	on	on	ADP
alces-475	74	12	the	the	DET
alces-475	74	13	mainland	mainland	NOUN
alces-475	74	14	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	74	15	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	74	16	tree	tree	NOUN
alces-475	74	17	population	population	NOUN
alces-475	74	18	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	74	19	differs	differ	VERB
alces-475	74	20	markedly	markedly	ADV
alces-475	74	21	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	75	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	75	2	puerto	puerto	ADJ
alces-475	75	3	rican	rican	ADJ
alces-475	75	4	forests	forest	NOUN
alces-475	75	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	75	6	trees	tree	NOUN
alces-475	75	7	such	such	ADJ
alces-475	75	8	as	as	ADP
alces-475	75	9	trophis	trophis	PROPN
alces-475	75	10	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	75	11	moraceae	moraceae	PROPN
alces-475	75	12	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	75	13	have	have	VERB
alces-475	75	14	dense	dense	ADJ
alces-475	75	15	stands	stand	NOUN
alces-475	75	16	of	of	ADP
alces-475	75	17	young	young	ADJ
alces-475	75	18	trees	tree	NOUN
alces-475	75	19	under	under	ADP
alces-475	75	20	the	the	DET
alces-475	75	21	canopy	canopy	NOUN
alces-475	75	22	not	not	PART
alces-475	75	23	seen	see	VERB
alces-475	75	24	in	in	ADP
alces-475	75	25	the	the	DET
alces-475	75	26	costa	costa	ADJ
alces-475	75	27	rican	rican	ADJ
alces-475	75	28	mainland	mainland	NOUN
alces-475	75	29	where	where	SCONJ
alces-475	75	30	seeds	seed	NOUN
alces-475	75	31	are	be	AUX
alces-475	75	32	removed	remove	VERB
alces-475	75	33	by	by	ADP
alces-475	75	34	native	native	ADJ
alces-475	75	35	rodents	rodent	NOUN
alces-475	75	36	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	75	37	birds	bird	NOUN
alces-475	75	38	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	75	39	janzen	janzen	PROPN
alces-475	75	40	1970	1970	NUM
alces-475	75	41	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	75	42	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	76	1	savanna	savanna	PROPN
alces-475	76	2	savannas	savannas	PROPN
alces-475	76	3	are	be	AUX
alces-475	76	4	grasslands	grassland	NOUN
alces-475	76	5	with	with	ADP
alces-475	76	6	scattered	scatter	VERB
alces-475	76	7	trees	tree	NOUN
alces-475	76	8	in	in	ADP
alces-475	76	9	the	the	DET
alces-475	76	10	tropics	tropic	NOUN
alces-475	76	11	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	76	12	subtropics	subtropic	NOUN
alces-475	76	13	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	76	14	typical	typical	ADJ
alces-475	76	15	of	of	ADP
alces-475	76	16	africa	africa	PROPN
alces-475	76	17	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	76	18	australia	australia	PROPN
alces-475	76	19	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	76	20	but	but	CCONJ
alces-475	76	21	with	with	ADP
alces-475	76	22	some	some	DET
alces-475	76	23	representation	representation	NOUN
alces-475	76	24	in	in	ADP
alces-475	76	25	southern	southern	ADJ
alces-475	76	26	asia	asia	PROPN
alces-475	76	27	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	76	28	south	south	PROPN
alces-475	76	29	america	america	PROPN
alces-475	76	30	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	77	1	they	they	PRON
alces-475	77	2	intergrade	intergrade	VERB
alces-475	77	3	with	with	ADP
alces-475	77	4	broad	broad	ADV
alces-475	77	5	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	77	6	leaved	leave	VERB
alces-475	77	7	evergreen	evergreen	NOUN
alces-475	77	8	dry	dry	ADJ
alces-475	77	9	woodlands	woodland	NOUN
alces-475	77	10	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	77	11	particularly	particularly	ADV
alces-475	77	12	the	the	DET
alces-475	77	13	‘	'	PUNCT
alces-475	77	14	mopane	mopane	NOUN
alces-475	77	15	’	'	PUNCT
alces-475	77	16	woodland	woodland	NOUN
alces-475	77	17	of	of	ADP
alces-475	77	18	southern	southern	PROPN
alces-475	77	19	africa	africa	PROPN
alces-475	77	20	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	77	21	eucalypt	eucalypt	PROPN
alces-475	77	22	woodland	woodland	PROPN
alces-475	77	23	of	of	ADP
alces-475	77	24	australia	australia	PROPN
alces-475	77	25	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	78	1	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	78	2	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	78	3	in	in	ADP
alces-475	78	4	africa	africa	PROPN
alces-475	78	5	impose	impose	VERB
alces-475	78	6	substantial	substantial	ADJ
alces-475	78	7	structural	structural	ADJ
alces-475	78	8	impacts	impact	NOUN
alces-475	78	9	in	in	ADP
alces-475	78	10	these	these	DET
alces-475	78	11	biomes	biome	NOUN
alces-475	78	12	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	79	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	79	2	southern	southern	PROPN
alces-475	79	3	africa	africa	PROPN
alces-475	79	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	79	5	heavy	heavy	ADJ
alces-475	79	6	grazing	grazing	NOUN
alces-475	79	7	of	of	ADP
alces-475	79	8	grasses	grass	NOUN
alces-475	79	9	by	by	ADP
alces-475	79	10	ungulates	ungulate	NOUN
alces-475	79	11	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	79	12	monocot	monocot	ADJ
alces-475	79	13	feeders	feeder	NOUN
alces-475	79	14	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	79	15	alters	alter	VERB
alces-475	79	16	the	the	DET
alces-475	79	17	balance	balance	NOUN
alces-475	79	18	of	of	ADP
alces-475	79	19	water	water	NOUN
alces-475	79	20	relations	relation	NOUN
alces-475	79	21	between	between	ADP
alces-475	79	22	the	the	DET
alces-475	79	23	tree	tree	NOUN
alces-475	79	24	component	component	NOUN
alces-475	79	25	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	79	26	the	the	DET
alces-475	79	27	herb	herb	NOUN
alces-475	79	28	layer	layer	NOUN
alces-475	79	29	so	so	SCONJ
alces-475	79	30	that	that	SCONJ
alces-475	79	31	trees	tree	NOUN
alces-475	79	32	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	79	33	shrubs	shrub	NOUN
alces-475	79	34	become	become	VERB
alces-475	79	35	dominant	dominant	ADJ
alces-475	79	36	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	80	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	80	2	turn	turn	NOUN
alces-475	80	3	browsing	browse	VERB
alces-475	80	4	ungulates	ungulate	NOUN
alces-475	80	5	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	80	6	dicot	dicot	ADJ
alces-475	80	7	feeders	feeder	NOUN
alces-475	80	8	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	80	9	such	such	ADJ
alces-475	80	10	as	as	ADP
alces-475	80	11	impala	impala	NOUN
alces-475	80	12	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	80	13	aepyceros	aepycero	NOUN
alces-475	80	14	melampus	melampus	PROPN
alces-475	80	15	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	80	16	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	80	17	greater	great	ADJ
alces-475	80	18	kudu	kudu	NOUN
alces-475	80	19	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	80	20	tragelaphus	tragelaphus	PROPN
alces-475	80	21	strepsiceros	strepsiceros	PROPN
alces-475	80	22	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	80	23	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	80	24	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	80	25	giraffe	giraffe	PROPN
alces-475	80	26	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	80	27	giraffa	giraffa	PROPN
alces-475	80	28	cemlopardalis	cemlopardalis	PROPN
alces-475	80	29	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	80	30	benefit	benefit	NOUN
alces-475	80	31	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	80	32	their	their	PRON
alces-475	80	33	numbers	number	NOUN
alces-475	80	34	increase	increase	VERB
alces-475	80	35	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	80	36	walker	walker	NOUN
alces-475	80	37	1985	1985	NUM
alces-475	80	38	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	80	39	owensmith	owensmith	ADP
alces-475	80	40	1988	1988	NUM
alces-475	80	41	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	80	42	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	81	1	fire	fire	NOUN
alces-475	81	2	is	be	AUX
alces-475	81	3	required	require	VERB
alces-475	81	4	to	to	PART
alces-475	81	5	change	change	VERB
alces-475	81	6	the	the	DET
alces-475	81	7	tree	tree	NOUN
alces-475	81	8	dominated	dominate	VERB
alces-475	81	9	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	81	10	state	state	NOUN
alces-475	81	11	back	back	ADV
alces-475	81	12	to	to	ADP
alces-475	81	13	a	a	DET
alces-475	81	14	grassland	grassland	NOUN
alces-475	81	15	state	state	NOUN
alces-475	81	16	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	82	1	this	this	PRON
alces-475	82	2	was	be	AUX
alces-475	82	3	demonstrated	demonstrate	VERB
alces-475	82	4	in	in	ADP
alces-475	82	5	the	the	DET
alces-475	82	6	acacia	acacia	NOUN
alces-475	82	7	savanna	savanna	NOUN
alces-475	82	8	of	of	ADP
alces-475	82	9	the	the	DET
alces-475	82	10	serengeti	serengeti	PROPN
alces-475	82	11	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	82	12	mara	mara	PROPN
alces-475	82	13	ecosystem	ecosystem	PROPN
alces-475	82	14	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	82	15	east	east	PROPN
alces-475	82	16	africa	africa	PROPN
alces-475	82	17	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	82	18	norton	norton	PROPN
alces-475	82	19	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	82	20	griffiths	griffiths	PROPN
alces-475	82	21	1979	1979	NUM
alces-475	82	22	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	82	23	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	83	1	between	between	ADP
alces-475	83	2	1890	1890	NUM
alces-475	83	3	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	83	4	1950	1950	NUM
alces-475	83	5	acacia	acacia	NOUN
alces-475	83	6	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	83	7	related	relate	VERB
alces-475	83	8	trees	tree	NOUN
alces-475	83	9	dominated	dominate	VERB
alces-475	83	10	the	the	DET
alces-475	83	11	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	83	12	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	84	1	a	a	DET
alces-475	84	2	20	20	NUM
alces-475	84	3	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	84	4	year	year	NOUN
alces-475	84	5	period	period	NOUN
alces-475	84	6	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	84	7	1950s	1950	NOUN
alces-475	84	8	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	84	9	1960s	1960s	NUM
alces-475	84	10	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	84	11	of	of	ADP
alces-475	84	12	severe	severe	ADJ
alces-475	84	13	burning	burning	NOUN
alces-475	84	14	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	84	15	where	where	SCONJ
alces-475	84	16	80	80	NUM
alces-475	84	17	%	%	NOUN
alces-475	84	18	of	of	ADP
alces-475	84	19	the	the	DET
alces-475	84	20	system	system	NOUN
alces-475	84	21	was	be	AUX
alces-475	84	22	burnt	burn	VERB
alces-475	84	23	each	each	DET
alces-475	84	24	year	year	NOUN
alces-475	84	25	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	84	26	resulted	result	VERB
alces-475	84	27	in	in	ADP
alces-475	84	28	virtually	virtually	ADV
alces-475	84	29	no	no	DET
alces-475	84	30	tree	tree	NOUN
alces-475	84	31	seedlings	seedling	NOUN
alces-475	84	32	escaping	escape	VERB
alces-475	84	33	fire	fire	NOUN
alces-475	84	34	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	85	1	eventually	eventually	ADV
alces-475	85	2	senescence	senescence	NOUN
alces-475	85	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	85	4	mature	mature	ADJ
alces-475	85	5	trees	tree	NOUN
alces-475	85	6	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	85	7	expedited	expedite	VERB
alces-475	85	8	only	only	ADV
alces-475	85	9	to	to	ADP
alces-475	85	10	a	a	DET
alces-475	85	11	minor	minor	ADJ
alces-475	85	12	degree	degree	NOUN
alces-475	85	13	by	by	ADP
alces-475	85	14	african	african	ADJ
alces-475	85	15	elephants	elephant	NOUN
alces-475	85	16	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	85	17	loxodonta	loxodonta	PROPN
alces-475	85	18	africana	africana	PROPN
alces-475	85	19	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	85	20	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	85	21	resulted	result	VERB
alces-475	85	22	in	in	ADP
alces-475	85	23	a	a	DET
alces-475	85	24	grassland	grassland	NOUN
alces-475	85	25	state	state	NOUN
alces-475	85	26	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	86	1	it	it	PRON
alces-475	86	2	is	be	AUX
alces-475	86	3	in	in	ADP
alces-475	86	4	this	this	DET
alces-475	86	5	grassland	grassland	NOUN
alces-475	86	6	state	state	NOUN
alces-475	86	7	that	that	PRON
alces-475	86	8	elephants	elephant	NOUN
alces-475	86	9	played	play	VERB
alces-475	86	10	their	their	PRON
alces-475	86	11	major	major	ADJ
alces-475	86	12	structuring	structuring	NOUN
alces-475	86	13	role	role	NOUN
alces-475	86	14	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	86	15	dublin	dublin	PROPN
alces-475	86	16	et	et	PROPN
alces-475	86	17	al	al	PROPN
alces-475	86	18	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	86	19	1990	1990	NUM
alces-475	86	20	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	86	21	dublin	dublin	NOUN
alces-475	86	22	1995	1995	NUM
alces-475	86	23	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	86	24	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	87	1	elephants	elephant	NOUN
alces-475	87	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	87	3	by	by	ADP
alces-475	87	4	systematically	systematically	ADV
alces-475	87	5	browsing	browse	VERB
alces-475	87	6	tree	tree	NOUN
alces-475	87	7	seedlings	seedling	NOUN
alces-475	87	8	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	87	9	were	be	AUX
alces-475	87	10	able	able	ADJ
alces-475	87	11	to	to	PART
alces-475	87	12	prevent	prevent	VERB
alces-475	87	13	regeneration	regeneration	NOUN
alces-475	87	14	of	of	ADP
alces-475	87	15	the	the	DET
alces-475	87	16	trees	tree	NOUN
alces-475	87	17	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	87	18	so	so	ADV
alces-475	87	19	hold	hold	VERB
alces-475	87	20	the	the	DET
alces-475	87	21	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	87	22	in	in	ADP
alces-475	87	23	a	a	DET
alces-475	87	24	grassland	grassland	NOUN
alces-475	87	25	state	state	NOUN
alces-475	87	26	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	88	1	later	later	ADV
alces-475	88	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	88	3	in	in	ADP
alces-475	88	4	the	the	DET
alces-475	88	5	1980s	1980	NOUN
alces-475	88	6	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	88	7	elephants	elephant	NOUN
alces-475	88	8	were	be	AUX
alces-475	88	9	removed	remove	VERB
alces-475	88	10	by	by	ADP
alces-475	88	11	poachers	poacher	NOUN
alces-475	88	12	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	88	13	trees	tree	NOUN
alces-475	88	14	regenerated	regenerate	VERB
alces-475	88	15	in	in	ADP
alces-475	88	16	abundance	abundance	NOUN
alces-475	88	17	forming	form	VERB
alces-475	88	18	dense	dense	ADJ
alces-475	88	19	thickets	thicket	NOUN
alces-475	88	20	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	88	21	fire	fire	NOUN
alces-475	88	22	having	having	AUX
alces-475	88	23	been	be	AUX
alces-475	88	24	reduced	reduce	VERB
alces-475	88	25	through	through	ADP
alces-475	88	26	grazing	grazing	NOUN
alces-475	88	27	by	by	ADP
alces-475	88	28	wildebeest	wildebeest	PROPN
alces-475	88	29	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	88	30	connochaetes	connochaete	NOUN
alces-475	88	31	taurinus	taurinus	NOUN
alces-475	88	32	;	;	PUNCT
alces-475	88	33	sinclair	sinclair	NOUN
alces-475	88	34	1995	1995	NUM
alces-475	88	35	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	88	36	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	89	1	thus	thus	ADV
alces-475	89	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	89	3	it	it	PRON
alces-475	89	4	was	be	AUX
alces-475	89	5	the	the	DET
alces-475	89	6	combination	combination	NOUN
alces-475	89	7	of	of	ADP
alces-475	89	8	browsing	browse	VERB
alces-475	89	9	by	by	ADP
alces-475	89	10	elephants	elephant	NOUN
alces-475	89	11	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	89	12	grazing	grazing	NOUN
alces-475	89	13	by	by	ADP
alces-475	89	14	wildebeest	wildebeest	NOUN
alces-475	89	15	that	that	PRON
alces-475	89	16	determined	determine	VERB
alces-475	89	17	which	which	PRON
alces-475	89	18	of	of	ADP
alces-475	89	19	the	the	DET
alces-475	89	20	two	two	NUM
alces-475	89	21	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	89	22	states	state	NOUN
alces-475	89	23	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	89	24	savanna	savanna	NOUN
alces-475	89	25	or	or	CCONJ
alces-475	89	26	grassland	grassland	NOUN
alces-475	89	27	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	89	28	persisted	persist	VERB
alces-475	89	29	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	89	30	sinclair	sinclair	NOUN
alces-475	89	31	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	89	32	krebs	krebs	PROPN
alces-475	89	33	2002	2002	NUM
alces-475	89	34	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	89	35	fig	fig	NOUN
alces-475	89	36	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	90	1	2	2	NUM
alces-475	90	2	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	90	3	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	91	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	91	2	return	return	NOUN
alces-475	91	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	91	4	savanna	savanna	NOUN
alces-475	91	5	has	have	AUX
alces-475	91	6	resulted	result	VERB
alces-475	91	7	in	in	ADP
alces-475	91	8	an	an	DET
alces-475	91	9	increase	increase	NOUN
alces-475	91	10	in	in	ADP
alces-475	91	11	impala	impala	NOUN
alces-475	91	12	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	92	1	elephants	elephant	NOUN
alces-475	92	2	as	as	ADP
alces-475	92	3	a	a	DET
alces-475	92	4	structuring	structuring	NOUN
alces-475	92	5	force	force	NOUN
alces-475	92	6	were	be	AUX
alces-475	92	7	to	to	PART
alces-475	92	8	be	be	AUX
alces-475	92	9	seen	see	VERB
alces-475	92	10	in	in	ADP
alces-475	92	11	another	another	DET
alces-475	92	12	area	area	NOUN
alces-475	92	13	of	of	ADP
alces-475	92	14	east	east	PROPN
alces-475	92	15	africa	africa	PROPN
alces-475	92	16	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	92	17	the	the	DET
alces-475	92	18	tsavo	tsavo	PROPN
alces-475	92	19	national	national	PROPN
alces-475	92	20	park	park	PROPN
alces-475	92	21	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	92	22	kenya	kenya	PROPN
alces-475	92	23	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	93	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	93	2	the	the	DET
alces-475	93	3	period	period	NOUN
alces-475	93	4	1850	1850	NUM
alces-475	93	5	–	–	PUNCT
alces-475	93	6	1900	1900	NUM
alces-475	93	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	93	8	the	the	DET
alces-475	93	9	ivory	ivory	PROPN
alces-475	93	10	trade	trade	PROPN
alces-475	93	11	in	in	ADP
alces-475	93	12	east	east	PROPN
alces-475	93	13	africa	africa	PROPN
alces-475	93	14	decimated	decimate	VERB
alces-475	93	15	elephant	elephant	NOUN
alces-475	93	16	populations	population	NOUN
alces-475	93	17	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	93	18	none	none	NOUN
alces-475	93	19	were	be	AUX
alces-475	93	20	to	to	PART
alces-475	93	21	be	be	AUX
alces-475	93	22	found	find	VERB
alces-475	93	23	in	in	ADP
alces-475	93	24	the	the	DET
alces-475	93	25	tsavo	tsavo	NOUN
alces-475	93	26	of	of	ADP
alces-475	93	27	the	the	DET
alces-475	93	28	1890s	1890	NOUN
alces-475	93	29	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	93	30	patterson	patterson	PROPN
alces-475	93	31	1907	1907	NUM
alces-475	93	32	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	93	33	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	94	1	furthermore	furthermore	ADV
alces-475	94	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	94	3	the	the	DET
alces-475	94	4	african	african	ADJ
alces-475	94	5	tribe	tribe	NOUN
alces-475	94	6	that	that	PRON
alces-475	94	7	lived	live	VERB
alces-475	94	8	around	around	ADP
alces-475	94	9	tsavo	tsavo	PROPN
alces-475	94	10	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	94	11	the	the	DET
alces-475	94	12	wakamba	wakamba	NOUN
alces-475	94	13	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	94	14	were	be	AUX
alces-475	94	15	traditional	traditional	ADJ
alces-475	94	16	elephant	elephant	NOUN
alces-475	94	17	hunters	hunter	NOUN
alces-475	94	18	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	94	19	kept	keep	VERB
alces-475	94	20	numbers	number	NOUN
alces-475	94	21	low	low	ADJ
alces-475	94	22	in	in	ADP
alces-475	94	23	their	their	PRON
alces-475	94	24	area	area	NOUN
alces-475	94	25	during	during	ADP
alces-475	94	26	1900	1900	NUM
alces-475	94	27	–	–	PUNCT
alces-475	94	28	1949	1949	NUM
alces-475	94	29	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	95	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	95	2	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	95	3	without	without	ADP
alces-475	95	4	elephants	elephant	NOUN
alces-475	95	5	was	be	AUX
alces-475	95	6	dense	dense	ADJ
alces-475	95	7	shrubland	shrubland	NOUN
alces-475	95	8	with	with	ADP
alces-475	95	9	scattered	scatter	VERB
alces-475	95	10	trees	tree	NOUN
alces-475	95	11	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	96	1	it	it	PRON
alces-475	96	2	was	be	AUX
alces-475	96	3	sufficiently	sufficiently	ADV
alces-475	96	4	dense	dense	ADJ
alces-475	96	5	that	that	SCONJ
alces-475	96	6	hunters	hunter	NOUN
alces-475	96	7	had	have	VERB
alces-475	96	8	to	to	PART
alces-475	96	9	crawl	crawl	VERB
alces-475	96	10	along	along	ADP
alces-475	96	11	tunnels	tunnel	NOUN
alces-475	96	12	made	make	VERB
alces-475	96	13	by	by	ADP
alces-475	96	14	alces	alce	NOUN
alces-475	96	15	vol	vol	NOUN
alces-475	96	16	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	96	17	39	39	NUM
alces-475	96	18	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	96	19	2003	2003	NUM
alces-475	96	20	sinclair	sinclair	NOUN
alces-475	96	21	–	–	PUNCT
alces-475	96	22	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	96	23	as	as	ADP
alces-475	96	24	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	96	25	landscapers	landscaper	NOUN
alces-475	96	26	165	165	NUM
alces-475	96	27	black	black	ADJ
alces-475	96	28	rhino	rhino	NOUN
alces-475	96	29	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	96	30	diceros	dicero	NOUN
alces-475	96	31	bicornis	bicornis	PROPN
alces-475	96	32	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	96	33	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	96	34	patterson	patterson	PROPN
alces-475	96	35	1907	1907	NUM
alces-475	96	36	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	96	37	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	97	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	97	2	1949	1949	NUM
alces-475	97	3	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	97	4	tsavo	tsavo	PROPN
alces-475	97	5	national	national	PROPN
alces-475	97	6	park	park	PROPN
alces-475	97	7	was	be	AUX
alces-475	97	8	formed	form	VERB
alces-475	97	9	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	97	10	it	it	PRON
alces-475	97	11	contained	contain	VERB
alces-475	97	12	few	few	ADJ
alces-475	97	13	elephants	elephant	NOUN
alces-475	97	14	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	97	15	dense	dense	ADJ
alces-475	97	16	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	97	17	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	98	1	elephants	elephant	NOUN
alces-475	98	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	98	3	now	now	ADV
alces-475	98	4	released	release	VERB
alces-475	98	5	from	from	ADP
alces-475	98	6	hunting	hunt	VERB
alces-475	98	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	98	8	increased	increase	VERB
alces-475	98	9	rapidly	rapidly	ADV
alces-475	98	10	with	with	ADP
alces-475	98	11	the	the	DET
alces-475	98	12	abundant	abundant	ADJ
alces-475	98	13	food	food	NOUN
alces-475	98	14	supply	supply	NOUN
alces-475	98	15	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	99	1	they	they	PRON
alces-475	99	2	reduced	reduce	VERB
alces-475	99	3	the	the	DET
alces-475	99	4	shrub	shrub	NOUN
alces-475	99	5	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	99	6	tree	tree	NOUN
alces-475	99	7	densities	density	NOUN
alces-475	99	8	in	in	ADP
alces-475	99	9	inverse	inverse	ADJ
alces-475	99	10	proportion	proportion	NOUN
alces-475	99	11	to	to	ADP
alces-475	99	12	the	the	DET
alces-475	99	13	distance	distance	NOUN
alces-475	99	14	from	from	ADP
alces-475	99	15	water	water	NOUN
alces-475	99	16	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	100	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	100	2	population	population	NOUN
alces-475	100	3	increase	increase	NOUN
alces-475	100	4	ceased	cease	VERB
alces-475	100	5	with	with	ADP
alces-475	100	6	an	an	DET
alces-475	100	7	initial	initial	ADJ
alces-475	100	8	die	die	NOUN
alces-475	100	9	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	100	10	off	off	NOUN
alces-475	100	11	due	due	ADJ
alces-475	100	12	to	to	ADP
alces-475	100	13	starvation	starvation	NOUN
alces-475	100	14	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	100	15	corfield	corfield	NOUN
alces-475	100	16	1973	1973	NUM
alces-475	100	17	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	100	18	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	100	19	has	have	AUX
alces-475	100	20	since	since	SCONJ
alces-475	100	21	stabilized	stabilize	VERB
alces-475	100	22	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	101	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	101	2	the	the	DET
alces-475	101	3	presence	presence	NOUN
alces-475	101	4	of	of	ADP
alces-475	101	5	elephants	elephant	NOUN
alces-475	101	6	the	the	DET
alces-475	101	7	landscape	landscape	NOUN
alces-475	101	8	is	be	AUX
alces-475	101	9	a	a	DET
alces-475	101	10	mosaic	mosaic	ADJ
alces-475	101	11	of	of	ADP
alces-475	101	12	open	open	ADJ
alces-475	101	13	grassland	grassland	NOUN
alces-475	101	14	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	101	15	shrubland	shrubland	NOUN
alces-475	101	16	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	101	17	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	101	18	savanna	savanna	NOUN
alces-475	101	19	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	102	1	this	this	DET
alces-475	102	2	change	change	NOUN
alces-475	102	3	in	in	ADP
alces-475	102	4	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	102	5	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	102	6	led	lead	VERB
alces-475	102	7	to	to	ADP
alces-475	102	8	declines	decline	NOUN
alces-475	102	9	of	of	ADP
alces-475	102	10	browsers	browser	NOUN
alces-475	102	11	such	such	ADJ
alces-475	102	12	as	as	ADP
alces-475	102	13	gerenuck	gerenuck	PROPN
alces-475	102	14	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	102	15	litocranius	litocranius	NOUN
alces-475	102	16	walleri	walleri	NOUN
alces-475	102	17	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	102	18	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	102	19	lesser	less	ADJ
alces-475	102	20	kudu	kudu	NOUN
alces-475	102	21	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	102	22	tragelaphus	tragelaphus	PROPN
alces-475	102	23	imberbis	imberbis	PROPN
alces-475	102	24	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	102	25	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	102	26	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	102	27	giraffe	giraffe	NOUN
alces-475	102	28	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	102	29	an	an	DET
alces-475	102	30	increase	increase	NOUN
alces-475	102	31	in	in	ADP
alces-475	102	32	grazers	grazer	NOUN
alces-475	102	33	such	such	ADJ
alces-475	102	34	as	as	ADP
alces-475	102	35	zebra	zebra	NOUN
alces-475	102	36	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	102	37	equus	equus	PROPN
alces-475	102	38	burchelli	burchelli	PROPN
alces-475	102	39	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	102	40	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	102	41	buffalo	buffalo	PROPN
alces-475	102	42	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	102	43	syncerus	syncerus	NOUN
alces-475	102	44	caffer	caffer	NOUN
alces-475	102	45	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	102	46	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	102	47	parker	parker	PROPN
alces-475	102	48	1983	1983	NUM
alces-475	102	49	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	102	50	owen	owen	PROPN
alces-475	102	51	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	102	52	smith	smith	PROPN
alces-475	102	53	1988	1988	NUM
alces-475	102	54	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	102	55	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	103	1	giraffe	giraffe	PROPN
alces-475	103	2	also	also	ADV
alces-475	103	3	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	103	4	savanna	savanna	NOUN
alces-475	103	5	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	103	6	through	through	ADP
alces-475	103	7	two	two	NUM
alces-475	103	8	effects	effect	NOUN
alces-475	103	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	104	1	one	one	NUM
alces-475	104	2	effect	effect	NOUN
alces-475	104	3	is	be	AUX
alces-475	104	4	by	by	ADP
alces-475	104	5	keeping	keep	VERB
alces-475	104	6	small	small	ADJ
alces-475	104	7	trees	tree	NOUN
alces-475	104	8	at	at	ADP
alces-475	104	9	a	a	DET
alces-475	104	10	low	low	ADJ
alces-475	104	11	height	height	NOUN
alces-475	104	12	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	104	13	1	1	NUM
alces-475	104	14	–	–	SYM
alces-475	104	15	2	2	NUM
alces-475	104	16	m	m	NOUN
alces-475	104	17	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	104	18	through	through	ADP
alces-475	104	19	constant	constant	ADJ
alces-475	104	20	browsing	browsing	NOUN
alces-475	104	21	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	104	22	pellew	pellew	NOUN
alces-475	104	23	1981	1981	NUM
alces-475	104	24	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	104	25	1983	1983	NUM
alces-475	104	26	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	104	27	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	105	1	this	this	DET
alces-475	105	2	height	height	NOUN
alces-475	105	3	makes	make	VERB
alces-475	105	4	small	small	ADJ
alces-475	105	5	trees	tree	NOUN
alces-475	105	6	vulnerable	vulnerable	ADJ
alces-475	105	7	to	to	ADP
alces-475	105	8	fire	fire	NOUN
alces-475	105	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	105	10	whose	whose	DET
alces-475	105	11	effects	effect	NOUN
alces-475	105	12	can	can	AUX
alces-475	105	13	reach	reach	VERB
alces-475	105	14	up	up	ADP
alces-475	105	15	to	to	PART
alces-475	105	16	3	3	NUM
alces-475	105	17	m.	m.	NOUN
alces-475	105	18	when	when	SCONJ
alces-475	105	19	a	a	DET
alces-475	105	20	browsed	browse	VERB
alces-475	105	21	tree	tree	NOUN
alces-475	105	22	in	in	ADP
alces-475	105	23	this	this	DET
alces-475	105	24	height	height	NOUN
alces-475	105	25	range	range	NOUN
alces-475	105	26	experiences	experience	VERB
alces-475	105	27	a	a	DET
alces-475	105	28	hot	hot	ADJ
alces-475	105	29	fire	fire	NOUN
alces-475	105	30	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	105	31	all	all	DET
alces-475	105	32	its	its	PRON
alces-475	105	33	above	above	ADJ
alces-475	105	34	ground	ground	NOUN
alces-475	105	35	biomass	biomass	NOUN
alces-475	105	36	is	be	AUX
alces-475	105	37	killed	kill	VERB
alces-475	105	38	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	105	39	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	105	40	it	it	PRON
alces-475	105	41	must	must	AUX
alces-475	105	42	regrow	regrow	VERB
alces-475	105	43	from	from	ADP
alces-475	105	44	the	the	DET
alces-475	105	45	rootstock	rootstock	NOUN
alces-475	105	46	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	105	47	dublin	dublin	NOUN
alces-475	105	48	1986	1986	NUM
alces-475	105	49	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	105	50	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	106	1	thus	thus	ADV
alces-475	106	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	106	3	giraffe	giraffe	PROPN
alces-475	106	4	indirectly	indirectly	ADV
alces-475	106	5	reduce	reduce	VERB
alces-475	106	6	the	the	DET
alces-475	106	7	density	density	NOUN
alces-475	106	8	of	of	ADP
alces-475	106	9	trees	tree	NOUN
alces-475	106	10	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	106	11	maintain	maintain	VERB
alces-475	106	12	a	a	DET
alces-475	106	13	more	more	ADV
alces-475	106	14	open	open	ADJ
alces-475	106	15	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	106	16	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	106	17	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	107	1	furthermore	furthermore	ADV
alces-475	107	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	107	3	abundant	abundant	ADJ
alces-475	107	4	low	low	ADJ
alces-475	107	5	level	level	NOUN
alces-475	107	6	tree	tree	NOUN
alces-475	107	7	seedlings	seedling	NOUN
alces-475	107	8	benefit	benefit	VERB
alces-475	107	9	other	other	ADJ
alces-475	107	10	browsers	browser	NOUN
alces-475	107	11	such	such	ADJ
alces-475	107	12	as	as	ADP
alces-475	107	13	greater	great	ADJ
alces-475	107	14	kudu	kudu	NOUN
alces-475	107	15	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	107	16	impala	impala	NOUN
alces-475	107	17	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	107	18	owen	owen	PROPN
alces-475	107	19	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	107	20	smith	smith	PROPN
alces-475	107	21	1988	1988	NUM
alces-475	107	22	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	107	23	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	108	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	108	2	second	second	ADJ
alces-475	108	3	effect	effect	NOUN
alces-475	108	4	of	of	ADP
alces-475	108	5	browsing	browse	VERB
alces-475	108	6	is	be	AUX
alces-475	108	7	on	on	ADP
alces-475	108	8	mature	mature	ADJ
alces-475	108	9	trees	tree	NOUN
alces-475	108	10	that	that	PRON
alces-475	108	11	escape	escape	VERB
alces-475	108	12	the	the	DET
alces-475	108	13	fire	fire	NOUN
alces-475	108	14	window	window	NOUN
alces-475	108	15	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	109	1	these	these	DET
alces-475	109	2	trees	tree	NOUN
alces-475	109	3	can	can	AUX
alces-475	109	4	be	be	AUX
alces-475	109	5	sculptured	sculpture	VERB
alces-475	109	6	into	into	ADP
alces-475	109	7	a	a	DET
alces-475	109	8	variety	variety	NOUN
alces-475	109	9	of	of	ADP
alces-475	109	10	shapes	shape	NOUN
alces-475	109	11	beginning	begin	VERB
alces-475	109	12	with	with	ADP
alces-475	109	13	a	a	DET
alces-475	109	14	‘	'	PUNCT
alces-475	109	15	top	top	ADJ
alces-475	109	16	’	'	PUNCT
alces-475	109	17	shape	shape	NOUN
alces-475	109	18	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	109	19	broad	broad	ADJ
alces-475	109	20	at	at	ADP
alces-475	109	21	the	the	DET
alces-475	109	22	base	base	NOUN
alces-475	109	23	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	109	24	with	with	ADP
alces-475	109	25	a	a	DET
alces-475	109	26	narrow	narrow	ADJ
alces-475	109	27	central	central	ADJ
alces-475	109	28	pole	pole	NOUN
alces-475	109	29	that	that	PRON
alces-475	109	30	giraffe	giraffe	NOUN
alces-475	109	31	can	can	AUX
alces-475	109	32	not	not	PART
alces-475	109	33	reach	reach	VERB
alces-475	109	34	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	110	1	this	this	DET
alces-475	110	2	shape	shape	NOUN
alces-475	110	3	grows	grow	VERB
alces-475	110	4	into	into	ADP
alces-475	110	5	an	an	DET
alces-475	110	6	hourglass	hourglass	NOUN
alces-475	110	7	form	form	NOUN
alces-475	110	8	as	as	SCONJ
alces-475	110	9	the	the	DET
alces-475	110	10	central	central	ADJ
alces-475	110	11	pole	pole	NOUN
alces-475	110	12	spreads	spread	VERB
alces-475	110	13	out	out	ADP
alces-475	110	14	above	above	ADP
alces-475	110	15	the	the	DET
alces-475	110	16	reach	reach	NOUN
alces-475	110	17	of	of	ADP
alces-475	110	18	giraffe	giraffe	NOUN
alces-475	110	19	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	111	1	eventually	eventually	ADV
alces-475	111	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	111	3	the	the	DET
alces-475	111	4	tree	tree	NOUN
alces-475	111	5	forms	form	VERB
alces-475	111	6	the	the	DET
alces-475	111	7	characteristic	characteristic	ADJ
alces-475	111	8	flat	flat	ADJ
alces-475	111	9	top	top	NOUN
alces-475	111	10	or	or	CCONJ
alces-475	111	11	umbrella	umbrella	NOUN
alces-475	111	12	top	top	NOUN
alces-475	111	13	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	112	1	this	this	DET
alces-475	112	2	phenotype	phenotype	NOUN
alces-475	112	3	is	be	AUX
alces-475	112	4	the	the	DET
alces-475	112	5	direct	direct	ADJ
alces-475	112	6	result	result	NOUN
alces-475	112	7	of	of	ADP
alces-475	112	8	giraffe	giraffe	NOUN
alces-475	112	9	browsing	browsing	NOUN
alces-475	112	10	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	112	11	for	for	ADP
alces-475	112	12	in	in	ADP
alces-475	112	13	their	their	PRON
alces-475	112	14	absence	absence	NOUN
alces-475	112	15	we	we	PRON
alces-475	112	16	see	see	VERB
alces-475	112	17	trees	tree	NOUN
alces-475	112	18	with	with	ADP
alces-475	112	19	branches	branch	NOUN
alces-475	112	20	that	that	PRON
alces-475	112	21	droop	droop	VERB
alces-475	112	22	down	down	ADP
alces-475	112	23	to	to	ADP
alces-475	112	24	the	the	DET
alces-475	112	25	ground	ground	NOUN
alces-475	112	26	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	112	27	forming	form	VERB
alces-475	112	28	dense	dense	ADJ
alces-475	112	29	thickets	thicket	NOUN
alces-475	112	30	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	113	1	these	these	DET
alces-475	113	2	differences	difference	NOUN
alces-475	113	3	in	in	ADP
alces-475	113	4	tree	tree	NOUN
alces-475	113	5	morphology	morphology	NOUN
alces-475	113	6	determine	determine	VERB
alces-475	113	7	their	their	PRON
alces-475	113	8	suitability	suitability	NOUN
alces-475	113	9	as	as	ADP
alces-475	113	10	nest	nest	NOUN
alces-475	113	11	sites	site	NOUN
alces-475	113	12	for	for	ADP
alces-475	113	13	birds	bird	NOUN
alces-475	113	14	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	114	1	grasslands	grassland	NOUN
alces-475	114	2	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	114	3	play	play	VERB
alces-475	114	4	a	a	DET
alces-475	114	5	major	major	ADJ
alces-475	114	6	role	role	NOUN
alces-475	114	7	in	in	ADP
alces-475	114	8	structuring	structuring	NOUN
alces-475	114	9	grasslands	grassland	NOUN
alces-475	114	10	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	114	11	especially	especially	ADV
alces-475	114	12	wet	wet	ADJ
alces-475	114	13	grasslands	grassland	NOUN
alces-475	114	14	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	114	15	swamps	swamp	NOUN
alces-475	114	16	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	114	17	in	in	ADP
alces-475	114	18	temperate	temperate	ADJ
alces-475	114	19	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	114	20	tropical	tropical	ADJ
alces-475	114	21	regions	region	NOUN
alces-475	114	22	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	115	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	115	2	treeless	treeless	ADJ
alces-475	115	3	eastern	eastern	ADJ
alces-475	115	4	serengeti	serengeti	PROPN
alces-475	115	5	plains	plain	NOUN
alces-475	115	6	are	be	AUX
alces-475	115	7	composed	compose	VERB
alces-475	115	8	of	of	ADP
alces-475	115	9	short	short	ADJ
alces-475	115	10	height	height	NOUN
alces-475	115	11	grasses	grass	NOUN
alces-475	115	12	such	such	ADJ
alces-475	115	13	as	as	ADP
alces-475	115	14	andropogon	andropogon	PROPN
alces-475	115	15	greenwayi	greenwayi	PROPN
alces-475	115	16	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	115	17	sporobolus	sporobolus	NOUN
alces-475	115	18	spicatus	spicatus	NOUN
alces-475	115	19	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	116	1	they	they	PRON
alces-475	116	2	also	also	ADV
alces-475	116	3	support	support	VERB
alces-475	116	4	a	a	DET
alces-475	116	5	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	116	6	number	number	NOUN
alces-475	116	7	of	of	ADP
alces-475	116	8	small	small	ADJ
alces-475	116	9	herbaceous	herbaceous	ADJ
alces-475	116	10	dicots	dicot	NOUN
alces-475	116	11	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	117	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	117	2	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	117	3	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	117	4	species	species	NOUN
alces-475	117	5	composition	composition	NOUN
alces-475	117	6	of	of	ADP
alces-475	117	7	these	these	DET
alces-475	117	8	plains	plain	NOUN
alces-475	117	9	is	be	AUX
alces-475	117	10	maintained	maintain	VERB
alces-475	117	11	by	by	ADP
alces-475	117	12	near	near	ADJ
alces-475	117	13	continuous	continuous	ADJ
alces-475	117	14	grazing	grazing	NOUN
alces-475	117	15	from	from	ADP
alces-475	117	16	the	the	DET
alces-475	117	17	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	117	18	herds	herd	NOUN
alces-475	117	19	of	of	ADP
alces-475	117	20	migratory	migratory	ADJ
alces-475	117	21	wildebeest	wildebeest	NOUN
alces-475	117	22	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	117	23	zebra	zebra	PROPN
alces-475	117	24	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	117	25	mcnaughton	mcnaughton	PROPN
alces-475	117	26	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	117	27	sabuni	sabuni	ADJ
alces-475	117	28	1988	1988	NUM
alces-475	117	29	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	117	30	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	118	1	when	when	SCONJ
alces-475	118	2	wildebeest	wildebeest	ADJ
alces-475	118	3	numbers	number	NOUN
alces-475	118	4	were	be	AUX
alces-475	118	5	reduced	reduce	VERB
alces-475	118	6	to	to	ADP
alces-475	118	7	20	20	NUM
alces-475	118	8	%	%	NOUN
alces-475	118	9	of	of	ADP
alces-475	118	10	the	the	DET
alces-475	118	11	present	present	ADJ
alces-475	118	12	day	day	NOUN
alces-475	118	13	population	population	NOUN
alces-475	118	14	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	118	15	as	as	ADP
alces-475	118	16	a	a	DET
alces-475	118	17	result	result	NOUN
alces-475	118	18	of	of	ADP
alces-475	118	19	rinderpest	rinderpest	NOUN
alces-475	118	20	fig.2	fig.2	PROPN
alces-475	118	21	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	118	22	savanna	savanna	NOUN
alces-475	118	23	trees	tree	NOUN
alces-475	118	24	in	in	ADP
alces-475	118	25	serengeti	serengeti	PROPN
alces-475	118	26	can	can	AUX
alces-475	118	27	exist	exist	VERB
alces-475	118	28	in	in	ADP
alces-475	118	29	two	two	NUM
alces-475	118	30	states	state	NOUN
alces-475	118	31	with	with	ADP
alces-475	118	32	the	the	DET
alces-475	118	33	same	same	ADJ
alces-475	118	34	density	density	NOUN
alces-475	118	35	of	of	ADP
alces-475	118	36	elephants	elephant	NOUN
alces-475	118	37	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	119	1	a	a	DET
alces-475	119	2	high	high	ADJ
alces-475	119	3	tree	tree	NOUN
alces-475	119	4	density	density	NOUN
alces-475	119	5	in	in	ADP
alces-475	119	6	the	the	DET
alces-475	119	7	1950s	1950	NOUN
alces-475	119	8	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	119	9	squares	square	NOUN
alces-475	119	10	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	119	11	was	be	AUX
alces-475	119	12	reduced	reduce	VERB
alces-475	119	13	by	by	ADP
alces-475	119	14	fires	fire	NOUN
alces-475	119	15	in	in	ADP
alces-475	119	16	the	the	DET
alces-475	119	17	1960s	1960	NOUN
alces-475	119	18	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	119	19	triangles	triangle	NOUN
alces-475	119	20	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	119	21	through	through	ADP
alces-475	119	22	the	the	DET
alces-475	119	23	inhibition	inhibition	NOUN
alces-475	119	24	of	of	ADP
alces-475	119	25	seedlings	seedling	NOUN
alces-475	119	26	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	120	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	120	2	resulting	result	VERB
alces-475	120	3	low	low	ADJ
alces-475	120	4	tree	tree	NOUN
alces-475	120	5	density	density	NOUN
alces-475	120	6	was	be	AUX
alces-475	120	7	maintained	maintain	VERB
alces-475	120	8	by	by	ADP
alces-475	120	9	elephant	elephant	NOUN
alces-475	120	10	browsing	browsing	NOUN
alces-475	120	11	of	of	ADP
alces-475	120	12	seedlings	seedling	NOUN
alces-475	120	13	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	120	14	circles	circle	NOUN
alces-475	120	15	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	120	16	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	121	1	only	only	ADV
alces-475	121	2	when	when	SCONJ
alces-475	121	3	elephants	elephant	NOUN
alces-475	121	4	were	be	AUX
alces-475	121	5	removed	remove	VERB
alces-475	121	6	by	by	ADP
alces-475	121	7	poaching	poach	VERB
alces-475	121	8	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	121	9	1980s	1980s	NUM
alces-475	121	10	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	121	11	was	be	AUX
alces-475	121	12	the	the	DET
alces-475	121	13	high	high	ADJ
alces-475	121	14	tree	tree	NOUN
alces-475	121	15	density	density	NOUN
alces-475	121	16	state	state	NOUN
alces-475	121	17	restored	restore	VERB
alces-475	121	18	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	121	19	data	datum	NOUN
alces-475	121	20	from	from	ADP
alces-475	121	21	dublin	dublin	PROPN
alces-475	121	22	et	et	PROPN
alces-475	121	23	al	al	PROPN
alces-475	121	24	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	121	25	1990	1990	NUM
alces-475	121	26	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	121	27	dublin	dublin	PROPN
alces-475	121	28	1995	1995	NUM
alces-475	121	29	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	121	30	personal	personal	ADJ
alces-475	121	31	observations	observation	NOUN
alces-475	121	32	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	122	1	redrawn	redrawn	NOUN
alces-475	122	2	from	from	ADP
alces-475	122	3	sinclair	sinclair	NOUN
alces-475	122	4	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	122	5	krebs	krebs	PROPN
alces-475	122	6	2002	2002	NUM
alces-475	122	7	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	122	8	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	123	1	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	123	2	as	as	ADP
alces-475	123	3	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	123	4	landscapers	landscaper	NOUN
alces-475	123	5	–	–	PUNCT
alces-475	123	6	sinclair	sinclair	NOUN
alces-475	123	7	alces	alce	NOUN
alces-475	123	8	vol	vol	NOUN
alces-475	123	9	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	123	10	39	39	NUM
alces-475	123	11	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	123	12	2003	2003	NUM
alces-475	123	13	166	166	NUM
alces-475	123	14	mortality	mortality	NOUN
alces-475	123	15	that	that	PRON
alces-475	123	16	persisted	persist	VERB
alces-475	123	17	for	for	ADP
alces-475	123	18	some	some	DET
alces-475	123	19	70	70	NUM
alces-475	123	20	years	year	NOUN
alces-475	123	21	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	123	22	1890	1890	NUM
alces-475	123	23	-	-	SYM
alces-475	123	24	1963	1963	NUM
alces-475	123	25	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	123	26	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	123	27	these	these	DET
alces-475	123	28	eastern	eastern	ADJ
alces-475	123	29	grasslands	grassland	NOUN
alces-475	123	30	changed	change	VERB
alces-475	123	31	in	in	ADP
alces-475	123	32	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	123	33	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	123	34	becoming	become	VERB
alces-475	123	35	taller	tall	ADJ
alces-475	123	36	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	123	37	1	1	NUM
alces-475	123	38	m	m	NOUN
alces-475	123	39	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	123	40	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	124	1	similar	similar	ADJ
alces-475	124	2	tall	tall	ADJ
alces-475	124	3	grasslands	grassland	NOUN
alces-475	124	4	currently	currently	ADV
alces-475	124	5	on	on	ADP
alces-475	124	6	the	the	DET
alces-475	124	7	western	western	ADJ
alces-475	124	8	serengeti	serengeti	PROPN
alces-475	124	9	plains	plain	NOUN
alces-475	124	10	show	show	VERB
alces-475	124	11	that	that	SCONJ
alces-475	124	12	most	most	ADJ
alces-475	124	13	dicot	dicot	ADJ
alces-475	124	14	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	124	15	become	become	VERB
alces-475	124	16	overshadowed	overshadowed	ADJ
alces-475	124	17	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	124	18	drop	drop	VERB
alces-475	124	19	out	out	ADP
alces-475	124	20	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	125	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	125	2	impact	impact	NOUN
alces-475	125	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	125	4	wildebeest	wildebeest	ADJ
alces-475	125	5	grazing	grazing	NOUN
alces-475	125	6	is	be	AUX
alces-475	125	7	demonstrated	demonstrate	VERB
alces-475	125	8	from	from	ADP
alces-475	125	9	the	the	DET
alces-475	125	10	measurement	measurement	NOUN
alces-475	125	11	of	of	ADP
alces-475	125	12	grass	grass	NOUN
alces-475	125	13	consumption	consumption	NOUN
alces-475	125	14	on	on	ADP
alces-475	125	15	the	the	DET
alces-475	125	16	short	short	ADJ
alces-475	125	17	grass	grass	NOUN
alces-475	125	18	plains	plain	NOUN
alces-475	125	19	compared	compare	VERB
alces-475	125	20	to	to	ADP
alces-475	125	21	the	the	DET
alces-475	125	22	long	long	ADJ
alces-475	125	23	grass	grass	NOUN
alces-475	125	24	plains	plain	NOUN
alces-475	125	25	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	125	26	fig	fig	NOUN
alces-475	125	27	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	126	1	3	3	X
alces-475	126	2	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	126	3	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	126	4	mcnaughton	mcnaughton	PROPN
alces-475	126	5	1984	1984	NUM
alces-475	126	6	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	126	7	mcnaughton	mcnaughton	PROPN
alces-475	126	8	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	126	9	sabuni	sabuni	PROPN
alces-475	126	10	1988	1988	NUM
alces-475	126	11	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	126	12	augustine	augustine	PROPN
alces-475	126	13	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	126	14	mcnaughton	mcnaughton	PROPN
alces-475	126	15	1998	1998	NUM
alces-475	126	16	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	126	17	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	127	1	furthermore	furthermore	ADV
alces-475	127	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	127	3	our	our	PRON
alces-475	127	4	studies	study	NOUN
alces-475	127	5	reveal	reveal	VERB
alces-475	127	6	that	that	SCONJ
alces-475	127	7	the	the	DET
alces-475	127	8	long	long	ADJ
alces-475	127	9	grass	grass	NOUN
alces-475	127	10	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	127	11	provides	provide	VERB
alces-475	127	12	the	the	DET
alces-475	127	13	habitat	habitat	NOUN
alces-475	127	14	for	for	ADP
alces-475	127	15	a	a	DET
alces-475	127	16	wide	wide	ADJ
alces-475	127	17	range	range	NOUN
alces-475	127	18	of	of	ADP
alces-475	127	19	grassland	grassland	NOUN
alces-475	127	20	bird	bird	NOUN
alces-475	127	21	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	127	22	including	include	VERB
alces-475	127	23	grass	grass	NOUN
alces-475	127	24	warblers	warbler	NOUN
alces-475	127	25	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	127	26	cisticola	cisticola	PROPN
alces-475	127	27	spp	spp	PROPN
alces-475	127	28	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	127	29	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	128	1	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	128	2	larks	lark	NOUN
alces-475	128	3	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	128	4	alaudidae	alaudidae	NOUN
alces-475	128	5	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	128	6	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	129	1	long	long	ADJ
alces-475	129	2	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	129	3	term	term	NOUN
alces-475	129	4	grazing	grazing	NOUN
alces-475	129	5	results	result	NOUN
alces-475	129	6	in	in	ADP
alces-475	129	7	a	a	DET
alces-475	129	8	short	short	ADJ
alces-475	129	9	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	129	10	grass	grass	NOUN
alces-475	129	11	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	129	12	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	130	1	this	this	PRON
alces-475	130	2	in	in	ADP
alces-475	130	3	turn	turn	NOUN
alces-475	130	4	provides	provide	VERB
alces-475	130	5	the	the	DET
alces-475	130	6	habitat	habitat	NOUN
alces-475	130	7	for	for	ADP
alces-475	130	8	a	a	DET
alces-475	130	9	different	different	ADJ
alces-475	130	10	bird	bird	NOUN
alces-475	130	11	community	community	NOUN
alces-475	130	12	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	130	13	including	include	VERB
alces-475	130	14	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	130	15	such	such	ADJ
alces-475	130	16	as	as	ADP
alces-475	130	17	the	the	DET
alces-475	130	18	red	red	ADJ
alces-475	130	19	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	130	20	capped	cap	VERB
alces-475	130	21	lark	lark	NOUN
alces-475	130	22	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	130	23	calandrella	calandrella	NOUN
alces-475	130	24	cinerea	cinerea	NOUN
alces-475	130	25	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	130	26	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	130	27	capped	cap	VERB
alces-475	130	28	wheatear	wheatear	ADJ
alces-475	130	29	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	130	30	oenanthe	oenanthe	PROPN
alces-475	130	31	pileata	pileata	PROPN
alces-475	130	32	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	130	33	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	130	34	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	130	35	desert	desert	NOUN
alces-475	130	36	cisticola	cisticola	PROPN
alces-475	130	37	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	130	38	cisticola	cisticola	PROPN
alces-475	130	39	aridulus	aridulus	ADJ
alces-475	130	40	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	130	41	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	131	1	grasshopper	grasshopper	NOUN
alces-475	131	2	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	131	3	also	also	ADV
alces-475	131	4	change	change	VERB
alces-475	131	5	with	with	ADP
alces-475	131	6	grass	grass	NOUN
alces-475	131	7	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	131	8	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	132	1	thus	thus	ADV
alces-475	132	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	132	3	wildebeest	wildebeest	ADJ
alces-475	132	4	grazing	grazing	NOUN
alces-475	132	5	creates	create	VERB
alces-475	132	6	a	a	DET
alces-475	132	7	niche	niche	NOUN
alces-475	132	8	for	for	ADP
alces-475	132	9	several	several	ADJ
alces-475	132	10	different	different	ADJ
alces-475	132	11	groups	group	NOUN
alces-475	132	12	of	of	ADP
alces-475	132	13	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	132	14	in	in	ADP
alces-475	132	15	the	the	DET
alces-475	132	16	grassland	grassland	NOUN
alces-475	132	17	community	community	NOUN
alces-475	132	18	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	133	1	similar	similar	ADJ
alces-475	133	2	changes	change	NOUN
alces-475	133	3	in	in	ADP
alces-475	133	4	the	the	DET
alces-475	133	5	dicot	dicot	ADJ
alces-475	133	6	herbs	herb	NOUN
alces-475	133	7	occurred	occur	VERB
alces-475	133	8	with	with	ADP
alces-475	133	9	grazing	grazing	NOUN
alces-475	133	10	in	in	ADP
alces-475	133	11	the	the	DET
alces-475	133	12	flooded	flood	VERB
alces-475	133	13	pampa	pampa	NOUN
alces-475	133	14	grasslands	grassland	NOUN
alces-475	133	15	of	of	ADP
alces-475	133	16	argentina	argentina	PROPN
alces-475	133	17	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	133	18	sala	sala	PROPN
alces-475	133	19	1988	1988	NUM
alces-475	133	20	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	133	21	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	134	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	134	2	tundra	tundra	PROPN
alces-475	134	3	biomes	biomes	PROPN
alces-475	134	4	caribou	caribou	PROPN
alces-475	134	5	or	or	CCONJ
alces-475	134	6	reindeer	reindeer	NOUN
alces-475	134	7	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	134	8	rangifer	rangifer	VERB
alces-475	134	9	tarandus	tarandus	NOUN
alces-475	134	10	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	134	11	reduce	reduce	VERB
alces-475	134	12	lichen	lichen	NOUN
alces-475	134	13	cover	cover	NOUN
alces-475	134	14	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	134	15	promote	promote	VERB
alces-475	134	16	crustose	crustose	NOUN
alces-475	134	17	lichens	lichen	NOUN
alces-475	134	18	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	134	19	bryophytes	bryophyte	NOUN
alces-475	134	20	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	134	21	den	den	NOUN
alces-475	134	22	herder	herder	NOUN
alces-475	134	23	et	et	PROPN
alces-475	134	24	al	al	PROPN
alces-475	134	25	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	134	26	2003	2003	NUM
alces-475	134	27	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	134	28	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	135	1	along	along	ADP
alces-475	135	2	the	the	DET
alces-475	135	3	arctic	arctic	PROPN
alces-475	135	4	shoreline	shoreline	NOUN
alces-475	135	5	of	of	ADP
alces-475	135	6	canada	canada	PROPN
alces-475	135	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	135	8	geese	geese	ADJ
alces-475	135	9	rather	rather	ADV
alces-475	135	10	than	than	ADP
alces-475	135	11	mammal	mammal	ADJ
alces-475	135	12	herbivores	herbivore	NOUN
alces-475	135	13	are	be	AUX
alces-475	135	14	the	the	DET
alces-475	135	15	major	major	ADJ
alces-475	135	16	determinants	determinant	NOUN
alces-475	135	17	of	of	ADP
alces-475	135	18	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	135	19	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	135	20	jefferies	jefferie	NOUN
alces-475	135	21	et	et	PROPN
alces-475	135	22	al	al	PROPN
alces-475	135	23	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	135	24	1994	1994	NUM
alces-475	135	25	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	135	26	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	136	1	however	however	ADV
alces-475	136	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	136	3	the	the	DET
alces-475	136	4	low	low	ADJ
alces-475	136	5	impact	impact	NOUN
alces-475	136	6	of	of	ADP
alces-475	136	7	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	136	8	is	be	AUX
alces-475	136	9	a	a	DET
alces-475	136	10	recent	recent	ADJ
alces-475	136	11	event	event	NOUN
alces-475	136	12	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	137	1	i	i	PRON
alces-475	137	2	address	address	VERB
alces-475	137	3	the	the	DET
alces-475	137	4	pleistocene	pleistocene	NOUN
alces-475	137	5	impacts	impact	NOUN
alces-475	137	6	below	below	ADV
alces-475	137	7	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	138	1	swamps	swamp	NOUN
alces-475	138	2	grazing	graze	VERB
alces-475	138	3	by	by	ADP
alces-475	138	4	wildebeest	wildebeest	NOUN
alces-475	138	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	138	6	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	138	7	their	their	PRON
alces-475	138	8	effect	effect	NOUN
alces-475	138	9	on	on	ADP
alces-475	138	10	grass	grass	NOUN
alces-475	138	11	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	138	12	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	138	13	illustrates	illustrate	VERB
alces-475	138	14	the	the	DET
alces-475	138	15	process	process	NOUN
alces-475	138	16	known	know	VERB
alces-475	138	17	as	as	ADP
alces-475	138	18	‘	'	PUNCT
alces-475	138	19	facilitation	facilitation	NOUN
alces-475	138	20	’	'	PUNCT
alces-475	138	21	whereby	whereby	SCONJ
alces-475	138	22	one	one	NUM
alces-475	138	23	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	138	24	provides	provide	VERB
alces-475	138	25	niches	niche	NOUN
alces-475	138	26	for	for	ADP
alces-475	138	27	other	other	ADJ
alces-475	138	28	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	138	29	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	139	1	elephants	elephant	NOUN
alces-475	139	2	can	can	AUX
alces-475	139	3	facilitate	facilitate	VERB
alces-475	139	4	the	the	DET
alces-475	139	5	coexistence	coexistence	NOUN
alces-475	139	6	of	of	ADP
alces-475	139	7	other	other	ADJ
alces-475	139	8	ungulates	ungulate	NOUN
alces-475	139	9	in	in	ADP
alces-475	139	10	swamp	swamp	NOUN
alces-475	139	11	grasslands	grassland	NOUN
alces-475	139	12	by	by	ADP
alces-475	139	13	breaking	break	VERB
alces-475	139	14	down	down	ADP
alces-475	139	15	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	139	16	trampling	trampling	NOUN
alces-475	139	17	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	139	18	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	139	19	feeding	feed	VERB
alces-475	139	20	on	on	ADP
alces-475	139	21	very	very	ADV
alces-475	139	22	tall	tall	ADJ
alces-475	139	23	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	139	24	3	3	NUM
alces-475	139	25	-	-	SYM
alces-475	139	26	5	5	NUM
alces-475	139	27	m	m	NOUN
alces-475	139	28	high	high	ADJ
alces-475	139	29	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	139	30	woody	woody	NOUN
alces-475	139	31	grasses	grass	NOUN
alces-475	139	32	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	140	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	140	2	young	young	ADJ
alces-475	140	3	regenerating	regenerate	VERB
alces-475	140	4	shoots	shoot	NOUN
alces-475	140	5	of	of	ADP
alces-475	140	6	these	these	DET
alces-475	140	7	grasses	grass	NOUN
alces-475	140	8	combined	combine	VERB
alces-475	140	9	with	with	ADP
alces-475	140	10	other	other	ADJ
alces-475	140	11	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	140	12	that	that	PRON
alces-475	140	13	can	can	AUX
alces-475	140	14	grow	grow	VERB
alces-475	140	15	in	in	ADP
alces-475	140	16	the	the	DET
alces-475	140	17	openings	opening	NOUN
alces-475	140	18	provide	provide	VERB
alces-475	140	19	the	the	DET
alces-475	140	20	niche	niche	NOUN
alces-475	140	21	for	for	ADP
alces-475	140	22	african	african	ADJ
alces-475	140	23	buffalo	buffalo	PROPN
alces-475	140	24	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	140	25	topi	topi	PROPN
alces-475	140	26	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	140	27	damaliscus	damaliscus	NOUN
alces-475	140	28	korrigum	korrigum	PROPN
alces-475	140	29	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	140	30	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	140	31	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	140	32	waterbuck	waterbuck	NOUN
alces-475	140	33	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	140	34	kobus	kobus	PROPN
alces-475	140	35	defassa	defassa	PROPN
alces-475	140	36	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	140	37	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	140	38	a	a	DET
alces-475	140	39	sequence	sequence	NOUN
alces-475	140	40	that	that	PRON
alces-475	140	41	was	be	AUX
alces-475	140	42	classically	classically	ADV
alces-475	140	43	named	name	VERB
alces-475	140	44	the	the	DET
alces-475	140	45	‘	'	PUNCT
alces-475	140	46	grazing	grazing	NOUN
alces-475	140	47	succession	succession	NOUN
alces-475	140	48	’	'	PUNCT
alces-475	140	49	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	140	50	vesey	vesey	PROPN
alces-475	140	51	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	140	52	fitzgerald	fitzgerald	NOUN
alces-475	140	53	1960	1960	NUM
alces-475	140	54	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	140	55	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	141	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	141	2	kafue	kafue	ADJ
alces-475	141	3	flood	flood	NOUN
alces-475	141	4	plains	plain	NOUN
alces-475	141	5	in	in	ADP
alces-475	141	6	zambia	zambia	PROPN
alces-475	141	7	are	be	AUX
alces-475	141	8	annually	annually	ADV
alces-475	141	9	flooded	flood	VERB
alces-475	141	10	to	to	ADP
alces-475	141	11	depths	depth	NOUN
alces-475	141	12	varying	vary	VERB
alces-475	141	13	from	from	ADP
alces-475	141	14	a	a	DET
alces-475	141	15	few	few	ADJ
alces-475	141	16	cm	cm	NOUN
alces-475	141	17	to	to	ADP
alces-475	141	18	several	several	ADJ
alces-475	141	19	meters	meter	NOUN
alces-475	141	20	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	142	1	kafue	kafue	PROPN
alces-475	142	2	lechwe	lechwe	PROPN
alces-475	142	3	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	142	4	kobus	kobus	PROPN
alces-475	142	5	leche	leche	PROPN
alces-475	142	6	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	142	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	142	8	a	a	DET
alces-475	142	9	semi	semi	ADJ
alces-475	142	10	-	-	ADJ
alces-475	142	11	aquatic	aquatic	ADJ
alces-475	142	12	antelope	antelope	NOUN
alces-475	142	13	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	142	14	occur	occur	VERB
alces-475	142	15	at	at	ADP
alces-475	142	16	high	high	ADJ
alces-475	142	17	density	density	NOUN
alces-475	142	18	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	142	19	impose	impose	VERB
alces-475	142	20	considerable	considerable	ADJ
alces-475	142	21	grazing	grazing	NOUN
alces-475	142	22	pressure	pressure	NOUN
alces-475	142	23	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	143	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	143	2	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	143	3	exhibits	exhibit	VERB
alces-475	143	4	clear	clear	ADJ
alces-475	143	5	zonation	zonation	NOUN
alces-475	143	6	determined	determine	VERB
alces-475	143	7	by	by	ADP
alces-475	143	8	the	the	DET
alces-475	143	9	degree	degree	NOUN
alces-475	143	10	of	of	ADP
alces-475	143	11	grazing	grazing	NOUN
alces-475	143	12	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	143	13	which	which	PRON
alces-475	143	14	in	in	ADP
alces-475	143	15	turn	turn	NOUN
alces-475	143	16	is	be	AUX
alces-475	143	17	determined	determine	VERB
alces-475	143	18	by	by	ADP
alces-475	143	19	the	the	DET
alces-475	143	20	degree	degree	NOUN
alces-475	143	21	of	of	ADP
alces-475	143	22	flooding	flooding	NOUN
alces-475	143	23	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	143	24	depth	depth	NOUN
alces-475	143	25	of	of	ADP
alces-475	143	26	water	water	NOUN
alces-475	143	27	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	144	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	144	2	shallow	shallow	ADJ
alces-475	144	3	zones	zone	NOUN
alces-475	144	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	144	5	grazing	grazing	NOUN
alces-475	144	6	is	be	AUX
alces-475	144	7	year	year	NOUN
alces-475	144	8	round	round	ADV
alces-475	144	9	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	144	10	grasses	grass	NOUN
alces-475	144	11	such	such	ADJ
alces-475	144	12	as	as	ADP
alces-475	144	13	panicum	panicum	NOUN
alces-475	144	14	repens	repen	NOUN
alces-475	144	15	have	have	AUX
alces-475	144	16	evolved	evolve	VERB
alces-475	144	17	a	a	DET
alces-475	144	18	leaf	leaf	NOUN
alces-475	144	19	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	144	20	that	that	PRON
alces-475	144	21	remains	remain	VERB
alces-475	144	22	under	under	ADP
alces-475	144	23	water	water	NOUN
alces-475	144	24	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	144	25	protected	protect	VERB
alces-475	144	26	from	from	ADP
alces-475	144	27	grazing	graze	VERB
alces-475	144	28	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	145	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	145	2	deep	deep	ADJ
alces-475	145	3	water	water	NOUN
alces-475	145	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	145	5	out	out	ADP
alces-475	145	6	of	of	ADP
alces-475	145	7	reach	reach	NOUN
alces-475	145	8	of	of	ADP
alces-475	145	9	grazers	grazer	NOUN
alces-475	145	10	for	for	ADP
alces-475	145	11	part	part	NOUN
alces-475	145	12	of	of	ADP
alces-475	145	13	the	the	DET
alces-475	145	14	year	year	NOUN
alces-475	145	15	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	145	16	grasses	grass	NOUN
alces-475	145	17	like	like	ADP
alces-475	145	18	vossia	vossia	PROPN
alces-475	145	19	cuspidate	cuspidate	ADJ
alces-475	145	20	fig	fig	NOUN
alces-475	145	21	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	146	1	3	3	X
alces-475	146	2	.	.	X
alces-475	146	3	serengeti	serengeti	PROPN
alces-475	146	4	migrant	migrant	ADJ
alces-475	146	5	herbivores	herbivore	NOUN
alces-475	146	6	maintain	maintain	VERB
alces-475	146	7	the	the	DET
alces-475	146	8	short	short	ADJ
alces-475	146	9	grasslands	grassland	NOUN
alces-475	146	10	by	by	ADP
alces-475	146	11	consuming	consume	VERB
alces-475	146	12	most	most	ADJ
alces-475	146	13	of	of	ADP
alces-475	146	14	the	the	DET
alces-475	146	15	growth	growth	NOUN
alces-475	146	16	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	146	17	triangles	triangle	NOUN
alces-475	146	18	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	146	19	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	146	20	measured	measure	VERB
alces-475	146	21	from	from	ADP
alces-475	146	22	small	small	ADJ
alces-475	146	23	exclosure	exclosure	NOUN
alces-475	146	24	plots	plot	NOUN
alces-475	146	25	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	147	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	147	2	contrast	contrast	NOUN
alces-475	147	3	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	147	4	herbivores	herbivore	NOUN
alces-475	147	5	have	have	VERB
alces-475	147	6	less	less	ADJ
alces-475	147	7	impact	impact	NOUN
alces-475	147	8	on	on	ADP
alces-475	147	9	the	the	DET
alces-475	147	10	long	long	ADJ
alces-475	147	11	grass	grass	NOUN
alces-475	147	12	plains	plain	NOUN
alces-475	147	13	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	147	14	savannas	savanna	NOUN
alces-475	147	15	as	as	SCONJ
alces-475	147	16	seen	see	VERB
alces-475	147	17	from	from	ADP
alces-475	147	18	the	the	DET
alces-475	147	19	lower	low	ADJ
alces-475	147	20	consumption	consumption	NOUN
alces-475	147	21	rates	rate	NOUN
alces-475	147	22	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	147	23	circles	circle	NOUN
alces-475	147	24	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	147	25	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	148	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	148	2	taller	tall	ADJ
alces-475	148	3	the	the	DET
alces-475	148	4	grass	grass	NOUN
alces-475	148	5	the	the	DET
alces-475	148	6	less	less	ADV
alces-475	148	7	is	be	AUX
alces-475	148	8	consumed	consume	VERB
alces-475	148	9	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	148	10	data	datum	NOUN
alces-475	148	11	from	from	ADP
alces-475	148	12	mcnaughton	mcnaughton	PROPN
alces-475	148	13	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	148	14	sabuni	sabuni	ADJ
alces-475	148	15	1988	1988	NUM
alces-475	148	16	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	148	17	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	149	1	alces	alce	NOUN
alces-475	149	2	vol	vol	NOUN
alces-475	149	3	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	149	4	39	39	NUM
alces-475	149	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	149	6	2003	2003	NUM
alces-475	149	7	sinclair	sinclair	NOUN
alces-475	149	8	–	–	PUNCT
alces-475	149	9	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	149	10	as	as	ADP
alces-475	149	11	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	149	12	landscapers	landscaper	NOUN
alces-475	149	13	167	167	NUM
alces-475	149	14	have	have	AUX
alces-475	149	15	evolved	evolve	VERB
alces-475	149	16	a	a	DET
alces-475	149	17	canopy	canopy	NOUN
alces-475	149	18	that	that	PRON
alces-475	149	19	grows	grow	VERB
alces-475	149	20	above	above	ADP
alces-475	149	21	the	the	DET
alces-475	149	22	water	water	NOUN
alces-475	149	23	surface	surface	NOUN
alces-475	149	24	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	149	25	ellenbrock	ellenbrock	NOUN
alces-475	149	26	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	149	27	werger	werger	NOUN
alces-475	149	28	1988	1988	NUM
alces-475	149	29	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	149	30	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	150	1	it	it	PRON
alces-475	150	2	is	be	AUX
alces-475	150	3	likely	likely	ADJ
alces-475	150	4	that	that	SCONJ
alces-475	150	5	these	these	DET
alces-475	150	6	different	different	ADJ
alces-475	150	7	growth	growth	NOUN
alces-475	150	8	forms	form	NOUN
alces-475	150	9	will	will	AUX
alces-475	150	10	support	support	VERB
alces-475	150	11	different	different	ADJ
alces-475	150	12	animal	animal	NOUN
alces-475	150	13	communities	community	NOUN
alces-475	150	14	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	151	1	deserts	desert	NOUN
alces-475	151	2	in	in	ADP
alces-475	151	3	australia	australia	PROPN
alces-475	151	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	151	5	burrowing	burrow	VERB
alces-475	151	6	bettongs	bettong	NOUN
alces-475	151	7	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	151	8	bettongia	bettongia	PROPN
alces-475	151	9	lesueur	lesueur	PROPN
alces-475	151	10	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	151	11	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	151	12	a	a	DET
alces-475	151	13	small	small	ADJ
alces-475	151	14	macropod	macropod	ADJ
alces-475	151	15	marsupial	marsupial	NOUN
alces-475	151	16	the	the	DET
alces-475	151	17	size	size	NOUN
alces-475	151	18	of	of	ADP
alces-475	151	19	rabbits	rabbit	NOUN
alces-475	151	20	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	151	21	now	now	ADV
alces-475	151	22	extinct	extinct	ADJ
alces-475	151	23	on	on	ADP
alces-475	151	24	the	the	DET
alces-475	151	25	mainland	mainland	NOUN
alces-475	151	26	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	151	27	were	be	AUX
alces-475	151	28	thought	think	VERB
alces-475	151	29	to	to	PART
alces-475	151	30	structure	structure	VERB
alces-475	151	31	the	the	DET
alces-475	151	32	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	151	33	over	over	ADP
alces-475	151	34	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	151	35	areas	area	NOUN
alces-475	151	36	of	of	ADP
alces-475	151	37	acacia	acacia	NOUN
alces-475	151	38	shrubland	shrubland	NOUN
alces-475	151	39	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	151	40	mulga	mulga	NOUN
alces-475	151	41	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	151	42	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	151	43	noble	noble	ADJ
alces-475	151	44	1999	1999	NUM
alces-475	151	45	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	151	46	noble	noble	ADJ
alces-475	151	47	et	et	PROPN
alces-475	151	48	al	al	PROPN
alces-475	151	49	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	151	50	2001	2001	NUM
alces-475	151	51	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	151	52	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	152	1	they	they	PRON
alces-475	152	2	formed	form	VERB
alces-475	152	3	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	152	4	underground	underground	ADJ
alces-475	152	5	warrens	warren	NOUN
alces-475	152	6	from	from	ADP
alces-475	152	7	which	which	PRON
alces-475	152	8	they	they	PRON
alces-475	152	9	commuted	commute	VERB
alces-475	152	10	several	several	ADJ
alces-475	152	11	kilometres	kilometre	NOUN
alces-475	152	12	to	to	PART
alces-475	152	13	feed	feed	VERB
alces-475	152	14	on	on	ADP
alces-475	152	15	shrubs	shrub	NOUN
alces-475	152	16	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	153	1	under	under	ADP
alces-475	153	2	certain	certain	ADJ
alces-475	153	3	fire	fire	NOUN
alces-475	153	4	frequencies	frequency	NOUN
alces-475	153	5	they	they	PRON
alces-475	153	6	were	be	AUX
alces-475	153	7	apparently	apparently	ADV
alces-475	153	8	able	able	ADJ
alces-475	153	9	to	to	PART
alces-475	153	10	prevent	prevent	VERB
alces-475	153	11	shrub	shrub	NOUN
alces-475	153	12	regeneration	regeneration	NOUN
alces-475	153	13	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	153	14	maintain	maintain	VERB
alces-475	153	15	an	an	DET
alces-475	153	16	open	open	ADJ
alces-475	153	17	herbaceous	herbaceous	ADJ
alces-475	153	18	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	153	19	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	154	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	154	2	removal	removal	NOUN
alces-475	154	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	154	4	bettongs	bettong	NOUN
alces-475	154	5	through	through	ADP
alces-475	154	6	invasion	invasion	NOUN
alces-475	154	7	of	of	ADP
alces-475	154	8	exotic	exotic	ADJ
alces-475	154	9	red	red	ADJ
alces-475	154	10	fox	fox	NOUN
alces-475	154	11	predators	predator	NOUN
alces-475	154	12	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	154	13	short	short	ADJ
alces-475	154	14	et	et	PROPN
alces-475	154	15	al	al	PROPN
alces-475	154	16	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	154	17	2000	2000	NUM
alces-475	154	18	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	154	19	changed	change	VERB
alces-475	154	20	the	the	DET
alces-475	154	21	landscape	landscape	NOUN
alces-475	154	22	to	to	ADP
alces-475	154	23	dense	dense	ADJ
alces-475	154	24	stands	stand	NOUN
alces-475	154	25	of	of	ADP
alces-475	154	26	acacia	acacia	NOUN
alces-475	154	27	shrubs	shrub	NOUN
alces-475	154	28	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	155	1	incidentally	incidentally	ADV
alces-475	155	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	155	3	the	the	DET
alces-475	155	4	pastoral	pastoral	ADJ
alces-475	155	5	value	value	NOUN
alces-475	155	6	of	of	ADP
alces-475	155	7	these	these	DET
alces-475	155	8	landscapes	landscape	NOUN
alces-475	155	9	was	be	AUX
alces-475	155	10	probably	probably	ADV
alces-475	155	11	much	much	ADV
alces-475	155	12	higher	high	ADJ
alces-475	155	13	in	in	ADP
alces-475	155	14	the	the	DET
alces-475	155	15	presence	presence	NOUN
alces-475	155	16	of	of	ADP
alces-475	155	17	bettongs	bettong	NOUN
alces-475	155	18	than	than	ADP
alces-475	155	19	at	at	ADP
alces-475	155	20	present	present	NOUN
alces-475	155	21	with	with	ADP
alces-475	155	22	the	the	DET
alces-475	155	23	unutilized	unutilized	ADJ
alces-475	155	24	stands	stand	NOUN
alces-475	155	25	of	of	ADP
alces-475	155	26	shrubs	shrub	NOUN
alces-475	155	27	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	156	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	156	2	chihuahuan	chihuahuan	PROPN
alces-475	156	3	deserts	desert	NOUN
alces-475	156	4	of	of	ADP
alces-475	156	5	mexico	mexico	PROPN
alces-475	156	6	are	be	AUX
alces-475	156	7	presently	presently	ADV
alces-475	156	8	characterized	characterize	VERB
alces-475	156	9	by	by	ADP
alces-475	156	10	dense	dense	ADJ
alces-475	156	11	stands	stand	NOUN
alces-475	156	12	of	of	ADP
alces-475	156	13	cactus	cactus	NOUN
alces-475	156	14	such	such	ADJ
alces-475	156	15	as	as	ADP
alces-475	156	16	opuntia	opuntia	NOUN
alces-475	156	17	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	157	1	currently	currently	ADV
alces-475	157	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	157	3	cattle	cattle	NOUN
alces-475	157	4	open	open	VERB
alces-475	157	5	up	up	ADP
alces-475	157	6	these	these	DET
alces-475	157	7	stands	stand	NOUN
alces-475	157	8	but	but	CCONJ
alces-475	157	9	bison	bison	NOUN
alces-475	157	10	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	157	11	bison	bison	PROPN
alces-475	157	12	bison	bison	PROPN
alces-475	157	13	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	157	14	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	157	15	elk	elk	NOUN
alces-475	157	16	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	157	17	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	157	18	peccaries	peccary	NOUN
alces-475	157	19	did	do	VERB
alces-475	157	20	so	so	ADV
alces-475	157	21	previously	previously	ADV
alces-475	157	22	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	158	1	openings	opening	NOUN
alces-475	158	2	increase	increase	VERB
alces-475	158	3	diversity	diversity	NOUN
alces-475	158	4	of	of	ADP
alces-475	158	5	herbs	herb	NOUN
alces-475	158	6	that	that	PRON
alces-475	158	7	are	be	AUX
alces-475	158	8	redistributed	redistribute	VERB
alces-475	158	9	by	by	ADP
alces-475	158	10	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	158	11	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	158	12	janzen	janzen	PROPN
alces-475	158	13	1986	1986	NUM
alces-475	158	14	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	158	15	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	159	1	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	159	2	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	159	3	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	159	4	processes	process	VERB
alces-475	159	5	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	159	6	influence	influence	VERB
alces-475	159	7	the	the	DET
alces-475	159	8	rates	rate	NOUN
alces-475	159	9	of	of	ADP
alces-475	159	10	nutrient	nutrient	NOUN
alces-475	159	11	cycling	cycling	NOUN
alces-475	159	12	in	in	ADP
alces-475	159	13	addition	addition	NOUN
alces-475	159	14	to	to	ADP
alces-475	159	15	altering	alter	VERB
alces-475	159	16	physical	physical	ADJ
alces-475	159	17	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	159	18	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	160	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	160	2	boreal	boreal	ADJ
alces-475	160	3	forests	forest	NOUN
alces-475	160	4	moose	moose	NOUN
alces-475	160	5	decrease	decrease	NOUN
alces-475	160	6	nitrogen	nitrogen	NOUN
alces-475	160	7	mineralization	mineralization	NOUN
alces-475	160	8	of	of	ADP
alces-475	160	9	the	the	DET
alces-475	160	10	soil	soil	NOUN
alces-475	160	11	by	by	ADP
alces-475	160	12	decreasing	decrease	VERB
alces-475	160	13	the	the	DET
alces-475	160	14	return	return	NOUN
alces-475	160	15	of	of	ADP
alces-475	160	16	high	high	ADJ
alces-475	160	17	quality	quality	NOUN
alces-475	160	18	litter	litter	NOUN
alces-475	160	19	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	160	20	their	their	PRON
alces-475	160	21	browsing	browse	VERB
alces-475	160	22	on	on	ADP
alces-475	160	23	deciduous	deciduous	ADJ
alces-475	160	24	trees	tree	NOUN
alces-475	160	25	reduces	reduce	VERB
alces-475	160	26	their	their	PRON
alces-475	160	27	leaf	leaf	NOUN
alces-475	160	28	fall	fall	NOUN
alces-475	160	29	while	while	SCONJ
alces-475	160	30	promoting	promote	VERB
alces-475	160	31	low	low	ADJ
alces-475	160	32	quality	quality	NOUN
alces-475	160	33	white	white	ADJ
alces-475	160	34	spruce	spruce	NOUN
alces-475	160	35	inputs	input	NOUN
alces-475	160	36	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	160	37	pastor	pastor	NOUN
alces-475	160	38	et	et	PROPN
alces-475	160	39	al	al	PROPN
alces-475	160	40	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	160	41	1988	1988	NUM
alces-475	160	42	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	160	43	1993	1993	NUM
alces-475	160	44	;	;	PUNCT
alces-475	160	45	pastor	pastor	NOUN
alces-475	160	46	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	160	47	danell	danell	VERB
alces-475	160	48	2003	2003	NUM
alces-475	160	49	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	160	50	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	161	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	161	2	contrast	contrast	NOUN
alces-475	161	3	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	161	4	soil	soil	NOUN
alces-475	161	5	nitrogen	nitrogen	NOUN
alces-475	161	6	cycling	cycling	NOUN
alces-475	161	7	in	in	ADP
alces-475	161	8	yellowstone	yellowstone	PROPN
alces-475	161	9	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	161	10	other	other	ADJ
alces-475	161	11	prairie	prairie	ADJ
alces-475	161	12	areas	area	NOUN
alces-475	161	13	of	of	ADP
alces-475	161	14	the	the	DET
alces-475	161	15	u.s.a	u.s.a	NOUN
alces-475	161	16	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	161	17	is	be	AUX
alces-475	161	18	increased	increase	VERB
alces-475	161	19	by	by	ADP
alces-475	161	20	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	161	21	mammal	mammal	ADJ
alces-475	161	22	grazers	grazer	NOUN
alces-475	161	23	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	161	24	hobbs	hobbs	PROPN
alces-475	161	25	1996	1996	NUM
alces-475	161	26	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	161	27	frank	frank	PROPN
alces-475	161	28	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	161	29	evans	evans	PROPN
alces-475	161	30	1997	1997	NUM
alces-475	161	31	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	161	32	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	162	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	162	2	woodland	woodland	NOUN
alces-475	162	3	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	162	4	savanna	savanna	NOUN
alces-475	162	5	biomes	biome	NOUN
alces-475	162	6	of	of	ADP
alces-475	162	7	africa	africa	PROPN
alces-475	162	8	are	be	AUX
alces-475	162	9	dichotomous	dichotomous	ADJ
alces-475	162	10	in	in	ADP
alces-475	162	11	terms	term	NOUN
alces-475	162	12	of	of	ADP
alces-475	162	13	nutrients	nutrient	NOUN
alces-475	162	14	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	163	1	soils	soil	NOUN
alces-475	163	2	formed	form	VERB
alces-475	163	3	from	from	ADP
alces-475	163	4	old	old	ADJ
alces-475	163	5	granitic	granitic	ADJ
alces-475	163	6	rocks	rock	NOUN
alces-475	163	7	are	be	AUX
alces-475	163	8	sandy	sandy	ADJ
alces-475	163	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	163	10	heavily	heavily	ADV
alces-475	163	11	leached	leach	VERB
alces-475	163	12	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	163	13	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	163	14	low	low	ADJ
alces-475	163	15	in	in	ADP
alces-475	163	16	nutrients	nutrient	NOUN
alces-475	163	17	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	163	18	dystrophic	dystrophic	ADJ
alces-475	163	19	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	163	20	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	163	21	particularly	particularly	ADV
alces-475	163	22	in	in	ADP
alces-475	163	23	calcium	calcium	NOUN
alces-475	163	24	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	163	25	phosphorus	phosphorus	NOUN
alces-475	163	26	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	164	1	these	these	DET
alces-475	164	2	areas	area	NOUN
alces-475	164	3	tend	tend	VERB
alces-475	164	4	to	to	PART
alces-475	164	5	be	be	AUX
alces-475	164	6	in	in	ADP
alces-475	164	7	the	the	DET
alces-475	164	8	miombo	miombo	ADJ
alces-475	164	9	woodlands	woodland	NOUN
alces-475	164	10	of	of	ADP
alces-475	164	11	southern	southern	PROPN
alces-475	164	12	africa	africa	PROPN
alces-475	164	13	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	165	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	165	2	contrast	contrast	NOUN
alces-475	165	3	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	165	4	soils	soil	NOUN
alces-475	165	5	formed	form	VERB
alces-475	165	6	from	from	ADP
alces-475	165	7	volcanic	volcanic	ADJ
alces-475	165	8	origins	origin	NOUN
alces-475	165	9	such	such	ADJ
alces-475	165	10	as	as	ADP
alces-475	165	11	basalt	basalt	NOUN
alces-475	165	12	are	be	AUX
alces-475	165	13	high	high	ADJ
alces-475	165	14	in	in	ADP
alces-475	165	15	nutrients	nutrient	NOUN
alces-475	165	16	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	165	17	are	be	AUX
alces-475	165	18	fine	fine	ADJ
alces-475	165	19	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	165	20	clay	clay	NOUN
alces-475	165	21	types	type	NOUN
alces-475	165	22	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	165	23	eutrophic	eutrophic	NOUN
alces-475	165	24	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	165	25	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	166	1	these	these	PRON
alces-475	166	2	are	be	AUX
alces-475	166	3	more	more	ADV
alces-475	166	4	frequently	frequently	ADV
alces-475	166	5	found	find	VERB
alces-475	166	6	in	in	ADP
alces-475	166	7	east	east	ADJ
alces-475	166	8	african	african	ADJ
alces-475	166	9	acacia	acacia	NOUN
alces-475	166	10	savanna	savanna	NOUN
alces-475	166	11	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	166	12	bell	bell	NOUN
alces-475	166	13	1982	1982	NUM
alces-475	166	14	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	166	15	frost	frost	NOUN
alces-475	166	16	1985b	1985b	NUM
alces-475	166	17	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	166	18	naiman	naiman	NOUN
alces-475	166	19	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	166	20	rogers	roger	NOUN
alces-475	166	21	1997	1997	NUM
alces-475	166	22	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	166	23	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	167	1	however	however	ADV
alces-475	167	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	167	3	superimposed	superimpose	VERB
alces-475	167	4	on	on	ADP
alces-475	167	5	this	this	DET
alces-475	167	6	pattern	pattern	NOUN
alces-475	167	7	is	be	AUX
alces-475	167	8	an	an	DET
alces-475	167	9	effect	effect	NOUN
alces-475	167	10	of	of	ADP
alces-475	167	11	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	167	12	ungulates	ungulate	NOUN
alces-475	167	13	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	167	14	high	high	ADJ
alces-475	167	15	soil	soil	NOUN
alces-475	167	16	nutrients	nutrient	NOUN
alces-475	167	17	lead	lead	VERB
alces-475	167	18	to	to	ADP
alces-475	167	19	high	high	ADJ
alces-475	167	20	ungulate	ungulate	ADJ
alces-475	167	21	densities	density	NOUN
alces-475	167	22	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	167	23	rapid	rapid	ADJ
alces-475	167	24	grazing	grazing	NOUN
alces-475	167	25	/	/	SYM
alces-475	167	26	browsing	browse	VERB
alces-475	167	27	offtake	offtake	NOUN
alces-475	167	28	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	167	29	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	167	30	high	high	ADJ
alces-475	167	31	fecal	fecal	ADJ
alces-475	167	32	deposition	deposition	NOUN
alces-475	167	33	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	168	1	nutrients	nutrient	NOUN
alces-475	168	2	in	in	ADP
alces-475	168	3	the	the	DET
alces-475	168	4	feces	fece	NOUN
alces-475	168	5	are	be	AUX
alces-475	168	6	then	then	ADV
alces-475	168	7	returned	return	VERB
alces-475	168	8	rapidly	rapidly	ADV
alces-475	168	9	to	to	ADP
alces-475	168	10	the	the	DET
alces-475	168	11	soil	soil	NOUN
alces-475	168	12	to	to	PART
alces-475	168	13	be	be	AUX
alces-475	168	14	used	use	VERB
alces-475	168	15	by	by	ADP
alces-475	168	16	forage	forage	NOUN
alces-475	168	17	plants	plant	NOUN
alces-475	168	18	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	169	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	169	2	essence	essence	NOUN
alces-475	169	3	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	169	4	ungulates	ungulate	NOUN
alces-475	169	5	fertilize	fertilize	VERB
alces-475	169	6	their	their	PRON
alces-475	169	7	own	own	ADJ
alces-475	169	8	food	food	NOUN
alces-475	169	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	169	10	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	169	11	thereby	thereby	ADV
alces-475	169	12	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	169	13	create	create	VERB
alces-475	169	14	a	a	DET
alces-475	169	15	positive	positive	ADJ
alces-475	169	16	feedback	feedback	NOUN
alces-475	169	17	increasing	increase	VERB
alces-475	169	18	their	their	PRON
alces-475	169	19	own	own	ADJ
alces-475	169	20	density	density	NOUN
alces-475	169	21	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	170	1	these	these	DET
alces-475	170	2	effects	effect	NOUN
alces-475	170	3	are	be	AUX
alces-475	170	4	observed	observe	VERB
alces-475	170	5	in	in	ADP
alces-475	170	6	the	the	DET
alces-475	170	7	medium	medium	ADJ
alces-475	170	8	rainfall	rainfall	NOUN
alces-475	170	9	range	range	NOUN
alces-475	170	10	of	of	ADP
alces-475	170	11	500	500	NUM
alces-475	170	12	-	-	SYM
alces-475	170	13	1000	1000	NUM
alces-475	170	14	mm	mm	NOUN
alces-475	170	15	per	per	ADP
alces-475	170	16	year	year	NOUN
alces-475	170	17	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	170	18	botkin	botkin	PROPN
alces-475	170	19	et	et	PROPN
alces-475	170	20	al	al	PROPN
alces-475	170	21	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	170	22	1981	1981	NUM
alces-475	170	23	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	170	24	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	171	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	171	2	arid	arid	ADJ
alces-475	171	3	areas	area	NOUN
alces-475	171	4	there	there	PRON
alces-475	171	5	is	be	VERB
alces-475	171	6	high	high	ADJ
alces-475	171	7	soil	soil	NOUN
alces-475	171	8	nutrient	nutrient	NOUN
alces-475	171	9	but	but	CCONJ
alces-475	171	10	insufficient	insufficient	ADJ
alces-475	171	11	rain	rain	NOUN
alces-475	171	12	to	to	PART
alces-475	171	13	promote	promote	VERB
alces-475	171	14	recycling	recycling	NOUN
alces-475	171	15	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	171	16	whereas	whereas	SCONJ
alces-475	171	17	in	in	ADP
alces-475	171	18	very	very	ADV
alces-475	171	19	wet	wet	ADJ
alces-475	171	20	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	171	21	forest	forest	NOUN
alces-475	171	22	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	171	23	areas	area	NOUN
alces-475	171	24	there	there	PRON
alces-475	171	25	is	be	VERB
alces-475	171	26	too	too	ADV
alces-475	171	27	much	much	ADJ
alces-475	171	28	leaching	leaching	NOUN
alces-475	171	29	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	171	30	insufficient	insufficient	ADJ
alces-475	171	31	herb	herb	NOUN
alces-475	171	32	layer	layer	NOUN
alces-475	171	33	to	to	PART
alces-475	171	34	support	support	VERB
alces-475	171	35	high	high	ADJ
alces-475	171	36	densities	density	NOUN
alces-475	171	37	of	of	ADP
alces-475	171	38	ungulates	ungulate	NOUN
alces-475	171	39	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	172	1	at	at	ADP
alces-475	172	2	a	a	DET
alces-475	172	3	smaller	small	ADJ
alces-475	172	4	scale	scale	NOUN
alces-475	172	5	within	within	ADP
alces-475	172	6	the	the	DET
alces-475	172	7	serengeti	serengeti	PROPN
alces-475	172	8	system	system	NOUN
alces-475	172	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	172	10	mcnaughton	mcnaughton	PROPN
alces-475	172	11	et	et	PROPN
alces-475	172	12	al	al	PROPN
alces-475	172	13	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	173	1	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	173	2	1997	1997	NUM
alces-475	173	3	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	173	4	have	have	AUX
alces-475	173	5	found	find	VERB
alces-475	173	6	that	that	SCONJ
alces-475	173	7	concentrations	concentration	NOUN
alces-475	173	8	of	of	ADP
alces-475	173	9	non	non	ADJ
alces-475	173	10	-	-	ADJ
alces-475	173	11	migratory	migratory	ADJ
alces-475	173	12	ungulates	ungulate	NOUN
alces-475	173	13	occur	occur	VERB
alces-475	173	14	at	at	ADP
alces-475	173	15	localities	locality	NOUN
alces-475	173	16	naturally	naturally	ADV
alces-475	173	17	high	high	ADJ
alces-475	173	18	in	in	ADP
alces-475	173	19	sodium	sodium	NOUN
alces-475	173	20	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	174	1	these	these	PRON
alces-475	174	2	are	be	AUX
alces-475	174	3	similar	similar	ADJ
alces-475	174	4	to	to	ADP
alces-475	174	5	the	the	DET
alces-475	174	6	‘	'	PUNCT
alces-475	174	7	sodic	sodic	ADJ
alces-475	174	8	’	'	PUNCT
alces-475	174	9	sites	site	NOUN
alces-475	174	10	found	find	VERB
alces-475	174	11	in	in	ADP
alces-475	174	12	kruger	kruger	PROPN
alces-475	174	13	national	national	PROPN
alces-475	174	14	park	park	PROPN
alces-475	174	15	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	174	16	south	south	PROPN
alces-475	174	17	africa	africa	PROPN
alces-475	174	18	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	174	19	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	174	20	at	at	ADP
alces-475	174	21	yellowstone	yellowstone	NOUN
alces-475	174	22	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	174	23	prairie	prairie	NOUN
alces-475	174	24	sites	site	NOUN
alces-475	174	25	in	in	ADP
alces-475	174	26	north	north	PROPN
alces-475	174	27	america	america	PROPN
alces-475	174	28	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	174	29	tracy	tracy	PROPN
alces-475	174	30	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	174	31	mcnaughton	mcnaughton	PROPN
alces-475	174	32	1995	1995	NUM
alces-475	174	33	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	174	34	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	175	1	on	on	ADP
alces-475	175	2	the	the	DET
alces-475	175	3	serengeti	serengeti	PROPN
alces-475	175	4	sites	site	VERB
alces-475	175	5	the	the	DET
alces-475	175	6	concentration	concentration	NOUN
alces-475	175	7	of	of	ADP
alces-475	175	8	ungulates	ungulate	NOUN
alces-475	175	9	produces	produce	VERB
alces-475	175	10	higher	high	ADJ
alces-475	175	11	levels	level	NOUN
alces-475	175	12	of	of	ADP
alces-475	175	13	soil	soil	NOUN
alces-475	175	14	nutrients	nutrient	NOUN
alces-475	175	15	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	175	16	hence	hence	ADV
alces-475	175	17	higher	high	ADJ
alces-475	175	18	nitrogen	nitrogen	NOUN
alces-475	175	19	mineralization	mineralization	NOUN
alces-475	175	20	rates	rate	NOUN
alces-475	175	21	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	176	1	such	such	ADJ
alces-475	176	2	sites	site	NOUN
alces-475	176	3	have	have	AUX
alces-475	176	4	been	be	AUX
alces-475	176	5	dubbed	dub	VERB
alces-475	176	6	‘	'	PUNCT
alces-475	176	7	hotspots	hotspot	NOUN
alces-475	176	8	’	'	PUNCT
alces-475	176	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	177	1	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	177	2	as	as	ADP
alces-475	177	3	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	177	4	landscapers	landscaper	NOUN
alces-475	177	5	–	–	PUNCT
alces-475	177	6	sinclair	sinclair	NOUN
alces-475	177	7	alces	alce	NOUN
alces-475	177	8	vol	vol	NOUN
alces-475	177	9	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	177	10	39	39	NUM
alces-475	177	11	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	177	12	2003	2003	NUM
alces-475	177	13	168	168	NUM
alces-475	177	14	on	on	ADP
alces-475	177	15	the	the	DET
alces-475	177	16	subarctic	subarctic	ADJ
alces-475	177	17	heathlands	heathland	NOUN
alces-475	177	18	of	of	ADP
alces-475	177	19	finland	finland	PROPN
alces-475	177	20	reindeer	reindeer	NOUN
alces-475	177	21	reduce	reduce	VERB
alces-475	177	22	lichen	lichen	NOUN
alces-475	177	23	biomass	biomass	NOUN
alces-475	177	24	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	177	25	which	which	PRON
alces-475	177	26	allows	allow	VERB
alces-475	177	27	a	a	DET
alces-475	177	28	higher	high	ADJ
alces-475	177	29	mineralization	mineralization	NOUN
alces-475	177	30	by	by	ADP
alces-475	177	31	soil	soil	NOUN
alces-475	177	32	microbes	microbe	NOUN
alces-475	177	33	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	178	1	lichens	lichen	NOUN
alces-475	178	2	are	be	AUX
alces-475	178	3	so	so	ADV
alces-475	178	4	efficient	efficient	ADJ
alces-475	178	5	at	at	ADP
alces-475	178	6	removing	remove	VERB
alces-475	178	7	nitrogen	nitrogen	NOUN
alces-475	178	8	from	from	ADP
alces-475	178	9	rainwater	rainwater	NOUN
alces-475	178	10	that	that	SCONJ
alces-475	178	11	they	they	PRON
alces-475	178	12	reduce	reduce	VERB
alces-475	178	13	the	the	DET
alces-475	178	14	amount	amount	NOUN
alces-475	178	15	reaching	reach	VERB
alces-475	178	16	the	the	DET
alces-475	178	17	soil	soil	NOUN
alces-475	178	18	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	178	19	den	den	NOUN
alces-475	178	20	herder	herder	NOUN
alces-475	178	21	et	et	PROPN
alces-475	178	22	al	al	PROPN
alces-475	178	23	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	178	24	2003	2003	NUM
alces-475	178	25	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	178	26	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	179	1	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	179	2	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	179	3	plant	plant	NOUN
alces-475	179	4	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	179	5	composition	composition	NOUN
alces-475	179	6	black	black	NOUN
alces-475	179	7	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	179	8	tailed	tail	VERB
alces-475	179	9	prairie	prairie	NOUN
alces-475	179	10	dogs	dog	NOUN
alces-475	179	11	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	179	12	cynomys	cynomys	NOUN
alces-475	179	13	ludovicianus	ludovicianus	PROPN
alces-475	179	14	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	179	15	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	179	16	pocket	pocket	NOUN
alces-475	179	17	gophers	gopher	NOUN
alces-475	179	18	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	179	19	geomys	geomys	NOUN
alces-475	179	20	bursarius	bursarius	NOUN
alces-475	179	21	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	179	22	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	179	23	rodents	rodent	VERB
alces-475	179	24	that	that	PRON
alces-475	179	25	live	live	VERB
alces-475	179	26	in	in	ADP
alces-475	179	27	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	179	28	colonies	colony	NOUN
alces-475	179	29	on	on	ADP
alces-475	179	30	the	the	DET
alces-475	179	31	prairies	prairie	NOUN
alces-475	179	32	of	of	ADP
alces-475	179	33	north	north	PROPN
alces-475	179	34	america	america	PROPN
alces-475	179	35	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	179	36	provide	provide	VERB
alces-475	179	37	one	one	NUM
alces-475	179	38	of	of	ADP
alces-475	179	39	the	the	DET
alces-475	179	40	classic	classic	ADJ
alces-475	179	41	examples	example	NOUN
alces-475	179	42	of	of	ADP
alces-475	179	43	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	179	44	that	that	PRON
alces-475	179	45	structure	structure	VERB
alces-475	179	46	the	the	DET
alces-475	179	47	landscape	landscape	NOUN
alces-475	179	48	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	179	49	alter	alter	VERB
alces-475	179	50	the	the	DET
alces-475	179	51	species	species	NOUN
alces-475	179	52	composition	composition	NOUN
alces-475	179	53	of	of	ADP
alces-475	179	54	the	the	DET
alces-475	179	55	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	179	56	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	179	57	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	179	58	so	so	ADV
alces-475	179	59	facilitate	facilitate	VERB
alces-475	179	60	other	other	ADJ
alces-475	179	61	herbivores	herbivore	NOUN
alces-475	179	62	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	179	63	huntly	huntly	ADV
alces-475	179	64	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	179	65	inouye	inouye	PROPN
alces-475	179	66	1988	1988	NUM
alces-475	179	67	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	179	68	whicker	whicker	NOUN
alces-475	179	69	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	179	70	detling	detle	VERB
alces-475	179	71	1988a	1988a	NUM
alces-475	179	72	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	179	73	b	b	NOUN
alces-475	179	74	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	179	75	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	180	1	miller	miller	PROPN
alces-475	180	2	et	et	PROPN
alces-475	180	3	al	al	PROPN
alces-475	180	4	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	181	1	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	181	2	1994	1994	NUM
alces-475	181	3	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	181	4	suggest	suggest	VERB
alces-475	181	5	that	that	SCONJ
alces-475	181	6	they	they	PRON
alces-475	181	7	act	act	VERB
alces-475	181	8	as	as	ADP
alces-475	181	9	‘	'	PUNCT
alces-475	181	10	keystone	keystone	PROPN
alces-475	181	11	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	181	12	’	'	PUNCT
alces-475	181	13	through	through	ADP
alces-475	181	14	their	their	PRON
alces-475	181	15	disproportionately	disproportionately	ADV
alces-475	181	16	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	181	17	influence	influence	NOUN
alces-475	181	18	on	on	ADP
alces-475	181	19	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	181	20	composition	composition	NOUN
alces-475	181	21	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	182	1	studies	study	NOUN
alces-475	182	2	at	at	ADP
alces-475	182	3	wind	wind	NOUN
alces-475	182	4	cave	cave	PROPN
alces-475	182	5	national	national	PROPN
alces-475	182	6	park	park	PROPN
alces-475	182	7	show	show	VERB
alces-475	182	8	that	that	SCONJ
alces-475	182	9	prairie	prairie	ADJ
alces-475	182	10	dogs	dog	NOUN
alces-475	182	11	graze	graze	VERB
alces-475	182	12	grasses	grass	NOUN
alces-475	182	13	to	to	ADP
alces-475	182	14	a	a	DET
alces-475	182	15	low	low	ADJ
alces-475	182	16	level	level	NOUN
alces-475	182	17	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	182	18	a	a	DET
alces-475	182	19	few	few	ADJ
alces-475	182	20	cm	cm	NOUN
alces-475	182	21	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	182	22	around	around	ADP
alces-475	182	23	their	their	PRON
alces-475	182	24	colonies	colony	NOUN
alces-475	182	25	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	183	1	constant	constant	ADJ
alces-475	183	2	grazing	grazing	NOUN
alces-475	183	3	changes	change	NOUN
alces-475	183	4	grass	grass	NOUN
alces-475	183	5	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	183	6	composition	composition	NOUN
alces-475	183	7	to	to	ADP
alces-475	183	8	low	low	ADJ
alces-475	183	9	growing	grow	VERB
alces-475	183	10	forms	form	NOUN
alces-475	183	11	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	183	12	many	many	ADJ
alces-475	183	13	dicot	dicot	ADJ
alces-475	183	14	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	183	15	survive	survive	VERB
alces-475	183	16	due	due	ADJ
alces-475	183	17	to	to	ADP
alces-475	183	18	reduced	reduce	VERB
alces-475	183	19	competition	competition	NOUN
alces-475	183	20	from	from	ADP
alces-475	183	21	grass	grass	NOUN
alces-475	183	22	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	184	1	american	american	ADJ
alces-475	184	2	plains	plain	NOUN
alces-475	184	3	bison	bison	PROPN
alces-475	184	4	preferentially	preferentially	ADV
alces-475	184	5	graze	graze	VERB
alces-475	184	6	these	these	DET
alces-475	184	7	short	short	ADJ
alces-475	184	8	grasses	grass	NOUN
alces-475	184	9	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	184	10	pronghorn	pronghorn	PROPN
alces-475	184	11	antelope	antelope	PROPN
alces-475	184	12	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	184	13	antilocapra	antilocapra	PROPN
alces-475	184	14	americana	americana	NOUN
alces-475	184	15	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	184	16	feed	feed	NOUN
alces-475	184	17	on	on	ADP
alces-475	184	18	the	the	DET
alces-475	184	19	dicots	dicot	NOUN
alces-475	184	20	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	185	1	originally	originally	ADV
alces-475	185	2	prairie	prairie	ADJ
alces-475	185	3	dogs	dog	NOUN
alces-475	185	4	affected	affect	VERB
alces-475	185	5	at	at	ADV
alces-475	185	6	least	least	ADV
alces-475	185	7	20	20	NUM
alces-475	185	8	%	%	NOUN
alces-475	185	9	of	of	ADP
alces-475	185	10	the	the	DET
alces-475	185	11	prairies	prairie	NOUN
alces-475	185	12	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	185	13	coppock	coppock	NOUN
alces-475	185	14	et	et	PROPN
alces-475	185	15	al	al	PROPN
alces-475	185	16	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	185	17	1983	1983	NUM
alces-475	185	18	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	185	19	whicker	whicker	NOUN
alces-475	185	20	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	185	21	detling	detle	VERB
alces-475	185	22	1988a	1988a	NUM
alces-475	185	23	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	185	24	b	b	NOUN
alces-475	185	25	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	185	26	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	186	1	exclusion	exclusion	NOUN
alces-475	186	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	186	3	prairie	prairie	ADJ
alces-475	186	4	dogs	dog	NOUN
alces-475	186	5	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	186	6	bison	bison	NOUN
alces-475	186	7	returns	return	VERB
alces-475	186	8	the	the	DET
alces-475	186	9	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	186	10	to	to	ADP
alces-475	186	11	long	long	ADJ
alces-475	186	12	grass	grass	NOUN
alces-475	186	13	prairie	prairie	NOUN
alces-475	186	14	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	186	15	cid	cid	NOUN
alces-475	186	16	et	et	PROPN
alces-475	186	17	al	al	PROPN
alces-475	186	18	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	186	19	1991	1991	NUM
alces-475	186	20	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	186	21	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	187	1	elk	elk	PROPN
alces-475	187	2	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	187	3	cervus	cervus	PROPN
alces-475	187	4	elephus	elephus	PROPN
alces-475	187	5	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	187	6	maintain	maintain	VERB
alces-475	187	7	grass	grass	NOUN
alces-475	187	8	patches	patch	NOUN
alces-475	187	9	in	in	ADP
alces-475	187	10	the	the	DET
alces-475	187	11	understory	understory	NOUN
alces-475	187	12	of	of	ADP
alces-475	187	13	old	old	ADJ
alces-475	187	14	growth	growth	NOUN
alces-475	187	15	conifer	conifer	VERB
alces-475	187	16	forests	forest	NOUN
alces-475	187	17	of	of	ADP
alces-475	187	18	olympic	olympic	ADJ
alces-475	187	19	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	187	20	yellowstone	yellowstone	PROPN
alces-475	187	21	national	national	ADJ
alces-475	187	22	parks	park	NOUN
alces-475	187	23	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	187	24	u.s.a	u.s.a	PROPN
alces-475	187	25	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	187	26	exclusion	exclusion	NOUN
alces-475	187	27	of	of	ADP
alces-475	187	28	elk	elk	PROPN
alces-475	187	29	results	result	NOUN
alces-475	187	30	in	in	ADP
alces-475	187	31	grass	grass	NOUN
alces-475	187	32	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	187	33	being	be	AUX
alces-475	187	34	replaced	replace	VERB
alces-475	187	35	by	by	ADP
alces-475	187	36	mosses	moss	NOUN
alces-475	187	37	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	187	38	ferns	fern	NOUN
alces-475	187	39	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	187	40	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	187	41	shrubs	shrub	NOUN
alces-475	187	42	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	187	43	schreiner	schreiner	NOUN
alces-475	187	44	et	et	PROPN
alces-475	187	45	al	al	PROPN
alces-475	187	46	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	187	47	1996	1996	NUM
alces-475	187	48	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	187	49	augustine	augustine	PROPN
alces-475	187	50	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	187	51	mcnaughton	mcnaughton	PROPN
alces-475	187	52	1998	1998	NUM
alces-475	187	53	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	187	54	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	188	1	rabbits	rabbit	NOUN
alces-475	188	2	on	on	ADP
alces-475	188	3	the	the	DET
alces-475	188	4	short	short	ADJ
alces-475	188	5	grass	grass	NOUN
alces-475	188	6	chalk	chalk	NOUN
alces-475	188	7	grasslands	grassland	NOUN
alces-475	188	8	of	of	ADP
alces-475	188	9	sussex	sussex	PROPN
alces-475	188	10	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	188	11	england	england	PROPN
alces-475	188	12	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	188	13	the	the	DET
alces-475	188	14	south	south	ADJ
alces-475	188	15	downs	down	NOUN
alces-475	188	16	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	188	17	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	188	18	determine	determine	VERB
alces-475	188	19	both	both	PRON
alces-475	188	20	their	their	PRON
alces-475	188	21	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	188	22	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	188	23	plant	plant	NOUN
alces-475	188	24	composition	composition	NOUN
alces-475	188	25	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	189	1	these	these	DET
alces-475	189	2	effects	effect	NOUN
alces-475	189	3	were	be	AUX
alces-475	189	4	detected	detect	VERB
alces-475	189	5	when	when	SCONJ
alces-475	189	6	marked	mark	VERB
alces-475	189	7	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	189	8	changes	change	NOUN
alces-475	189	9	took	take	VERB
alces-475	189	10	place	place	NOUN
alces-475	189	11	after	after	SCONJ
alces-475	189	12	rabbits	rabbit	NOUN
alces-475	189	13	were	be	AUX
alces-475	189	14	removed	remove	VERB
alces-475	189	15	through	through	ADP
alces-475	189	16	the	the	DET
alces-475	189	17	epizootic	epizootic	ADJ
alces-475	189	18	myxomatosis	myxomatosis	NOUN
alces-475	189	19	in	in	ADP
alces-475	189	20	1953	1953	NUM
alces-475	189	21	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	189	22	ross	ross	PROPN
alces-475	189	23	1982	1982	NUM
alces-475	189	24	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	189	25	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	190	1	short	short	ADJ
alces-475	190	2	grasses	grass	NOUN
alces-475	190	3	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	190	4	many	many	ADJ
alces-475	190	5	dicots	dicot	NOUN
alces-475	190	6	were	be	AUX
alces-475	190	7	replaced	replace	VERB
alces-475	190	8	with	with	ADP
alces-475	190	9	tall	tall	ADJ
alces-475	190	10	tussock	tussock	NOUN
alces-475	190	11	grasses	grass	NOUN
alces-475	190	12	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	190	13	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	190	14	there	there	PRON
alces-475	190	15	were	be	VERB
alces-475	190	16	subsequent	subsequent	ADJ
alces-475	190	17	changes	change	NOUN
alces-475	190	18	in	in	ADP
alces-475	190	19	ants	ant	NOUN
alces-475	190	20	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	190	21	lizards	lizard	NOUN
alces-475	190	22	dependent	dependent	ADJ
alces-475	190	23	on	on	ADP
alces-475	190	24	these	these	DET
alces-475	190	25	plant	plant	NOUN
alces-475	190	26	forms	form	NOUN
alces-475	190	27	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	191	1	on	on	ADP
alces-475	191	2	tundra	tundra	NOUN
alces-475	191	3	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	191	4	subarctic	subarctic	ADJ
alces-475	191	5	heathland	heathland	NOUN
alces-475	191	6	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	191	7	selective	selective	ADJ
alces-475	191	8	grazing	grazing	NOUN
alces-475	191	9	by	by	ADP
alces-475	191	10	reindeer	reindeer	NOUN
alces-475	191	11	keeps	keep	VERB
alces-475	191	12	the	the	DET
alces-475	191	13	community	community	NOUN
alces-475	191	14	in	in	ADP
alces-475	191	15	an	an	DET
alces-475	191	16	early	early	ADJ
alces-475	191	17	succession	succession	NOUN
alces-475	191	18	stage	stage	NOUN
alces-475	191	19	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	192	1	they	they	PRON
alces-475	192	2	reduce	reduce	VERB
alces-475	192	3	the	the	DET
alces-475	192	4	preferred	preferred	ADJ
alces-475	192	5	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	192	6	competitively	competitively	ADV
alces-475	192	7	dominant	dominant	ADJ
alces-475	192	8	cladina	cladina	PROPN
alces-475	192	9	lichens	lichen	NOUN
alces-475	192	10	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	192	11	which	which	PRON
alces-475	192	12	allows	allow	VERB
alces-475	192	13	other	other	ADJ
alces-475	192	14	lichens	lichen	NOUN
alces-475	192	15	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	192	16	bryophytes	bryophyte	NOUN
alces-475	192	17	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	192	18	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	192	19	dwarf	dwarf	VERB
alces-475	192	20	shrubs	shrub	NOUN
alces-475	192	21	to	to	PART
alces-475	192	22	exist	exist	VERB
alces-475	192	23	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	192	24	but	but	CCONJ
alces-475	192	25	it	it	PRON
alces-475	192	26	also	also	ADV
alces-475	192	27	reduces	reduce	VERB
alces-475	192	28	regeneration	regeneration	NOUN
alces-475	192	29	of	of	ADP
alces-475	192	30	conifer	conifer	NOUN
alces-475	192	31	seedlings	seedling	NOUN
alces-475	192	32	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	192	33	den	den	NOUN
alces-475	192	34	herder	herder	NOUN
alces-475	192	35	et	et	PROPN
alces-475	192	36	al	al	PROPN
alces-475	192	37	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	192	38	2003	2003	NUM
alces-475	192	39	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	192	40	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	193	1	constraints	constraint	NOUN
alces-475	193	2	on	on	ADP
alces-475	193	3	the	the	DET
alces-475	193	4	role	role	NOUN
alces-475	193	5	of	of	ADP
alces-475	193	6	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	193	7	as	as	ADP
alces-475	193	8	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	193	9	processors	processor	NOUN
alces-475	193	10	fundamentally	fundamentally	ADV
alces-475	193	11	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	193	12	restructure	restructure	VERB
alces-475	193	13	landscapes	landscape	NOUN
alces-475	193	14	when	when	SCONJ
alces-475	193	15	they	they	PRON
alces-475	193	16	are	be	AUX
alces-475	193	17	food	food	NOUN
alces-475	193	18	limited	limited	ADJ
alces-475	193	19	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	194	1	herbivore	herbivore	ADJ
alces-475	194	2	populations	population	NOUN
alces-475	194	3	that	that	PRON
alces-475	194	4	are	be	AUX
alces-475	194	5	regulated	regulate	VERB
alces-475	194	6	by	by	ADP
alces-475	194	7	predators	predator	NOUN
alces-475	194	8	have	have	VERB
alces-475	194	9	only	only	ADV
alces-475	194	10	selective	selective	ADJ
alces-475	194	11	effects	effect	NOUN
alces-475	194	12	on	on	ADP
alces-475	194	13	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	194	14	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	194	15	often	often	ADV
alces-475	194	16	in	in	ADP
alces-475	194	17	local	local	ADJ
alces-475	194	18	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	194	19	small	small	ADJ
alces-475	194	20	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	194	21	scale	scale	NOUN
alces-475	194	22	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	194	23	predator	predator	NOUN
alces-475	194	24	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	194	25	safe	safe	ADJ
alces-475	194	26	areas	area	NOUN
alces-475	194	27	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	195	1	what	what	PRON
alces-475	195	2	are	be	AUX
alces-475	195	3	the	the	DET
alces-475	195	4	conditions	condition	NOUN
alces-475	195	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	195	6	therefore	therefore	ADV
alces-475	195	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	195	8	that	that	PRON
alces-475	195	9	determine	determine	VERB
alces-475	195	10	when	when	SCONJ
alces-475	195	11	mammal	mammal	ADJ
alces-475	195	12	herbivores	herbivore	NOUN
alces-475	195	13	are	be	AUX
alces-475	195	14	food	food	NOUN
alces-475	195	15	limited	limited	ADJ
alces-475	195	16	?	?	PUNCT
alces-475	196	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	196	2	essence	essence	NOUN
alces-475	196	3	there	there	PRON
alces-475	196	4	are	be	VERB
alces-475	196	5	4	4	NUM
alces-475	196	6	main	main	ADJ
alces-475	196	7	conditions	condition	NOUN
alces-475	196	8	that	that	PRON
alces-475	196	9	affect	affect	VERB
alces-475	196	10	the	the	DET
alces-475	196	11	cause	cause	NOUN
alces-475	196	12	of	of	ADP
alces-475	196	13	regulation	regulation	NOUN
alces-475	196	14	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	196	15	body	body	NOUN
alces-475	196	16	size	size	NOUN
alces-475	196	17	very	very	ADV
alces-475	196	18	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	196	19	herbivores	herbivore	NOUN
alces-475	196	20	are	be	AUX
alces-475	196	21	simply	simply	ADV
alces-475	196	22	too	too	ADV
alces-475	196	23	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	196	24	for	for	ADP
alces-475	196	25	predators	predator	NOUN
alces-475	196	26	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	197	1	clearly	clearly	ADV
alces-475	197	2	elephants	elephant	NOUN
alces-475	197	3	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	197	4	rhinos	rhino	NOUN
alces-475	197	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	197	6	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	197	7	hippos	hippos	NOUN
alces-475	197	8	fall	fall	VERB
alces-475	197	9	into	into	ADP
alces-475	197	10	this	this	DET
alces-475	197	11	category	category	NOUN
alces-475	197	12	despite	despite	SCONJ
alces-475	197	13	a	a	DET
alces-475	197	14	few	few	ADJ
alces-475	197	15	newborn	newborn	ADJ
alces-475	197	16	animals	animal	NOUN
alces-475	197	17	being	be	AUX
alces-475	197	18	killed	kill	VERB
alces-475	197	19	occasionally	occasionally	ADV
alces-475	197	20	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	198	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	198	2	addition	addition	NOUN
alces-475	198	3	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	198	4	even	even	ADV
alces-475	198	5	animals	animal	NOUN
alces-475	198	6	the	the	DET
alces-475	198	7	size	size	NOUN
alces-475	198	8	of	of	ADP
alces-475	198	9	african	african	ADJ
alces-475	198	10	buffalo	buffalo	PROPN
alces-475	198	11	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	198	12	giraffe	giraffe	NOUN
alces-475	198	13	are	be	AUX
alces-475	198	14	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	198	15	enough	enough	ADV
alces-475	198	16	that	that	SCONJ
alces-475	198	17	predators	predator	NOUN
alces-475	198	18	have	have	VERB
alces-475	198	19	difficulty	difficulty	NOUN
alces-475	198	20	killing	kill	VERB
alces-475	198	21	them	they	PRON
alces-475	198	22	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	199	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	199	2	consequence	consequence	NOUN
alces-475	199	3	is	be	AUX
alces-475	199	4	that	that	SCONJ
alces-475	199	5	predation	predation	NOUN
alces-475	199	6	accounts	account	VERB
alces-475	199	7	for	for	ADP
alces-475	199	8	only	only	ADV
alces-475	199	9	25	25	NUM
alces-475	199	10	%	%	NOUN
alces-475	199	11	of	of	ADP
alces-475	199	12	annual	annual	ADJ
alces-475	199	13	mortality	mortality	NOUN
alces-475	199	14	in	in	ADP
alces-475	199	15	buffalo	buffalo	PROPN
alces-475	199	16	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	199	17	sinclair	sinclair	NOUN
alces-475	199	18	1977	1977	NUM
alces-475	199	19	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	199	20	1979	1979	NUM
alces-475	199	21	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	199	22	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	200	1	it	it	PRON
alces-475	200	2	appears	appear	VERB
alces-475	200	3	that	that	SCONJ
alces-475	200	4	wood	wood	NOUN
alces-475	200	5	bison	bison	NOUN
alces-475	200	6	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	200	7	b.	b.	PROPN
alces-475	200	8	bison	bison	PROPN
alces-475	200	9	athabascae	athabascae	PROPN
alces-475	200	10	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	200	11	also	also	ADV
alces-475	200	12	falls	fall	VERB
alces-475	200	13	in	in	ADP
alces-475	200	14	this	this	DET
alces-475	200	15	category	category	NOUN
alces-475	200	16	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	200	17	since	since	SCONJ
alces-475	200	18	a	a	DET
alces-475	200	19	population	population	NOUN
alces-475	200	20	alces	alce	NOUN
alces-475	200	21	vol	vol	NOUN
alces-475	200	22	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	200	23	39	39	NUM
alces-475	200	24	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	200	25	2003	2003	NUM
alces-475	200	26	sinclair	sinclair	NOUN
alces-475	200	27	–	–	PUNCT
alces-475	200	28	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	200	29	as	as	ADP
alces-475	200	30	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	200	31	landscapers	landscaper	NOUN
alces-475	200	32	169	169	NUM
alces-475	200	33	in	in	ADP
alces-475	200	34	the	the	DET
alces-475	200	35	mackenzie	mackenzie	PROPN
alces-475	200	36	bison	bison	PROPN
alces-475	200	37	sanctuary	sanctuary	NOUN
alces-475	200	38	of	of	ADP
alces-475	200	39	canada	canada	PROPN
alces-475	200	40	continues	continue	VERB
alces-475	200	41	to	to	PART
alces-475	200	42	expand	expand	VERB
alces-475	200	43	despite	despite	SCONJ
alces-475	200	44	wolf	wolf	PROPN
alces-475	200	45	predation	predation	NOUN
alces-475	200	46	of	of	ADP
alces-475	200	47	juveniles	juvenile	NOUN
alces-475	200	48	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	200	49	larter	larter	PROPN
alces-475	200	50	et	et	PROPN
alces-475	200	51	al	al	PROPN
alces-475	200	52	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	200	53	2000	2000	NUM
alces-475	200	54	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	200	55	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	201	1	migration	migration	NOUN
alces-475	201	2	predators	predator	NOUN
alces-475	201	3	can	can	AUX
alces-475	201	4	not	not	PART
alces-475	201	5	follow	follow	VERB
alces-475	201	6	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	201	7	on	on	ADP
alces-475	201	8	a	a	DET
alces-475	201	9	yearround	yearround	ADJ
alces-475	201	10	basis	basis	NOUN
alces-475	201	11	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	201	12	animals	animal	NOUN
alces-475	201	13	that	that	PRON
alces-475	201	14	migrate	migrate	VERB
alces-475	201	15	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	202	1	this	this	DET
alces-475	202	2	general	general	ADJ
alces-475	202	3	rule	rule	NOUN
alces-475	202	4	is	be	AUX
alces-475	202	5	evident	evident	ADJ
alces-475	202	6	in	in	ADP
alces-475	202	7	all	all	DET
alces-475	202	8	mammal	mammal	ADJ
alces-475	202	9	migration	migration	NOUN
alces-475	202	10	systems	system	NOUN
alces-475	202	11	including	include	VERB
alces-475	202	12	those	those	PRON
alces-475	202	13	by	by	ADP
alces-475	202	14	caribou	caribou	PROPN
alces-475	202	15	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	202	16	rangifer	rangifer	VERB
alces-475	202	17	tarandus	tarandus	NOUN
alces-475	202	18	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	202	19	in	in	ADP
alces-475	202	20	northern	northern	PROPN
alces-475	202	21	canada	canada	PROPN
alces-475	202	22	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	202	23	white	white	ADJ
alces-475	202	24	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	202	25	eared	eared	ADJ
alces-475	202	26	kob	kob	NOUN
alces-475	202	27	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	202	28	kobus	kobus	PROPN
alces-475	202	29	kob	kob	PROPN
alces-475	202	30	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	202	31	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	202	32	in	in	ADP
alces-475	202	33	sudan	sudan	PROPN
alces-475	202	34	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	202	35	gazelles	gazelle	NOUN
alces-475	202	36	in	in	ADP
alces-475	202	37	botswana	botswana	PROPN
alces-475	202	38	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	202	39	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	202	40	wildebeest	wildebeest	NOUN
alces-475	202	41	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	202	42	gazelles	gazelle	NOUN
alces-475	202	43	in	in	ADP
alces-475	202	44	serengeti	serengeti	PROPN
alces-475	202	45	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	202	46	sinclair	sinclair	PROPN
alces-475	202	47	1983	1983	NUM
alces-475	202	48	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	202	49	fryxell	fryxell	NOUN
alces-475	202	50	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	202	51	sinclair	sinclair	NOUN
alces-475	202	52	1988	1988	NUM
alces-475	202	53	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	202	54	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	203	1	these	these	DET
alces-475	203	2	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	203	3	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	203	4	therefore	therefore	ADV
alces-475	203	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	203	6	escape	escape	VERB
alces-475	203	7	from	from	ADP
alces-475	203	8	predator	predator	NOUN
alces-475	203	9	regulation	regulation	NOUN
alces-475	203	10	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	204	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	204	2	addition	addition	NOUN
alces-475	204	3	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	204	4	migration	migration	NOUN
alces-475	204	5	is	be	AUX
alces-475	204	6	an	an	DET
alces-475	204	7	adaptation	adaptation	NOUN
alces-475	204	8	to	to	PART
alces-475	204	9	access	access	VERB
alces-475	204	10	ephemeral	ephemeral	ADJ
alces-475	204	11	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	204	12	high	high	ADJ
alces-475	204	13	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	204	14	quality	quality	NOUN
alces-475	204	15	food	food	NOUN
alces-475	204	16	resources	resource	NOUN
alces-475	204	17	not	not	PART
alces-475	204	18	available	available	ADJ
alces-475	204	19	to	to	ADP
alces-475	204	20	non	non	NOUN
alces-475	204	21	-	-	NOUN
alces-475	204	22	migrants	migrant	NOUN
alces-475	204	23	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	205	1	these	these	DET
alces-475	205	2	two	two	NUM
alces-475	205	3	features	feature	NOUN
alces-475	205	4	of	of	ADP
alces-475	205	5	migration	migration	NOUN
alces-475	205	6	systems	system	NOUN
alces-475	205	7	allow	allow	VERB
alces-475	205	8	populations	population	NOUN
alces-475	205	9	to	to	PART
alces-475	205	10	become	become	VERB
alces-475	205	11	an	an	DET
alces-475	205	12	order	order	NOUN
alces-475	205	13	of	of	ADP
alces-475	205	14	magnitude	magnitude	NOUN
alces-475	205	15	greater	great	ADJ
alces-475	205	16	in	in	ADP
alces-475	205	17	number	number	NOUN
alces-475	205	18	compared	compare	VERB
alces-475	205	19	to	to	ADP
alces-475	205	20	residents	resident	NOUN
alces-475	205	21	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	206	1	thus	thus	ADV
alces-475	206	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	206	3	migrant	migrant	ADJ
alces-475	206	4	wildebeest	wildebeest	NOUN
alces-475	206	5	in	in	ADP
alces-475	206	6	serengeti	serengeti	PROPN
alces-475	206	7	occur	occur	VERB
alces-475	206	8	at	at	ADP
alces-475	206	9	50	50	NUM
alces-475	206	10	animals	animal	NOUN
alces-475	206	11	/	/	SYM
alces-475	206	12	km2	km2	PROPN
alces-475	206	13	compared	compare	VERB
alces-475	206	14	to	to	ADP
alces-475	206	15	a	a	DET
alces-475	206	16	sympatric	sympatric	ADJ
alces-475	206	17	resident	resident	ADJ
alces-475	206	18	population	population	NOUN
alces-475	206	19	at	at	ADP
alces-475	206	20	5	5	NUM
alces-475	206	21	animals/	animals/	NUM
alces-475	206	22	km2	km2	NOUN
alces-475	206	23	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	207	1	such	such	ADJ
alces-475	207	2	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	207	3	populations	population	NOUN
alces-475	207	4	have	have	VERB
alces-475	207	5	major	major	ADJ
alces-475	207	6	structuring	structuring	NOUN
alces-475	207	7	effects	effect	NOUN
alces-475	207	8	on	on	ADP
alces-475	207	9	the	the	DET
alces-475	207	10	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	207	11	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	208	1	diversity	diversity	NOUN
alces-475	208	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	208	3	herbivore	herbivore	ADJ
alces-475	208	4	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	208	5	carnivore	carnivore	ADJ
alces-475	208	6	guilds	guild	NOUN
alces-475	208	7	in	in	ADP
alces-475	208	8	some	some	DET
alces-475	208	9	systems	system	NOUN
alces-475	208	10	there	there	PRON
alces-475	208	11	is	be	VERB
alces-475	208	12	a	a	DET
alces-475	208	13	high	high	ADJ
alces-475	208	14	diversity	diversity	NOUN
alces-475	208	15	of	of	ADP
alces-475	208	16	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	208	17	mammal	mammal	ADJ
alces-475	208	18	herbivores	herbivore	NOUN
alces-475	208	19	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	208	20	carnivores	carnivore	NOUN
alces-475	208	21	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	209	1	nearly	nearly	ADV
alces-475	209	2	all	all	PRON
alces-475	209	3	are	be	AUX
alces-475	209	4	associated	associate	VERB
alces-475	209	5	with	with	ADP
alces-475	209	6	tropical	tropical	ADJ
alces-475	209	7	savanna	savanna	NOUN
alces-475	209	8	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	209	9	grassland	grassland	NOUN
alces-475	209	10	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	210	1	whether	whether	SCONJ
alces-475	210	2	a	a	DET
alces-475	210	3	population	population	NOUN
alces-475	210	4	of	of	ADP
alces-475	210	5	herbivores	herbivore	NOUN
alces-475	210	6	is	be	AUX
alces-475	210	7	limited	limit	VERB
alces-475	210	8	by	by	ADP
alces-475	210	9	predators	predator	NOUN
alces-475	210	10	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	210	11	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	210	12	so	so	ADV
alces-475	210	13	has	have	VERB
alces-475	210	14	little	little	ADJ
alces-475	210	15	structuring	structuring	ADJ
alces-475	210	16	effect	effect	NOUN
alces-475	210	17	on	on	ADP
alces-475	210	18	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	210	19	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	210	20	is	be	AUX
alces-475	210	21	determined	determine	VERB
alces-475	210	22	by	by	ADP
alces-475	210	23	its	its	PRON
alces-475	210	24	place	place	NOUN
alces-475	210	25	in	in	ADP
alces-475	210	26	the	the	DET
alces-475	210	27	hierarchy	hierarchy	NOUN
alces-475	210	28	of	of	ADP
alces-475	210	29	herbivores	herbivore	NOUN
alces-475	210	30	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	211	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	211	2	african	african	ADJ
alces-475	211	3	savanna	savanna	NOUN
alces-475	211	4	there	there	PRON
alces-475	211	5	are	be	VERB
alces-475	211	6	as	as	ADV
alces-475	211	7	many	many	ADJ
alces-475	211	8	as	as	ADP
alces-475	211	9	10	10	NUM
alces-475	211	10	co	co	ADJ
alces-475	211	11	-	-	ADJ
alces-475	211	12	existing	exist	VERB
alces-475	211	13	canid	canid	ADJ
alces-475	211	14	or	or	CCONJ
alces-475	211	15	felid	felid	NOUN
alces-475	211	16	carnivores	carnivore	NOUN
alces-475	211	17	feeding	feed	VERB
alces-475	211	18	on	on	ADP
alces-475	211	19	ungulates	ungulate	NOUN
alces-475	211	20	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	211	21	lagomorphs	lagomorph	NOUN
alces-475	211	22	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	211	23	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	211	24	rodents	rodent	NOUN
alces-475	211	25	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	212	1	they	they	PRON
alces-475	212	2	vary	vary	VERB
alces-475	212	3	in	in	ADP
alces-475	212	4	size	size	NOUN
alces-475	212	5	from	from	ADP
alces-475	212	6	the	the	DET
alces-475	212	7	200	200	NUM
alces-475	212	8	kg	kg	NOUN
alces-475	212	9	lion	lion	NOUN
alces-475	212	10	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	212	11	panthera	panthera	PROPN
alces-475	212	12	leo	leo	PROPN
alces-475	212	13	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	212	14	to	to	ADP
alces-475	212	15	the	the	DET
alces-475	212	16	5	5	NUM
alces-475	212	17	kg	kg	NOUN
alces-475	212	18	wild	wild	ADJ
alces-475	212	19	cat	cat	NOUN
alces-475	212	20	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	212	21	felis	felis	NOUN
alces-475	212	22	sylvestris	sylvestris	NOUN
alces-475	212	23	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	212	24	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	213	1	the	the	PRON
alces-475	213	2	larger	large	ADJ
alces-475	213	3	the	the	DET
alces-475	213	4	carnivore	carnivore	NOUN
alces-475	213	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	213	6	the	the	DET
alces-475	213	7	greater	great	ADJ
alces-475	213	8	is	be	AUX
alces-475	213	9	its	its	PRON
alces-475	213	10	range	range	NOUN
alces-475	213	11	of	of	ADP
alces-475	213	12	prey	prey	NOUN
alces-475	213	13	sizes	size	NOUN
alces-475	213	14	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	213	15	fig	fig	NOUN
alces-475	213	16	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	213	17	4	4	NUM
alces-475	213	18	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	213	19	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	214	1	thus	thus	ADV
alces-475	214	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	214	3	the	the	DET
alces-475	214	4	diet	diet	NOUN
alces-475	214	5	of	of	ADP
alces-475	214	6	lions	lion	NOUN
alces-475	214	7	ranges	range	VERB
alces-475	214	8	from	from	ADP
alces-475	214	9	buffalo	buffalo	NOUN
alces-475	214	10	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	214	11	450	450	NUM
alces-475	214	12	kg	kg	NOUN
alces-475	214	13	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	214	14	to	to	ADP
alces-475	214	15	dik	dik	VERB
alces-475	214	16	dik	dik	X
alces-475	214	17	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	214	18	madoqua	madoqua	NOUN
alces-475	214	19	kirkii	kirkii	PROPN
alces-475	214	20	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	214	21	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	214	22	10	10	NUM
alces-475	214	23	fig	fig	NOUN
alces-475	214	24	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	215	1	4	4	X
alces-475	215	2	.	.	X
alces-475	215	3	the	the	DET
alces-475	215	4	range	range	NOUN
alces-475	215	5	of	of	ADP
alces-475	215	6	mammal	mammal	ADJ
alces-475	215	7	prey	prey	NOUN
alces-475	215	8	sizes	size	NOUN
alces-475	215	9	for	for	ADP
alces-475	215	10	serengeti	serengeti	PROPN
alces-475	215	11	carnivores	carnivore	NOUN
alces-475	215	12	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	216	1	the	the	PRON
alces-475	216	2	larger	large	ADJ
alces-475	216	3	the	the	DET
alces-475	216	4	carnivore	carnivore	NOUN
alces-475	216	5	the	the	PRON
alces-475	216	6	greater	great	ADJ
alces-475	216	7	the	the	DET
alces-475	216	8	prey	prey	NOUN
alces-475	216	9	range	range	NOUN
alces-475	216	10	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	217	1	thus	thus	ADV
alces-475	217	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	217	3	small	small	ADJ
alces-475	217	4	ungulates	ungulate	NOUN
alces-475	217	5	can	can	AUX
alces-475	217	6	have	have	VERB
alces-475	217	7	as	as	ADV
alces-475	217	8	many	many	ADJ
alces-475	217	9	as	as	ADP
alces-475	217	10	9	9	NUM
alces-475	217	11	different	different	ADJ
alces-475	217	12	predator	predator	NOUN
alces-475	217	13	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	217	14	whereas	whereas	SCONJ
alces-475	217	15	larger	large	ADJ
alces-475	217	16	prey	prey	NOUN
alces-475	217	17	have	have	VERB
alces-475	217	18	only	only	ADV
alces-475	217	19	one	one	NUM
alces-475	217	20	or	or	CCONJ
alces-475	217	21	none	none	NOUN
alces-475	217	22	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	217	23	avenant	avenant	NOUN
alces-475	217	24	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	217	25	nel	nel	PROPN
alces-475	217	26	1997	1997	NUM
alces-475	217	27	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	217	28	personal	personal	ADJ
alces-475	217	29	observations	observation	NOUN
alces-475	217	30	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	217	31	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	218	1	kg	kg	PROPN
alces-475	218	2	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	218	3	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	218	4	a	a	DET
alces-475	218	5	small	small	ADJ
alces-475	218	6	antelope	antelope	NOUN
alces-475	218	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	218	8	whereas	whereas	SCONJ
alces-475	218	9	that	that	PRON
alces-475	218	10	of	of	ADP
alces-475	218	11	caracal	caracal	ADJ
alces-475	218	12	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	218	13	felis	felis	NOUN
alces-475	218	14	caracal	caracal	ADJ
alces-475	218	15	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	218	16	ranges	range	NOUN
alces-475	218	17	from	from	ADP
alces-475	218	18	duiker	duiker	NOUN
alces-475	218	19	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	218	20	15	15	NUM
alces-475	218	21	kg	kg	NOUN
alces-475	218	22	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	218	23	to	to	ADP
alces-475	218	24	100	100	NUM
alces-475	218	25	g	g	NOUN
alces-475	218	26	rodents	rodent	NOUN
alces-475	218	27	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	218	28	avenant	avenant	NOUN
alces-475	218	29	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	218	30	nel	nel	PROPN
alces-475	218	31	1997	1997	NUM
alces-475	218	32	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	218	33	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	219	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	219	2	consequence	consequence	NOUN
alces-475	219	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	219	4	this	this	PRON
alces-475	219	5	is	be	AUX
alces-475	219	6	that	that	SCONJ
alces-475	219	7	in	in	ADP
alces-475	219	8	the	the	DET
alces-475	219	9	serengeti	serengeti	PROPN
alces-475	219	10	system	system	NOUN
alces-475	219	11	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	219	12	for	for	ADP
alces-475	219	13	example	example	NOUN
alces-475	219	14	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	219	15	smaller	small	ADJ
alces-475	219	16	ungulates	ungulate	NOUN
alces-475	219	17	have	have	VERB
alces-475	219	18	as	as	ADV
alces-475	219	19	many	many	ADJ
alces-475	219	20	as	as	ADP
alces-475	219	21	7	7	NUM
alces-475	219	22	predator	predator	NOUN
alces-475	219	23	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	219	24	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	219	25	intermediate	intermediate	ADJ
alces-475	219	26	sized	sized	ADJ
alces-475	219	27	antelope	antelope	NOUN
alces-475	219	28	such	such	ADJ
alces-475	219	29	as	as	ADP
alces-475	219	30	topi	topi	PROPN
alces-475	219	31	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	219	32	damaliscus	damaliscus	NOUN
alces-475	219	33	korrigum	korrigum	NOUN
alces-475	219	34	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	219	35	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	219	36	120	120	NUM
alces-475	219	37	kg	kg	NOUN
alces-475	219	38	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	219	39	have	have	VERB
alces-475	219	40	4	4	NUM
alces-475	219	41	predators	predator	NOUN
alces-475	219	42	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	219	43	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	219	44	very	very	ADV
alces-475	219	45	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	219	46	ones	one	NOUN
alces-475	219	47	like	like	ADP
alces-475	219	48	eland	eland	NOUN
alces-475	219	49	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	219	50	taurotragus	taurotragus	ADJ
alces-475	219	51	oryx	oryx	NOUN
alces-475	219	52	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	219	53	have	have	VERB
alces-475	219	54	only	only	ADV
alces-475	219	55	one	one	NUM
alces-475	219	56	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	220	1	thus	thus	ADV
alces-475	220	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	220	3	smaller	small	ADJ
alces-475	220	4	ungulates	ungulate	NOUN
alces-475	220	5	must	must	AUX
alces-475	220	6	experience	experience	VERB
alces-475	220	7	more	more	ADJ
alces-475	220	8	predation	predation	NOUN
alces-475	220	9	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	220	10	be	be	AUX
alces-475	220	11	predator	predator	NOUN
alces-475	220	12	regulated	regulate	VERB
alces-475	220	13	if	if	SCONJ
alces-475	220	14	they	they	PRON
alces-475	220	15	are	be	AUX
alces-475	220	16	not	not	PART
alces-475	220	17	migrants	migrant	NOUN
alces-475	220	18	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	220	19	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	220	20	so	so	ADV
alces-475	220	21	have	have	VERB
alces-475	220	22	less	less	ADJ
alces-475	220	23	effect	effect	NOUN
alces-475	220	24	on	on	ADP
alces-475	220	25	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	220	26	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	221	1	direct	direct	ADJ
alces-475	221	2	measures	measure	NOUN
alces-475	221	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	221	4	mortality	mortality	NOUN
alces-475	221	5	by	by	ADP
alces-475	221	6	predators	predator	NOUN
alces-475	221	7	are	be	AUX
alces-475	221	8	consistent	consistent	ADJ
alces-475	221	9	with	with	ADP
alces-475	221	10	this	this	DET
alces-475	221	11	prediction	prediction	NOUN
alces-475	221	12	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	222	1	we	we	PRON
alces-475	222	2	have	have	AUX
alces-475	222	3	found	find	VERB
alces-475	222	4	that	that	SCONJ
alces-475	222	5	in	in	ADP
alces-475	222	6	small	small	ADJ
alces-475	222	7	antelope	antelope	NOUN
alces-475	222	8	such	such	ADJ
alces-475	222	9	as	as	ADP
alces-475	222	10	oribi	oribi	NOUN
alces-475	222	11	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	222	12	ourebia	ourebia	NOUN
alces-475	222	13	ourebi	ourebi	ADV
alces-475	222	14	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	222	15	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	222	16	10	10	NUM
alces-475	222	17	kg	kg	NOUN
alces-475	222	18	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	222	19	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	222	20	nearly	nearly	ADV
alces-475	222	21	all	all	PRON
alces-475	222	22	mortality	mortality	NOUN
alces-475	222	23	of	of	ADP
alces-475	222	24	adults	adult	NOUN
alces-475	222	25	is	be	AUX
alces-475	222	26	accounted	account	VERB
alces-475	222	27	for	for	ADP
alces-475	222	28	by	by	ADP
alces-475	222	29	predators	predator	NOUN
alces-475	222	30	;	;	PUNCT
alces-475	222	31	in	in	ADP
alces-475	222	32	zebra	zebra	PROPN
alces-475	222	33	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	222	34	equus	equus	PROPN
alces-475	222	35	burchelli	burchelli	PROPN
alces-475	222	36	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	222	37	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	222	38	250	250	NUM
alces-475	222	39	kg	kg	NOUN
alces-475	222	40	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	222	41	this	this	PRON
alces-475	222	42	is	be	AUX
alces-475	222	43	about	about	ADV
alces-475	222	44	73	73	NUM
alces-475	222	45	%	%	NOUN
alces-475	222	46	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	222	47	while	while	SCONJ
alces-475	222	48	in	in	ADP
alces-475	222	49	buffalo	buffalo	NOUN
alces-475	222	50	it	it	PRON
alces-475	222	51	is	be	AUX
alces-475	222	52	23	23	NUM
alces-475	222	53	%	%	NOUN
alces-475	222	54	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	222	55	sinclair	sinclair	NOUN
alces-475	222	56	1977	1977	NUM
alces-475	222	57	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	222	58	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	223	1	therefore	therefore	ADV
alces-475	223	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	223	3	in	in	ADP
alces-475	223	4	a	a	DET
alces-475	223	5	multi	multi	ADJ
alces-475	223	6	-	-	ADJ
alces-475	223	7	species	species	ADJ
alces-475	223	8	mammal	mammal	ADJ
alces-475	223	9	community	community	NOUN
alces-475	223	10	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	223	11	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	223	12	herbivores	herbivore	NOUN
alces-475	223	13	will	will	AUX
alces-475	223	14	structure	structure	VERB
alces-475	223	15	the	the	DET
alces-475	223	16	landscape	landscape	NOUN
alces-475	223	17	whereas	whereas	SCONJ
alces-475	223	18	smaller	small	ADJ
alces-475	223	19	ones	one	NOUN
alces-475	223	20	can	can	AUX
alces-475	223	21	not	not	PART
alces-475	223	22	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	224	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	224	2	effect	effect	NOUN
alces-475	224	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	224	4	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	224	5	herbivores	herbivore	NOUN
alces-475	224	6	on	on	ADP
alces-475	224	7	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	224	8	as	as	ADP
alces-475	224	9	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	224	10	landscapers	landscaper	NOUN
alces-475	224	11	–	–	PUNCT
alces-475	224	12	sinclair	sinclair	NOUN
alces-475	224	13	alces	alce	NOUN
alces-475	224	14	vol	vol	NOUN
alces-475	224	15	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	224	16	39	39	NUM
alces-475	224	17	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	224	18	2003	2003	NUM
alces-475	224	19	170	170	NUM
alces-475	224	20	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	224	21	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	224	22	is	be	AUX
alces-475	224	23	enhanced	enhance	VERB
alces-475	224	24	because	because	SCONJ
alces-475	224	25	they	they	PRON
alces-475	224	26	also	also	ADV
alces-475	224	27	feed	feed	VERB
alces-475	224	28	in	in	ADP
alces-475	224	29	a	a	DET
alces-475	224	30	broader	broad	ADJ
alces-475	224	31	range	range	NOUN
alces-475	224	32	of	of	ADP
alces-475	224	33	habitats	habitat	NOUN
alces-475	224	34	than	than	SCONJ
alces-475	224	35	do	do	VERB
alces-475	224	36	smaller	small	ADJ
alces-475	224	37	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	224	38	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	225	1	thus	thus	ADV
alces-475	225	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	225	3	elephants	elephant	NOUN
alces-475	225	4	can	can	AUX
alces-475	225	5	range	range	VERB
alces-475	225	6	from	from	ADP
alces-475	225	7	tropical	tropical	ADJ
alces-475	225	8	forests	forest	NOUN
alces-475	225	9	to	to	ADP
alces-475	225	10	deserts	desert	NOUN
alces-475	225	11	whereas	whereas	SCONJ
alces-475	225	12	the	the	DET
alces-475	225	13	smallest	small	ADJ
alces-475	225	14	ungulates	ungulate	NOUN
alces-475	225	15	are	be	AUX
alces-475	225	16	confined	confine	VERB
alces-475	225	17	to	to	ADP
alces-475	225	18	single	single	ADJ
alces-475	225	19	habitats	habitat	NOUN
alces-475	225	20	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	226	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	226	2	direction	direction	NOUN
alces-475	226	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	226	4	regulation	regulation	NOUN
alces-475	226	5	in	in	ADP
alces-475	226	6	many	many	ADJ
alces-475	226	7	biomes	biome	NOUN
alces-475	226	8	of	of	ADP
alces-475	226	9	the	the	DET
alces-475	226	10	temperate	temperate	ADJ
alces-475	226	11	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	226	12	arctic	arctic	ADJ
alces-475	226	13	regions	region	NOUN
alces-475	226	14	there	there	PRON
alces-475	226	15	is	be	VERB
alces-475	226	16	only	only	ADV
alces-475	226	17	one	one	NUM
alces-475	226	18	major	major	ADJ
alces-475	226	19	predator	predator	NOUN
alces-475	226	20	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	226	21	one	one	NUM
alces-475	226	22	or	or	CCONJ
alces-475	226	23	a	a	DET
alces-475	226	24	few	few	ADJ
alces-475	226	25	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	226	26	of	of	ADP
alces-475	226	27	mammalian	mammalian	ADJ
alces-475	226	28	prey	prey	NOUN
alces-475	226	29	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	227	1	landscape	landscape	NOUN
alces-475	227	2	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	227	3	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	227	4	composition	composition	NOUN
alces-475	227	5	in	in	ADP
alces-475	227	6	these	these	DET
alces-475	227	7	areas	area	NOUN
alces-475	227	8	are	be	AUX
alces-475	227	9	determined	determine	VERB
alces-475	227	10	by	by	ADP
alces-475	227	11	whether	whether	SCONJ
alces-475	227	12	there	there	PRON
alces-475	227	13	is	be	VERB
alces-475	227	14	top	top	ADJ
alces-475	227	15	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	227	16	down	down	NOUN
alces-475	227	17	or	or	CCONJ
alces-475	227	18	bottom	bottom	NOUN
alces-475	227	19	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	227	20	up	up	ADP
alces-475	227	21	regulation	regulation	NOUN
alces-475	227	22	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	228	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	228	2	some	some	DET
alces-475	228	3	cases	case	NOUN
alces-475	228	4	the	the	DET
alces-475	228	5	direction	direction	NOUN
alces-475	228	6	of	of	ADP
alces-475	228	7	regulation	regulation	NOUN
alces-475	228	8	is	be	AUX
alces-475	228	9	obligatory	obligatory	ADJ
alces-475	228	10	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	228	11	in	in	ADP
alces-475	228	12	others	other	NOUN
alces-475	228	13	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	228	14	both	both	CCONJ
alces-475	228	15	top	top	ADJ
alces-475	228	16	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	228	17	down	down	NOUN
alces-475	228	18	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	228	19	bottom	bottom	ADJ
alces-475	228	20	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	228	21	up	up	ADP
alces-475	228	22	regulation	regulation	NOUN
alces-475	228	23	can	can	AUX
alces-475	228	24	occur	occur	VERB
alces-475	228	25	with	with	ADP
alces-475	228	26	the	the	DET
alces-475	228	27	system	system	NOUN
alces-475	228	28	switching	switch	VERB
alces-475	228	29	from	from	ADP
alces-475	228	30	one	one	NUM
alces-475	228	31	state	state	NOUN
alces-475	228	32	to	to	ADP
alces-475	228	33	another	another	PRON
alces-475	228	34	depending	depend	VERB
alces-475	228	35	on	on	ADP
alces-475	228	36	disturbances	disturbance	NOUN
alces-475	228	37	from	from	ADP
alces-475	228	38	outside	outside	ADP
alces-475	228	39	the	the	DET
alces-475	228	40	system	system	NOUN
alces-475	228	41	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	229	1	obviously	obviously	ADV
alces-475	229	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	229	3	bottom	bottom	ADJ
alces-475	229	4	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	229	5	up	up	ADP
alces-475	229	6	regulation	regulation	NOUN
alces-475	229	7	occurs	occur	VERB
alces-475	229	8	when	when	SCONJ
alces-475	229	9	predators	predator	NOUN
alces-475	229	10	are	be	AUX
alces-475	229	11	absent	absent	ADJ
alces-475	229	12	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	230	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	230	2	this	this	DET
alces-475	230	3	case	case	NOUN
alces-475	230	4	browsing	browse	VERB
alces-475	230	5	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	230	6	must	must	AUX
alces-475	230	7	have	have	VERB
alces-475	230	8	an	an	DET
alces-475	230	9	impact	impact	NOUN
alces-475	230	10	on	on	ADP
alces-475	230	11	the	the	DET
alces-475	230	12	rate	rate	NOUN
alces-475	230	13	of	of	ADP
alces-475	230	14	regeneration	regeneration	NOUN
alces-475	230	15	of	of	ADP
alces-475	230	16	juvenile	juvenile	ADJ
alces-475	230	17	woody	woody	NOUN
alces-475	230	18	plants	plant	NOUN
alces-475	230	19	simply	simply	ADV
alces-475	230	20	from	from	ADP
alces-475	230	21	feeding	feed	VERB
alces-475	230	22	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	231	1	however	however	ADV
alces-475	231	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	231	3	such	such	ADJ
alces-475	231	4	effects	effect	NOUN
alces-475	231	5	would	would	AUX
alces-475	231	6	not	not	PART
alces-475	231	7	necessarily	necessarily	ADV
alces-475	231	8	prevent	prevent	VERB
alces-475	231	9	the	the	DET
alces-475	231	10	formation	formation	NOUN
alces-475	231	11	of	of	ADP
alces-475	231	12	the	the	DET
alces-475	231	13	eventual	eventual	ADJ
alces-475	231	14	mature	mature	ADJ
alces-475	231	15	climax	climax	NOUN
alces-475	231	16	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	232	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	232	2	issue	issue	NOUN
alces-475	232	3	is	be	AUX
alces-475	232	4	whether	whether	SCONJ
alces-475	232	5	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	232	6	can	can	AUX
alces-475	232	7	hold	hold	VERB
alces-475	232	8	the	the	DET
alces-475	232	9	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	232	10	in	in	ADP
alces-475	232	11	a	a	DET
alces-475	232	12	different	different	ADJ
alces-475	232	13	state	state	NOUN
alces-475	232	14	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	233	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	233	2	some	some	DET
alces-475	233	3	cases	case	NOUN
alces-475	233	4	they	they	PRON
alces-475	233	5	do	do	VERB
alces-475	233	6	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	234	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	234	2	europe	europe	PROPN
alces-475	234	3	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	234	4	where	where	SCONJ
alces-475	234	5	predators	predator	NOUN
alces-475	234	6	have	have	AUX
alces-475	234	7	been	be	AUX
alces-475	234	8	removed	remove	VERB
alces-475	234	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	234	10	browsing	browse	VERB
alces-475	234	11	by	by	ADP
alces-475	234	12	red	red	ADJ
alces-475	234	13	deer	deer	NOUN
alces-475	234	14	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	234	15	c.	c.	NOUN
alces-475	234	16	elaphus	elaphu	NOUN
alces-475	234	17	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	234	18	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	234	19	wild	wild	ADJ
alces-475	234	20	boar	boar	NOUN
alces-475	234	21	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	234	22	sus	sus	PROPN
alces-475	234	23	scrofa	scrofa	NOUN
alces-475	234	24	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	234	25	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	234	26	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	234	27	chamois	chamois	PROPN
alces-475	234	28	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	234	29	rupicapra	rupicapra	ADJ
alces-475	234	30	spp	spp	NOUN
alces-475	234	31	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	234	32	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	234	33	changed	change	VERB
alces-475	234	34	forested	forest	VERB
alces-475	234	35	areas	area	NOUN
alces-475	234	36	into	into	ADP
alces-475	234	37	grasslands	grassland	NOUN
alces-475	234	38	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	234	39	held	hold	VERB
alces-475	234	40	them	they	PRON
alces-475	234	41	there	there	ADV
alces-475	234	42	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	234	43	miller	miller	PROPN
alces-475	234	44	et	et	PROPN
alces-475	234	45	al	al	PROPN
alces-475	234	46	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	234	47	1982	1982	NUM
alces-475	234	48	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	234	49	;	;	PUNCT
alces-475	234	50	these	these	DET
alces-475	234	51	browsers	browser	NOUN
alces-475	234	52	maintain	maintain	VERB
alces-475	234	53	a	a	DET
alces-475	234	54	different	different	ADJ
alces-475	234	55	state	state	NOUN
alces-475	234	56	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	235	1	examples	example	NOUN
alces-475	235	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	235	3	obligatory	obligatory	ADJ
alces-475	235	4	top	top	ADJ
alces-475	235	5	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	235	6	down	down	ADP
alces-475	235	7	regulation	regulation	NOUN
alces-475	235	8	are	be	AUX
alces-475	235	9	less	less	ADV
alces-475	235	10	prevalent	prevalent	ADJ
alces-475	235	11	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	236	1	wolves	wolf	NOUN
alces-475	236	2	apparently	apparently	ADV
alces-475	236	3	regulate	regulate	VERB
alces-475	236	4	moose	moose	NOUN
alces-475	236	5	in	in	ADP
alces-475	236	6	parts	part	NOUN
alces-475	236	7	of	of	ADP
alces-475	236	8	canada	canada	PROPN
alces-475	236	9	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	236	10	messier	messy	ADJ
alces-475	236	11	1994	1994	NUM
alces-475	236	12	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	236	13	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	237	1	when	when	SCONJ
alces-475	237	2	wolves	wolf	NOUN
alces-475	237	3	were	be	AUX
alces-475	237	4	absent	absent	ADJ
alces-475	237	5	on	on	ADP
alces-475	237	6	isle	isle	PROPN
alces-475	237	7	royale	royale	PROPN
alces-475	237	8	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	237	9	moose	moose	NOUN
alces-475	237	10	had	have	VERB
alces-475	237	11	major	major	ADJ
alces-475	237	12	effects	effect	NOUN
alces-475	237	13	on	on	ADP
alces-475	237	14	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	237	15	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	237	16	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	238	1	even	even	ADV
alces-475	238	2	when	when	SCONJ
alces-475	238	3	wolves	wolf	NOUN
alces-475	238	4	arrived	arrive	VERB
alces-475	238	5	on	on	ADP
alces-475	238	6	the	the	DET
alces-475	238	7	island	island	NOUN
alces-475	238	8	their	their	PRON
alces-475	238	9	numbers	number	NOUN
alces-475	238	10	appeared	appear	VERB
alces-475	238	11	to	to	PART
alces-475	238	12	track	track	VERB
alces-475	238	13	moose	moose	NOUN
alces-475	238	14	numbers	number	NOUN
alces-475	238	15	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	238	16	did	do	AUX
alces-475	238	17	not	not	PART
alces-475	238	18	regulate	regulate	VERB
alces-475	238	19	that	that	SCONJ
alces-475	238	20	population	population	NOUN
alces-475	238	21	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	238	22	peterson	peterson	NOUN
alces-475	238	23	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	238	24	vucetich	vucetich	NOUN
alces-475	238	25	2001	2001	NUM
alces-475	238	26	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	238	27	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	239	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	239	2	other	other	ADJ
alces-475	239	3	systems	system	NOUN
alces-475	239	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	239	5	either	either	CCONJ
alces-475	239	6	top	top	ADJ
alces-475	239	7	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	239	8	down	down	NOUN
alces-475	239	9	or	or	CCONJ
alces-475	239	10	bottom	bottom	ADJ
alces-475	239	11	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	239	12	up	up	ADP
alces-475	239	13	regulation	regulation	NOUN
alces-475	239	14	can	can	AUX
alces-475	239	15	occur	occur	VERB
alces-475	239	16	with	with	ADP
alces-475	239	17	consequent	consequent	ADJ
alces-475	239	18	differences	difference	NOUN
alces-475	239	19	in	in	ADP
alces-475	239	20	the	the	DET
alces-475	239	21	landscape	landscape	NOUN
alces-475	239	22	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	239	23	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	240	1	for	for	ADP
alces-475	240	2	example	example	NOUN
alces-475	240	3	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	240	4	i	i	PRON
alces-475	240	5	have	have	AUX
alces-475	240	6	mentioned	mention	VERB
alces-475	240	7	above	above	ADP
alces-475	240	8	the	the	DET
alces-475	240	9	effect	effect	NOUN
alces-475	240	10	of	of	ADP
alces-475	240	11	elk	elk	NOUN
alces-475	240	12	in	in	ADP
alces-475	240	13	transforming	transform	VERB
alces-475	240	14	aspen	aspen	NOUN
alces-475	240	15	stands	stand	VERB
alces-475	240	16	to	to	PART
alces-475	240	17	open	open	VERB
alces-475	240	18	parklands	parkland	NOUN
alces-475	240	19	in	in	ADP
alces-475	240	20	banff	banff	PROPN
alces-475	240	21	national	national	PROPN
alces-475	240	22	park	park	PROPN
alces-475	240	23	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	240	24	canada	canada	PROPN
alces-475	240	25	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	241	1	this	this	PRON
alces-475	241	2	occurred	occur	VERB
alces-475	241	3	when	when	SCONJ
alces-475	241	4	wolves	wolf	NOUN
alces-475	241	5	were	be	AUX
alces-475	241	6	removed	remove	VERB
alces-475	241	7	in	in	ADP
alces-475	241	8	the	the	DET
alces-475	241	9	1930s	1930	NOUN
alces-475	241	10	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	242	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	242	2	1985	1985	NUM
alces-475	242	3	wolves	wolf	NOUN
alces-475	242	4	reappeared	reappear	VERB
alces-475	242	5	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	242	6	since	since	SCONJ
alces-475	242	7	then	then	ADV
alces-475	242	8	they	they	PRON
alces-475	242	9	have	have	AUX
alces-475	242	10	both	both	CCONJ
alces-475	242	11	reduced	reduce	VERB
alces-475	242	12	elk	elk	NOUN
alces-475	242	13	numbers	number	NOUN
alces-475	242	14	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	242	15	confined	confine	VERB
alces-475	242	16	them	they	PRON
alces-475	242	17	to	to	ADP
alces-475	242	18	a	a	DET
alces-475	242	19	subset	subset	NOUN
alces-475	242	20	of	of	ADP
alces-475	242	21	the	the	DET
alces-475	242	22	habitats	habitat	NOUN
alces-475	242	23	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	243	1	in	in	ADP
alces-475	243	2	elk	elk	NOUN
alces-475	243	3	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	243	4	free	free	ADJ
alces-475	243	5	areas	area	NOUN
alces-475	243	6	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	243	7	young	young	ADJ
alces-475	243	8	trees	tree	NOUN
alces-475	243	9	are	be	AUX
alces-475	243	10	regenerating	regenerate	VERB
alces-475	243	11	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	243	12	more	more	ADV
alces-475	243	13	dense	dense	ADJ
alces-475	243	14	aspen	aspen	NOUN
alces-475	243	15	stands	stand	VERB
alces-475	243	16	should	should	AUX
alces-475	243	17	appear	appear	VERB
alces-475	243	18	in	in	ADP
alces-475	243	19	the	the	DET
alces-475	243	20	next	next	ADJ
alces-475	243	21	decades	decade	NOUN
alces-475	243	22	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	243	23	white	white	ADJ
alces-475	243	24	2001	2001	NUM
alces-475	243	25	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	243	26	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	244	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	244	2	recent	recent	ADJ
alces-475	244	3	increase	increase	NOUN
alces-475	244	4	of	of	ADP
alces-475	244	5	wolf	wolf	NOUN
alces-475	244	6	numbers	number	NOUN
alces-475	244	7	in	in	ADP
alces-475	244	8	yellowstone	yellowstone	PROPN
alces-475	244	9	should	should	AUX
alces-475	244	10	also	also	ADV
alces-475	244	11	change	change	VERB
alces-475	244	12	the	the	DET
alces-475	244	13	aspen	aspen	ADJ
alces-475	244	14	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	244	15	there	there	ADV
alces-475	244	16	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	245	1	thus	thus	ADV
alces-475	245	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	245	3	which	which	PRON
alces-475	245	4	of	of	ADP
alces-475	245	5	the	the	DET
alces-475	245	6	two	two	NUM
alces-475	245	7	landscapes	landscape	NOUN
alces-475	245	8	occur	occur	VERB
alces-475	245	9	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	245	10	woodland	woodland	NOUN
alces-475	245	11	or	or	CCONJ
alces-475	245	12	parkland	parkland	NOUN
alces-475	245	13	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	245	14	is	be	AUX
alces-475	245	15	determined	determine	VERB
alces-475	245	16	by	by	ADP
alces-475	245	17	the	the	DET
alces-475	245	18	presence	presence	NOUN
alces-475	245	19	or	or	CCONJ
alces-475	245	20	absence	absence	NOUN
alces-475	245	21	of	of	ADP
alces-475	245	22	both	both	DET
alces-475	245	23	mammalian	mammalian	ADJ
alces-475	245	24	herbivores	herbivore	NOUN
alces-475	245	25	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	245	26	carnivores	carnivore	NOUN
alces-475	245	27	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	246	1	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	246	2	note	note	VERB
alces-475	246	3	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	246	4	either	either	CCONJ
alces-475	246	5	state	state	NOUN
alces-475	246	6	is	be	AUX
alces-475	246	7	a	a	DET
alces-475	246	8	normal	normal	ADJ
alces-475	246	9	or	or	CCONJ
alces-475	246	10	‘	'	PUNCT
alces-475	246	11	natural	natural	ADJ
alces-475	246	12	’	'	PUNCT
alces-475	246	13	configuration	configuration	NOUN
alces-475	246	14	of	of	ADP
alces-475	246	15	indigenous	indigenous	ADJ
alces-475	246	16	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	246	17	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	246	18	neither	neither	CCONJ
alces-475	246	19	should	should	AUX
alces-475	246	20	be	be	AUX
alces-475	246	21	regarded	regard	VERB
alces-475	246	22	as	as	ADP
alces-475	246	23	aberrant	aberrant	NOUN
alces-475	246	24	in	in	ADP
alces-475	246	25	terms	term	NOUN
alces-475	246	26	of	of	ADP
alces-475	246	27	conservation	conservation	NOUN
alces-475	246	28	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	246	29	management	management	NOUN
alces-475	246	30	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	246	31	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	247	1	megaherbivores	megaherbivore	NOUN
alces-475	247	2	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	247	3	paleohistory	paleohistory	ADJ
alces-475	247	4	present	present	ADJ
alces-475	247	5	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	247	6	day	day	NOUN
alces-475	247	7	elephants	elephant	NOUN
alces-475	247	8	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	247	9	rhinos	rhino	NOUN
alces-475	247	10	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	247	11	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	247	12	other	other	ADJ
alces-475	247	13	megaherbivores	megaherbivore	NOUN
alces-475	247	14	clearly	clearly	ADV
alces-475	247	15	play	play	VERB
alces-475	247	16	a	a	DET
alces-475	247	17	major	major	ADJ
alces-475	247	18	role	role	NOUN
alces-475	247	19	in	in	ADP
alces-475	247	20	shaping	shape	VERB
alces-475	247	21	the	the	DET
alces-475	247	22	landscapes	landscape	NOUN
alces-475	247	23	in	in	ADP
alces-475	247	24	which	which	PRON
alces-475	247	25	they	they	PRON
alces-475	247	26	live	live	VERB
alces-475	247	27	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	248	1	we	we	PRON
alces-475	248	2	must	must	AUX
alces-475	248	3	remember	remember	VERB
alces-475	248	4	that	that	SCONJ
alces-475	248	5	megaherbivores	megaherbivore	NOUN
alces-475	248	6	were	be	AUX
alces-475	248	7	far	far	ADV
alces-475	248	8	more	more	ADV
alces-475	248	9	abundant	abundant	ADJ
alces-475	248	10	in	in	ADP
alces-475	248	11	the	the	DET
alces-475	248	12	pliocene	pliocene	NOUN
alces-475	248	13	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	248	14	pleistocene	pleistocene	NOUN
alces-475	248	15	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	248	16	even	even	ADV
alces-475	248	17	20,000	20,000	NUM
alces-475	248	18	years	year	NOUN
alces-475	248	19	ago	ago	ADV
alces-475	248	20	they	they	PRON
alces-475	248	21	were	be	AUX
alces-475	248	22	common	common	ADJ
alces-475	248	23	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	248	24	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	248	25	they	they	PRON
alces-475	248	26	died	die	VERB
alces-475	248	27	out	out	ADP
alces-475	248	28	a	a	DET
alces-475	248	29	mere	mere	ADJ
alces-475	248	30	10,000	10,000	NUM
alces-475	248	31	years	year	NOUN
alces-475	248	32	ago	ago	ADV
alces-475	248	33	on	on	ADP
alces-475	248	34	all	all	DET
alces-475	248	35	continents	continent	NOUN
alces-475	248	36	except	except	SCONJ
alces-475	248	37	africa	africa	PROPN
alces-475	248	38	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	248	39	owen	owen	PROPN
alces-475	248	40	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	248	41	smith	smith	PROPN
alces-475	248	42	1988	1988	NUM
alces-475	248	43	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	248	44	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	249	1	before	before	ADP
alces-475	249	2	this	this	PRON
alces-475	249	3	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	249	4	even	even	ADV
alces-475	249	5	larger	large	ADJ
alces-475	249	6	ancient	ancient	ADJ
alces-475	249	7	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	249	8	such	such	ADJ
alces-475	249	9	as	as	ADP
alces-475	249	10	brontotheres	brontothere	NOUN
alces-475	249	11	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	249	12	30	30	NUM
alces-475	249	13	m	m	NOUN
alces-475	249	14	b.p	b.p	PROPN
alces-475	249	15	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	249	16	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	249	17	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	249	18	indricotheres	indricothere	NOUN
alces-475	249	19	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	249	20	chalicotheres	chalicothere	NOUN
alces-475	249	21	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	249	22	20	20	NUM
alces-475	249	23	m	m	NOUN
alces-475	249	24	b.p	b.p	PROPN
alces-475	249	25	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	249	26	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	249	27	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	249	28	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	249	29	litopterns	litoptern	NOUN
alces-475	249	30	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	249	31	10	10	NUM
alces-475	249	32	m	m	PROPN
alces-475	249	33	b.p	b.p	PROPN
alces-475	249	34	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	249	35	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	249	36	must	must	AUX
alces-475	249	37	have	have	AUX
alces-475	249	38	imposed	impose	VERB
alces-475	249	39	important	important	ADJ
alces-475	249	40	evolutionary	evolutionary	ADJ
alces-475	249	41	pressures	pressure	NOUN
alces-475	249	42	on	on	ADP
alces-475	249	43	the	the	DET
alces-475	249	44	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	249	45	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	250	1	mammoths	mammoth	NOUN
alces-475	250	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	250	3	mastodons	mastodon	NOUN
alces-475	250	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	250	5	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	250	6	woolly	woolly	ADV
alces-475	250	7	rhinos	rhino	NOUN
alces-475	250	8	roamed	roam	VERB
alces-475	250	9	the	the	DET
alces-475	250	10	tundra	tundra	NOUN
alces-475	250	11	of	of	ADP
alces-475	250	12	the	the	DET
alces-475	250	13	holarctic	holarctic	NOUN
alces-475	250	14	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	251	1	on	on	ADP
alces-475	251	2	tundra	tundra	NOUN
alces-475	251	3	only	only	ADV
alces-475	251	4	13	13	NUM
alces-475	251	5	%	%	NOUN
alces-475	251	6	of	of	ADP
alces-475	251	7	annual	annual	ADJ
alces-475	251	8	production	production	NOUN
alces-475	251	9	is	be	AUX
alces-475	251	10	currently	currently	ADV
alces-475	251	11	consumed	consume	VERB
alces-475	251	12	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	251	13	c.	c.	PROPN
alces-475	251	14	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	251	15	krebs	krebs	PROPN
alces-475	251	16	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	251	17	personal	personal	ADJ
alces-475	251	18	communication	communication	NOUN
alces-475	251	19	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	251	20	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	251	21	the	the	DET
alces-475	251	22	remainder	remainder	NOUN
alces-475	251	23	in	in	ADP
alces-475	251	24	the	the	DET
alces-475	251	25	pleistocene	pleistocene	NOUN
alces-475	251	26	most	most	ADV
alces-475	251	27	likely	likely	ADV
alces-475	251	28	eaten	eat	VERB
alces-475	251	29	by	by	ADP
alces-475	251	30	the	the	DET
alces-475	251	31	mamalces	mamalce	NOUN
alces-475	251	32	vol	vol	NOUN
alces-475	251	33	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	251	34	39	39	NUM
alces-475	251	35	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	251	36	2003	2003	NUM
alces-475	251	37	sinclair	sinclair	NOUN
alces-475	251	38	–	–	PUNCT
alces-475	251	39	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	251	40	as	as	ADP
alces-475	251	41	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	251	42	landscapers	landscaper	NOUN
alces-475	251	43	171	171	NUM
alces-475	251	44	moths	moth	NOUN
alces-475	251	45	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	252	1	mastodons	mastodon	NOUN
alces-475	252	2	fed	feed	VERB
alces-475	252	3	on	on	ADP
alces-475	252	4	trees	tree	NOUN
alces-475	252	5	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	252	6	shrubs	shrub	NOUN
alces-475	252	7	in	in	ADP
alces-475	252	8	both	both	CCONJ
alces-475	252	9	the	the	DET
alces-475	252	10	boreal	boreal	ADJ
alces-475	252	11	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	252	12	tropical	tropical	ADJ
alces-475	252	13	rain	rain	NOUN
alces-475	252	14	forests	forest	NOUN
alces-475	252	15	of	of	ADP
alces-475	252	16	the	the	DET
alces-475	252	17	new	new	ADJ
alces-475	252	18	world	world	NOUN
alces-475	252	19	while	while	SCONJ
alces-475	252	20	giant	giant	ADJ
alces-475	252	21	ground	ground	NOUN
alces-475	252	22	sloths	sloth	NOUN
alces-475	252	23	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	252	24	glyptodonts	glyptodont	NOUN
alces-475	252	25	fed	feed	VERB
alces-475	252	26	in	in	ADP
alces-475	252	27	mexican	mexican	ADJ
alces-475	252	28	deserts	desert	NOUN
alces-475	252	29	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	252	30	janzen	janzen	PROPN
alces-475	252	31	1986	1986	NUM
alces-475	252	32	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	252	33	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	253	1	thus	thus	ADV
alces-475	253	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	253	3	the	the	DET
alces-475	253	4	impacts	impact	NOUN
alces-475	253	5	of	of	ADP
alces-475	253	6	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	253	7	in	in	ADP
alces-475	253	8	these	these	DET
alces-475	253	9	biomes	biome	NOUN
alces-475	253	10	would	would	AUX
alces-475	253	11	have	have	AUX
alces-475	253	12	been	be	AUX
alces-475	253	13	more	more	ADV
alces-475	253	14	similar	similar	ADJ
alces-475	253	15	to	to	ADP
alces-475	253	16	those	those	PRON
alces-475	253	17	we	we	PRON
alces-475	253	18	currently	currently	ADV
alces-475	253	19	see	see	VERB
alces-475	253	20	in	in	ADP
alces-475	253	21	african	african	ADJ
alces-475	253	22	landscapes	landscape	NOUN
alces-475	253	23	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	254	1	as	as	ADP
alces-475	254	2	in	in	ADP
alces-475	254	3	africa	africa	PROPN
alces-475	254	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	254	5	the	the	DET
alces-475	254	6	biomes	biome	NOUN
alces-475	254	7	of	of	ADP
alces-475	254	8	eurasia	eurasia	PROPN
alces-475	254	9	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	254	10	the	the	DET
alces-475	254	11	americas	america	NOUN
alces-475	254	12	would	would	AUX
alces-475	254	13	have	have	AUX
alces-475	254	14	evolved	evolve	VERB
alces-475	254	15	adaptations	adaptation	NOUN
alces-475	254	16	to	to	PART
alces-475	254	17	tolerate	tolerate	VERB
alces-475	254	18	or	or	CCONJ
alces-475	254	19	mitigate	mitigate	VERB
alces-475	254	20	the	the	DET
alces-475	254	21	impacts	impact	NOUN
alces-475	254	22	of	of	ADP
alces-475	254	23	megaherbivores	megaherbivore	NOUN
alces-475	254	24	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	254	25	adaptations	adaptation	NOUN
alces-475	254	26	that	that	PRON
alces-475	254	27	are	be	AUX
alces-475	254	28	probably	probably	ADV
alces-475	254	29	still	still	ADV
alces-475	254	30	present	present	ADJ
alces-475	254	31	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	255	1	janzen	janzen	PROPN
alces-475	255	2	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	255	3	martin	martin	PROPN
alces-475	255	4	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	255	5	1982	1982	NUM
alces-475	255	6	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	255	7	have	have	AUX
alces-475	255	8	suggested	suggest	VERB
alces-475	255	9	that	that	SCONJ
alces-475	255	10	many	many	ADJ
alces-475	255	11	of	of	ADP
alces-475	255	12	the	the	DET
alces-475	255	13	seedpods	seedpod	NOUN
alces-475	255	14	in	in	ADP
alces-475	255	15	costa	costa	ADJ
alces-475	255	16	rican	rican	ADJ
alces-475	255	17	forests	forest	NOUN
alces-475	255	18	are	be	AUX
alces-475	255	19	designed	design	VERB
alces-475	255	20	for	for	ADP
alces-475	255	21	ingestion	ingestion	NOUN
alces-475	255	22	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	255	23	dispersal	dispersal	NOUN
alces-475	255	24	by	by	ADP
alces-475	255	25	mastodons	mastodon	NOUN
alces-475	255	26	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	255	27	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	255	28	janzen	janzen	PROPN
alces-475	255	29	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	255	30	1986	1986	NUM
alces-475	255	31	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	255	32	proposes	propose	VERB
alces-475	255	33	the	the	DET
alces-475	255	34	fleshy	fleshy	ADJ
alces-475	255	35	fruits	fruit	NOUN
alces-475	255	36	of	of	ADP
alces-475	255	37	opuntia	opuntia	NOUN
alces-475	255	38	cactus	cactus	NOUN
alces-475	255	39	are	be	AUX
alces-475	255	40	designed	design	VERB
alces-475	255	41	for	for	ADP
alces-475	255	42	extinct	extinct	ADJ
alces-475	255	43	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	255	44	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	255	45	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	256	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	256	2	lack	lack	NOUN
alces-475	256	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	256	4	such	such	ADJ
alces-475	256	5	dispersal	dispersal	NOUN
alces-475	256	6	agents	agent	NOUN
alces-475	256	7	today	today	NOUN
alces-475	256	8	suggests	suggest	VERB
alces-475	256	9	new	new	ADJ
alces-475	256	10	world	world	NOUN
alces-475	256	11	forests	forest	NOUN
alces-475	256	12	now	now	ADV
alces-475	256	13	have	have	VERB
alces-475	256	14	a	a	DET
alces-475	256	15	different	different	ADJ
alces-475	256	16	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	256	17	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	256	18	species	species	NOUN
alces-475	256	19	dispersion	dispersion	NOUN
alces-475	256	20	pattern	pattern	NOUN
alces-475	256	21	from	from	ADP
alces-475	256	22	the	the	DET
alces-475	256	23	one	one	NOUN
alces-475	256	24	when	when	SCONJ
alces-475	256	25	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	256	26	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	256	27	were	be	AUX
alces-475	256	28	common	common	ADJ
alces-475	256	29	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	257	1	similarly	similarly	ADV
alces-475	257	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	257	3	the	the	DET
alces-475	257	4	present	present	ADJ
alces-475	257	5	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	257	6	day	day	NOUN
alces-475	257	7	boreal	boreal	NOUN
alces-475	257	8	forests	forest	NOUN
alces-475	257	9	of	of	ADP
alces-475	257	10	north	north	PROPN
alces-475	257	11	america	america	PROPN
alces-475	257	12	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	257	13	asia	asia	PROPN
alces-475	257	14	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	257	15	characterized	characterize	VERB
alces-475	257	16	by	by	ADP
alces-475	257	17	homogeneous	homogeneous	ADJ
alces-475	257	18	stands	stand	NOUN
alces-475	257	19	with	with	ADP
alces-475	257	20	few	few	ADJ
alces-475	257	21	tree	tree	NOUN
alces-475	257	22	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	257	23	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	257	24	were	be	AUX
alces-475	257	25	once	once	ADV
alces-475	257	26	a	a	DET
alces-475	257	27	mosaic	mosaic	NOUN
alces-475	257	28	of	of	ADP
alces-475	257	29	mature	mature	ADJ
alces-475	257	30	conifers	conifer	NOUN
alces-475	257	31	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	257	32	regenerating	regenerate	VERB
alces-475	257	33	deciduous	deciduous	ADJ
alces-475	257	34	patches	patch	NOUN
alces-475	257	35	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	257	36	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	257	37	with	with	ADP
alces-475	257	38	a	a	DET
alces-475	257	39	more	more	ADV
alces-475	257	40	diverse	diverse	ADJ
alces-475	257	41	fauna	fauna	NOUN
alces-475	257	42	associated	associate	VERB
alces-475	257	43	with	with	ADP
alces-475	257	44	the	the	DET
alces-475	257	45	mosaic	mosaic	PROPN
alces-475	257	46	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	258	1	thus	thus	ADV
alces-475	258	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	258	3	the	the	DET
alces-475	258	4	lack	lack	NOUN
alces-475	258	5	of	of	ADP
alces-475	258	6	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	258	7	mammal	mammal	ADJ
alces-475	258	8	impacts	impact	NOUN
alces-475	258	9	today	today	NOUN
alces-475	258	10	could	could	AUX
alces-475	258	11	be	be	AUX
alces-475	258	12	an	an	DET
alces-475	258	13	artifact	artifact	NOUN
alces-475	258	14	of	of	ADP
alces-475	258	15	human	human	ADJ
alces-475	258	16	induced	induce	VERB
alces-475	258	17	extinctions	extinction	NOUN
alces-475	258	18	in	in	ADP
alces-475	258	19	the	the	DET
alces-475	258	20	recent	recent	ADJ
alces-475	258	21	past	past	NOUN
alces-475	258	22	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	259	1	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN
alces-475	259	2	the	the	DET
alces-475	259	3	main	main	ADJ
alces-475	259	4	theme	theme	NOUN
alces-475	259	5	of	of	ADP
alces-475	259	6	this	this	DET
alces-475	259	7	paper	paper	NOUN
alces-475	259	8	is	be	AUX
alces-475	259	9	that	that	SCONJ
alces-475	259	10	the	the	DET
alces-475	259	11	role	role	NOUN
alces-475	259	12	of	of	ADP
alces-475	259	13	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	259	14	in	in	ADP
alces-475	259	15	ecosystems	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	259	16	is	be	AUX
alces-475	259	17	to	to	PART
alces-475	259	18	modify	modify	VERB
alces-475	259	19	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	259	20	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	259	21	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	259	22	alter	alter	VERB
alces-475	259	23	pathways	pathway	NOUN
alces-475	259	24	of	of	ADP
alces-475	259	25	nutrients	nutrient	NOUN
alces-475	259	26	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	259	27	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	259	28	thereby	thereby	ADV
alces-475	259	29	change	change	VERB
alces-475	259	30	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	259	31	composition	composition	NOUN
alces-475	259	32	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	260	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	260	2	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	260	3	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	260	4	scale	scale	NOUN
alces-475	260	5	structuring	structuring	NOUN
alces-475	260	6	effects	effect	NOUN
alces-475	260	7	make	make	VERB
alces-475	260	8	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	260	9	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	260	10	‘	'	PUNCT
alces-475	260	11	ecological	ecological	ADJ
alces-475	260	12	landscapers	landscaper	NOUN
alces-475	260	13	’	'	PUNCT
alces-475	260	14	that	that	PRON
alces-475	260	15	influence	influence	VERB
alces-475	260	16	both	both	DET
alces-475	260	17	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	260	18	function	function	NOUN
alces-475	260	19	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	260	20	biodiversity	biodiversity	NOUN
alces-475	260	21	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	261	1	moose	moose	NOUN
alces-475	261	2	in	in	ADP
alces-475	261	3	boreal	boreal	ADJ
alces-475	261	4	forests	forest	NOUN
alces-475	261	5	provide	provide	VERB
alces-475	261	6	a	a	DET
alces-475	261	7	classic	classic	ADJ
alces-475	261	8	example	example	NOUN
alces-475	261	9	of	of	ADP
alces-475	261	10	such	such	ADJ
alces-475	261	11	effects	effect	NOUN
alces-475	261	12	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	262	1	landscaping	landscaping	NOUN
alces-475	262	2	effects	effect	NOUN
alces-475	262	3	occur	occur	VERB
alces-475	262	4	when	when	SCONJ
alces-475	262	5	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	262	6	are	be	AUX
alces-475	262	7	regulated	regulate	VERB
alces-475	262	8	by	by	ADP
alces-475	262	9	food	food	NOUN
alces-475	262	10	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	262	11	a	a	DET
alces-475	262	12	bottom	bottom	ADJ
alces-475	262	13	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	262	14	up	up	ADP
alces-475	262	15	trophic	trophic	ADJ
alces-475	262	16	process	process	NOUN
alces-475	262	17	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	262	18	rather	rather	ADV
alces-475	262	19	than	than	ADP
alces-475	262	20	by	by	ADP
alces-475	262	21	predators	predator	NOUN
alces-475	262	22	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	263	1	this	this	DET
alces-475	263	2	condition	condition	NOUN
alces-475	263	3	occurs	occur	VERB
alces-475	263	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	263	5	or	or	CCONJ
alces-475	263	6	is	be	AUX
alces-475	263	7	constrained	constrain	VERB
alces-475	263	8	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	263	9	by	by	ADP
alces-475	263	10	4	4	NUM
alces-475	263	11	factors	factor	NOUN
alces-475	263	12	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	263	13	when	when	SCONJ
alces-475	263	14	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	263	15	1	1	X
alces-475	263	16	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	263	17	body	body	NOUN
alces-475	263	18	size	size	NOUN
alces-475	263	19	is	be	AUX
alces-475	263	20	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	263	21	enough	enough	ADV
alces-475	263	22	to	to	PART
alces-475	263	23	avoid	avoid	VERB
alces-475	263	24	predators	predator	NOUN
alces-475	263	25	;	;	PUNCT
alces-475	263	26	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	263	27	2	2	X
alces-475	263	28	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	263	29	populations	population	NOUN
alces-475	263	30	adopt	adopt	VERB
alces-475	263	31	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	263	32	scale	scale	NOUN
alces-475	263	33	migration	migration	NOUN
alces-475	263	34	behaviour	behaviour	NOUN
alces-475	263	35	because	because	SCONJ
alces-475	263	36	predators	predator	NOUN
alces-475	263	37	are	be	AUX
alces-475	263	38	unable	unable	ADJ
alces-475	263	39	to	to	PART
alces-475	263	40	follow	follow	VERB
alces-475	263	41	them	they	PRON
alces-475	263	42	;	;	PUNCT
alces-475	263	43	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	263	44	3	3	X
alces-475	263	45	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	263	46	in	in	ADP
alces-475	263	47	multi	multi	ADJ
alces-475	263	48	-	-	ADJ
alces-475	263	49	species	species	ADJ
alces-475	263	50	communities	community	NOUN
alces-475	263	51	with	with	ADP
alces-475	263	52	a	a	DET
alces-475	263	53	range	range	NOUN
alces-475	263	54	of	of	ADP
alces-475	263	55	predator	predator	NOUN
alces-475	263	56	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	263	57	prey	prey	PROPN
alces-475	263	58	sizes	size	NOUN
alces-475	263	59	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	263	60	savanna	savanna	NOUN
alces-475	263	61	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	263	62	grassland)¸	grassland)¸	VERB
alces-475	263	63	only	only	ADV
alces-475	263	64	the	the	DET
alces-475	263	65	largest	large	ADJ
alces-475	263	66	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	263	67	can	can	AUX
alces-475	263	68	avoid	avoid	VERB
alces-475	263	69	predation	predation	NOUN
alces-475	263	70	because	because	SCONJ
alces-475	263	71	they	they	PRON
alces-475	263	72	simultaneously	simultaneously	ADV
alces-475	263	73	subsidize	subsidize	VERB
alces-475	263	74	predators	predator	NOUN
alces-475	263	75	that	that	PRON
alces-475	263	76	regulate	regulate	VERB
alces-475	263	77	smaller	small	ADJ
alces-475	263	78	prey	prey	NOUN
alces-475	263	79	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	263	80	;	;	PUNCT
alces-475	263	81	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	263	82	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	263	83	4	4	X
alces-475	263	84	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	263	85	in	in	ADP
alces-475	263	86	single	single	ADJ
alces-475	263	87	predator	predator	NOUN
alces-475	263	88	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	263	89	prey	prey	NOUN
alces-475	263	90	systems	system	NOUN
alces-475	263	91	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	263	92	tundra	tundra	NOUN
alces-475	263	93	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	263	94	desert	desert	NOUN
alces-475	263	95	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	263	96	boreal	boreal	NOUN
alces-475	263	97	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	263	98	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	263	99	temperate	temperate	ADJ
alces-475	263	100	forests	forest	NOUN
alces-475	263	101	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	263	102	ecological	ecological	ADJ
alces-475	263	103	conditions	condition	NOUN
alces-475	263	104	determine	determine	VERB
alces-475	263	105	whether	whether	SCONJ
alces-475	263	106	or	or	CCONJ
alces-475	263	107	not	not	PART
alces-475	263	108	predators	predator	NOUN
alces-475	263	109	regulate	regulate	VERB
alces-475	263	110	prey	prey	NOUN
alces-475	263	111	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	264	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	264	2	landscaping	landscaping	NOUN
alces-475	264	3	role	role	NOUN
alces-475	264	4	of	of	ADP
alces-475	264	5	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	264	6	in	in	ADP
alces-475	264	7	maintaining	maintain	VERB
alces-475	264	8	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	264	9	diversity	diversity	NOUN
alces-475	264	10	is	be	AUX
alces-475	264	11	evident	evident	ADJ
alces-475	264	12	not	not	PART
alces-475	264	13	just	just	ADV
alces-475	264	14	in	in	ADP
alces-475	264	15	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	264	16	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	264	17	but	but	CCONJ
alces-475	264	18	also	also	ADV
alces-475	264	19	in	in	ADP
alces-475	264	20	birds	bird	NOUN
alces-475	264	21	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	264	22	other	other	ADJ
alces-475	264	23	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	264	24	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	264	25	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	264	26	invertebrates	invertebrate	NOUN
alces-475	264	27	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	265	1	this	this	DET
alces-475	265	2	role	role	NOUN
alces-475	265	3	makes	make	VERB
alces-475	265	4	them	they	PRON
alces-475	265	5	prime	prime	ADJ
alces-475	265	6	candidates	candidate	NOUN
alces-475	265	7	as	as	ADP
alces-475	265	8	‘	'	PUNCT
alces-475	265	9	umbrella	umbrella	NOUN
alces-475	265	10	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	265	11	’	'	PUNCT
alces-475	265	12	for	for	ADP
alces-475	265	13	conservation	conservation	NOUN
alces-475	265	14	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	266	1	protection	protection	NOUN
alces-475	266	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	266	3	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	266	4	mammal	mammal	ADJ
alces-475	266	5	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	266	6	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	266	7	their	their	PRON
alces-475	266	8	habitats	habitat	NOUN
alces-475	266	9	also	also	ADV
alces-475	266	10	conserves	conserve	VERB
alces-475	266	11	a	a	DET
alces-475	266	12	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	266	13	part	part	NOUN
alces-475	266	14	of	of	ADP
alces-475	266	15	the	the	DET
alces-475	266	16	remaining	remain	VERB
alces-475	266	17	community	community	NOUN
alces-475	266	18	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	267	1	such	such	ADJ
alces-475	267	2	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	267	3	become	become	VERB
alces-475	267	4	the	the	DET
alces-475	267	5	’	'	PUNCT
alces-475	267	6	indicator	indicator	NOUN
alces-475	267	7	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	267	8	’	'	PUNCT
alces-475	267	9	for	for	ADP
alces-475	267	10	the	the	DET
alces-475	267	11	health	health	NOUN
alces-475	267	12	of	of	ADP
alces-475	267	13	the	the	DET
alces-475	267	14	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	267	15	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	268	1	thus	thus	ADV
alces-475	268	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	268	3	if	if	SCONJ
alces-475	268	4	the	the	DET
alces-475	268	5	wildebeest	wildebeest	ADJ
alces-475	268	6	population	population	NOUN
alces-475	268	7	were	be	AUX
alces-475	268	8	to	to	PART
alces-475	268	9	go	go	VERB
alces-475	268	10	into	into	ADP
alces-475	268	11	a	a	DET
alces-475	268	12	prolonged	prolonged	ADJ
alces-475	268	13	decline	decline	NOUN
alces-475	268	14	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	268	15	for	for	ADP
alces-475	268	16	example	example	NOUN
alces-475	268	17	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	268	18	the	the	DET
alces-475	268	19	serengeti	serengeti	PROPN
alces-475	268	20	ecosystem	ecosystem	PROPN
alces-475	268	21	would	would	AUX
alces-475	268	22	disappear	disappear	VERB
alces-475	268	23	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	269	1	acknowledgements	acknowledgement	NOUN
alces-475	269	2	i	i	PRON
alces-475	269	3	thank	thank	VERB
alces-475	269	4	john	john	PROPN
alces-475	269	5	pastor	pastor	PROPN
alces-475	269	6	for	for	ADP
alces-475	269	7	insightful	insightful	ADJ
alces-475	269	8	comments	comment	NOUN
alces-475	269	9	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	269	10	anne	anne	PROPN
alces-475	269	11	sinclair	sinclair	PROPN
alces-475	269	12	for	for	ADP
alces-475	269	13	much	much	ADJ
alces-475	269	14	help	help	NOUN
alces-475	269	15	in	in	ADP
alces-475	269	16	the	the	DET
alces-475	269	17	preparation	preparation	NOUN
alces-475	269	18	of	of	ADP
alces-475	269	19	this	this	DET
alces-475	269	20	paper	paper	NOUN
alces-475	269	21	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	270	1	funding	funding	NOUN
alces-475	270	2	was	be	AUX
alces-475	270	3	provided	provide	VERB
alces-475	270	4	by	by	ADP
alces-475	270	5	the	the	DET
alces-475	270	6	canadian	canadian	ADJ
alces-475	270	7	natural	natural	PROPN
alces-475	270	8	sciences	sciences	PROPN
alces-475	270	9	&	&	CCONJ
alces-475	270	10	engineering	engineering	PROPN
alces-475	270	11	research	research	PROPN
alces-475	270	12	council	council	PROPN
alces-475	270	13	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	271	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	271	2	norwegian	norwegian	ADJ
alces-475	271	3	department	department	PROPN
alces-475	271	4	of	of	ADP
alces-475	271	5	nature	nature	PROPN
alces-475	271	6	management	management	NOUN
alces-475	271	7	supported	support	VERB
alces-475	271	8	my	my	PRON
alces-475	271	9	travel	travel	NOUN
alces-475	271	10	to	to	ADP
alces-475	271	11	norway	norway	NOUN
alces-475	271	12	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	271	13	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	271	14	the	the	DET
alces-475	271	15	csiro	csiro	PROPN
alces-475	271	16	sustainable	sustainable	ADJ
alces-475	271	17	ecosystems	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	271	18	division	division	NOUN
alces-475	271	19	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	271	20	australia	australia	PROPN
alces-475	271	21	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	271	22	provided	provide	VERB
alces-475	271	23	facilities	facility	NOUN
alces-475	271	24	during	during	ADP
alces-475	271	25	the	the	DET
alces-475	271	26	writing	writing	NOUN
alces-475	271	27	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	272	1	references	reference	NOUN
alces-475	272	2	alverson	alverson	PROPN
alces-475	272	3	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	272	4	w.	w.	PROPN
alces-475	272	5	s.	s.	PROPN
alces-475	272	6	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	272	7	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	272	8	d.	d.	PROPN
alces-475	272	9	m.	m.	PROPN
alces-475	272	10	waller	waller	PROPN
alces-475	272	11	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	273	1	1997	1997	NUM
alces-475	273	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	274	1	deer	deer	NOUN
alces-475	274	2	populations	population	NOUN
alces-475	274	3	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	274	4	the	the	DET
alces-475	274	5	widespread	widespread	ADJ
alces-475	274	6	failure	failure	NOUN
alces-475	274	7	of	of	ADP
alces-475	274	8	hemlock	hemlock	NOUN
alces-475	274	9	regeneration	regeneration	NOUN
alces-475	274	10	in	in	ADP
alces-475	274	11	northmammals	northmammal	NOUN
alces-475	274	12	as	as	ADP
alces-475	274	13	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	274	14	landscapers	landscaper	NOUN
alces-475	274	15	–	–	PUNCT
alces-475	274	16	sinclair	sinclair	NOUN
alces-475	274	17	alces	alce	NOUN
alces-475	274	18	vol	vol	NOUN
alces-475	274	19	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	274	20	39	39	NUM
alces-475	274	21	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	274	22	2003	2003	NUM
alces-475	274	23	172	172	NUM
alces-475	274	24	ern	ern	PROPN
alces-475	274	25	forests	forest	NOUN
alces-475	274	26	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	275	1	pages	page	NOUN
alces-475	275	2	280	280	NUM
alces-475	275	3	-	-	SYM
alces-475	275	4	297	297	NUM
alces-475	275	5	in	in	ADP
alces-475	275	6	w.	w.	PROPN
alces-475	275	7	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	275	8	mcshea	mcshea	PROPN
alces-475	275	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	275	10	h.	h.	PROPN
alces-475	275	11	b.	b.	PROPN
alces-475	275	12	underwood	underwood	PROPN
alces-475	275	13	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	275	14	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	275	15	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	275	16	h.	h.	PROPN
alces-475	275	17	rappole	rappole	PROPN
alces-475	275	18	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	275	19	editors	editor	NOUN
alces-475	275	20	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	276	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	276	2	science	science	NOUN
alces-475	276	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	276	4	overabundance	overabundance	NOUN
alces-475	276	5	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	277	1	smithsonian	smithsonian	PROPN
alces-475	277	2	institution	institution	PROPN
alces-475	277	3	press	press	PROPN
alces-475	277	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	277	5	washington	washington	PROPN
alces-475	277	6	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	277	7	d.c	d.c	PROPN
alces-475	277	8	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	277	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	277	10	usa	usa	PROPN
alces-475	277	11	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	277	12	augustine	augustine	PROPN
alces-475	277	13	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	277	14	d.	d.	PROPN
alces-475	277	15	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	277	16	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	277	17	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	277	18	s.	s.	PROPN
alces-475	277	19	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	277	20	mcnaughton	mcnaughton	PROPN
alces-475	277	21	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	278	1	1998	1998	NUM
alces-475	278	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	279	1	ungulate	ungulate	ADJ
alces-475	279	2	effects	effect	NOUN
alces-475	279	3	on	on	ADP
alces-475	279	4	the	the	DET
alces-475	279	5	functional	functional	ADJ
alces-475	279	6	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	279	7	composition	composition	NOUN
alces-475	279	8	of	of	ADP
alces-475	279	9	plant	plant	NOUN
alces-475	279	10	communities	community	NOUN
alces-475	279	11	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	279	12	herbivore	herbivore	ADJ
alces-475	279	13	selectivity	selectivity	NOUN
alces-475	279	14	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	279	15	plant	plant	NOUN
alces-475	279	16	tolerance	tolerance	NOUN
alces-475	279	17	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	280	1	journal	journal	NOUN
alces-475	280	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	280	3	wildlife	wildlife	NOUN
alces-475	280	4	management	management	NOUN
alces-475	280	5	62	62	NUM
alces-475	280	6	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	280	7	1165	1165	NUM
alces-475	280	8	-	-	SYM
alces-475	280	9	1183	1183	NUM
alces-475	280	10	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	281	1	avenant	avenant	PROPN
alces-475	281	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	281	3	n.	n.	PROPN
alces-475	281	4	l.	l.	PROPN
alces-475	281	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	281	6	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	281	7	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	281	8	a.	a.	PROPN
alces-475	281	9	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	281	10	nel	nel	PROPN
alces-475	281	11	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	281	12	1997	1997	NUM
alces-475	281	13	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	282	1	prey	prey	PROPN
alces-475	282	2	use	use	NOUN
alces-475	282	3	by	by	ADP
alces-475	282	4	syntopic	syntopic	ADJ
alces-475	282	5	carnivores	carnivore	NOUN
alces-475	282	6	in	in	ADP
alces-475	282	7	a	a	DET
alces-475	282	8	strandveld	strandveld	NOUN
alces-475	282	9	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	282	10	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	283	1	south	south	ADJ
alces-475	283	2	african	african	ADJ
alces-475	283	3	journal	journal	PROPN
alces-475	283	4	of	of	ADP
alces-475	283	5	wildlife	wildlife	NOUN
alces-475	283	6	research	research	NOUN
alces-475	283	7	27:86	27:86	NUM
alces-475	283	8	-	-	SYM
alces-475	283	9	93	93	NUM
alces-475	283	10	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	284	1	bell	bell	PROPN
alces-475	284	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	284	3	r.	r.	PROPN
alces-475	284	4	h.	h.	PROPN
alces-475	285	1	v.	v.	ADP
alces-475	285	2	1982	1982	NUM
alces-475	285	3	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	286	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	286	2	effect	effect	NOUN
alces-475	286	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	286	4	soil	soil	NOUN
alces-475	286	5	nutrient	nutrient	NOUN
alces-475	286	6	availability	availability	NOUN
alces-475	286	7	on	on	ADP
alces-475	286	8	community	community	NOUN
alces-475	286	9	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	286	10	in	in	ADP
alces-475	286	11	african	african	ADJ
alces-475	286	12	ecosystems	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	286	13	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	287	1	pages	page	NOUN
alces-475	287	2	359	359	NUM
alces-475	287	3	-	-	SYM
alces-475	287	4	404	404	NUM
alces-475	287	5	in	in	ADP
alces-475	287	6	b.	b.	PROPN
alces-475	287	7	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	287	8	huntley	huntley	PROPN
alces-475	287	9	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	287	10	b.	b.	PROPN
alces-475	287	11	h.	h.	PROPN
alces-475	287	12	walker	walker	PROPN
alces-475	287	13	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	287	14	editors	editor	NOUN
alces-475	287	15	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	288	1	ecology	ecology	NOUN
alces-475	288	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	288	3	tropical	tropical	ADJ
alces-475	288	4	savannas	savanna	NOUN
alces-475	288	5	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	289	1	ecological	ecological	ADJ
alces-475	289	2	studies	study	NOUN
alces-475	289	3	42	42	NUM
alces-475	289	4	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	290	1	springer	springer	NOUN
alces-475	290	2	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	290	3	verlag	verlag	PROPN
alces-475	290	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	290	5	berlin	berlin	PROPN
alces-475	290	6	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	290	7	germany	germany	PROPN
alces-475	290	8	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	291	1	botkin	botkin	PROPN
alces-475	291	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	291	3	d.	d.	PROPN
alces-475	291	4	b.	b.	PROPN
alces-475	291	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	291	6	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	291	7	m.	m.	PROPN
alces-475	291	8	mellilo	mellilo	PROPN
alces-475	291	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	291	10	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	291	11	l.	l.	PROPN
alces-475	291	12	s	s	PROPN
alces-475	291	13	-	-	PROPN
alces-475	291	14	y.	y.	PROPN
alces-475	291	15	wu	wu	PROPN
alces-475	291	16	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	292	1	1981	1981	NUM
alces-475	292	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	293	1	how	how	SCONJ
alces-475	293	2	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	293	3	processes	process	NOUN
alces-475	293	4	are	be	AUX
alces-475	293	5	linked	link	VERB
alces-475	293	6	to	to	ADP
alces-475	293	7	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	293	8	mammal	mammal	ADJ
alces-475	293	9	population	population	NOUN
alces-475	293	10	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
alces-475	293	11	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	294	1	pages	page	NOUN
alces-475	294	2	373	373	NUM
alces-475	294	3	-	-	SYM
alces-475	294	4	387	387	NUM
alces-475	294	5	in	in	ADP
alces-475	294	6	c.	c.	PROPN
alces-475	294	7	w.	w.	PROPN
alces-475	294	8	fowler	fowler	PROPN
alces-475	294	9	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	294	10	t.	t.	PROPN
alces-475	294	11	d.	d.	PROPN
alces-475	294	12	smith	smith	PROPN
alces-475	294	13	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	294	14	editors	editor	NOUN
alces-475	294	15	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	295	1	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
alces-475	295	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	295	3	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	295	4	mammal	mammal	ADJ
alces-475	295	5	populations	population	NOUN
alces-475	295	6	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	296	1	john	john	PROPN
alces-475	296	2	wiley	wiley	PROPN
alces-475	296	3	&	&	CCONJ
alces-475	296	4	sons	son	NOUN
alces-475	296	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	296	6	new	new	PROPN
alces-475	296	7	york	york	PROPN
alces-475	296	8	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	296	9	new	new	PROPN
alces-475	296	10	york	york	PROPN
alces-475	296	11	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	296	12	usa	usa	PROPN
alces-475	296	13	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	296	14	cid	cid	PROPN
alces-475	296	15	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	296	16	m.	m.	NOUN
alces-475	296	17	s.	s.	PROPN
alces-475	296	18	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	296	19	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	296	20	k	k	PROPN
alces-475	296	21	detling	detling	PROPN
alces-475	296	22	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	296	23	a.	a.	NOUN
alces-475	296	24	d.whicker	d.whicker	NOUN
alces-475	296	25	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	296	26	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	296	27	m.	m.	NOUN
alces-475	296	28	a.	a.	NOUN
alces-475	296	29	brizuela	brizuela	PROPN
alces-475	296	30	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	296	31	1991	1991	NUM
alces-475	296	32	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	297	1	vegetational	vegetational	ADJ
alces-475	297	2	responses	response	NOUN
alces-475	297	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	297	4	a	a	DET
alces-475	297	5	mixed	mixed	ADJ
alces-475	297	6	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	297	7	grass	grass	NOUN
alces-475	297	8	prairie	prairie	NOUN
alces-475	297	9	site	site	NOUN
alces-475	297	10	following	follow	VERB
alces-475	297	11	exclusion	exclusion	NOUN
alces-475	297	12	of	of	ADP
alces-475	297	13	prairie	prairie	ADJ
alces-475	297	14	dogs	dog	NOUN
alces-475	297	15	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	297	16	bison	bison	PROPN
alces-475	297	17	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	298	1	journal	journal	PROPN
alces-475	298	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	298	3	range	range	PROPN
alces-475	298	4	management	management	NOUN
alces-475	298	5	44:100	44:100	NUM
alces-475	298	6	-	-	SYM
alces-475	298	7	105	105	NUM
alces-475	298	8	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	299	1	coppock	coppock	PROPN
alces-475	299	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	299	3	d.	d.	PROPN
alces-475	299	4	l.	l.	PROPN
alces-475	299	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	299	6	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	299	7	k.	k.	PROPN
alces-475	299	8	detling	detling	PROPN
alces-475	299	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	299	10	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	299	11	e.	e.	PROPN
alces-475	299	12	ellis	ellis	PROPN
alces-475	299	13	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	299	14	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	299	15	m.	m.	PROPN
alces-475	299	16	i.	i.	PROPN
alces-475	299	17	dyer	dyer	PROPN
alces-475	299	18	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	300	1	1983	1983	NUM
alces-475	300	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	301	1	plant	plant	NOUN
alces-475	301	2	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	301	3	herbivore	herbivore	NOUN
alces-475	301	4	interactions	interaction	NOUN
alces-475	301	5	in	in	ADP
alces-475	301	6	a	a	DET
alces-475	301	7	north	north	NOUN
alces-475	301	8	american	american	ADJ
alces-475	301	9	mixedgrass	mixedgrass	PROPN
alces-475	301	10	prairie	prairie	PROPN
alces-475	301	11	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	302	1	i.	i.	NOUN
alces-475	302	2	effects	effect	NOUN
alces-475	302	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	302	4	black	black	ADJ
alces-475	302	5	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	302	6	tailed	tail	VERB
alces-475	302	7	prairie	prairie	NOUN
alces-475	302	8	dogs	dog	NOUN
alces-475	302	9	on	on	ADP
alces-475	302	10	intraseasonal	intraseasonal	ADJ
alces-475	302	11	aboveground	aboveground	ADJ
alces-475	302	12	plant	plant	NOUN
alces-475	302	13	biomass	biomass	NOUN
alces-475	302	14	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	302	15	nutrient	nutrient	NOUN
alces-475	302	16	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
alces-475	302	17	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	302	18	plant	plant	NOUN
alces-475	302	19	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	302	20	diversity	diversity	NOUN
alces-475	302	21	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	303	1	oecologia	oecologia	PROPN
alces-475	303	2	56:1	56:1	NUM
alces-475	303	3	-	-	SYM
alces-475	303	4	9	9	NUM
alces-475	303	5	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	303	6	corfield	corfield	NOUN
alces-475	303	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	303	8	t.	t.	PROPN
alces-475	303	9	f.	f.	PROPN
alces-475	303	10	1973	1973	NUM
alces-475	303	11	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	304	1	elephant	elephant	NOUN
alces-475	304	2	mortality	mortality	NOUN
alces-475	304	3	in	in	ADP
alces-475	304	4	tsavo	tsavo	PROPN
alces-475	304	5	national	national	PROPN
alces-475	304	6	park	park	PROPN
alces-475	304	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	304	8	kenya	kenya	PROPN
alces-475	304	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	305	1	east	east	PROPN
alces-475	305	2	african	african	ADJ
alces-475	305	3	wildlife	wildlife	PROPN
alces-475	305	4	journal	journal	NOUN
alces-475	305	5	11:339	11:339	NUM
alces-475	305	6	-	-	SYM
alces-475	305	7	368	368	NUM
alces-475	305	8	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	306	1	danell	danell	PROPN
alces-475	306	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	306	3	k.	k.	PROPN
alces-475	306	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	306	5	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	306	6	r.	r.	PROPN
alces-475	306	7	bergstrom	bergstrom	PROPN
alces-475	306	8	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	306	9	1989	1989	NUM
alces-475	306	10	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	307	1	winter	winter	NOUN
alces-475	307	2	browsing	browsing	NOUN
alces-475	307	3	by	by	ADP
alces-475	307	4	moose	moose	NOUN
alces-475	307	5	on	on	ADP
alces-475	307	6	two	two	NUM
alces-475	307	7	birch	birch	NOUN
alces-475	307	8	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	307	9	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	307	10	impact	impact	NOUN
alces-475	307	11	on	on	ADP
alces-475	307	12	food	food	NOUN
alces-475	307	13	resources	resource	NOUN
alces-475	307	14	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	308	1	oikos	oikos	PROPN
alces-475	308	2	54:11	54:11	NUM
alces-475	308	3	-	-	SYM
alces-475	308	4	18	18	NUM
alces-475	308	5	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	308	6	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	308	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	308	8	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	308	9	l.	l.	PROPN
alces-475	308	10	edenius	edenius	PROPN
alces-475	308	11	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	308	12	1994	1994	NUM
alces-475	308	13	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	309	1	effects	effect	NOUN
alces-475	309	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	309	3	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	309	4	mammalian	mammalian	ADJ
alces-475	309	5	browsers	browser	NOUN
alces-475	309	6	on	on	ADP
alces-475	309	7	architecture	architecture	NOUN
alces-475	309	8	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	309	9	biomass	biomass	NOUN
alces-475	309	10	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	309	11	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	309	12	nutrients	nutrient	NOUN
alces-475	309	13	of	of	ADP
alces-475	309	14	woody	woody	NOUN
alces-475	309	15	plants	plant	NOUN
alces-475	309	16	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	310	1	journal	journal	NOUN
alces-475	310	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	310	3	mammalogy	mammalogy	NOUN
alces-475	310	4	75:833	75:833	PROPN
alces-475	310	5	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	310	6	844	844	NUM
alces-475	310	7	.	.	NUM
alces-475	310	8	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	310	9	k.	k.	PROPN
alces-475	310	10	hu	hu	PROPN
alces-475	311	1	s	s	PART
alces-475	311	2	s	s	PROPN
alces-475	311	3	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	311	4	danell	danell	NOUN
alces-475	311	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	311	6	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	311	7	r.	r.	PROPN
alces-475	311	8	bergstrom	bergstrom	PROPN
alces-475	311	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	311	10	1985	1985	NUM
alces-475	311	11	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	312	1	interactions	interaction	NOUN
alces-475	312	2	between	between	ADP
alces-475	312	3	browsing	browse	VERB
alces-475	312	4	moose	moose	NOUN
alces-475	312	5	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	312	6	two	two	NUM
alces-475	312	7	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	312	8	of	of	ADP
alces-475	312	9	birch	birch	NOUN
alces-475	312	10	in	in	ADP
alces-475	312	11	sweden	sweden	PROPN
alces-475	312	12	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	313	1	ecology	ecology	NOUN
alces-475	313	2	66:18671878	66:18671878	PROPN
alces-475	313	3	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	314	1	den	den	NOUN
alces-475	314	2	herder	herder	NOUN
alces-475	314	3	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	314	4	m.	m.	NOUN
alces-475	314	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	314	6	m	m	NOUN
alces-475	314	7	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	314	8	m.	m.	NOUN
alces-475	314	9	kytoiita	kytoiita	PROPN
alces-475	314	10	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	314	11	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	314	12	p.	p.	PROPN
alces-475	314	13	niemala	niemala	PROPN
alces-475	314	14	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	315	1	2003	2003	NUM
alces-475	315	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	316	1	growth	growth	NOUN
alces-475	316	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	316	3	reindeer	reindeer	NOUN
alces-475	316	4	lichens	lichen	NOUN
alces-475	316	5	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	316	6	effects	effect	NOUN
alces-475	316	7	of	of	ADP
alces-475	316	8	reindeer	reindeer	NOUN
alces-475	316	9	grazing	graze	VERB
alces-475	316	10	on	on	ADP
alces-475	316	11	ground	ground	NOUN
alces-475	316	12	cover	cover	NOUN
alces-475	316	13	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	316	14	in	in	ADP
alces-475	316	15	a	a	DET
alces-475	316	16	scots	scot	NOUN
alces-475	316	17	pine	pine	NOUN
alces-475	316	18	forest	forest	NOUN
alces-475	316	19	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	316	20	a	a	DET
alces-475	316	21	subarctic	subarctic	ADJ
alces-475	316	22	heathland	heathland	NOUN
alces-475	316	23	in	in	ADP
alces-475	316	24	finnish	finnish	PROPN
alces-475	316	25	lapland	lapland	PROPN
alces-475	316	26	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	317	1	ecography	ecography	NOUN
alces-475	317	2	26	26	NUM
alces-475	317	3	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	317	4	3	3	NUM
alces-475	317	5	-	-	SYM
alces-475	317	6	12	12	NUM
alces-475	317	7	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	318	1	dublin	dublin	PROPN
alces-475	318	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	318	3	h.	h.	PROPN
alces-475	318	4	t.	t.	PROPN
alces-475	318	5	1986	1986	NUM
alces-475	318	6	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	319	1	decline	decline	NOUN
alces-475	319	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	319	3	the	the	DET
alces-475	319	4	mara	mara	PROPN
alces-475	319	5	woodlands	woodlands	PROPN
alces-475	319	6	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	319	7	the	the	DET
alces-475	319	8	role	role	NOUN
alces-475	319	9	of	of	ADP
alces-475	319	10	fire	fire	NOUN
alces-475	319	11	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	319	12	elephants	elephant	NOUN
alces-475	319	13	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	320	1	ph.d	ph.d	PROPN
alces-475	320	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	321	1	thesis	thesis	NOUN
alces-475	321	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	321	3	university	university	PROPN
alces-475	321	4	of	of	ADP
alces-475	321	5	british	british	PROPN
alces-475	321	6	columbia	columbia	PROPN
alces-475	321	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	321	8	vancouver	vancouver	PROPN
alces-475	321	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	321	10	british	british	PROPN
alces-475	321	11	columbia	columbia	PROPN
alces-475	321	12	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	321	13	canada	canada	PROPN
alces-475	321	14	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	321	15	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	322	1	1995	1995	NUM
alces-475	322	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	323	1	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	323	2	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
alces-475	323	3	in	in	ADP
alces-475	323	4	the	the	DET
alces-475	323	5	serengeti	serengeti	PROPN
alces-475	323	6	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	323	7	mara	mara	PROPN
alces-475	323	8	ecosystem	ecosystem	PROPN
alces-475	323	9	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	323	10	the	the	DET
alces-475	323	11	role	role	NOUN
alces-475	323	12	of	of	ADP
alces-475	323	13	elephants	elephant	NOUN
alces-475	323	14	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	323	15	fire	fire	NOUN
alces-475	323	16	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	323	17	other	other	ADJ
alces-475	323	18	factors	factor	NOUN
alces-475	323	19	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	324	1	pages71	pages71	NOUN
alces-475	324	2	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	324	3	90	90	NUM
alces-475	324	4	in	in	ADP
alces-475	324	5	a.	a.	PROPN
alces-475	324	6	r.	r.	PROPN
alces-475	324	7	e.	e.	PROPN
alces-475	324	8	sinclair	sinclair	PROPN
alces-475	324	9	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	324	10	p.	p.	PROPN
alces-475	324	11	arcese	arcese	NOUN
alces-475	324	12	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	324	13	editors	editor	NOUN
alces-475	324	14	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	325	1	serengeti	serengeti	PROPN
alces-475	325	2	ii	ii	PROPN
alces-475	325	3	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	326	1	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
alces-475	326	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	326	3	management	management	NOUN
alces-475	326	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	326	5	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	326	6	conservation	conservation	NOUN
alces-475	326	7	of	of	ADP
alces-475	326	8	an	an	DET
alces-475	326	9	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	326	10	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	327	1	university	university	NOUN
alces-475	327	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	327	3	chicago	chicago	PROPN
alces-475	327	4	press	press	PROPN
alces-475	327	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	327	6	chicago	chicago	PROPN
alces-475	327	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	327	8	illinois	illinois	PROPN
alces-475	327	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	327	10	usa	usa	PROPN
alces-475	327	11	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	327	12	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	327	13	a.	a.	PROPN
alces-475	327	14	r.	r.	PROPN
alces-475	327	15	e.	e.	PROPN
alces-475	327	16	sinclair	sinclair	PROPN
alces-475	327	17	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	327	18	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	327	19	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	327	20	mcglade	mcglade	PROPN
alces-475	327	21	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	328	1	1990	1990	NUM
alces-475	328	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	329	1	elephants	elephant	NOUN
alces-475	329	2	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	329	3	fire	fire	NOUN
alces-475	329	4	as	as	ADP
alces-475	329	5	causes	cause	NOUN
alces-475	329	6	of	of	ADP
alces-475	329	7	multiple	multiple	ADJ
alces-475	329	8	stable	stable	ADJ
alces-475	329	9	states	state	NOUN
alces-475	329	10	in	in	ADP
alces-475	329	11	the	the	DET
alces-475	329	12	serengetimara	serengetimara	NOUN
alces-475	329	13	woodlands	woodland	NOUN
alces-475	329	14	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	330	1	journal	journal	PROPN
alces-475	330	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	330	3	animal	animal	NOUN
alces-475	330	4	ecology	ecology	NOUN
alces-475	330	5	59:1147	59:1147	NUM
alces-475	330	6	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	330	7	1164	1164	NUM
alces-475	330	8	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	331	1	ellenbrook	ellenbrook	NOUN
alces-475	331	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	331	3	g.	g.	PROPN
alces-475	331	4	a.	a.	PROPN
alces-475	331	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	331	6	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	331	7	m.	m.	PROPN
alces-475	331	8	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	331	9	a.	a.	PROPN
alces-475	331	10	werger	werger	PROPN
alces-475	331	11	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	332	1	1988	1988	NUM
alces-475	332	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	333	1	grazing	grazing	NOUN
alces-475	333	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	333	3	canopy	canopy	NOUN
alces-475	333	4	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	333	5	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	333	6	production	production	NOUN
alces-475	333	7	of	of	ADP
alces-475	333	8	floodplain	floodplain	NOUN
alces-475	333	9	grasslands	grassland	NOUN
alces-475	333	10	at	at	ADP
alces-475	333	11	kafue	kafue	ADJ
alces-475	333	12	flats	flat	NOUN
alces-475	333	13	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	333	14	zambia	zambia	PROPN
alces-475	333	15	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	334	1	pages	page	NOUN
alces-475	334	2	331	331	NUM
alces-475	334	3	-	-	SYM
alces-475	334	4	337	337	NUM
alces-475	334	5	in	in	ADP
alces-475	334	6	m.	m.	NOUN
alces-475	334	7	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	334	8	a.werger	a.werger	PROPN
alces-475	334	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	334	10	h.	h.	PROPN
alces-475	334	11	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	334	12	during	during	PROPN
alces-475	334	13	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	334	14	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	334	15	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	334	16	t.	t.	PROPN
alces-475	334	17	a.	a.	PROPN
alces-475	334	18	verhoeven	verhoeven	PROPN
alces-475	334	19	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	334	20	editors	editor	NOUN
alces-475	334	21	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	335	1	plant	plant	NOUN
alces-475	335	2	form	form	NOUN
alces-475	335	3	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	335	4	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	335	5	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	335	6	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	336	1	spb	spb	PROPN
alces-475	336	2	academic	academic	ADJ
alces-475	336	3	alces	alce	NOUN
alces-475	336	4	vol	vol	NOUN
alces-475	336	5	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	336	6	39	39	NUM
alces-475	336	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	336	8	2003	2003	NUM
alces-475	336	9	sinclair	sinclair	NOUN
alces-475	336	10	–	–	PUNCT
alces-475	336	11	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	336	12	as	as	ADP
alces-475	336	13	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	336	14	landscapers	landscaper	NOUN
alces-475	336	15	173	173	NUM
alces-475	336	16	publishing	publishing	NOUN
alces-475	336	17	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	336	18	the	the	DET
alces-475	336	19	hague	hague	PROPN
alces-475	336	20	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	336	21	netherlands	netherlands	PROPN
alces-475	336	22	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	337	1	frank	frank	PROPN
alces-475	337	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	337	3	d.	d.	PROPN
alces-475	337	4	a.	a.	PROPN
alces-475	337	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	337	6	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	337	7	r.	r.	PROPN
alces-475	337	8	d.	d.	PROPN
alces-475	337	9	evans	evans	PROPN
alces-475	337	10	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	338	1	1997	1997	NUM
alces-475	338	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	339	1	effects	effect	NOUN
alces-475	339	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	339	3	native	native	ADJ
alces-475	339	4	grazers	grazer	NOUN
alces-475	339	5	on	on	ADP
alces-475	339	6	grassland	grassland	NOUN
alces-475	339	7	n	n	NOUN
alces-475	339	8	cycling	cycling	NOUN
alces-475	339	9	in	in	ADP
alces-475	339	10	yellowstone	yellowstone	PROPN
alces-475	339	11	national	national	PROPN
alces-475	339	12	park	park	PROPN
alces-475	339	13	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	340	1	ecology	ecology	NOUN
alces-475	340	2	78:2238	78:2238	NOUN
alces-475	340	3	-	-	SYM
alces-475	340	4	2248	2248	NUM
alces-475	340	5	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	341	1	frost	frost	NOUN
alces-475	341	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	341	3	p.	p.	NOUN
alces-475	341	4	g.	g.	PROPN
alces-475	341	5	h.	h.	PROPN
alces-475	341	6	1985a	1985a	PROPN
alces-475	341	7	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	342	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	342	2	responses	response	NOUN
alces-475	342	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	342	4	savanna	savanna	NOUN
alces-475	342	5	organisms	organism	NOUN
alces-475	342	6	to	to	PART
alces-475	342	7	fire	fire	VERB
alces-475	342	8	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	343	1	pages	page	NOUN
alces-475	343	2	232237	232237	NUM
alces-475	343	3	in	in	ADP
alces-475	343	4	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	343	5	c.	c.	PROPN
alces-475	343	6	tothill	tothill	PROPN
alces-475	343	7	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	343	8	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	343	9	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	343	10	mott	mott	PROPN
alces-475	343	11	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	343	12	editors	editor	NOUN
alces-475	343	13	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	344	1	ecology	ecology	NOUN
alces-475	344	2	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	344	3	management	management	NOUN
alces-475	344	4	of	of	ADP
alces-475	344	5	the	the	DET
alces-475	344	6	world	world	NOUN
alces-475	344	7	’s	’s	PART
alces-475	344	8	savannas	savanna	NOUN
alces-475	344	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	345	1	australian	australian	ADJ
alces-475	345	2	academy	academy	PROPN
alces-475	345	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	345	4	science	science	PROPN
alces-475	345	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	345	6	canberra	canberra	PROPN
alces-475	345	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	345	8	australia	australia	PROPN
alces-475	345	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	345	10	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	346	1	1985b	1985b	NUM
alces-475	346	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	347	1	organic	organic	ADJ
alces-475	347	2	matter	matter	NOUN
alces-475	347	3	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	347	4	nutrient	nutrient	ADJ
alces-475	347	5	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
alces-475	347	6	in	in	ADP
alces-475	347	7	a	a	DET
alces-475	347	8	broadleaved	broadleave	VERB
alces-475	347	9	savanna	savanna	NOUN
alces-475	347	10	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	348	1	pages	page	NOUN
alces-475	348	2	200	200	NUM
alces-475	348	3	-	-	SYM
alces-475	348	4	206	206	NUM
alces-475	348	5	in	in	ADP
alces-475	348	6	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	348	7	c.	c.	PROPN
alces-475	348	8	tothill	tothill	PROPN
alces-475	348	9	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	348	10	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	348	11	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	348	12	mott	mott	PROPN
alces-475	348	13	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	348	14	editors	editor	NOUN
alces-475	348	15	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	349	1	ecology	ecology	NOUN
alces-475	349	2	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	349	3	management	management	NOUN
alces-475	349	4	of	of	ADP
alces-475	349	5	the	the	DET
alces-475	349	6	world	world	NOUN
alces-475	349	7	’s	’s	PART
alces-475	349	8	savannas	savanna	NOUN
alces-475	349	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	350	1	australian	australian	ADJ
alces-475	350	2	academy	academy	PROPN
alces-475	350	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	350	4	science	science	PROPN
alces-475	350	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	350	6	canberra	canberra	PROPN
alces-475	350	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	350	8	australia	australia	PROPN
alces-475	350	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	351	1	fryxell	fryxell	PROPN
alces-475	351	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	351	3	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	351	4	m.	m.	PROPN
alces-475	351	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	351	6	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	351	7	a.	a.	PROPN
alces-475	351	8	r.	r.	PROPN
alces-475	351	9	e.	e.	PROPN
alces-475	351	10	sinclair	sinclair	PROPN
alces-475	351	11	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	352	1	1988	1988	NUM
alces-475	352	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	353	1	causes	cause	NOUN
alces-475	353	2	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	353	3	consequences	consequence	NOUN
alces-475	353	4	of	of	ADP
alces-475	353	5	migration	migration	NOUN
alces-475	353	6	by	by	ADP
alces-475	353	7	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	353	8	herbivores	herbivore	NOUN
alces-475	353	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	354	1	trends	trend	NOUN
alces-475	354	2	in	in	ADP
alces-475	354	3	ecology	ecology	NOUN
alces-475	354	4	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	354	5	evolution	evolution	NOUN
alces-475	354	6	3:237	3:237	NUM
alces-475	354	7	-	-	SYM
alces-475	354	8	241	241	NUM
alces-475	354	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	355	1	hobbs	hobbs	PROPN
alces-475	355	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	355	3	t.	t.	PROPN
alces-475	355	4	n.	n.	PROPN
alces-475	355	5	1996	1996	NUM
alces-475	355	6	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	356	1	modification	modification	NOUN
alces-475	356	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	356	3	ecosystems	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	356	4	by	by	ADP
alces-475	356	5	ungulates	ungulate	NOUN
alces-475	356	6	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	357	1	journal	journal	NOUN
alces-475	357	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	357	3	wildlife	wildlife	NOUN
alces-475	357	4	management	management	NOUN
alces-475	357	5	60:695	60:695	NOUN
alces-475	357	6	-	-	SYM
alces-475	357	7	713	713	NUM
alces-475	357	8	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	358	1	houston	houston	PROPN
alces-475	358	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	358	3	d.	d.	PROPN
alces-475	358	4	b.	b.	PROPN
alces-475	358	5	1982	1982	NUM
alces-475	358	6	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	359	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	359	2	northern	northern	PROPN
alces-475	359	3	yellowstone	yellowstone	PROPN
alces-475	359	4	elk	elk	PROPN
alces-475	359	5	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	360	1	macmillan	macmillan	PROPN
alces-475	360	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	360	3	new	new	PROPN
alces-475	360	4	york	york	PROPN
alces-475	360	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	360	6	new	new	PROPN
alces-475	360	7	york	york	PROPN
alces-475	360	8	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	360	9	usa	usa	PROPN
alces-475	360	10	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	360	11	huntly	huntly	PROPN
alces-475	360	12	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	360	13	n.	n.	NOUN
alces-475	360	14	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	360	15	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	360	16	r.	r.	PROPN
alces-475	360	17	inouye	inouye	PROPN
alces-475	360	18	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	361	1	1988	1988	NUM
alces-475	361	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	362	1	pocket	pocket	NOUN
alces-475	362	2	gophers	gopher	NOUN
alces-475	362	3	in	in	ADP
alces-475	362	4	ecosystems	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	362	5	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	362	6	patterns	pattern	NOUN
alces-475	362	7	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	362	8	mechanisms	mechanism	NOUN
alces-475	362	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	363	1	bioscience	bioscience	NOUN
alces-475	363	2	38:786	38:786	PROPN
alces-475	363	3	-	-	SYM
alces-475	363	4	793	793	NUM
alces-475	363	5	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	363	6	hurlbert	hurlbert	PROPN
alces-475	363	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	363	8	s.	s.	PROPN
alces-475	363	9	h.	h.	PROPN
alces-475	363	10	1997	1997	NUM
alces-475	363	11	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	364	1	functional	functional	ADJ
alces-475	364	2	importance	importance	NOUN
alces-475	364	3	vs	vs	ADP
alces-475	364	4	keystoneness	keystoneness	NOUN
alces-475	364	5	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	364	6	reformulating	reformulate	VERB
alces-475	364	7	some	some	DET
alces-475	364	8	questions	question	NOUN
alces-475	364	9	in	in	ADP
alces-475	364	10	theoretical	theoretical	ADJ
alces-475	364	11	biocenology	biocenology	NOUN
alces-475	364	12	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	365	1	journal	journal	PROPN
alces-475	365	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	365	3	ecology	ecology	NOUN
alces-475	365	4	22:369382	22:369382	PROPN
alces-475	365	5	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	366	1	janzen	janzen	PROPN
alces-475	366	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	366	3	d.	d.	PROPN
alces-475	366	4	h.	h.	PROPN
alces-475	366	5	1970	1970	NUM
alces-475	366	6	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	367	1	herbivores	herbivore	NOUN
alces-475	367	2	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	367	3	the	the	DET
alces-475	367	4	number	number	NOUN
alces-475	367	5	of	of	ADP
alces-475	367	6	tree	tree	NOUN
alces-475	367	7	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	367	8	in	in	ADP
alces-475	367	9	tropical	tropical	ADJ
alces-475	367	10	forests	forest	NOUN
alces-475	367	11	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	368	1	american	american	PROPN
alces-475	368	2	naturalist	naturalist	PROPN
alces-475	368	3	104:501	104:501	PROPN
alces-475	368	4	-	-	SYM
alces-475	368	5	528	528	NUM
alces-475	368	6	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	368	7	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	369	1	1971	1971	NUM
alces-475	369	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	370	1	escape	escape	NOUN
alces-475	370	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	370	3	cassia	cassia	NOUN
alces-475	370	4	grandis	grandis	PROPN
alces-475	370	5	l.	l.	PROPN
alces-475	370	6	beans	bean	NOUN
alces-475	370	7	from	from	ADP
alces-475	370	8	predators	predator	NOUN
alces-475	370	9	in	in	ADP
alces-475	370	10	time	time	NOUN
alces-475	370	11	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	370	12	space	space	NOUN
alces-475	370	13	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	371	1	ecology	ecology	NOUN
alces-475	371	2	52:964	52:964	PROPN
alces-475	371	3	-	-	SYM
alces-475	371	4	979	979	NUM
alces-475	371	5	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	371	6	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	372	1	1986	1986	NUM
alces-475	372	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	373	1	chihuahuan	chihuahuan	PROPN
alces-475	373	2	desert	desert	PROPN
alces-475	373	3	nopaleras	nopaleras	PROPN
alces-475	373	4	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	373	5	defaunated	defaunate	VERB
alces-475	373	6	big	big	ADJ
alces-475	373	7	mammal	mammal	ADJ
alces-475	373	8	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	373	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	374	1	annual	annual	ADJ
alces-475	374	2	reviews	review	NOUN
alces-475	374	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	374	4	ecology	ecology	NOUN
alces-475	374	5	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	374	6	systematics	systematic	NOUN
alces-475	374	7	17:595	17:595	NUM
alces-475	374	8	-	-	SYM
alces-475	374	9	636	636	NUM
alces-475	374	10	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	374	11	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	374	12	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	374	13	p.	p.	PROPN
alces-475	374	14	s.	s.	PROPN
alces-475	374	15	martin	martin	PROPN
alces-475	374	16	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	375	1	1982	1982	NUM
alces-475	375	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	376	1	neotropical	neotropical	ADJ
alces-475	376	2	anachronisms	anachronism	NOUN
alces-475	376	3	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	376	4	the	the	DET
alces-475	376	5	fruits	fruit	NOUN
alces-475	376	6	the	the	DET
alces-475	376	7	gomphotheres	gomphothere	NOUN
alces-475	376	8	ate	eat	VERB
alces-475	376	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	377	1	science	science	PROPN
alces-475	377	2	215:19	215:19	PROPN
alces-475	377	3	-	-	SYM
alces-475	377	4	27	27	NUM
alces-475	377	5	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	378	1	jefferies	jefferie	NOUN
alces-475	378	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	378	3	r.	r.	PROPN
alces-475	378	4	l.	l.	PROPN
alces-475	378	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	378	6	d.	d.	PROPN
alces-475	378	7	r.	r.	PROPN
alces-475	378	8	klein	klein	PROPN
alces-475	378	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	378	10	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	378	11	g.	g.	PROPN
alces-475	378	12	r.	r.	PROPN
alces-475	378	13	shaver	shaver	PROPN
alces-475	378	14	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	378	15	1994	1994	NUM
alces-475	378	16	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	379	1	vertebrate	vertebrate	ADJ
alces-475	379	2	herbivores	herbivore	NOUN
alces-475	379	3	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	379	4	northern	northern	ADJ
alces-475	379	5	plant	plant	NOUN
alces-475	379	6	communities	community	NOUN
alces-475	379	7	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	379	8	reciprocal	reciprocal	ADJ
alces-475	379	9	influences	influence	NOUN
alces-475	379	10	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	379	11	responses	response	NOUN
alces-475	379	12	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	380	1	oikos	oikos	ADJ
alces-475	380	2	71:193	71:193	PROPN
alces-475	380	3	-	-	SYM
alces-475	380	4	206	206	NUM
alces-475	380	5	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	381	1	jones	jones	PROPN
alces-475	381	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	381	3	c.	c.	PROPN
alces-475	381	4	g.	g.	PROPN
alces-475	381	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	381	6	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	381	7	h.	h.	PROPN
alces-475	381	8	lawton	lawton	PROPN
alces-475	381	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	381	10	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	381	11	m.	m.	NOUN
alces-475	381	12	shachak	shachak	VERB
alces-475	381	13	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	382	1	1994	1994	NUM
alces-475	382	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	383	1	organisms	organism	NOUN
alces-475	383	2	as	as	ADP
alces-475	383	3	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	383	4	engineers	engineer	NOUN
alces-475	383	5	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	384	1	oikos	oikos	PROPN
alces-475	384	2	69:373	69:373	PROPN
alces-475	384	3	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	384	4	386	386	NUM
alces-475	384	5	.	.	NUM
alces-475	384	6	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	384	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	384	8	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	384	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	385	1	1997	1997	NUM
alces-475	385	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	386	1	positive	positive	ADJ
alces-475	386	2	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	386	3	negative	negative	ADJ
alces-475	386	4	effects	effect	NOUN
alces-475	386	5	of	of	ADP
alces-475	386	6	organisms	organism	NOUN
alces-475	386	7	as	as	ADP
alces-475	386	8	physical	physical	ADJ
alces-475	386	9	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	386	10	engineers	engineer	NOUN
alces-475	386	11	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	387	1	ecology	ecology	NOUN
alces-475	387	2	78:1946	78:1946	NOUN
alces-475	387	3	-	-	SYM
alces-475	387	4	1957	1957	NUM
alces-475	387	5	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	388	1	krebs	krebs	PROPN
alces-475	388	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	388	3	c.	c.	PROPN
alces-475	388	4	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	388	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	388	6	s.	s.	PROPN
alces-475	388	7	boutin	boutin	PROPN
alces-475	388	8	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	388	9	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	388	10	r.	r.	PROPN
alces-475	388	11	boonstra	boonstra	PROPN
alces-475	388	12	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	388	13	editors	editor	NOUN
alces-475	388	14	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	389	1	2001	2001	NUM
alces-475	389	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	390	1	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	390	2	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
alces-475	390	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	390	4	the	the	DET
alces-475	390	5	boreal	boreal	NOUN
alces-475	390	6	forest	forest	NOUN
alces-475	390	7	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	391	1	oxford	oxford	PROPN
alces-475	391	2	university	university	PROPN
alces-475	391	3	press	press	NOUN
alces-475	391	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	391	5	oxford	oxford	PROPN
alces-475	391	6	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	391	7	england	england	PROPN
alces-475	391	8	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	392	1	landres	landre	NOUN
alces-475	392	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	392	3	p.	p.	PROPN
alces-475	392	4	b.	b.	PROPN
alces-475	392	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	392	6	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	392	7	verner	verner	PROPN
alces-475	392	8	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	392	9	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	392	10	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	392	11	w.	w.	PROPN
alces-475	392	12	thomas	thomas	PROPN
alces-475	392	13	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	393	1	1988	1988	NUM
alces-475	393	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	394	1	ecological	ecological	ADJ
alces-475	394	2	uses	use	NOUN
alces-475	394	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	394	4	vertebrate	vertebrate	ADJ
alces-475	394	5	indicator	indicator	NOUN
alces-475	394	6	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	394	7	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	394	8	a	a	DET
alces-475	394	9	critique	critique	NOUN
alces-475	394	10	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	395	1	conservation	conservation	NOUN
alces-475	395	2	biology	biology	NOUN
alces-475	395	3	2:316	2:316	PROPN
alces-475	395	4	-	-	SYM
alces-475	395	5	328	328	NUM
alces-475	395	6	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	396	1	larter	larter	PROPN
alces-475	396	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	396	3	n.	n.	PROPN
alces-475	396	4	c.	c.	PROPN
alces-475	396	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	396	6	a.	a.	PROPN
alces-475	396	7	r.	r.	PROPN
alces-475	396	8	e.	e.	PROPN
alces-475	396	9	sinclair	sinclair	PROPN
alces-475	396	10	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	396	11	t.	t.	PROPN
alces-475	396	12	ellsworth	ellsworth	PROPN
alces-475	396	13	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	396	14	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	396	15	nishi	nishi	PROPN
alces-475	396	16	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	396	17	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	396	18	c.	c.	PROPN
alces-475	396	19	c.	c.	PROPN
alces-475	396	20	gates	gates	PROPN
alces-475	396	21	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	397	1	2000	2000	NUM
alces-475	397	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	398	1	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
alces-475	398	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	398	3	reintroduction	reintroduction	NOUN
alces-475	398	4	in	in	ADP
alces-475	398	5	an	an	DET
alces-475	398	6	indigenous	indigenous	ADJ
alces-475	398	7	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	398	8	ungulate	ungulate	NOUN
alces-475	398	9	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	398	10	the	the	DET
alces-475	398	11	wood	wood	NOUN
alces-475	398	12	bison	bison	NOUN
alces-475	398	13	of	of	ADP
alces-475	398	14	northern	northern	PROPN
alces-475	398	15	canada	canada	PROPN
alces-475	398	16	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	399	1	animal	animal	NOUN
alces-475	399	2	conservation	conservation	NOUN
alces-475	399	3	3:299	3:299	NUM
alces-475	399	4	-	-	SYM
alces-475	399	5	309	309	NUM
alces-475	399	6	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	400	1	mcinnes	mcinne	NOUN
alces-475	400	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	400	3	p.	p.	PROPN
alces-475	400	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	400	5	r.	r.	PROPN
alces-475	400	6	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	400	7	naiman	naiman	PROPN
alces-475	400	8	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	400	9	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	400	10	pastor	pastor	PROPN
alces-475	400	11	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	400	12	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	400	13	y.	y.	PROPN
alces-475	400	14	cohen	cohen	PROPN
alces-475	400	15	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	401	1	1992	1992	NUM
alces-475	401	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	402	1	effects	effect	NOUN
alces-475	402	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	402	3	moose	moose	NOUN
alces-475	402	4	browsing	browse	VERB
alces-475	402	5	on	on	ADP
alces-475	402	6	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	402	7	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	402	8	litter	litter	NOUN
alces-475	402	9	of	of	ADP
alces-475	402	10	the	the	DET
alces-475	402	11	boreal	boreal	NOUN
alces-475	402	12	forest	forest	NOUN
alces-475	402	13	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	402	14	isle	isle	PROPN
alces-475	402	15	royale	royale	PROPN
alces-475	402	16	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	402	17	michigan	michigan	PROPN
alces-475	402	18	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	402	19	usa	usa	PROPN
alces-475	402	20	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	402	21	ecology	ecology	PROPN
alces-475	402	22	73:2059	73:2059	PROPN
alces-475	402	23	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	402	24	2075	2075	NUM
alces-475	402	25	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	403	1	mcnaughton	mcnaughton	PROPN
alces-475	403	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	403	3	s.	s.	PROPN
alces-475	403	4	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	403	5	1984	1984	PROPN
alces-475	403	6	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	404	1	grazing	grazing	NOUN
alces-475	404	2	lawns	lawn	NOUN
alces-475	404	3	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	404	4	animals	animal	NOUN
alces-475	404	5	in	in	ADP
alces-475	404	6	herds	herd	NOUN
alces-475	404	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	404	8	plant	plant	NOUN
alces-475	404	9	form	form	NOUN
alces-475	404	10	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	404	11	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	404	12	coevoloution	coevoloution	NOUN
alces-475	404	13	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	405	1	american	american	PROPN
alces-475	405	2	naturalist	naturalist	PROPN
alces-475	405	3	124:863	124:863	PROPN
alces-475	405	4	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	405	5	886	886	NUM
alces-475	405	6	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	406	1	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	406	2	f.	f.	PROPN
alces-475	406	3	f.	f.	PROPN
alces-475	406	4	banykwa	banykwa	PROPN
alces-475	406	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	406	6	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	406	7	m.	m.	PROPN
alces-475	406	8	m.	m.	PROPN
alces-475	406	9	mcnaughton	mcnaughton	PROPN
alces-475	406	10	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	407	1	1997	1997	NUM
alces-475	407	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	408	1	promotion	promotion	NOUN
alces-475	408	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	408	3	the	the	DET
alces-475	408	4	cycling	cycling	NOUN
alces-475	408	5	of	of	ADP
alces-475	408	6	diet	diet	NOUN
alces-475	408	7	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	408	8	enhancing	enhance	VERB
alces-475	408	9	nutrients	nutrient	NOUN
alces-475	408	10	by	by	ADP
alces-475	408	11	african	african	ADJ
alces-475	408	12	grazers	grazer	NOUN
alces-475	408	13	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	409	1	science	science	PROPN
alces-475	409	2	278:17981800	278:17981800	NUM
alces-475	409	3	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	409	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	409	5	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	409	6	g.	g.	PROPN
alces-475	409	7	a.	a.	PROPN
alces-475	409	8	sabuni	sabuni	PROPN
alces-475	409	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	410	1	1988	1988	NUM
alces-475	410	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	411	1	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	411	2	african	african	ADJ
alces-475	411	3	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	411	4	as	as	ADP
alces-475	411	5	regulators	regulator	NOUN
alces-475	411	6	of	of	ADP
alces-475	411	7	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	411	8	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	411	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	412	1	pages	page	NOUN
alces-475	412	2	339	339	NUM
alces-475	412	3	-	-	SYM
alces-475	412	4	354	354	NUM
alces-475	412	5	in	in	ADP
alces-475	412	6	m.	m.	NOUN
alces-475	412	7	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	412	8	as	as	ADP
alces-475	412	9	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	412	10	landscapers	landscaper	NOUN
alces-475	412	11	–	–	PUNCT
alces-475	412	12	sinclair	sinclair	NOUN
alces-475	412	13	alces	alce	NOUN
alces-475	412	14	vol	vol	NOUN
alces-475	412	15	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	412	16	39	39	NUM
alces-475	412	17	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	412	18	2003	2003	NUM
alces-475	412	19	174	174	NUM
alces-475	412	20	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	412	21	a.werger	a.werger	PROPN
alces-475	412	22	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	413	1	p.	p.	PROPN
alces-475	413	2	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	413	3	m.	m.	PROPN
alces-475	413	4	van	van	PROPN
alces-475	413	5	der	der	PROPN
alces-475	413	6	aart	aart	PROPN
alces-475	413	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	413	8	h.	h.	PROPN
alces-475	413	9	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	413	10	during	during	PROPN
alces-475	413	11	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	413	12	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	413	13	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	413	14	t.	t.	PROPN
alces-475	413	15	a.	a.	PROPN
alces-475	413	16	verhoeven	verhoeven	PROPN
alces-475	413	17	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	413	18	editors	editor	NOUN
alces-475	413	19	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	414	1	plant	plant	NOUN
alces-475	414	2	form	form	NOUN
alces-475	414	3	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	414	4	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	414	5	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	414	6	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	415	1	spb	spb	PROPN
alces-475	415	2	academic	academic	ADJ
alces-475	415	3	publishing	publishing	NOUN
alces-475	415	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	415	5	the	the	DET
alces-475	415	6	hague	hague	PROPN
alces-475	415	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	415	8	netherlands	netherlands	PROPN
alces-475	415	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	416	1	mcshea	mcshea	PROPN
alces-475	416	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	416	3	w.	w.	PROPN
alces-475	416	4	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	416	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	416	6	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	416	7	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	416	8	h.	h.	PROPN
alces-475	416	9	rappole	rappole	PROPN
alces-475	416	10	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	417	1	1997	1997	NUM
alces-475	417	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	418	1	herbivores	herbivore	NOUN
alces-475	418	2	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	418	3	the	the	DET
alces-475	418	4	ecology	ecology	NOUN
alces-475	418	5	of	of	ADP
alces-475	418	6	forest	forest	NOUN
alces-475	418	7	understory	understory	ADJ
alces-475	418	8	birds	bird	NOUN
alces-475	418	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	419	1	pages	page	NOUN
alces-475	419	2	298	298	NUM
alces-475	419	3	-	-	SYM
alces-475	419	4	309	309	NUM
alces-475	419	5	in	in	ADP
alces-475	419	6	w.	w.	PROPN
alces-475	419	7	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	419	8	mcshea	mcshea	PROPN
alces-475	419	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	419	10	h.	h.	PROPN
alces-475	419	11	b.	b.	PROPN
alces-475	419	12	underwood	underwood	PROPN
alces-475	419	13	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	419	14	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	419	15	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	419	16	h.	h.	PROPN
alces-475	419	17	rappole	rappole	PROPN
alces-475	419	18	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	419	19	editors	editor	NOUN
alces-475	419	20	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	420	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	420	2	science	science	NOUN
alces-475	420	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	420	4	overabundance	overabundance	NOUN
alces-475	420	5	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	421	1	smithsonian	smithsonian	PROPN
alces-475	421	2	institution	institution	PROPN
alces-475	421	3	press	press	PROPN
alces-475	421	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	421	5	washington	washington	PROPN
alces-475	421	6	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	421	7	d.c	d.c	PROPN
alces-475	421	8	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	421	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	421	10	usa	usa	PROPN
alces-475	421	11	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	421	12	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	421	13	h.	h.	PROPN
alces-475	421	14	b.	b.	PROPN
alces-475	421	15	underwood	underwood	PROPN
alces-475	421	16	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	421	17	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	421	18	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	421	19	h.	h.	PROPN
alces-475	421	20	rappole	rappole	PROPN
alces-475	421	21	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	421	22	editors	editor	NOUN
alces-475	421	23	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	422	1	1997	1997	NUM
alces-475	422	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	423	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	423	2	science	science	NOUN
alces-475	423	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	423	4	overabundance	overabundance	NOUN
alces-475	423	5	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	424	1	smithsonian	smithsonian	PROPN
alces-475	424	2	institution	institution	PROPN
alces-475	424	3	press	press	PROPN
alces-475	424	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	424	5	washington	washington	PROPN
alces-475	424	6	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	424	7	d.c	d.c	PROPN
alces-475	424	8	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	424	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	424	10	usa	usa	PROPN
alces-475	424	11	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	424	12	messier	messier	PROPN
alces-475	424	13	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	424	14	f.	f.	PROPN
alces-475	424	15	1994	1994	NUM
alces-475	424	16	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	425	1	ungulate	ungulate	ADJ
alces-475	425	2	population	population	NOUN
alces-475	425	3	models	model	NOUN
alces-475	425	4	with	with	ADP
alces-475	425	5	predation	predation	NOUN
alces-475	425	6	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	425	7	a	a	DET
alces-475	425	8	case	case	NOUN
alces-475	425	9	study	study	NOUN
alces-475	425	10	with	with	ADP
alces-475	425	11	the	the	DET
alces-475	425	12	north	north	ADJ
alces-475	425	13	american	american	ADJ
alces-475	425	14	moose	moose	NOUN
alces-475	425	15	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	426	1	ecology	ecology	NOUN
alces-475	426	2	75	75	NUM
alces-475	426	3	:	:	SYM
alces-475	426	4	478	478	NUM
alces-475	426	5	-	-	SYM
alces-475	426	6	488	488	NUM
alces-475	426	7	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	427	1	miller	miller	PROPN
alces-475	427	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	427	3	b.	b.	PROPN
alces-475	427	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	427	5	g.	g.	PROPN
alces-475	427	6	ceballos	ceballos	PROPN
alces-475	427	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	427	8	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	427	9	r.	r.	PROPN
alces-475	427	10	reading	reading	NOUN
alces-475	427	11	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	428	1	1994	1994	NUM
alces-475	428	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	429	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	429	2	prairie	prairie	ADJ
alces-475	429	3	dog	dog	NOUN
alces-475	429	4	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	429	5	biotic	biotic	ADJ
alces-475	429	6	diversity	diversity	NOUN
alces-475	429	7	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	430	1	conservation	conservation	NOUN
alces-475	430	2	biology	biology	NOUN
alces-475	430	3	8:677	8:677	NUM
alces-475	430	4	-	-	SYM
alces-475	430	5	681	681	NUM
alces-475	430	6	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	431	1	miller	miller	PROPN
alces-475	431	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	431	3	g.	g.	PROPN
alces-475	431	4	r.	r.	PROPN
alces-475	431	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	431	6	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	431	7	w.	w.	PROPN
alces-475	431	8	kinnaird	kinnaird	PROPN
alces-475	431	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	431	10	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	431	11	p.	p.	PROPN
alces-475	431	12	cummins	cummins	PROPN
alces-475	431	13	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	432	1	1982	1982	NUM
alces-475	432	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	433	1	liability	liability	NOUN
alces-475	433	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	433	3	saplings	sapling	NOUN
alces-475	433	4	to	to	ADP
alces-475	433	5	browsing	browse	VERB
alces-475	433	6	on	on	ADP
alces-475	433	7	a	a	DET
alces-475	433	8	red	red	ADJ
alces-475	433	9	deer	deer	NOUN
alces-475	433	10	range	range	NOUN
alces-475	433	11	in	in	ADP
alces-475	433	12	the	the	DET
alces-475	433	13	scottish	scottish	PROPN
alces-475	433	14	highlands	highlands	PROPN
alces-475	433	15	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	433	16	journal	journal	PROPN
alces-475	433	17	of	of	ADP
alces-475	433	18	applied	applied	ADJ
alces-475	433	19	ecology	ecology	NOUN
alces-475	433	20	19:941	19:941	NUM
alces-475	433	21	-	-	SYM
alces-475	433	22	951	951	NUM
alces-475	433	23	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	434	1	naiman	naiman	NOUN
alces-475	434	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	434	3	r.	r.	PROPN
alces-475	434	4	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	434	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	434	6	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	434	7	k.	k.	PROPN
alces-475	434	8	h.	h.	PROPN
alces-475	434	9	rogers	rogers	PROPN
alces-475	434	10	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	435	1	1997	1997	NUM
alces-475	435	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	436	1	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	436	2	animals	animal	NOUN
alces-475	436	3	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	436	4	system	system	NOUN
alces-475	436	5	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	436	6	level	level	NOUN
alces-475	436	7	characteristics	characteristic	NOUN
alces-475	436	8	in	in	ADP
alces-475	436	9	river	river	NOUN
alces-475	436	10	corridors	corridor	NOUN
alces-475	436	11	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	436	12	implications	implication	NOUN
alces-475	436	13	for	for	ADP
alces-475	436	14	river	river	NOUN
alces-475	436	15	management	management	NOUN
alces-475	436	16	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	437	1	bioscience	bioscience	NOUN
alces-475	437	2	47:521	47:521	NUM
alces-475	437	3	-	-	SYM
alces-475	437	4	529	529	NUM
alces-475	437	5	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	438	1	noble	noble	ADJ
alces-475	438	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	438	3	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	438	4	c.	c.	PROPN
alces-475	438	5	1999	1999	NUM
alces-475	438	6	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	439	1	fossil	fossil	NOUN
alces-475	439	2	features	feature	NOUN
alces-475	439	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	439	4	mulga	mulga	NOUN
alces-475	439	5	acacia	acacia	NOUN
alces-475	439	6	aneura	aneura	NOUN
alces-475	439	7	landscapes	landscape	NOUN
alces-475	439	8	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	439	9	possible	possible	ADJ
alces-475	439	10	imprinting	imprint	VERB
alces-475	439	11	by	by	ADP
alces-475	439	12	extinct	extinct	ADJ
alces-475	439	13	pleistocene	pleistocene	NOUN
alces-475	439	14	fauna	fauna	NOUN
alces-475	439	15	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	440	1	australian	australian	ADJ
alces-475	440	2	zoology	zoology	NOUN
alces-475	440	3	31:396	31:396	ADV
alces-475	440	4	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	440	5	402	402	NUM
alces-475	440	6	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	440	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	440	8	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	440	9	gillen	gillen	PROPN
alces-475	440	10	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	440	11	g.	g.	PROPN
alces-475	440	12	jacobson	jacobson	PROPN
alces-475	440	13	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	440	14	w.	w.	PROPN
alces-475	440	15	a.	a.	PROPN
alces-475	440	16	low	low	PROPN
alces-475	440	17	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	440	18	c.	c.	PROPN
alces-475	440	19	miller	miller	PROPN
alces-475	440	20	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	440	21	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	440	22	the	the	DET
alces-475	440	23	mutitjulu	mutitjulu	NOUN
alces-475	440	24	community	community	NOUN
alces-475	440	25	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	441	1	2001	2001	NUM
alces-475	441	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	442	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	442	2	potential	potential	NOUN
alces-475	442	3	for	for	ADP
alces-475	442	4	degradation	degradation	NOUN
alces-475	442	5	of	of	ADP
alces-475	442	6	landscape	landscape	NOUN
alces-475	442	7	function	function	NOUN
alces-475	442	8	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	442	9	cultural	cultural	ADJ
alces-475	442	10	values	value	NOUN
alces-475	442	11	following	follow	VERB
alces-475	442	12	the	the	DET
alces-475	442	13	extinction	extinction	NOUN
alces-475	442	14	of	of	ADP
alces-475	442	15	mitika	mitika	NOUN
alces-475	442	16	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	442	17	bettongia	bettongia	PROPN
alces-475	442	18	lesueur	lesueur	PROPN
alces-475	442	19	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	442	20	in	in	ADP
alces-475	442	21	central	central	PROPN
alces-475	442	22	australia	australia	PROPN
alces-475	442	23	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	443	1	pages	page	NOUN
alces-475	443	2	71	71	NUM
alces-475	443	3	-	-	SYM
alces-475	443	4	89	89	NUM
alces-475	443	5	in	in	ADP
alces-475	443	6	a.	a.	PROPN
alces-475	443	7	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	443	8	conacher	conacher	PROPN
alces-475	443	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	443	10	editor	editor	NOUN
alces-475	443	11	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	444	1	land	land	NOUN
alces-475	444	2	degredation	degredation	NOUN
alces-475	444	3	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	445	1	kluwer	kluwer	NOUN
alces-475	445	2	academic	academic	ADJ
alces-475	445	3	publishing	publishing	PROPN
alces-475	445	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	445	5	netherlands	netherlands	PROPN
alces-475	445	6	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	446	1	norton	norton	PROPN
alces-475	446	2	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	446	3	griifiths	griifiths	PROPN
alces-475	446	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	446	5	m.	m.	NOUN
alces-475	446	6	1979	1979	NUM
alces-475	446	7	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	447	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	447	2	influence	influence	NOUN
alces-475	447	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	447	4	grazing	grazing	NOUN
alces-475	447	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	447	6	browsing	browse	VERB
alces-475	447	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	447	8	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	447	9	fire	fire	NOUN
alces-475	447	10	on	on	ADP
alces-475	447	11	the	the	DET
alces-475	447	12	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	447	13	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
alces-475	447	14	of	of	ADP
alces-475	447	15	the	the	DET
alces-475	447	16	serengeti	serengeti	PROPN
alces-475	447	17	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	448	1	pages	page	NOUN
alces-475	448	2	310	310	NUM
alces-475	448	3	-	-	SYM
alces-475	448	4	352	352	NUM
alces-475	448	5	in	in	ADP
alces-475	448	6	a.	a.	PROPN
alces-475	448	7	r.	r.	PROPN
alces-475	448	8	e.	e.	PROPN
alces-475	448	9	sinclair	sinclair	PROPN
alces-475	448	10	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	448	11	m.	m.	PROPN
alces-475	448	12	norton	norton	PROPN
alces-475	448	13	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	448	14	griffiths	griffiths	PROPN
alces-475	448	15	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	448	16	editors	editor	NOUN
alces-475	448	17	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	449	1	serengeti	serengeti	PROPN
alces-475	449	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	450	1	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
alces-475	450	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	450	3	an	an	DET
alces-475	450	4	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	450	5	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	451	1	university	university	NOUN
alces-475	451	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	451	3	chicago	chicago	PROPN
alces-475	451	4	press	press	PROPN
alces-475	451	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	451	6	chicago	chicago	PROPN
alces-475	451	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	451	8	illinois	illinois	PROPN
alces-475	451	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	451	10	usa	usa	PROPN
alces-475	451	11	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	451	12	owen	owen	PROPN
alces-475	451	13	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	451	14	smith	smith	PROPN
alces-475	451	15	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	451	16	n.	n.	NOUN
alces-475	451	17	1988	1988	NUM
alces-475	451	18	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	452	1	megaherbivores	megaherbivore	NOUN
alces-475	452	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	453	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	453	2	influence	influence	NOUN
alces-475	453	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	453	4	very	very	ADV
alces-475	453	5	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	453	6	body	body	NOUN
alces-475	453	7	size	size	NOUN
alces-475	453	8	on	on	ADP
alces-475	453	9	ecology	ecology	NOUN
alces-475	453	10	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	454	1	cambridge	cambridge	PROPN
alces-475	454	2	university	university	PROPN
alces-475	454	3	press	press	PROPN
alces-475	454	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	454	5	cambridge	cambridge	PROPN
alces-475	454	6	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	454	7	uk	uk	PROPN
alces-475	454	8	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	454	9	paine	paine	PROPN
alces-475	454	10	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	454	11	r.	r.	PROPN
alces-475	454	12	t.	t.	PROPN
alces-475	454	13	2000	2000	NUM
alces-475	454	14	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	455	1	phycology	phycology	NOUN
alces-475	455	2	for	for	ADP
alces-475	455	3	the	the	DET
alces-475	455	4	mammalogist	mammalogist	NOUN
alces-475	455	5	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	455	6	marine	marine	PROPN
alces-475	455	7	rocky	rocky	ADJ
alces-475	455	8	shores	shore	NOUN
alces-475	455	9	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	455	10	mammal	mammal	ADJ
alces-475	455	11	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	455	12	dominated	dominate	VERB
alces-475	455	13	communities	community	NOUN
alces-475	455	14	how	how	SCONJ
alces-475	455	15	different	different	ADJ
alces-475	455	16	are	be	AUX
alces-475	455	17	the	the	DET
alces-475	455	18	structuring	structuring	NOUN
alces-475	455	19	processes	process	NOUN
alces-475	455	20	?	?	PUNCT
alces-475	456	1	journal	journal	PROPN
alces-475	456	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	456	3	mammalogy	mammalogy	NOUN
alces-475	456	4	81:637	81:637	NUM
alces-475	456	5	-	-	SYM
alces-475	456	6	648	648	NUM
alces-475	456	7	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	457	1	parker	parker	PROPN
alces-475	457	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	457	3	i.	i.	PROPN
alces-475	457	4	s.	s.	PROPN
alces-475	457	5	c.	c.	PROPN
alces-475	457	6	1983	1983	NUM
alces-475	457	7	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	458	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	458	2	tsavo	tsavo	PROPN
alces-475	458	3	story	story	NOUN
alces-475	458	4	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	458	5	an	an	DET
alces-475	458	6	ecological	ecological	ADJ
alces-475	458	7	case	case	NOUN
alces-475	458	8	history	history	NOUN
alces-475	458	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	459	1	pages	page	NOUN
alces-475	459	2	37	37	NUM
alces-475	459	3	-	-	SYM
alces-475	459	4	49	49	NUM
alces-475	459	5	in	in	ADP
alces-475	459	6	r.	r.	PROPN
alces-475	459	7	n.	n.	PROPN
alces-475	459	8	owen	owen	PROPN
alces-475	459	9	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	459	10	smith	smith	PROPN
alces-475	459	11	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	459	12	editor	editor	NOUN
alces-475	459	13	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	460	1	management	management	NOUN
alces-475	460	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	460	3	large	large	ADJ
alces-475	460	4	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	460	5	in	in	ADP
alces-475	460	6	african	african	ADJ
alces-475	460	7	conservation	conservation	NOUN
alces-475	460	8	areas	area	NOUN
alces-475	460	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	461	1	haum	haum	PROPN
alces-475	461	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	461	3	pretoria	pretoria	PROPN
alces-475	461	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	461	5	south	south	PROPN
alces-475	461	6	africa	africa	PROPN
alces-475	461	7	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	462	1	pastor	pastor	PROPN
alces-475	462	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	462	3	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	462	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	462	5	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	462	6	k.	k.	PROPN
alces-475	462	7	danell	danell	PROPN
alces-475	462	8	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	463	1	2003	2003	NUM
alces-475	463	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	464	1	moosevegetation	moosevegetation	NOUN
alces-475	464	2	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	464	3	soil	soil	NOUN
alces-475	464	4	interactions	interaction	NOUN
alces-475	464	5	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	464	6	a	a	DET
alces-475	464	7	dynamic	dynamic	ADJ
alces-475	464	8	system	system	NOUN
alces-475	464	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	465	1	alces	alce	NOUN
alces-475	465	2	39:177	39:177	NUM
alces-475	465	3	-	-	SYM
alces-475	465	4	192	192	NUM
alces-475	465	5	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	465	6	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	465	7	b.	b.	PROPN
alces-475	465	8	dewey	dewey	PROPN
alces-475	465	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	465	10	r.	r.	PROPN
alces-475	465	11	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	465	12	naiman	naiman	PROPN
alces-475	465	13	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	465	14	p.	p.	PROPN
alces-475	465	15	f.	f.	PROPN
alces-475	465	16	mcinnes	mcinnes	PROPN
alces-475	465	17	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	465	18	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	465	19	y.	y.	PROPN
alces-475	465	20	cohen	cohen	PROPN
alces-475	465	21	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	466	1	1993	1993	NUM
alces-475	466	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	467	1	moose	moose	NOUN
alces-475	467	2	browsing	browse	VERB
alces-475	467	3	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	467	4	soil	soil	NOUN
alces-475	467	5	fertility	fertility	NOUN
alces-475	467	6	in	in	ADP
alces-475	467	7	the	the	DET
alces-475	467	8	boreal	boreal	NOUN
alces-475	467	9	forests	forest	NOUN
alces-475	467	10	of	of	ADP
alces-475	467	11	isle	isle	PROPN
alces-475	467	12	royale	royale	PROPN
alces-475	467	13	national	national	PROPN
alces-475	467	14	park	park	PROPN
alces-475	467	15	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	468	1	ecology	ecology	NOUN
alces-475	468	2	74:467	74:467	PROPN
alces-475	468	3	-	-	SYM
alces-475	468	4	480	480	NUM
alces-475	468	5	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	468	6	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	468	7	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	468	8	r.	r.	PROPN
alces-475	468	9	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	468	10	naiman	naiman	PROPN
alces-475	468	11	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	469	1	1992	1992	NUM
alces-475	469	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	470	1	selective	selective	ADJ
alces-475	470	2	foraging	foraging	NOUN
alces-475	470	3	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	470	4	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	470	5	processes	process	NOUN
alces-475	470	6	in	in	ADP
alces-475	470	7	boreal	boreal	ADJ
alces-475	470	8	forests	forest	NOUN
alces-475	470	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	471	1	american	american	PROPN
alces-475	471	2	naturalist	naturalist	PROPN
alces-475	471	3	139:690	139:690	PROPN
alces-475	471	4	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	471	5	705	705	NUM
alces-475	471	6	.	.	NUM
alces-475	472	1	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	472	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	472	3	b.	b.	PROPN
alces-475	472	4	dewey	dewey	PROPN
alces-475	472	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	472	6	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	472	7	p.	p.	PROPN
alces-475	472	8	mcinnes	mcinne	NOUN
alces-475	472	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	473	1	1988	1988	NUM
alces-475	473	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	474	1	moose	moose	NOUN
alces-475	474	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	474	3	microbes	microbe	NOUN
alces-475	474	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	474	5	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	474	6	the	the	DET
alces-475	474	7	boreal	boreal	NOUN
alces-475	474	8	forest	forest	NOUN
alces-475	474	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	475	1	bioscience	bioscience	NOUN
alces-475	475	2	38:70	38:70	NUM
alces-475	475	3	-	-	SYM
alces-475	475	4	77	77	NUM
alces-475	475	5	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	476	1	patterson	patterson	PROPN
alces-475	476	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	476	3	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	476	4	h.	h.	PROPN
alces-475	476	5	1907	1907	NUM
alces-475	476	6	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	477	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	477	2	maneaters	maneater	NOUN
alces-475	477	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	477	4	tsavo	tsavo	PROPN
alces-475	477	5	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	478	1	macmillan	macmillan	PROPN
alces-475	478	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	478	3	london	london	PROPN
alces-475	478	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	478	5	uk	uk	PROPN
alces-475	478	6	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	478	7	pellew	pellew	PROPN
alces-475	478	8	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	478	9	r.	r.	PROPN
alces-475	478	10	a.	a.	PROPN
alces-475	478	11	p.	p.	PROPN
alces-475	478	12	1981	1981	NUM
alces-475	478	13	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	479	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	479	2	giraffe	giraffe	NOUN
alces-475	479	3	(	(	PUNCT
alces-475	479	4	giraffa	giraffa	PROPN
alces-475	479	5	cemlopardalis	cemlopardali	VERB
alces-475	479	6	tippelskirchi	tippelskirchi	NOUN
alces-475	479	7	matschie	matschie	PROPN
alces-475	479	8	)	)	PUNCT
alces-475	479	9	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	479	10	its	its	PRON
alces-475	479	11	acacia	acacia	NOUN
alces-475	479	12	food	food	NOUN
alces-475	479	13	resource	resource	NOUN
alces-475	479	14	in	in	ADP
alces-475	479	15	the	the	DET
alces-475	479	16	serengeti	serengeti	PROPN
alces-475	479	17	national	national	PROPN
alces-475	479	18	park	park	PROPN
alces-475	479	19	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	480	1	ph.d	ph.d	PROPN
alces-475	480	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	481	1	thesis	thesis	NOUN
alces-475	481	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	481	3	university	university	PROPN
alces-475	481	4	of	of	ADP
alces-475	481	5	london	london	PROPN
alces-475	481	6	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	481	7	uk	uk	PROPN
alces-475	481	8	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	481	9	alces	alce	NOUN
alces-475	481	10	vol	vol	NOUN
alces-475	481	11	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	481	12	39	39	NUM
alces-475	481	13	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	481	14	2003	2003	NUM
alces-475	481	15	sinclair	sinclair	NOUN
alces-475	481	16	–	–	PUNCT
alces-475	481	17	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	481	18	as	as	ADP
alces-475	481	19	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	481	20	landscapers	landscaper	NOUN
alces-475	481	21	175	175	NUM
alces-475	481	22	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	482	1	1983	1983	NUM
alces-475	482	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	483	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	483	2	impacts	impact	NOUN
alces-475	483	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	483	4	elephant	elephant	NOUN
alces-475	483	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	483	6	giraffe	giraffe	NOUN
alces-475	483	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	483	8	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	483	9	fire	fire	NOUN
alces-475	483	10	upon	upon	SCONJ
alces-475	483	11	the	the	DET
alces-475	483	12	acacia	acacia	NOUN
alces-475	483	13	tortilis	tortili	NOUN
alces-475	483	14	woodlands	woodland	NOUN
alces-475	483	15	of	of	ADP
alces-475	483	16	the	the	DET
alces-475	483	17	serengeti	serengeti	PROPN
alces-475	483	18	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	484	1	african	african	ADJ
alces-475	484	2	journal	journal	PROPN
alces-475	484	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	484	4	ecology	ecology	NOUN
alces-475	484	5	21:41	21:41	NUM
alces-475	484	6	-	-	SYM
alces-475	484	7	74	74	NUM
alces-475	484	8	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	485	1	peterson	peterson	PROPN
alces-475	485	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	485	3	r.	r.	PROPN
alces-475	485	4	o.	o.	PROPN
alces-475	485	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	485	6	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	485	7	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	485	8	a.	a.	PROPN
alces-475	485	9	vucetich	vucetich	PROPN
alces-475	485	10	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	486	1	2001	2001	NUM
alces-475	486	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	487	1	ecological	ecological	ADJ
alces-475	487	2	studies	study	NOUN
alces-475	487	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	487	4	wolves	wolf	NOUN
alces-475	487	5	on	on	ADP
alces-475	487	6	isle	isle	PROPN
alces-475	487	7	royale	royale	PROPN
alces-475	487	8	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	488	1	annual	annual	ADJ
alces-475	488	2	report	report	NOUN
alces-475	488	3	2000	2000	NUM
alces-475	488	4	-	-	SYM
alces-475	488	5	2001	2001	NUM
alces-475	488	6	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	489	1	michigan	michigan	PROPN
alces-475	489	2	technological	technological	PROPN
alces-475	489	3	university	university	PROPN
alces-475	489	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	489	5	houghton	houghton	PROPN
alces-475	489	6	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	489	7	michigan	michigan	PROPN
alces-475	489	8	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	489	9	usa	usa	PROPN
alces-475	489	10	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	489	11	risenhoover	risenhoover	PROPN
alces-475	489	12	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	489	13	k.	k.	PROPN
alces-475	489	14	l.	l.	PROPN
alces-475	489	15	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	489	16	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	489	17	s.	s.	PROPN
alces-475	489	18	a.	a.	PROPN
alces-475	489	19	maass	maass	PROPN
alces-475	489	20	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	489	21	1987	1987	NUM
alces-475	489	22	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	490	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	490	2	influence	influence	NOUN
alces-475	490	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	490	4	moose	moose	NOUN
alces-475	490	5	on	on	ADP
alces-475	490	6	the	the	DET
alces-475	490	7	composition	composition	NOUN
alces-475	490	8	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	490	9	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	490	10	of	of	ADP
alces-475	490	11	isle	isle	PROPN
alces-475	490	12	royale	royale	PROPN
alces-475	490	13	forests	forests	PROPN
alces-475	490	14	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	491	1	canadian	canadian	ADJ
alces-475	491	2	journal	journal	PROPN
alces-475	491	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	491	4	forest	forest	PROPN
alces-475	491	5	research	research	NOUN
alces-475	491	6	17:357	17:357	NUM
alces-475	491	7	-	-	SYM
alces-475	491	8	364	364	NUM
alces-475	491	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	492	1	ross	ross	PROPN
alces-475	492	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	492	3	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	492	4	1982	1982	NUM
alces-475	492	5	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	493	1	myxomatosis	myxomatosis	NOUN
alces-475	493	2	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	493	3	the	the	DET
alces-475	493	4	natural	natural	ADJ
alces-475	493	5	evolution	evolution	NOUN
alces-475	493	6	of	of	ADP
alces-475	493	7	the	the	DET
alces-475	493	8	disease	disease	NOUN
alces-475	493	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	494	1	pages	page	NOUN
alces-475	494	2	77	77	NUM
alces-475	494	3	-	-	SYM
alces-475	494	4	95	95	NUM
alces-475	494	5	in	in	ADP
alces-475	494	6	m.	m.	NOUN
alces-475	494	7	a.	a.	PROPN
alces-475	494	8	edwards	edwards	PROPN
alces-475	494	9	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	494	10	u.	u.	PROPN
alces-475	494	11	mcdonnell	mcdonnell	PROPN
alces-475	494	12	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	494	13	editors	editor	NOUN
alces-475	494	14	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	495	1	animal	animal	NOUN
alces-475	495	2	disease	disease	NOUN
alces-475	495	3	in	in	ADP
alces-475	495	4	relation	relation	NOUN
alces-475	495	5	to	to	PART
alces-475	495	6	animal	animal	NOUN
alces-475	495	7	conservation	conservation	NOUN
alces-475	495	8	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	496	1	academic	academic	ADJ
alces-475	496	2	press	press	PROPN
alces-475	496	3	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	496	4	london	london	PROPN
alces-475	496	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	496	6	uk	uk	PROPN
alces-475	496	7	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	496	8	sala	sala	PROPN
alces-475	496	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	496	10	o.	o.	PROPN
alces-475	496	11	e.	e.	PROPN
alces-475	496	12	1988	1988	NUM
alces-475	496	13	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	497	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	497	2	effect	effect	NOUN
alces-475	497	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	497	4	herbivory	herbivory	NOUN
alces-475	497	5	on	on	ADP
alces-475	497	6	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	497	7	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	497	8	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	498	1	pages	page	NOUN
alces-475	498	2	317	317	NUM
alces-475	498	3	-	-	SYM
alces-475	498	4	330	330	NUM
alces-475	498	5	in	in	ADP
alces-475	498	6	m.	m.	NOUN
alces-475	498	7	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	498	8	a.werger	a.werger	PROPN
alces-475	498	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	499	1	p.	p.	PROPN
alces-475	499	2	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	499	3	m.	m.	PROPN
alces-475	499	4	van	van	PROPN
alces-475	499	5	der	der	PROPN
alces-475	499	6	aart	aart	PROPN
alces-475	499	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	499	8	h.	h.	PROPN
alces-475	499	9	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	499	10	during	during	PROPN
alces-475	499	11	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	499	12	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	499	13	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	499	14	t.	t.	PROPN
alces-475	499	15	a.	a.	PROPN
alces-475	499	16	verhoeven	verhoeven	PROPN
alces-475	499	17	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	499	18	editors	editor	NOUN
alces-475	499	19	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	500	1	plant	plant	NOUN
alces-475	500	2	form	form	NOUN
alces-475	500	3	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	500	4	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	500	5	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	500	6	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	501	1	spb	spb	PROPN
alces-475	501	2	academic	academic	ADJ
alces-475	501	3	publishing	publishing	NOUN
alces-475	501	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	501	5	the	the	DET
alces-475	501	6	hague	hague	PROPN
alces-475	501	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	501	8	netherlands	netherlands	PROPN
alces-475	501	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	501	10	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	501	11	w.	w.	PROPN
alces-475	501	12	k.	k.	PROPN
alces-475	501	13	la	la	PROPN
alces-475	501	14	u	u	PROPN
alces-475	501	15	e	e	PROPN
alces-475	501	16	n	n	NOUN
alces-475	501	17	r	r	NOUN
alces-475	501	18	o	o	NOUN
alces-475	501	19	t	t	NOUN
alces-475	501	20	h	h	NOUN
alces-475	501	21	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	501	22	s.	s.	PROPN
alces-475	501	23	j	j	PROPN
alces-475	501	24	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	502	1	mcnaughton	mcnaughton	PROPN
alces-475	502	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	502	3	g.	g.	PROPN
alces-475	502	4	rusch	rusch	PROPN
alces-475	502	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	502	6	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	502	7	x.	x.	NOUN
alces-475	502	8	zhang	zhang	PROPN
alces-475	502	9	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	502	10	1996	1996	NUM
alces-475	502	11	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	503	1	biodiversity	biodiversity	NOUN
alces-475	503	2	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	503	3	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	503	4	functioning	function	VERB
alces-475	503	5	in	in	ADP
alces-475	503	6	grasslands	grassland	NOUN
alces-475	503	7	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	504	1	pages	page	NOUN
alces-475	504	2	130	130	NUM
alces-475	504	3	-	-	SYM
alces-475	504	4	149	149	NUM
alces-475	504	5	in	in	ADP
alces-475	504	6	h.	h.	PROPN
alces-475	504	7	a.	a.	PROPN
alces-475	504	8	mooney	mooney	PROPN
alces-475	504	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	504	10	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	504	11	h.	h.	PROPN
alces-475	504	12	cushman	cushman	PROPN
alces-475	504	13	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	504	14	e.	e.	PROPN
alces-475	504	15	medina	medina	PROPN
alces-475	504	16	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	504	17	o.	o.	PROPN
alces-475	504	18	e.	e.	PROPN
alces-475	504	19	sala	sala	PROPN
alces-475	504	20	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	504	21	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	504	22	e.-d	e.-d	NOUN
alces-475	504	23	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	505	1	schulz	schulz	PROPN
alces-475	505	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	505	3	editors	editor	NOUN
alces-475	505	4	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	506	1	functional	functional	ADJ
alces-475	506	2	roles	role	NOUN
alces-475	506	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	506	4	biodiversity	biodiversity	NOUN
alces-475	506	5	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	506	6	a	a	DET
alces-475	506	7	global	global	ADJ
alces-475	506	8	perspective	perspective	NOUN
alces-475	506	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	507	1	john	john	PROPN
alces-475	507	2	wiley	wiley	PROPN
alces-475	507	3	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	507	4	sons	son	NOUN
alces-475	507	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	507	6	new	new	PROPN
alces-475	507	7	york	york	PROPN
alces-475	507	8	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	507	9	new	new	PROPN
alces-475	507	10	york	york	PROPN
alces-475	507	11	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	507	12	usa	usa	PROPN
alces-475	507	13	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	507	14	schmitz	schmitz	PROPN
alces-475	507	15	o.	o.	PROPN
alces-475	507	16	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	507	17	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	507	18	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	507	19	a.	a.	PROPN
alces-475	507	20	r.	r.	PROPN
alces-475	507	21	e.	e.	PROPN
alces-475	507	22	sinclair	sinclair	PROPN
alces-475	507	23	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	507	24	1997	1997	NUM
alces-475	507	25	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	508	1	rethinking	rethink	VERB
alces-475	508	2	the	the	DET
alces-475	508	3	role	role	NOUN
alces-475	508	4	of	of	ADP
alces-475	508	5	deer	deer	NOUN
alces-475	508	6	in	in	ADP
alces-475	508	7	forest	forest	NOUN
alces-475	508	8	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	508	9	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
alces-475	508	10	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	509	1	pages	page	NOUN
alces-475	509	2	201	201	NUM
alces-475	509	3	-	-	SYM
alces-475	509	4	223	223	NUM
alces-475	509	5	in	in	ADP
alces-475	509	6	w.	w.	PROPN
alces-475	509	7	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	509	8	mcshea	mcshea	PROPN
alces-475	509	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	509	10	h.	h.	PROPN
alces-475	509	11	b.	b.	PROPN
alces-475	509	12	underwood	underwood	PROPN
alces-475	509	13	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	509	14	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	509	15	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	509	16	h.	h.	PROPN
alces-475	509	17	rappole	rappole	PROPN
alces-475	509	18	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	509	19	editors	editor	NOUN
alces-475	509	20	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	510	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	510	2	science	science	NOUN
alces-475	510	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	510	4	overabundance	overabundance	NOUN
alces-475	510	5	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	511	1	smithsonian	smithsonian	PROPN
alces-475	511	2	institution	institution	PROPN
alces-475	511	3	press	press	PROPN
alces-475	511	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	511	5	washington	washington	PROPN
alces-475	511	6	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	511	7	d.c	d.c	PROPN
alces-475	511	8	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	511	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	511	10	usa	usa	PROPN
alces-475	511	11	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	511	12	schreiner	schreiner	PROPN
alces-475	511	13	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	511	14	e.	e.	PROPN
alces-475	511	15	g.	g.	PROPN
alces-475	511	16	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	511	17	k.	k.	PROPN
alces-475	511	18	a.	a.	PROPN
alces-475	511	19	krueger	krueger	PROPN
alces-475	511	20	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	511	21	p.	p.	PROPN
alces-475	511	22	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	511	23	happe	happe	PROPN
alces-475	511	24	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	511	25	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	511	26	d.	d.	PROPN
alces-475	511	27	b.	b.	PROPN
alces-475	511	28	houston	houston	PROPN
alces-475	511	29	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	512	1	1996	1996	NUM
alces-475	512	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	513	1	understory	understory	ADJ
alces-475	513	2	patch	patch	NOUN
alces-475	513	3	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
alces-475	513	4	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	513	5	ungulate	ungulate	ADJ
alces-475	513	6	herbivory	herbivory	NOUN
alces-475	513	7	in	in	ADP
alces-475	513	8	old	old	ADJ
alces-475	513	9	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	513	10	growth	growth	NOUN
alces-475	513	11	forests	forest	NOUN
alces-475	513	12	of	of	ADP
alces-475	513	13	olympic	olympic	ADJ
alces-475	513	14	national	national	PROPN
alces-475	513	15	park	park	PROPN
alces-475	513	16	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	513	17	washington	washington	PROPN
alces-475	513	18	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	514	1	canadian	canadian	PROPN
alces-475	514	2	journal	journal	PROPN
alces-475	514	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	514	4	forest	forest	NOUN
alces-475	514	5	research	research	NOUN
alces-475	514	6	26:255	26:255	NUM
alces-475	514	7	-	-	SYM
alces-475	514	8	265	265	NUM
alces-475	514	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	515	1	short	short	ADJ
alces-475	515	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	515	3	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	515	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	515	5	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	515	6	e.	e.	PROPN
alces-475	515	7	kinnear	kinnear	PROPN
alces-475	515	8	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	515	9	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	515	10	a.	a.	NOUN
alces-475	515	11	robley	robley	NOUN
alces-475	515	12	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	516	1	2000	2000	NUM
alces-475	516	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	517	1	surplus	surplus	NOUN
alces-475	517	2	killing	kill	VERB
alces-475	517	3	by	by	ADP
alces-475	517	4	introduced	introduce	VERB
alces-475	517	5	predators	predator	NOUN
alces-475	517	6	in	in	ADP
alces-475	517	7	australia	australia	NOUN
alces-475	517	8	–	–	PUNCT
alces-475	517	9	evidence	evidence	NOUN
alces-475	517	10	for	for	ADP
alces-475	517	11	ineffective	ineffective	ADJ
alces-475	517	12	anti	anti	ADJ
alces-475	517	13	-	-	ADJ
alces-475	517	14	predator	predator	ADJ
alces-475	517	15	adaptations	adaptation	NOUN
alces-475	517	16	in	in	ADP
alces-475	517	17	native	native	ADJ
alces-475	517	18	prey	prey	PROPN
alces-475	517	19	species	specie	NOUN
alces-475	517	20	?	?	PUNCT
alces-475	518	1	biological	biological	ADJ
alces-475	518	2	conservation	conservation	NOUN
alces-475	518	3	103:283	103:283	PROPN
alces-475	518	4	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	518	5	301	301	NUM
alces-475	518	6	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	518	7	sinclair	sinclair	PROPN
alces-475	518	8	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	518	9	a.	a.	PROPN
alces-475	518	10	r.	r.	PROPN
alces-475	518	11	e.	e.	PROPN
alces-475	518	12	1977	1977	NUM
alces-475	518	13	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	519	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	519	2	african	african	PROPN
alces-475	519	3	buffalo	buffalo	PROPN
alces-475	519	4	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	520	1	a	a	DET
alces-475	520	2	study	study	NOUN
alces-475	520	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	520	4	resource	resource	NOUN
alces-475	520	5	limitation	limitation	NOUN
alces-475	520	6	of	of	ADP
alces-475	520	7	populations	population	NOUN
alces-475	520	8	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	521	1	university	university	NOUN
alces-475	521	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	521	3	chicago	chicago	PROPN
alces-475	521	4	press	press	PROPN
alces-475	521	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	521	6	chicago	chicago	PROPN
alces-475	521	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	521	8	illinois	illinois	PROPN
alces-475	521	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	521	10	usa	usa	PROPN
alces-475	521	11	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	521	12	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	522	1	1979	1979	NUM
alces-475	522	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	523	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	523	2	eruption	eruption	NOUN
alces-475	523	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	523	4	the	the	DET
alces-475	523	5	ruminants	ruminant	NOUN
alces-475	523	6	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	524	1	pages	page	NOUN
alces-475	524	2	82	82	NUM
alces-475	524	3	-	-	SYM
alces-475	524	4	103	103	NUM
alces-475	524	5	in	in	ADP
alces-475	524	6	a.	a.	PROPN
alces-475	524	7	r.	r.	PROPN
alces-475	524	8	e.	e.	PROPN
alces-475	524	9	sinclair	sinclair	PROPN
alces-475	524	10	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	524	11	m.	m.	PROPN
alces-475	524	12	norton	norton	PROPN
alces-475	524	13	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	524	14	griffiths	griffiths	PROPN
alces-475	524	15	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	524	16	editors	editor	NOUN
alces-475	524	17	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	525	1	serengeti	serengeti	PROPN
alces-475	525	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	526	1	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
alces-475	526	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	526	3	an	an	DET
alces-475	526	4	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	526	5	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	527	1	university	university	NOUN
alces-475	527	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	527	3	chicago	chicago	PROPN
alces-475	527	4	press	press	PROPN
alces-475	527	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	527	6	chicago	chicago	PROPN
alces-475	527	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	527	8	illinois	illinois	PROPN
alces-475	527	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	527	10	usa	usa	PROPN
alces-475	527	11	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	527	12	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	528	1	1983	1983	NUM
alces-475	528	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	529	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	529	2	function	function	NOUN
alces-475	529	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	529	4	distance	distance	NOUN
alces-475	529	5	movements	movement	NOUN
alces-475	529	6	in	in	ADP
alces-475	529	7	vertebrates	vertebrate	NOUN
alces-475	529	8	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	530	1	pages	page	NOUN
alces-475	530	2	240258	240258	NUM
alces-475	530	3	in	in	ADP
alces-475	530	4	i.	i.	PROPN
alces-475	530	5	r.	r.	PROPN
alces-475	530	6	swingland	swingland	PROPN
alces-475	530	7	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	530	8	p.	p.	PROPN
alces-475	530	9	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	530	10	greenwood	greenwood	PROPN
alces-475	530	11	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	530	12	editors	editor	NOUN
alces-475	530	13	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	531	1	the	the	DET
alces-475	531	2	ecology	ecology	NOUN
alces-475	531	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	531	4	animal	animal	NOUN
alces-475	531	5	movement	movement	NOUN
alces-475	531	6	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	532	1	oxford	oxford	PROPN
alces-475	532	2	university	university	PROPN
alces-475	532	3	press	press	NOUN
alces-475	532	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	532	5	oxford	oxford	PROPN
alces-475	532	6	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	532	7	uk	uk	PROPN
alces-475	532	8	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	532	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	533	1	1995	1995	NUM
alces-475	533	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	534	1	equilibria	equilibrium	NOUN
alces-475	534	2	in	in	ADP
alces-475	534	3	plant	plant	NOUN
alces-475	534	4	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	534	5	herbivore	herbivore	NOUN
alces-475	534	6	interactions	interaction	NOUN
alces-475	534	7	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	535	1	pages	page	NOUN
alces-475	535	2	91	91	NUM
alces-475	535	3	-	-	SYM
alces-475	535	4	113	113	NUM
alces-475	535	5	in	in	ADP
alces-475	535	6	a.	a.	PROPN
alces-475	535	7	r.	r.	PROPN
alces-475	535	8	e.	e.	PROPN
alces-475	535	9	sinclair	sinclair	PROPN
alces-475	535	10	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	535	11	p.	p.	PROPN
alces-475	535	12	arcese	arcese	NOUN
alces-475	535	13	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	535	14	editors	editor	NOUN
alces-475	535	15	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	536	1	serengeti	serengeti	PROPN
alces-475	536	2	ii	ii	PROPN
alces-475	536	3	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	537	1	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
alces-475	537	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	537	3	management	management	NOUN
alces-475	537	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	537	5	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	537	6	conservation	conservation	NOUN
alces-475	537	7	of	of	ADP
alces-475	537	8	an	an	DET
alces-475	537	9	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	537	10	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	538	1	university	university	NOUN
alces-475	538	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	538	3	chicago	chicago	PROPN
alces-475	538	4	press	press	PROPN
alces-475	538	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	538	6	chicago	chicago	PROPN
alces-475	538	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	538	8	illinois	illinois	PROPN
alces-475	538	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	538	10	usa	usa	PROPN
alces-475	538	11	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	538	12	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	538	13	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	538	14	c.	c.	PROPN
alces-475	538	15	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	538	16	krebs	krebs	PROPN
alces-475	538	17	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	539	1	2002	2002	NUM
alces-475	539	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	540	1	complex	complex	ADJ
alces-475	540	2	numerical	numerical	ADJ
alces-475	540	3	responses	response	NOUN
alces-475	540	4	to	to	ADP
alces-475	540	5	top	top	ADJ
alces-475	540	6	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	540	7	down	down	NOUN
alces-475	540	8	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	540	9	bottom	bottom	ADJ
alces-475	540	10	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	540	11	up	up	ADP
alces-475	540	12	processes	process	NOUN
alces-475	540	13	in	in	ADP
alces-475	540	14	vertebrate	vertebrate	ADJ
alces-475	540	15	populations	population	NOUN
alces-475	540	16	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	541	1	philosophical	philosophical	ADJ
alces-475	541	2	transactions	transaction	NOUN
alces-475	541	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	541	4	the	the	DET
alces-475	541	5	royal	royal	ADJ
alces-475	541	6	society	society	NOUN
alces-475	541	7	of	of	ADP
alces-475	541	8	london	london	PROPN
alces-475	541	9	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	541	10	series	series	PROPN
alces-475	541	11	b	b	PROPN
alces-475	541	12	357:1221	357:1221	PROPN
alces-475	541	13	-	-	SYM
alces-475	541	14	1231	1231	NUM
alces-475	541	15	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	542	1	tracy	tracy	PROPN
alces-475	542	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	542	3	b.	b.	PROPN
alces-475	542	4	e.	e.	PROPN
alces-475	542	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	542	6	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	542	7	s.	s.	PROPN
alces-475	542	8	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	542	9	mcnaughton	mcnaughton	PROPN
alces-475	542	10	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	543	1	1995	1995	NUM
alces-475	543	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	544	1	elemental	elemental	ADJ
alces-475	544	2	analysis	analysis	NOUN
alces-475	544	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	544	4	mineral	mineral	NOUN
alces-475	544	5	lick	lick	NOUN
alces-475	544	6	soils	soil	NOUN
alces-475	544	7	from	from	ADP
alces-475	544	8	the	the	DET
alces-475	544	9	serengeti	serengeti	PROPN
alces-475	544	10	national	national	PROPN
alces-475	544	11	park	park	PROPN
alces-475	544	12	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	544	13	the	the	DET
alces-475	544	14	konza	konza	NOUN
alces-475	544	15	prairie	prairie	NOUN
alces-475	544	16	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	544	17	yellowstone	yellowstone	PROPN
alces-475	544	18	national	national	PROPN
alces-475	544	19	park	park	PROPN
alces-475	544	20	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	545	1	ecography	ecography	NOUN
alces-475	545	2	18:91	18:91	NUM
alces-475	545	3	-	-	SYM
alces-475	545	4	94	94	NUM
alces-475	545	5	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	546	1	vesey	vesey	PROPN
alces-475	546	2	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	546	3	fitzgerald	fitzgerald	PROPN
alces-475	546	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	546	5	d.	d.	PROPN
alces-475	546	6	f.	f.	PROPN
alces-475	546	7	1960	1960	NUM
alces-475	546	8	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	547	1	grazing	grazing	NOUN
alces-475	547	2	succession	succession	NOUN
alces-475	547	3	among	among	ADP
alces-475	547	4	east	east	ADJ
alces-475	547	5	african	african	ADJ
alces-475	547	6	game	game	NOUN
alces-475	547	7	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	547	8	as	as	ADP
alces-475	547	9	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	547	10	landscapers	landscaper	NOUN
alces-475	547	11	–	–	PUNCT
alces-475	547	12	sinclair	sinclair	NOUN
alces-475	547	13	alces	alce	NOUN
alces-475	547	14	vol	vol	NOUN
alces-475	547	15	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	547	16	39	39	NUM
alces-475	547	17	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	547	18	2003	2003	NUM
alces-475	547	19	176	176	NUM
alces-475	547	20	animals	animal	NOUN
alces-475	547	21	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	548	1	journal	journal	PROPN
alces-475	548	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	548	3	mammalogy	mammalogy	NOUN
alces-475	548	4	41:161172	41:161172	PROPN
alces-475	548	5	.	.	PROPN
alces-475	549	1	walker	walker	PROPN
alces-475	549	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	549	3	b.	b.	PROPN
alces-475	549	4	1985	1985	NUM
alces-475	549	5	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	550	1	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	550	2	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	550	3	function	function	NOUN
alces-475	550	4	of	of	ADP
alces-475	550	5	savannas	savanna	NOUN
alces-475	550	6	:	:	PUNCT
alces-475	550	7	an	an	DET
alces-475	550	8	overview	overview	NOUN
alces-475	550	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	551	1	pages	page	NOUN
alces-475	551	2	83	83	NUM
alces-475	551	3	-	-	SYM
alces-475	551	4	91	91	NUM
alces-475	551	5	in	in	ADP
alces-475	551	6	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	551	7	c.	c.	PROPN
alces-475	551	8	tothill	tothill	PROPN
alces-475	551	9	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	551	10	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	551	11	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	551	12	mott	mott	PROPN
alces-475	551	13	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	551	14	editors	editor	NOUN
alces-475	551	15	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	552	1	ecology	ecology	NOUN
alces-475	552	2	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	552	3	management	management	NOUN
alces-475	552	4	of	of	ADP
alces-475	552	5	the	the	DET
alces-475	552	6	world	world	NOUN
alces-475	552	7	’s	’s	PART
alces-475	552	8	savannas	savanna	NOUN
alces-475	552	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	553	1	australian	australian	ADJ
alces-475	553	2	academy	academy	PROPN
alces-475	553	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	553	4	science	science	PROPN
alces-475	553	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	553	6	canberra	canberra	PROPN
alces-475	553	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	553	8	australia	australia	PROPN
alces-475	553	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	553	10	whicker	whicker	PROPN
alces-475	553	11	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	553	12	a.	a.	PROPN
alces-475	553	13	d.	d.	PROPN
alces-475	553	14	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	553	15	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	553	16	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	553	17	k.	k.	PROPN
alces-475	553	18	detling	detling	PROPN
alces-475	553	19	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	554	1	1988a	1988a	NOUN
alces-475	554	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	555	1	modification	modification	NOUN
alces-475	555	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	555	3	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	555	4	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	555	5	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	555	6	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
alces-475	555	7	processes	process	NOUN
alces-475	555	8	by	by	ADP
alces-475	555	9	north	north	ADJ
alces-475	555	10	american	american	ADJ
alces-475	555	11	grassland	grassland	NOUN
alces-475	555	12	mammals	mammal	NOUN
alces-475	555	13	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	556	1	pages	page	NOUN
alces-475	556	2	301316	301316	NUM
alces-475	556	3	in	in	ADP
alces-475	556	4	m.	m.	PROPN
alces-475	556	5	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	556	6	a.	a.	PROPN
alces-475	556	7	werger	werger	PROPN
alces-475	556	8	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	556	9	h.	h.	PROPN
alces-475	556	10	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	556	11	during	during	PROPN
alces-475	556	12	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	556	13	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	556	14	j.	j.	PROPN
alces-475	556	15	t.	t.	PROPN
alces-475	556	16	a.	a.	PROPN
alces-475	556	17	verhoeven	verhoeven	PROPN
alces-475	556	18	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	556	19	editors	editor	NOUN
alces-475	556	20	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	557	1	plant	plant	NOUN
alces-475	557	2	form	form	NOUN
alces-475	557	3	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	557	4	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN
alces-475	557	5	structure	structure	NOUN
alces-475	557	6	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	558	1	spb	spb	PROPN
alces-475	558	2	academic	academic	ADJ
alces-475	558	3	publishing	publishing	NOUN
alces-475	558	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	558	5	the	the	DET
alces-475	558	6	hague	hague	PROPN
alces-475	558	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	558	8	netherlands	netherlands	PROPN
alces-475	558	9	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	558	10	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	558	11	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	558	12	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	558	13	1988b	1988b	NUM
alces-475	558	14	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	559	1	ecological	ecological	ADJ
alces-475	559	2	consequences	consequence	NOUN
alces-475	559	3	of	of	ADP
alces-475	559	4	prairie	prairie	ADJ
alces-475	559	5	dog	dog	NOUN
alces-475	559	6	disturbances	disturbance	NOUN
alces-475	559	7	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	560	1	bioscience	bioscience	NOUN
alces-475	560	2	38:778	38:778	PROPN
alces-475	560	3	-	-	PUNCT
alces-475	560	4	793	793	NUM
alces-475	560	5	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	560	6	white	white	PROPN
alces-475	560	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	560	8	c.	c.	PROPN
alces-475	560	9	a.	a.	PROPN
alces-475	560	10	2001	2001	NUM
alces-475	560	11	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	561	1	aspen	aspen	PROPN
alces-475	561	2	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	561	3	elk	elk	NOUN
alces-475	561	4	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	561	5	and	and	CCONJ
alces-475	561	6	fire	fire	NOUN
alces-475	561	7	in	in	ADP
alces-475	561	8	the	the	DET
alces-475	561	9	canadian	canadian	ADJ
alces-475	561	10	rocky	rocky	ADJ
alces-475	561	11	mountains	mountain	NOUN
alces-475	561	12	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	562	1	ph.d	ph.d	PROPN
alces-475	562	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	563	1	thesis	thesis	NOUN
alces-475	563	2	.	.	PUNCT
alces-475	564	1	university	university	NOUN
alces-475	564	2	of	of	ADP
alces-475	564	3	british	british	PROPN
alces-475	564	4	columbia	columbia	PROPN
alces-475	564	5	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	564	6	vancouver	vancouver	PROPN
alces-475	564	7	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	564	8	british	british	PROPN
alces-475	564	9	columbia	columbia	PROPN
alces-475	564	10	,	,	PUNCT
alces-475	564	11	canada	canada	PROPN
alces-475	564	12	.	.	PUNCT