Microsoft Word - 00_indice_LM04.docx Il Quaternario IT ISSN 039-3356 Italian Journal of Quaternary Sciences 24 (1), 2011 - 75-92 A REVISION OF THE “NORTHERN GUEST” OSTRACODA (CRUSTACEA) OCCURRENCE IN THE QUATERNARY OF THE MEDITERRANEAN AREA Costanza Faranda1 & Elsa Gliozzi1,2 1Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma 2 Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria, CNR, Roma Corresponding author: E. Gliozzi ABSTRACT: Faranda C. & Gliozzi E., A revision of the “northern guest” Ostracoda (Crustacea) occurrence in the Quaternary of the Me- diterranean area. In this paper the revision of the “northern guest” ostracods widespread in the Mediterranean area during Quaternary time is proposed. The abundant literature on this topic lists up to twenty-three species. They have been critically revised and a list of only twelve true “northern guests” is provided: Acanthocythereis dunelmensis (NORMAN, 1865), Bythocythere turgida SARS, 1866, Bythocythere zetlandi- ca ATHERSUCH, HORNE & WHITTAKER, 1983, Cythere lutea MÜLLER 1785, Cytheropteron depressum (BRADY & NORMAN, 1889), Cytherop- teron punctatum BRADY, 1868, Cytheropteron testudo SARS, 1870, Hemicythere villosa (SARS, 1865), Paradoxostoma abbreviatum SARS, 1866, Paradoxostoma ensiforme BRADY, 1866, Paradoxostoma tenuissimum (NORMAN, 1869) and Semicytherura angulata (BRADY, 1868). These species are generally rare, being found with very few specimens and mainly in one locality. Only Cytheropteron testudo and Cytheropteron punctatum have been reported with a wide geographical distribution in Italy and in the Aegean Sea. The twelve “northern guest” ostracods entered the Mediterranean at different times, being more abundant in the Early Pleistocene Sicilian substage. Only one study on the Last Glacial Maximum marine ostracods has been carried out recording the presence of C. testudo. The record of loose valves of “cold” ostracod species (C. testudo, P. tenuissimum and B. turgida) among the living Mediterranean assemblages sug- gests that they could have migrated into the Mediterranean even during Late Pleistocene time. In this paper, a critical revision of the ex- isting literature about “northern guest” ostracods is presented, together with their stratigraphical and geographical distribution in the Me- diterranean, and three new “northern guest” ostracod species are added. RIASSUNTO. Faranda C. & Gliozzi E., Revisione della presenza dell’ospite freddo Ostracoda (Crustacea) nel Quaternario dell’area me- diterranea. In questo lavoro viene proposta la revisione critica degli ostracodi “ospiti nordici” che si diffusero nel Mediterraneo durante le fasi climati- che fredde che caratterizzarono il Quaternario. L’abbondante, seppure frammentaria letteratura esistente su questo argomento, elenca ventitrè specie di ospiti nordici; in seguito alla presente revisione questo numero è ridotto a sole dodici specie di ostracodi che possono essere considerati veri “ospiti nordici”: Acanthocythereis dunelmensis (NORMAN, 1865), Bythocythere turgida SARS, 1866, Bythocythere zetlandica ATHERSUCH, HORNE & WHITTAKER, 1983, Cythere lutea MÜLLER 1785, Cytheropteron depressum (BRADY & NORMAN, 1889), Cytheropteron punctatum BRADY, 1868, Cytheropteron testudo SARS, 1870, Hemicythere villosa (SARS, 1865), Paradoxostoma abbrevia- tum SARS, 1866, Paradoxostoma ensiforme BRADY, 1866, Paradoxostoma tenuissimum (NORMAN, 1869) e Semicytherura angulata (BRADY, 1868). Queste specie sono generalmente rare sia nelle associazioni, dove spesso sono rappresentate da pochissime valve, sia come presenza nell’area mediterranea, essendo prevalentemente segnalate in una sola località. Solo Cytheropteron testudo e Cythe- ropteron punctatum sembrano avere una distribuzione geografica piuttosto ampia, sia nel Mediterraneo centrale (Italia) sia in quello o- rientale (Mare Egeo). Le dodici specie di ostracodi “ospiti nordici” migrarono nel Mediterraneo in tempi quaternari diversi e risultano più abbondanti in corrispondenza del sottopiano Siciliano. L’unico studio sulle ostracofaune marine dell’ultimo Pleniglaciale ha permesso di registrare la presenza di C. testudo anche nella parte alta del Quaternario. E’ possibile che a questa specie ne possano venire aggiunte almeno altre due (P. tenuissimum and B. turgida) le cui valve isolate, prive di parti molli, sono state rinvenute nei fondali del Mediterra- neo insieme ad ostracofaune viventi. Keywords: Marine ostracods, northern guests, Mediterranean, Quaternary, stratigraphic distribution. Parole-chiave: ostracodi marini. Ospiti nordici, Mediterraneo, Quaternario, distribuzione stratigrafica. 1. INTRODUCTION At the 18th International Geological Congress (Lon- don, 1948), the lower boundary of the Quaternary Era (Tertiary/Quaternary boundary) was established “at the horizon of the first indication of the climatic deterioration in the Italian Neogene succession” (PILLANS & NAISH, 2004, p. 2272). Consistent with this recommendation, the basal part of the Quaternary included the “Cala- brian”, a marine Mediterranean stage defined by Gig- noux (1910) at S. Maria di Catanzaro (Calabria, south- ern Italy) and originally assigned by this author to the Pliocene. In fact from the S. Maria di Catanzaro outcrop some “northern guest” molluscs such as Arctica islandi- ca were collected, and their presence indicated a climat- ic cooling, as pointed out by Suess (1883-1909). Sever- al studies followed, in which numerous “northern guest” molluscs, foraminifers and ostracods were listed, and their appearance in the Mediterranean area occurred in different Pleistocene times (RUGGIERI, 1975, 1977, C. Faranda & E. Gliozzi 76 1980; RUGGIERI & SPROVIERI, 1977; MALATESTA & ZAR- LENGA, 1986). Recently, through the stable isotope ana- lyses of marine foraminifers, a first global cooling was detected in correspondence to the Marine Isotopic Stage 100 (RAYMO et al., 1989), which falls about 60 ka after the Middle/Late Pliocene boundary (Piacen- zian/Gelasian GSSP at Monte S. Nicola section (Sicily) (RIO et al., 1998). This discovery led the scientific com- munity to discuss the possibility to move the Pli- ocene/Quaternary boundary down to the base of the Gelasian. After around twenty years of heateded de- bates (CITA & CASTRADORI, 1994 with references; VAI, 1996 with references; SUC et al., 1997 with references), in 2007 the INQUA and ICS stratigraphic commissions have jointly proposed a new stratigraphic assessment of Pliocene and Quaternary (OGG, 2007) (Fig. 1), ratified by the ICS Commission during May 2009 (CITA, 2009; MASCARELLI, 2009). In this new global stratigraphic scheme, the Neogene/Quaternary boundary corres- ponds to the base of the Gelasian Stage (2.588 Ma), which represents the first stage of the Quaternary Sys- tem and also the first stage of the Pleistocene series (GIBBARD et al., 2010). At present, the Quaternary sys- tem includes the ratified or proposed standard stages Gelasian, Calabrian, Ionian and Tarantian (RIO et al., 1998; CITA et al., 2006). Thus, in this paper, also the “cold” ostracods that entered the Mediterranean during the Gelasian are considered Quaternary “northern guests”, since, as re-defined by RUGGIERI (1977), a species can be considered a true Mediterranean “north- ern guest” if it is at present living outside the Mediterra- nean, at more northern latitudes, and entered the Medi- terranean area during the “cold” global climatic oscilla- tions. Moreover, we consider stratigraphically useful to maintain the subdivision of the Calabrian stage into the Santernian, Emilian and Sicilian Mediterranean regional substages, as defined by RUGGIERI et al. (1984) for the Mediterranean. 2. THE “NORTHERN GUEST” OSTRACODS IN THE LITERATURE: A CRITICAL REVISION The first author who signalled the presence of “cold” ostracods in the Mediterranean was RUGGIERI (1952a) who recovered a fragment of Cytheropteron testudo SARS 1870 from the lower Pleistocene grey sands of Imola (northern Italy). Since then, Ruggieri and other authors have discussed the presence of “northern guest” ostracods in several papers (RUGGIERI, 1956, 1959, 1971, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1980; RUG- GIERI et al., 1976, 1977; RUGGIERI & SPROVIERI, 1977; SISSINGH, 1976; FARANDA & GLIOZZI, 2008), giving a ra- ther long list of species: Actinocythereis dunelmensis (NORMAN, 1865) Argilloecia cylindrica SARS, 1866 Bythocythere dromedaria SARS, 1866 Bythocythere insignis SARS, 1869 Bythocythere zetlandica ATHERSUCH, HORNE & WHIT- TAKER, 1983 Cluthia keiji NEALE, 1975 Cythere lutea MÜLLER, 1785 Cytheropteron depressum (BRADY & NORMAN, 1889) Cytheropteron latissimum (NORMAN, 1865) = Cytherop- teron sp. ex gr. C. latissimum (NORMAN, 1865) Cytheropteron punctatum BRADY, 1868 Cytheropteron testudo Sars, 1869 Hemicythere villosa (SARS, 1866) Leptocythere macallana (BRADY & ROBERTSON, 1869) Macrocypris minna (BAIRD, 1850) Muellerina problematica (SEGUENZA, 1884) Muellerina sp. nov. cf. M. abissicola (SARS, 1866); Nereina (?) sp. ind. Paradoxoxtoma abbreviatum SARS, 1866 Paradoxostoma ensiforme BRADY, 1868 Semicytherura angulata (BRADY, 1868) Semicytherura producta (BRADY, 1868) Thaerocythere (?) sp. Xiphichilus tenuissimus (NORMAN, 1869) The validity as “northern guests” of some of these species was discussed in several papers by Ruggieri and by other authors. In particular: Argilloecia cylindrica SARS, 1866 - some valves recovered by COLALONGO (1966) at Le Castella (Cala- bria, southern Italy) and referred to this northern species (COLALONGO, 1966; RUGGIERI, 1971) were subsequently revised by GRECO et al. (1974 p. 174) and assigned to the species Zabythocypris antemacella (Maddocks); the specimens from Le Castella and Monasterace [Calabria, Southern Italy of GRECO et al. (1974)] have been recent- ly included by AIELLO, BARRA & BONADUCE (1996a) with- in their new species Anchistrocheles interrupta. Bythocythere dromedaria SARS, 1866 - RUGGIERI (1956) assigned to this species some juvenile valves from the ?Santernian of Talignano (Parma, northern Italy) and from the Emilian of Sciacca (Sicily, near Bar Maddalena); afterwards, RUGGIERI (1973) reported immature valves from Pliocene deposits (no localities are specified), thus, this author cancelled the species from its “northern guest” list. We have seen the Ruggieri Ostracod Collection (ROC.) stored at the Paleontological Museum “G.G. Gemmellaro” (Palermo University), but, at present, it has not been possible to check the Pliocene specimens since they are not in the collection, whereas the specimen from Talignano (ROC N° 1651) is not a Bythocythere but a ju- venile of Pseudocythere (Fig. 2). Bythocythere insignis SARS, 1869 - According to RUGGIERI (1973), the valves recovered at Ficarazzi (RUGGIERI, 1956) and Acqua dei Corsari (Palermo, Sici- ly) and referred to this species must be ascribed to Mo- noceratina mediterranea SISSINGH, 1972. Macrocypris minna (BAIRD, 1850) - Ruggieri (1973) doubtfully included this species in its list of “northern guests” because it was recorded only by SEGUENZA (1883-86) and never recovered again. Indeed, Seguen- za dubitatively referred an anterior fragment of a valve of Macrocyprididae to Macrocypris minna? and he did not provide any illustration. Muellerina sp. nov. cf. M. abyssicola (SARS, 1866) - RUGGIERI (1973) recognised a new species of Muelle- rina, from the Emilian of Foce del Verdura (Sciacca, Si- cily) and compared it with the northern species M. abys- sicola (SARS 1866) suggesting that the Italian speci- mens could be either a subspecies of this taxon or a new species phylogenetically linked to it. Afterwards, RUGGIERI (1975) referred Muellerina sp. nov. cf. M. ab- yssicola to the fossil species Muellerina problematica A revision of the “northern guest” Ostracoda (Crustacea) occurrence in the Quaternary of the … 77 Fig. 1 - Magnetostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, biostratigraphy and oxygen isotope stratigraphy of the Quaternary System (Isotopic scale from LOURENS et al., 2004). Magnetostratigrafia, cronostratigrafia, biostratigrafia e stratigrafia isotopica del Sistema Quaternario (scala isotopica da LOURENS et al., 2004). (SEGUENZA, 1884) but, because of its affinity with M. abyssicola, he continued to consider this species as a northern guest (RUGGIERI, 1977, 1980, 1991; RUGGIERI & SPROVIERI, 1977) even if it is a fossil species. YASSINI (1979) recovered Muellerina latimarginata (SPEYER, 1863) (=M. problematica) in the Piacenzian-Gelasian of Algeria and, more recently CIAMPO (1992) recovered M. problematica at S. Todaro (Calabria, southern Italy) in the Zanclean (MPl 3), thus, this species can no longer be considered a Quaternary “northern guest”. Leptocythere macallana (BRADY & ROBERTSON, 1869) - RUGGIERI et al. (1976, 1977) included this spe- C. Faranda & E. Gliozzi 78 Fig. 2 - Pseudocythere sp.: broken left juvenile valve (transmit- ted light). This specimen is stored in the ROC slide N° 1651 under the name Bythocythere dromedaria - Talignano (Parma). Bar corresponds to 0.1 mm. Pseudocythere sp.: valva sinistra giovanile rotta in luce tra- smessa. L’esemplare è conservato nella Collezione Ostracodi Ruggieri teca N° 1651 con il nome Bythocythere dromedaria - Talignano (Parma). La barra corrisponde a 0.1 mm. cies among the ostracod “northern guests” because it had been recovered from several Calabrian deposits of Calabria and Sicily (RUGGIERI, 1952b; RUGGIERI et al., 1976, 1977). ATHERSUCH et al. (1989) consider the Me- diterranean species Leptocythere levis (MÜLLER, 1894) a younger synonym of this species. RUGGIERI & D’ARPA (1993) did not agree with this position. However, they recovered L. macallana in the Piacenzian of Altavilla (Sicily), thus the species cannot be included any more among the Quaternary “northern guests”. Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman, 1865) = Cy- theropteron sp. ex gr. C. latissimum (NORMAN, 1865) - RUGGIERI (1975) records the presence of C. latissimum in the Sicilian deposit of Acqua dei Corsari (Ficarazzi, Sicily). In his paper of 1977, RUGGIERI changed the at- tribution of this species, considering it a species of Cy- theropteron different although similar to C. latissimum. Unfortunately, Ruggieri did not clearly characterise it taxonomically, nor did he illustrate it. The slide of this species within the Ruggieri ostracod collection is empty. Cluthia keiji NEALE, 1975 - This species occurs for the first time in the Mediterranean area in the Calabrian (Santernian). RUGGIERI (1977) and RUGGIERI & SPRO- VIERI (1977) included C. keiji within the “cold species” which migrated into the Mediterranean in correspon- dence with the onset of the first Pleistocene cooling epi- sode. RUGGIERI (1977) himself stated that it could not be considered a true “northern guest” since the species adapted to the Mediterranean climatic conditions and it is still living in this region. Cluthia keiji was recovered by CARBONNEL & BALLESIO (1982) in the Piacenzian depo- sits of the Rhône valley, thus it cannot be considered as either a Quaternary “northern guest” nor a “émigrés du Nord attardés” sensu GIGNOUX (1913) (RUGGIERI, 1977). Thaerocythere (?) sp. (in RUGGIERI, 1977) = Ne- reina (?) sp. indet. (in RUGGIERI, 1980) - We agree with RUGGIERI (1977) that the specimens collected and illu- strated from the Sicilian of the Valle del Belice (Sicily) cannot be referred with certainty to the genus Thaerocy- there HAZEL, 1967. The shape of the posterior border and the ornamentation of the valve illustrated by RUG- GIERI (1977) point to the genus Grinioneis LIEBAU, 1975. In any case, the Sicilian valves are completely different from the Recent arctic species Thaerocythere crenulata (SARS, 1866). The same specimens cannot be referred to the arctic genus Nereina MANDELSTAM, 1957 because the hinge is different, smooth in Nereina but with a cre- nulated bar in the Valle del Belice specimens. Thus, the doubtful attribution of these valves as a possible “north- ern guest” cannot be accepted. Following our revision, the specimen hosted as Thaerocythere (?), Valle del Belice, in the Ruggieri Os- tracod Collection at Palermo (N° 2766) is referable to Muellerina problematica, and is not the specimen illu- strated by RUGGIERI (1977). Probably, a dislocation of the stored valve occurred and the original specimen identified as Thaerocythere(?) must be considered lost. Semicytherura producta (BRADY, 1868) - RUGGIERI (1976) reports this species from the Calabrian of Chirco, Ciantrato (Marsala, Sicily) and Ficarazzi (Sicily). During the revision of the Ruggieri’s collection these specimens have not been found. In the collection there is one never published broken valve from Via del Fante (Palermo, Sicily), (G.O.C. N° 2593C), from which it is impossible to confirm the identification. Thus, for the moment, the presence of S. producta in the Mediterranean during Quaternary is dubitative. In conclusion, only the following 11 species, re- ported with the updated nomenclature, can be consi- dered true “northern guest” ostracods: Acanthocythereis dunelmensis (NORMAN, 1865) Bythocythere zetlandica Athersuch, HORNE & WHIT- TAKER, 1983 Cythere lutea MÜLLER, 1785 Cytheropteron depressum (BRADY & NORMAN, 1889) Cytheropteron punctatum BRADY, 1868 Cytheropteron testudo SARS, 1869 Hemicythere villosa (SARS, 1866) Paradoxostoma abbreviatum SARS, 1866 Paradoxostoma ensiforme BRADY, 1868 Paradoxostoma tenuissimum (NORMAN, 1869) Semicytherura angulata (BRADY, 1868) To this list one more species should be added, not noted by Ruggieri as a Quaternary “northern guest” since he recovered it from the Gelasian of Castellarqua- to (Piacenza) (RUGGIERI, 1976): Bythocythere turgida (SARS, 1866). 3. STRATIGRAPHIC AND GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBU- TION OF THE QUATERNARY “NORTHERN GUEST” OSTRACODS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN AREA Acanthocythereis dunelmensis (NORMAN, 1865) (Fig. 3) 1865 Cythereis dunelmensis sp. n. - Norman, pp. 22, Pl. 7, Figs. 1-4. 1967 Acanthocythereis (?) dunelmensis (Norman) - Hazel, p. 34. 1969 Trachyleberis dunelmensis (Norman) nov. comb. - Yas- sini, p. 49. 1977 Actinocythereis dunelmensis (Norman) nov. comb. - Rug- gieri, p. 83, Fig. 1. 1989 Acanthocythereis dunelmensis (Norman) nov. comb. - Athersuch et al., pp.132-134, Fig. 52; Pl. 3, Fig. 10. A revision of the “northern guest” Ostracoda (Crustacea) occurrence in the Quaternary of the … 79 Fig. 3 - Acanthocythereis dunelmensis: (a) right valve under transmitted light, (b) left valve under SEM from Catarinicchia (Belice Valley, Sicily), Sicilian age; (ROC slide N° 2760); (c) present geographical distribution (dark grey line) and early Pleistocene distribution in the Mediterranean area (black dot). Bar corresponds to 0.1 mm. Acanthocythereis dunelmensis: (a) valva destra in luce trasmessa, (b) valva sinistra in scansione elettronica, provenienti dalla località Catarinicchia locality (Valle del Belice, Sicilia), età Siciliano; (Collezione Ostracodi Ruggieri teca N° 2760); (c) distribuzione geografica attuale (linea grigio scura) e distribuzione nel Mediterraneo nel Pleistocene inferiore (punti neri). La barra corrisponde a 0.1 mm. Recent distribution: S. Baltic Sea, Öres, Bohuslän, N. Norway, Iceland and Arctic Seas, Shetlands, NE British Isles, East Greenland (ATHERSUCH et al., 1989; MALZ, 1989; HANSSON, 1998; FRENZEL et al., 2010); Hornsund (South Spitsbergen) (MACK- IEWICZ, 2006); Laptev Sea (N. Russia) (STEPANO- VA et al., 2003, 2007, 2010). Ostracod bioprovince: Celtic - Arctic (Fig. 4) Ecology: It inhabits the marine inner outer shelf envi- ronment (50-100 m), in polyhaline-euhaline condi- tions and water temperatures that range from -2 to 13 (19)°C (WILKINSON, 2005; STEPANOVA et al., 2007, 2010; FRENZEL et al., 2010). Fossil distribution in the Mediterranean: Calabrian (Sicilian): Belice, (Sicily) (RUGGIERI, 1977, 1980). Bythocythere turgida SARS, 1866 (Fig. 5) 1866 Bythocythere turgida sp. nov. - SARS, p. 84, Pl. 107, Figs. 1-12. Bythocythere turgida is a problematic species. The original drawings by SARS (1866, 1928) are the only available illustrations of this species. ATHERSUCH et al. (1983), revising the Bythocythere species from the Brit- ish coasts, split this species into three different taxa: B. turgida, at present distributed only on the Norway coasts, B. robinsoni ATHERSUCH, HORNE & WHITTAKER, 1983, and B. bradleyi ATHERSUCH, HORNE & WHITTAKER, 1983, living only in the British waters. Unfortunately these Authors did not illustrate B. turgida s.s. MALZ & JELLINEK (1984) agree with ATHERSUCH et al. (1983) and discuss the possible attribution of their specimen to B. turgida. In the present paper we consider the speci- men illustrated by MALZ & JELLINEK (1984) from the Ca- labrian (Emilian) of Peloponnesus (Greece) as males of Fig. 4 - Eastern Atlantic ostracod bioprovinces (redrawn from FRENZEL et al., 2010). Bioprovince ad ostracodi dell’Atlantico orientale (ridisegnata da FRENZEL et al., 2010). C. Faranda & E. Gliozzi 80 Fig. 5 - Bythocythere turgida: (a) left valve from Breman, 1976; (b) present geographical distribution (dark grey line), early Pleistocene distribution in the Mediterranean area (black dot), Last Glacial Maximun distribution in the Mediterranean (white circle). Bar corresponds to 0.1 mm. Bythocythere turgida: (a) valva sinistra da Breman, 1976; (b) distribuzione geografica attuale (linea grigio scura), distribuzione nel Medi- terraneo durante il Pleistocene inferiore (punti neri) e durante il Pleniglaciale (cerchi bianchi). La barra corrisponde a 0.1 mm. B. puncticulata RUGGIERI, 1976. Even the specimen from the Zanclean of Bou Ismail (Algeria) illustrated as Bythocythere turgida by YASSINI (1979) could be a fe- male of the same species. The Bythocythere turgida specimen from Partanna (Sicily, early Calabrian) recovered in the ROC slide N° 2526 is not referable to this species but to a juvenile male of B. puncticulata RUGGIERI, 1976 (Fig. 6). The inclusion of B. turgida within the list of the liv- ing Mediterranean species (AIELLO et al., 1995) is due to the recovery of some loose valves from the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian seas (BONADUCE et al., 1976, 1983; BRE- MAN, 1976; ARBULLA et al., 2001, 2004). According to RUGGIERI (1976) the specimens collected by Breman in the Adriatic Sea must be considered as subfossil and referable to the Last Pleniglacial Maximum migration. We suppose that also the BONADUCE et al. (1976) spe- cimens from the same sea were subfossil. ARBULLA et al. (2001, 2004) recover the few juvenile valves of B. turgida from La Maddalena (Sardinia) in a sample at 2-7 m of depth. Such shallow depth lead us to infer that these specimens too are subfossil. In conclusion, we consider Bythocythere turgida as a true “northern guest”. Recent distribution: Koster Channel, Oslofjord, S and W Norway, Spitzbergen (ATHERSUCH et al., 1983; MALZ & JELLINEK, 1994; HANSSON, 1998). Ostracod bioprovince: Norwegian - Arctic (Fig. 4) Ecology: According to Elofson (1941) it is a polyhaline- euhaline species that inhabits shallow to rather deep waters (20-140 m) Fossil distribution in the Mediterranean: Gelasian: Castellarquato (Piacenza, northern Italy) (RUG- GIERI, 1976) Calabrian (Emilian): Cinisi (Palermo, Sicily) (RUGGIERI, 1976). Tarantian (Last Pleniglacial): Adriatic Sea (BONADUCE et al., 1976; BREMAN, 1976) Tyrrenian Sea (Maddalena Island) (ARBULLA et al., 2001; 2004) Western Mediterranean Basin (near Algerian coast) (BO- NADUCE et al., 1983) Bythocythere zetlandica ATHERSUCH, HORNE & WHITTAKER, 1983 (Fig. 7) 1983 Bythocythere zetlandica sp. nov. - Athersuch, Horne & Whittaker, p. 73, Figs. 5c, 41-n; Pl. 2, Figs. 5-8. In the ROC slide N° 856 a broken juvenile spe- cimen is stored labelled Bythocythere cf. B. zetlandica collected from the Gelasian Capocolle clays (Forlì, northern Italy) (Fig. 8). We have revised it and we pre- fer to leave it in open nomenclature since it does not seem a juvenile of B. zetlandica. Recent distribution: Shetlands, N. Britain (ATHERSUCH et al., 1989; HANSSON, 1998). Ostracod bioprovince: Celtic (Britannic) (Fig. 4) Fig. 6 - Bythocythere puncticulata: left juvenile male valve. This specimen is stored in the ROC slide N° 2526, Partanna (Sicily, early Calabrian), labelled as Bythocythere cf. B. turgida. Bar corresponds to 0.1 mm. Bythocythere puncticulata: valva sinistra maschile giovanile. L’esemplare è conservato nella Collezione Ostracodi Ruggieri teca N° 2526, Partanna (Sicilia, Calabriano inferiore) con il no- me Bythocythere cf. B. turgida. La barra corrisponde a 0.1 mm. A revision of the “northern guest” Ostracoda (Crustacea) occurrence in the Quaternary of the … 81 Fig. 7 - Bythocythere zetlandica: (a) left valve from Monte Mario (Roma, Latium), Santernian age; (Gliozzi’s Ostracod Collection (GOC) slide N° M83/4/15). (b) present geographical distribution (dark grey line) and early Pleistocene distribution in the Mediterranean area (black dot). Bar corresponds to 0.1 mm. Bythocythere zetlandica: (a) valva sinistra da Monte Mario (Roma, Lazio), età Santerniano; (Collezione Ostracodi Gliozzi teca N° M83/4/15). (b) distribuzione geografica attuale (linea grigio scura) e distribuzione nel Mediterraneo durante il Pleistocene inferiore (punti neri) La barra corrisponde a 0.1 mm. Ecology: inner circalittoral waters around British coasts (ATHERSUCH et al., 1989) Fossil distribution in the Mediterranean: Calabrian (Santernian): Monte Mario (Rome, central Ita- ly), from the 2° A. islandica level (FARANDA & GLIOZZI, 2008). Cythere lutea O.F. MÜLLER, 1785 (Fig. 9) 1785 Cythere lutea sp. n. - O.F. MÜLLER, p. 65, Pl. 7, Figs. 3-4. 1818 Cytherina lutea (O.F. MÜLLER) nov. comb. - LAMARCK, p. 125. 1941 Cythere lutea O.F. MÜLLER - SYLVESTER-BRADLEY, p. 27, Figs. 15-18 (with full synonimy) Recent distribution: Kieler Bucht, Öres, Bohuslän, Ber- gen, N. Norway, Iceland and Arctic Seas, Shet- lands, SW British Isles, Scilly Isles, W France (HANSSON, 1998; FREIWALD et al., 1998; MACKIE- WICZ, 2006); Kent coast (Isle of Thanet) (BRUCE, 2002); North Yorkshire (HULL, 1998); from S. Norway to N France (ATHERSUCH et al., 1989); subfrigid to mild temperate waters of the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean (HANAI, 1977). A subspecies (Cythere lutea omotenipponica HANAI, 1959) reaches the warm temperate climatic zone along the Pacific coast of Japan (HANAI, 1977). Ostracod bioprovince: Celtic - Arctic (Fig. 4) Ecology: The species inhabits shallow waters (30-50 m) with sandy bottom or populated by coralline algae. It withstands meso- to euhaline salinities and a wide range of temperature (-2 to 22°C) (FREIWALD et al., 1998; FRENZEL et al., 2010). Fossil distribution in the Mediterranean: Calabrian (Sicilian): Lo Sperone (Palermo, Sicily) (RUG- GIERI, 1971, 1973). Cytheropteron depressum BRADY & NORMAN, 1889 (Fig. 10) 1889 Cytheropteron depressum sp. n. - BRADY & NORMAN, p. 447, Pl. 34, Figs. 39-42. Recent distribution: SW British Isles, (ATHERSUCH et al., 1989; HANSSON, 1998); Scilly Isles (NEALE, 1970). Ostracod bioprovince: Celtic (Britannic) (Fig. 4) Ecology: Inner circalittoral marine environment (ATHER- SUCH et al., 1989) Fossil distribution in the Mediterranean: Calabrian (Santernian): Monte Mario (Rome, central Italy), from the 2° A. islandica level (FARANDA & GLIOZZI, 2008). Fig. 8. Bythocythere sp.: left juvenile broken valve. This speci- men is stored in the ROC slide N° 856 under the name Bytho- cythere cf. B. zetlandica - Gelasian Capocolle clays (Forlì, northern Italy). Bar corresponds to 0.1 mm. Bythocythere sp.: valva sinistra giovanile rota. Questo esempla- re è conservato nella Collezione Ostracodi Ruggieri teca N° 856 col nome Bythocythere cf. B. zetlandica - Gelasiano, argille di Capocolle (Forlì, Italia settentrionale). La barra corrisponde a 0.1 mm. C. Faranda & E. Gliozzi 82 Cytheropteron punctatum BRADY, 1868 (Fig. 11) 1868 Cytheropteron punctatum nov. sp. - BRADY, p. 449, Pl. 34, Figs. 45-48. Recent distribution: Korshavn, S. Norway, Bergen, Brit- ish Isles, Bay of Biscay (HANSSON, 1998). Ostracod bioprovince: Celtic - Norwegian (Fig. 4) Ecology: PENNEY (1993) collected this species from the silty bottom of the Norway Channel at a depth comprised between 190 and 270 m, bottom tem- perature between 6.5-7°C, and euhaline salinity. Fossil distribution in the Mediterranean: Calabrian: Tavoliere delle Puglie (southern Italy) (RUG- GIERI, 1959). Crete (SISSINGH, 1972). Calabrian (Santernian): Valle del Tronto (Marche, cen- tral Italy) (PUCCI, 1956; RUGGIERI, 1973). Vrica (Calabria, southern Italy) about 10 m above the first occurrence of Cytheropteron testudo (CO- LALONGO & PASINI, 1980; PASINI & COLALONGO, 1994). Calabrian (Emilian): Vrica (Calabria, Southern Italy) (COLALONGO & PASINI, 1980; PASINI & COLALON- GO, 1994). Cala Bianca (Marina di Camerota, Campania, southern Italy) (CIAMPO, 1976). Calabrian (Sicilian): Ficarazzi (Palermo, Sicily) (RUG- GIERI, 1956, 1973). S. Maria di Catanzaro (Calabria, southern Italy) (SISSINGH, 1973a). Monasterace (Calabria, southern Italy) (GRECO et al., 1974). Cytheropteron testudo SARS, 1869 (Fig. 12) 1869 Cytheropteron testudo nov. sp. SARS, p. 173, Pl- 105, Fig. 1. Recent distribution: Lofoten, Spitsbergen, Koster Chan- nell, Hardangenfjord (HANSSON, 1998); Laptev Sea (N. Russia) (STEPANOVA et al., 2003); Sco- resby Sound, W Greenland (WHATLEY et al., 1996, 1998; MACKIEWICZ, 2006); Murray Island (E Greenland), Newfoundland (BENSON et al., 1984), Norwegian coast down to the Skagerrak (RUGGIE- RI, 1971, 1973, 1977). The report of this species in the Bay of Biscay (YASSINI, 1969) concerns only loose valves. The possible distribution of C. testu- do in the Southern Hemisphere is discussed by several authors (SWANSON & AYRESS, 1999; DI- XON, 2006; JELLINEK et al., 2006) but this problem is beyond the topic of the present paper. Ostracod bioprovince: Norwegian - Arctic (Fig. 4) Ecology: It is a rather deep species. It as been reported from Norway at depths comprised between 80 and 240 m (FREIWALD et al., 1998 ) and down to 300 m (PENNEY, 1993) at bottom temperatures comprised between 7.0 and 7.4°C. ELOFSON (1941) reports C. testudo from Skagerrak at 270 m of depth and from Spitzbergen at 150 m at bot- tom temperatures from -2° to 10°C. Fossil distribution in the Mediterranean: Gelasian: M. S. Nicola (Sicily) at 68 m (sample 35) (A- IELLO et al., 1996b, 2000; BONADUCE & SPROVIERI, 1984). Camerano (Forlì, northern Italy) (RUGGIERI, 1977, 1978, 1996). Castrocaro (Forlì, northern Italy) (RUGGIERI, 1977, 1978, 1996). “Calabrian”: Kos (Greece, Aegean Sea) (MOSTAFAWI, 1981,1986). Rhodes (Greece, Aegean Sea) (MOSTAFAWI, 1989). Zakinthos (Greece, Ionian Sea) (TSAPRALIS, 1981). Calabrian (Santernian): Vrica (Calabria, southern Italy), about 10 m above the sapropel e (COLALONGO & PASINI, 1980; PASINI & COLALONGO, 1994). Ribera (southern Sicily) (RUGGIERI, 1977). Cosenza (Calabria, Southern Italy) (RUGGIERI, 1952b). Calabrian (Emilian): Vrica (Calabria, southern Italy) (CO- LALONGO & PASINI, 1980; PASINI & COLALONGO, 1994). Imola (northern Italy) (RUGGIERI, 1952a, 1975). Mar Piccolo (Taranto, southern Italy) (CIAMPO, 1971). Porto Recanati (Ancona, central Italy) (RUGGIERI, 1971). Località “il Carmine” (Crotone, Calabria, southern Italy) (RUGGIERI, 1952a). Località in destra del Verdura (Sciacca, Sicily) (RUG- GIERI, 1973). Calabrian (Sicilian): Le Castella (Calabria, southern I- taly) (COLALONGO, 1966). S. Maria di Catanzaro (Calabria, southern Italy) (SISSINGH, 1973a). Ficarazzi (Palermo, Sicily) (SISSINGH, 1973b). Mar Piccolo (Taranto, southern Italy) (CIAMPO, 1971). Porto Recanati (Ancona, central Italy) (RUGGIERI, 1971). Località “il Carmine” (Crotone, Calabria, southern Italy) (RUGGIERI, 1952a). Località in destra del Verdura (Sciacca, Sicily) (RUGGIERI, 1973). Pizzo Longo (Crotone, Calabria, southern Italy) (this paper, together with G. truncatulinoides ex- celsa). Tarantian (Last Pleniglacial): Gulf of Taranto (MON- CHARMONT-ZEI et al., 1985) Adriatic Sea (BREMAN, 1976) Hemicythere villosa (SARS, 1866) (Fig. 13) 1866 Cythereis villosa nov. sp. - SARS, p. 42. 1868 Cythere villosa (SARS) - BRADY, p. 411, Pl. 29, Figs. 28-32. 1925 Hemicythere villosa (SARS) - SARS, p. 182, Pl. 84, figs. 1-13. 1941 Cythereis (Eucythereis) villosa SARS - ELOFSON, pp. 287- 288. Recent distribution: Kieler Bucht, Öres, Bohuslän, North Sea, N. Norway, Iceland, Bear Island (Swalbard), British Isles, Scilly Isles, Bay of Biscay (HANSSON, 1998); Kent coast (Isle of Thanet) (BRUCE, 2002); Davis Strait (Baffin Bay) (ELOFSON, 1941), Atlantic North America (Virginia coast) (HULINGS, 1966); Britain and NW European coasts (ATHERSUCH et al., 1989). Ostracod bioprovince: Celtic - Arctic (Fig. 4) A revision of the “northern guest” Ostracoda (Crustacea) occurrence in the Quaternary of the … 83 Fig. 9 - Cythere lutea: (a) right valve (transmitted light), (b) right valve under SEM from Sperone locality (Palermo), Calabrian (Sicilian) (ROC slide N° 1623); (c) present geographical distribution (dark grey line) and early Pleistocene distribution in the Mediterranean area (black dot). Bar corresponds to 0.1 mm. Cythere lutea: (a) valva destra in luce trasmessa, (b) valva destra in scansione elettronica dalla località Sperone (Palermo, Sicilia), Cala- briano (Siciliano) (Collezione Ostracodi Ruggieri teca N° 1623); (c) distribuzione geografica attuale (linea grigio scura) e distribuzione nel Mediterraneo durante il Pleistocene inferiore (punti neri). La barra corrisponde a 0.1 mm. Fig. 10 - Cytheropteron depressum: (a) left valve from Monte Mario (Roma, Latium), Santernian age; (GOC slide N° M114/1/5). (b) pre- sent geographical distribution (dark grey line) and early Pleistocene distribution in the Mediterranean area (black dot). Bar corresponds to 0.1 mm. Cytheropteron depressum: (a) valva sinistra da Monte Mario (Roma, Lazio), età Santerniano; (Collezione Ostracodi Gliozzi teca N° M114/1/5). (b) distribuzione geografica attuale (linea grigio scura) e distribuzione nel Mediterraneo durante il Pleistocene inferiore (punti neri). La barra corrisponde a 0.1 mm. C. Faranda & E. Gliozzi 84 Fig. 11 - Cytheropteron punctatum: (a) right valve from Monasterace (Calabria), Sicilian age; (ROC slide N° 2313). (b) present geo- graphical distribution (dark grey line) and early Pleistocene distribution in the Mediterranean area (black dot). Bar corresponds to 0.1 mm. Cytheropteron punctatum: (a) valva destra dalla località Monasterace (Calabria, Italia meridionale), età Siciliano; (Collezione Ostracodi Ruggieri teca N° 2313). (b) distribuzione stratigrafica attuale (linea grigio scura) e distribuzione nel Mediterraneo durante il Pleistocene inferiore (punti neri). La barra corrisponde a 0.1 mm. Fig. 12 - Cytheropteron testudo: (a) right valve (transmitted light), (b) right valve under SEM from “il Carmine” locality (Crotone, Calabria), Emilian age; (ROC slide N° 924). (c) present geographical distribution (dark grey line), early Pleistocene distribution in the Mediterra- nean area (black dot), Last Glacial Maximun distribution in the Mediterranean (white circle). Bar corresponds to 0.1 mm. Cytheropteron testudo: (a) valva destra in luce trasmessa, (b) valva destra in scansione elettronica dalla località “il Carmine” (Crotone, Calabria), età Emiliano; (Collezione Ostracodi Ruggieri N° 924). (c) distribuzione geografica attuale (linea grigio scura) e distribuzione nel Mediterraneo durante il Pleistocene inferiore (punti neri) ed il Pleniglaciale (cerchi bianchi). La barra corrisponde a 0.1 mm. A revision of the “northern guest” Ostracoda (Crustacea) occurrence in the Quaternary of the … 85 Fig. 13 - Hemicythere villosa: (a) right valve in transmitted light, (b) left valve under SEM from Sperone (Palermo) (ROC slide N° 1640); (c) present geographical distribution (dark grey line) and early Pleistocene distribution in the Mediterranean area (black dot). Bar corre- sponds to 0.1 mm. Hemicythere villosa: (a) valva destra in luce trasmessa, (b) valva sinistra in scansione elettronica dalla località Sperone (Palermo, Sicilia) (Collezione Ostracodi Ruggieri teca N° 1640); (c) distribuzione stratigrafica attuale (linea grigio scura) e distribuzione nel Mediterraneo durante il Pleistocene inferiore (punti neri). La barra corrisponde a 0.1 mm. Ecology: It inhabits marine very shallow to shallow wa- ters with vegetated sandy bottoms and water temperatures that range from 0 to 22°C in meso- haline-euahaline conditions (ELOFSON, 1941; ATHERSUCH et al., 1989; FRENZEL et al., 2010). Fossil distribution in the Mediterranean: Calabrian (Sicilian): Lo Sperone (Palermo, Sicily) (RUG- GIERI, 1971; 1973, 1980; SISSINGH, 1976). Paradoxostoma abbreviatum SARS, 1866 (Fig. 14) 1866 Paradoxostoma abbreviatum sp. nov. - SARS, p. 94 Recent distribution: S. Baltic, Öres, Bohuslän, Holland, Bergen, Shetlands, British Isles, N France, ?Bay of Biscay (HANSSON, 1998); British Isles, Norway, Baltic, Helgoland and N France (ATHERSUCH et al., 1989); North Yorkshire (HULL, 1998). Ostracod bioprovince: Celtic (?Gasconyan) - Norwegian (Fig. 4) Ecology: P. abbreviatum is typical of mesohaline to euha- line very shallow to shallow waters (0.2 to 20 m)with vegetated and highly oxygenated sandy bottoms, and water temperatures that range from 2 to 5°C (ELOFSON, 1941; ATHERSUCH et al., 1989; FRENZEL et al., 2010). Fossil distribution in the Mediterranean: Calabrian (Santernian): Monte Mario (Rome, central Ita- ly), from the 2° A. islandica level (FARANDA & GLIOZZI, 2008). Paradoxostoma ensiforme BRADY, 1868 (Fig. 15) 1868 Paradoxostoma ensiforme sp. nov. - BRADY, p. 460, Pl. 35, Figs. 8-11. Recent distribution: Bohuslän, Holland,?S and W Nor- way, Shetlands, SW British Isles, N France, ?Bay of Biscay (ATHERSUCH et al., 1989; HANSSON, 1998); North Yorkshire (HULL, 1998). Ostracod bioprovince: Celtic (?Gasconyan) - Norwegian (Fig. 4) Ecology: The species inhabits mesohaline to euhaline very shallow to shallow waters (5 to 18 m on ve- getated bottom and down to 50 m on detritic sands), and a wide range of water temperatures (ELOFSON, 1941; ATHERSUCH et al., 1989; FREN- ZEL et al., 2010). Fossil distribution in the Mediterranean: Calabrian (Santernian): Monte Mario (Rome, central Ita- ly), from the 2° A. islandica level (FARANDA & GLIOZZI, 2008). C. Faranda & E. Gliozzi 86 Fig. 14 - Paradoxostoma abbreviatum: (a) right valve from Monte Mario (Roma, Latium), Santernian age; (GOCollection slide N° T30/1). (b) present geographical distribution (dark grey line) and early Pleistocene distribution in the Mediterranean area (black dot). Bar corre- sponds to 0.1 mm. Paradoxostoma abbreviatum: (a) valva destra proveniente da Monte Mario (Roma, Lazio), età Santerniano; (Collezione Ostracodi Glioz- zi teca N° T30/1). (b) distribuzione stratigrafica atuale (linea grigio scura) e distribuzione nel Mediterraneo durante il Pleistocene inferiore (punti neri). La barra corrisponde a 0.1 mm. Fig. 15 - Paradoxostoma ensiforme: (a) left valve from Monte Mario (Roma, Latium), Santernian age; (GOC slide N°T30/2). (b) present geo- graphical distribution (dark grey line) and early Pleistocene distribution in the Mediterranean area (black dot). Bar corresponds to 0.1 mm. Paradoxostoma ensiforme: (a) valva sinistra proveniente da Monte Mario (Roma, Lazio), età Santerniano; (Collezione Ostracodi Gliozzi teca N°T30/2). (b) distribuzione geografica attuale (linea grigio scura) e distribuzione nel Mediterraneo durante il Pleistocene inferiore (punti neri). La barra corrisponde a 0.1 mm. Paradoxostoma tenuissimum (NORMAN, 1869) (Fig. 16) 1869 Bythocythere tenuissimum sp. nov. - Norman, p. 294. 1870 Xiphichilus tenuissimum (Norman) - Brady, p. 369, Pl. 12, Figs. 6-9. 1889 Machaerina tenuissima (Norman) - Brady & Norman, p. 238, Pl. 21, Figs. 13-14. 1985 Paradoxostoma tenuissimum (Norman) - Horne & Whit- taker, p. 182, Figs. 30A-E, 31A-F, 32A-E, 44D-E, 45D-E Recent distribution: British Isles from Scotland and Shet- lands (HANSSON, 1998; ATHERSUCH et al., 1989). Ostracod bioprovince: Celtic (Britannic) (Fig. 4) Ecology: P. tenuissimum is considered one of the most deep species of the genus, inhabiting waters down to 50-100 m (ATHERSUCH et al., 1989). Fossil distribution in the Mediterranean: Calabrian (Emilian): Cosenza (Calabria, southern Italy), together with Hyalinea balthica (RUGGIERI, 1975). Calabrian (Sicilian): Casa Schifo (between Gela and Vittoria, Sicily) (RUGGIERI, 1975). Tarantian (Last Pleniglacial): Adriatic Sea (BONADUCE et al., 1976; BREMAN, 1976) Semicytherura angulata (BRADY, 1868) (Fig. 17) 1868 Cytherura angulata sp. nov. - Brady, p. 440, Pl. 32, Figs. 22-25. 1957 Semicytherura angulata (Brady) - Wagner, p. 84, Pl. 39. Recent distribution: Kieler Bucht, Belt Sea, Bohüslan, A revision of the “northern guest” Ostracoda (Crustacea) occurrence in the Quaternary of the … 87 Hölland, Hardnger Fjord, Iceland, Shetlands and SW British Isles (HANSSON, 1998); British Isles and Northern Europe (ATHERSUCH et al., 1989); ?Bay of Biscay (YASSINI, 1969). Ostracod bioprovince: Celtic (Britannic) - Norwegian (Fig. 4) Ecology: The species inhabits mesohaline to euhaline very shallow to shallow waters (5 to 10 m) in ma- rine and estuarine conditions, with vegetated bot- tom, and a wide range of water temperatures (ELOFSON, 1941; ATHERSUCH et al., 1989). Fossil distribution in the Mediterranean: Calabrian (Emilian): Apennine piedmont near Forlì (north- ern Italy) (RUGGIERI et al., 1976). Calabrian (Emilian or Sicilian): Chirco, Digerbato and Ciantrato (Marsala, Sicily) (RUGGIERI, et al. 1977). Fig. 16 - Paradoxostoma tenuissimum: (a) broken left valve from Cosenza (Calabria), Emilian age; (ROC slide N° 745); (b) present geo- graphical distribution (dark grey line), early Pleistocene distribution in the Mediterranean area (black dot), Last Glacial Maximun distribu- tion in the Mediterranean (white circle). Bar corresponds to 0.1 mm. Paradoxostoma tenuissimum: (a) valva sinistra rotta proveniente da Cosenza (Calabria, Italia meridionale), età Emiliana; (Collezione Ostracodi Ruggieri teca N° 745); (b) distribuzione geografica attuale (linea grigio scura) e distribuzione nel Mediterraneo durante il Plei- stocene inferiore (punti neri) e il Pleniglaciale (cerchi bianchi). La barra corrisponde a 0.1 mm. Fig. 17 - Semicytherura angulata: (a) right valve in transmitted light, (b) right valve under SEM from Digerbato well (Marsala), Emilian or Sicilian age; (ROC slide N° 2622); (c) present geographical distribution (dark grey line) and early Pleistocene distribution in the Mediter- ranean area (black dot). Bar corresponds to 0.1 mm. Semicytherura angulata: (a) valva destra in luce trasmessa, (b) valva destra in scansione elettronica provenienti dal pozzo Digerbato (Marsala, Sicilia), età Emiliana o Siciliana; (Collezione Ostracodi Ruggieri teca N° 2622); (c) distribuzione geografica attuale (linea grigio scura) e distribuzione nel Mediterraneo durante il Pleistocene inferiore (punti neri). La barra corrisponde a 0.1 mm. C. Faranda & E. Gliozzi 88 4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The critical revision of the “cold” ostra- cods recovered in the Mediterranean Quater- nary proposed in this paper reduces the number of the true “northern guest” from the 22 species reported in literature only to 12 confirmed taxa. They are generally rare with- in their assemblages, often represented only by a single specimen from a single locality. Only C. testudo and C. punctatum have been reported with a wide Mediterranean geo- graphical distribution in Italy and in the Ae- gean Sea. Almost all the “northern guest” os- tracods have their present southernmost dis- tribution in the Celtic bioprovince except B. turgida and C. testudo that are more northern species, presently widespread only from the Norwegian to the Arctic bioprovince. Data on the ecological requirements of the listed “cold” ostracods lead to divide them into three groups on the basis of the water depth: the shallow (infralittoral) species (C. lutea, H. villosa, P. abbreviatum, P. ensiforme, and S. angulata); the circalittoral species (A. dunel- mensis, B. turgida, B. zetlandica, C. depres- sum, and P. tenuissimum); the circalittoral- upper epibatial species (C. punctatum and C. testudo). Temperature ranges are known on- ly for few species, but two groups can be recognized: eurythermal species, such as C. lutea and H. villosa, and cold stenothermal species as C. punctatum, C. testudo and P. abbreviatum. The temperature ranges of this latter group (-2 to 10°C) does not fit neither the monthly mean temperatures of the Medi- terranean superficial waters for January and July 2011 (Fig. 18) nor the mean annual temperature of the Mediterra- nean superficial waters as inferred by KUHLE- MANN et al., 2008 for the Last Glacial Maxi- mum (Fig. 19). Their presence in the Quater- nary Mediterranean deposits can be explained by their settlements in deeper habitats, in search of lower temperatures: C. punctatum and C. testudo have been recovered in the Mediterranean in associations with lower epi- bathial species, whereas the epiphytal inner infralittoral P. abbreviatum moved towards the outer infralittoral bottoms. On the contrary, in the Quaternary, the eurythermal species oc- curred in the Mediterranean in the same range of depths as present. The conclusion reached with this revi- sion leads to a comparison with the “northern guest” molluscs (MALATESTA & ZARLENGA, 1986). Quaternary “northern guest” ostracod species are fewer than mollusc species (twelve against fifty-three) but in both cases they are generally rare within their assem- blages. In fact also among molluscs, very few species can be considered common (> ten localities: Pseudamussium septemradiatum (MÜLLER, 1776), Arctica islandica (LINNAEUS, A revision of the “northern guest” Ostracoda (Crustacea) occurrence in the Quaternary of the … 89 Fig. 20 - Stratigraphic distribution of the “northern guest” ostracods in the Mediterranean area. Distribuzione stratigrafica degli ostracodi “ospiti nordici” nel Mediterraneo. 1767), Lunatia montagui (FORBES, 1838), Neptunea contraria (LINNAEUS, 1771), Buccinum undatum LINNA- EUS, 1767 and Buccinum humpreysianum BENNET, 1825). Like the “northern guest” molluscs, also ostra- cods entered the Mediterranean at different times (Fig. 20), being more abundant in the Sicilian substage. “Northern guest” molluscs were reported also from the last Glacial Maximum deposits of Cap Créus (MARS, 1958), confirming that the migration of “cold” species into the Mediterranean followed the cyclic cold climate oscillations. “Northern guest” ostracods have been mainly recorded in the lower Quaternary sediments, but one study on the Last Glacial Maximum ostracods (MONCHARMONT-ZEI et al., 1985) reports the presence of Cytheropteron testudo in deposits of the Ionian Sea. Additionally, in some papers dealing with modern Me- diterranean ostracod faunas some other “cold” species are listed, recovered as loose valves. For example, BREMAN (1976) and BONADUCE et al. (1976) reported loose valves of Cytheropteron testudo, Bythocythere turgida and Paradoxostoma tenuissimum, whose pres- ence in the Adriatic Sea could be better linked to re- worked remains of the Last Glacial Maximum. In conclusion, this revision of the “northern guest” ostracods suggests that they could be a valuable tool for interpreting cold climatic events in a sedimentary suc- cession, but further studies are needed to improve the knowledge of the Quaternary “cold” ostracod contingent in the Mediterranean. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are deeply indebted with Dr. Carolina D’Arpa, curator of the Museum “G.G. Gemmellaro” of Palermo, who kindly made available to us the Ruggieri’s Ostracod Collection for the revision of true or supposed ostracod “northern guests”. We whish to thank our referees Ilaria Mazzini and Diana Barra who helped us to improve this paper. REFERENCES AIELLO G., BARRA D. & BONADUCE G. (1995) - Crustacea Ostracoda. 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