Imp.Panizza&Piacente GEOMORPHOSITES: A BRIDGE BETWENN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, CULTURAL INTEGRATION AND ARTISTIC SUGGESTION Mario Panizza & Sandra Piacente Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia Largo S. Eufemia, 19 – 41100 Modena pit@unimore.it; piacesan@unimore.it ABSTRACT: M. Panizza & S. Piacente, Geomorphosites: a bridge betwenn scientific research, cultural integration and artistic sugge- stion. (IT ISSN 0394-3356, 2005). The authors start with noting that the geological aspects has not yet assumed its proper value as a Cultural Asset. This seems to deri- ve above all from a static approach and museum-like view of our geological heritage current in society, that have limited its meanings and potentialities considerably. Now there is a very important occasion for re-launching Geology as a cultural and social discipline though some activities that can be summarised in three main fields. - Scientific research on geosites which are one of the components of the cultural heritage of a given territory as well as works of art, fauna and flora etc. - Cultural integration between the geological-geomorphological aspects of a territory and the other landscape components (biological, historical, artistic etc.) within a concept of “integrated cultural landscapes”. - Artistic suggestion of those geological sites which have been source of literary, pictorial, musical etc. inspiration. For each of the above mentioned fields some different characteristic examples are highlighted. RIASSUNTO: M. Panizza & S. Piacente, Geomorfositi tra ricerca scientifica, integrazione culturale e suggestione artistica. (IT ISSN 0394-3356, 2005). Gli autori partono dalla constatazione che gli aspetti geologici non hanno ancora assunto il valore di Bene Culturale. Ciò sembra deri- vare sopratutto da una percezione statica e da una visione museografica con cui il Patrimonio geologico viene tuttora percepito, che ne limitano fortemente i significati e le potenzialità. Attualmente si sta presentando un’occasione molto importante per il rilancio della Geologia che potrebbe e dovrebbe trovare inedite vocazioni culturali e sociali. Le attività per tale rilancio possono essere schematicamente raggruppate in tre campi principali. - Ricerca scientifica dei geositi, che rappresentano una delle componenti del Patrimonio Culturale di un dato territorio così come monumenti, flora, fauna etc. - Integrazione culturale tra gli aspetti geologico-geomorfologici di un territorio e le altre componenti del paesaggio (biologica, storica, artistica etc.) nel concetto di “paesaggio culturale intergrato”. - Suggestione artistica di quei siti geologici che sono stati fonti di ispirazioni letterarie, pittoriche, musicali etc. Di ciascuno dei campi sopra citati vengono illustrati alcuni esempi significativi. Keywords: Geomorphosites, Scientific research, Cultural integration. Parole chiave: Geomorfositi, Ricerca scientifica, Integrazione culturale. Il Quaternario Italian Journal of Quaternary Sciences 18(1), 2005 - Volume Speciale, 3-10 1. FORWARD In a modern society like ours, where environmen- tal problems are usually pressing and urgent, Earth Sciences still occupy a marginal role. This is hardly justifiable if we consider the importance they have actually had and will have in the history and develop- ment of life and civilisation. It is therefore necessary to find new paths and strategies in order to spread better information and communication which can fill this gap. In particular, the geological aspect has not yet assumed its proper value as a Cultural Asset. Therefore, before proposing its conservation and appraisal, its status must first be recognised and new strategies for spreading information must be found, which can reach not so much in the scientific and insti- tutional world but rather society at large. The static approach and museum-like view of our geological heri- tage current in society so far, have limited its meanings and potentialities considerably. Furthermore, the nearly total lack of a tradition of communication and education in Geological Sciences has contributed to causing a delay both in understanding and in arousing an aware- ness of the cultural value of Geology in society. This is a very important occasion for re-launching Geology as a cultural and social discipline. We should therefore define a geological space where Nature itself can offer inspirations for finding the best relationship with Man, the right “distance” (Secchi, 2001): metric, visual, sensorial and symbolic or suggest new practices for territorial management. This need has become ever more felt in the past few years which have been cha- racterised by a marked democratisation of the space around us and its usage. New impulses and expectations are opening up new ways, hardly ever followed before, as confirmed by the activities of ecologist associations, public boards, protection agencies and government norms. All this has 4 M. Panizza & S. Piacente been accompanied by research programmes carried out at a national and international level, such as the research programme activated by UNESCO, Progeo, the International Association of Geomorphologists and confirmed in their provisions, in particular in articles nos. 1 and 6 of the “European Convention on Landscape” (Florence, 2000). All the interventions, perspectives and goals of these activities can be summarised in three main fields. - Scientific research on geosites which are one of the components of the cultural heritage of a given terri- tory as well as works of art, fauna and flora, etc. - Cultural integration between the geological-geo- morphological aspects of a territory and the other landscape components (biological, historical, artistic etc.) within a concept of “integrated cultural landsca- pe”. - Artistic suggestion of those geological sites which have been the source of literary, pictorial, musical etc. inspiration. The above described points will be developed by making reference to the experiences so far achieved by the authors at a local, national and international level. These experiences have mainly interested sites of geo- morphological interest which have been defined as “Geomorphosites” (Panizza, 2001; Panizza & Piacente, 2003). 2. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Basic investigations have been carried out and applied research projects have been implemented or are still in progress with funds from Italian Ministries, the European Union and by means of conventions with public boards. Investigations, which started some 20 years ago, have been developed with the following aims: - To emphasise and assess the relationships between physical landscape and quality of the environment and between development of geomorphological knowledge and socioeconomic development (Panizza, 1988; Panizza, 1989a; Panizza, 1990a; Panizza, 1990b; Panizza, 1990c; Panizza & Piacente 1991; Panizza, 1992b; Panizza & Piacente, 1993; Panizza, Pellegrini & Pozzi (1993), Panizza & Piacente, 1999a; Panizza & Piacente, 1999b; Piacente, 1999a; Piacente, 1999b; Panizza & Piacente, 2000; Panizza, 2001; Panizza, 2003; Piacente, 2003; Piacente & Poli, 2003; Panizza & Piacente, 2003). - To define a methodology for the identification and census of geosites (Panizza, 1992b; Carton et al., 1994; Panizza & Piacente, 1999a, 1999b; Bertacchini et al., 1999; Bertacchini et al., 2001; Panizza & Piacente, 2003). - To present and test in different environmental con- texts a catalogue card linked to a computer-based archive (Bertacchini et al., 1999; Bertacchini et al., 2002a; Piacente & Poli, 2003). - To provide an example of geo-referenced mapping sites within a given regional territory (Castaldini et al., 1997; Bertacchini et al., 1999; Piacente et al., 2001). - To set up a thematic itinerary, where a geosite can be transformed from a “geological object” into a “cultural asset” available to the public (Panizza & Spam- pani,1988, 1989; Panizza 1989a, Panizza 1989b; Piacente 1989; Carton & Panizza,1991; Piacente et al., 2000; Bertacchini et al., 2002b; Piacente et al., 2001; Panizza & Piacente, 2003). - To organise educational projects in which the curricu- la carried out can offer the opportunity to bring stu- dents from all levels closer to Field Geology, during their normal period of cultural formation (Piacente & Soldati, 1989; Piacente & Giusti, 2000; Panizza & Piacente, 2001; Bertacchini et al., 2002; Piacente & Poli, 2003, Panizza & Piacente, 2003). Starting from these observations, our investiga- tions have tried to turn the complex environment-geolo- gical asset system into a language accessible to the widest possible public, even in unusual ambits, such as the elderly, the disabled and young children, making use of local forces and resources and involving young and old in a privileged role: the former in the educatio- nal and professional phase, and the latter in conveying experiences and values, using the past as a preparation for the future. 3. CULTURAL INTEGRATION A landscape is to be appreciated with all its phy- sical, biological, historical, architectonic etc. compo- nents, it can then be considered a primary cultural asset resulting from complex relationships. There is now the awareness that only an in-depth understanding of all the environmental components of a territory and their history can lead to proper conservation and mana- gement initiatives. Naturally, the first source of under- standing lies in the territory itself, with its geological structure and its morphological features. Then we have to consider interventions made by Man on the natural elements. Lastly the archaeological, historical, socioe- conomic, etc. elements must be fully taken in. Therefore, the relationships and reciprocal influences between physical landscape and cultural assets (here considered in a strict sense, that is the above mentio- ned archaeological, historical, architectonic etc. assets) should be identified. As regards research methodology, five operatio- nal phases can be identified (Panizza & Piacente, 2000). The first phase consists of a physical setting of the territory in which the cultural (i.e. historical and architectonic) asset is located, in terms of geological and geomorphological evolution, in terms of resources (raw materials, lithology, morphology, hydrology etc.) and in terms of stability and, therefore, of natural hazards (disarray processes, landslides, floods, earth- quakes, volcanic eruptions etc.). Subsequently, the geomorphological causes which have conditioned the location of a cultural asset should be taken into account. In fact, if the construction of a historical- archaeological site generally responds to the socioeco- nomic needs (housing, religious practices, defence etc.) of a given community over a given territory, at the same time the particular location selected is chosen also on the basis of its environmental characteristics. Among these, for example, the lithological characteristics, owing to the availability of building materials, the hydro- logical characteristics, owing to the presence of a watercourse, the geomorphological characteristics, owing to the presence of a naturally sheltered area or a look-out point and so on. Subsequently, it will be necessary to assess whether a given cultural asset may be affected by natural hazards (in our case, geo- morphological hazards) and, consequently, subject to risks. In this case, defence and mitigation interventions must be planned. Furthermore, it should be assessed whether the possible fruition of a cultural asset – for example following social or tourism initiatives – may bring about negative consequences for the natural, in particular for the geomorphological, environment in terms of environmental impact. Finally, it should be taken into account that the correct management of a historical-archaeological asset cannot be separated from its knowledge integrated in the surrounding envi- ronment (Panizza & Piacente, 1991; 1999a). In this way the proper fruition of both aspects will be implemented, with a positive spin-off from the socioeconomic view- point, also as regards conservation and appraisal. This sort of activity, including all promoting and protecting initiatives and measures, must necessarily be based on interdisciplinary studies and multiple management of environmental education initiatives. Another significant example is offered by Mont- Saint-Michel. This is a granite islet, located in the bay bearing the same name near the mouth of the Couesnon River. On top of the islet, various monumen- tal buildings were constructed, making it one of the most interesting and typical places of northern France (Fig. 1). At the centre of this historical-artistic complex there is a Benedictine abbey overlooking the cliff. The original core of this monumental area was an oratory dating from the year 708, which was dedicated to St. Michael. Later, a Carolingian church was built (X cen- tury), a Romanesque abbey (XI-XII century), a mona- stery and a Gothic cloister and a choir (XIII to XV cen- tury). One of the most singular characteristics of this site is its cyclic isolation from the mainland caused by the alternation of low and high tide. This is a magic, constantly tran- sforming landscape, where another “tide” has been flowing in for centuries: first pilgrims, and nowadays, prevalently, tou- rists. Like all bays, even Mont- Saint-Michel bay is subject to silting. This natural process has increased with time owing to various human activities carried out through the centuries: dams, canals and locks built on the course of the River Couesnon resulted in a decrea- se of its stream velocity and flow rate. As a consequence, this watercourse lost the energy necessary to evacuate the debris materials deposited at its mouth causing also a decrease of the ebb current. A further consequence of this activity was the development of a parti- cular marine flora which retains 5Geomorphosites: a bridge between ... the sediments in the bay. Furthermore, the road on an artificial embankment which links the little island to the mainland has modified the original aspect of the area. An interdisciplinary study involving hydraulics, geo- morphology, biology etc., and laboratory analysis utili- sing a model of the environmental situation have allowed a solution to be identified for re-establishing the original conditions. A mobile dam able to control the runoff of the R. Couesnon will be built and one of its branches will be diverted in order to decrease the amount of solid load towards Mont-Saint-Michel. In this way the combined sea/river action will be enhanced in order to increase the ebb current which, in turn, would wash away part of the debris. The embankment road will be substituted with an “ecological shuttle” on a footbridge. Within forty years, the sea floor between the islet and the mainland should be lowered by about 70 m and the surrounding marine floors should gain some 50 ha. All this should take place without compromising the traditional activities of the inhabitants, such as mus- sel farming and fishing on foot. The unique landscape of this special site will therefore be recreated “where sea and man have united to give origin to this master- piece of human heritage”. In order to negotiate more specifically the rela- tionships between geomorphology and cultural assets (in a strict sense), three types of conceptual approa- ches may be identified and, consequently, three types of methodological approaches (Panizza, 2003): an envi- ronmental approach, a historical approach and a cultu- ral approach (in a broad sense). These different procedures are strictly derived from the multidisciplinarity of the research; therefore they do not make up factors of discrimination or critici- sm, since the different points of view are directed to the pursuit of the same goal. Fig. 1 - The Mont Saint Michel, in northern France, with the Benedictine Abbey architectonic complex. Il Mont Saint Michel, nella Francia settentrionale, con il complesso architettonico dell’Abbazia benedettina. 6 3.1 Environmental approach The environmental approach is based on the rela- tionships between the environment (in particular geo- morphological) and archaeological, historical-architec- tural etc. assets, in conformity with a scheme in which the environment can be considered according to two points of view: on the one hand we have landscape resources (e.g. geomorphosites), and, on the other hand, geomorphological natural hazards (degradation, disarray etc.). In turn, cultural assets (in a strict sense) may be considered as both vulnerability (i.e. susceptible to material damage) and sites for fruition activities (e.g. tourism). These relationships may produce situations of either risk or impact (Panizza, 1992a). An example of geomorphological risk is offered by the valley and adjacent hill of the temples of Agrigento (Cotecchia et al., 2000). The conservation of this site, which is a unique case of world relevance owing to its historical, archaeological, artistic and anthropological value, has been seriously threatened by both geo- morphological disarray processes and man’s activity. In particular, the situation of the temples of Juno Lacinia and Concordia, which are aligned along the southern edge of the hill, is very serious since the calcarenites making up the slope are affected by rock falls, topples and rotational slides, with involvement also of the underlying clay shales. Examples of risk linked to chemical weathering are those resulting from sulphatization processes, which cause disaggregation of calcareous artefacts through the action of precipitation water made more aggressive by sulphur compounds produced by the combustion of coal. Similar processes can occur on the basement of buildings where humidity is higher. In other cases hydrolysis processes may trigger differen- tial erosion in buildings made up of materials with feld- spar components and others constructed with more resistant types of materials. A well-known example of environmental risk and impact is offered by the situa- tion of Venice: recurrent “high water” has determined risk con- ditions whereas strong anthro- pic pressure has caused consi- derable degradation of the eco- logical, physical and biological standards of the lagoon envi- ronment. Another example is Mount Sinai near the Monastery of Saint Catherine (Fig. 2), where there are ever increasing num- bers of tourists, owing to the strong appeal of this site where, according to the Old Testament, Moses received the Tablets of the Law from God. Interest in this site is becoming more and more consistent also in relation to tourism infrastructures, which are expanding at a considerable rate near the seaside villages on the Red Sea, such as Sharm el Sheik. In this case, progressive remodelling and flattening of the slopes is taking place in order to create areas for buil- ding new hotels and related structures, with heavy con- sequences for environmental impact. 3.2 Historical approach This approach is based on history considered as a factor of interpretation, that is on the concepts of continuity and integration between the present landsca- pe and, going back in time, its history, prehistory and, finally, geohistory. For example, we may refer, on the one hand, to the relationships between social, strategic or religious needs and, on the other hand, to the geo- morphological constraints of a particular site. Our pur- pose is to analyse the landscape and recognise in it the integrations and relationships which have been establi- shed through time, by interpreting in an interdisciplinary manner all its “historical” components (in a broad sense) (Panizza & Piacente, 2000). Examples can be as follows. A first explanatory case is offered by the Balzi Rossi (= red cliffs) (Fig. 3), near Ventimiglia (Liguria): one can start from its geohistory (dolomite limestones from the Upper Jurassic, with tectonic joints), geomorpholo- gical genesis (sea cliff, karst modelling, littoral erosion and sedimentation, marine regressions and transgres- sions, reddish weathering of iron minerals, hence the name of “red cliffs” etc.), up to the arrival of Man in the Lower Palaeolithic. In particular, the remains of the most ancient settlements were wiped out by the marine transgressions of the interglacial periods, which stret- ched as far as the caves, reworking prehistoric arte- facts and deposing beach sediments, like those dating from the Tyrrhenian (150,000-75,000 years BP). One of the most important discoveries consists of a three-fold burial from the Upper Palaeolithic (dated between 30,000 and 25,000 years BP). The latest “historical” evi- dence is given by the remains of military forts from the Second World War and the inadequacy of the area for fruition by tourists. M. Panizza & S. Piacente Fig. 2 - Example of environmental impact in the Sinai, near the monastery of St. Catherine. Various parts of this territory appear remodelled and flattened for the construction of buildings and tourist infrastructures. Esempio di impatto ambientale nel Sinai, presso il monastero di Santa Caterina; vari settori del territorio appaiono rimodellati e spianati per la costruzione di edifici e infrastrutture turistiche. 7 Another example is offered by the rocky cliff of Vallerano in the province of Viterbo (Margottini, 2002), with a cave-dwelling containing frescoes depicting Jesus Christ as the Saviour. This is a cliff made up of volcanic rocks from the Vicus apparatus, dated between 200,000 and 150,000 years BP, in which a human dwelling of probable prehistoric origin was excavated. This site was subsequently remodelled and used by Benedictine monks who turned it into a place of worship with rare frescoes, presumably ascribable to the IX-X century A.D. On the cave’s left-side wall the Saviour is depicted, flanked by St. Peter and an angel, whereas, on the bottom wall, a group of saints is shown. These frescoes, which stand out from a back- ground adorned with multi-coloured frames, seem to be the work of an important Byzantine artist. This cave was brought to light in the XIX century, following a col- lapse that destroyed its outermost wall which was pro- bably also frescoed. Its rocky wall shows evident signs of geomorphological instability which point to progres- sive deterioration that could eventually lead to the disappearance of this settlement and the works of art housed in it. Geomorphological investigations (Margottini, 2002) have also identified several boundary conditions, mainly due to the penetration of tree roots into rock joints and consequent destabilisation, and water infiltration into the rock discontinuities and con- sequent slope failures. Finally, conservation interven- tions should take into account possible aesthetic impacts on the site. 3.3 Cultural approach (in a broad sense) This approach concerns the dialogue and cultural integration between humanistic and scientific discipli- nes. For example, one can refer to the relationships between construction, degradation and restoration of an architectonic site and the provenance, characteri- stics and deterioration proneness of the materials used for its construction, also in terms of culturally oriented upgrading policies. More in general, a response should be given to the ever-felt need for a “neo-humanistic” culture, that is for the unity of culture (Panizza, 1989a). An example of this is offe- red by the investigations carried out on the paving of the histori- cal centre of Modena (Comune – Università di Modena, 1999), which could be the starting point for a cultural, educational and tourist path. At first, the petrographic nature of the material (e.g., a marble slab or the use of cobbles from diffe- rent rock types) is examined, by observing its mineralogical cha- racteristics and going back to the area of provenance (for example: a quarry of “Am- monitico Rosso” in the Verona hills for the marble slab; the geomorphological evolution for the cobblestones: from an Apennine mountain down to the valley through erosion, fluvial transportation and sedimentation processes). Subsequently, the methods of extraction and transport of the materials would be considered, as well as the epoch of these operations and the laying down of the paving. Furthermore, the historical, social and cultural motivations for the choice of this type of material would be illustrated, as well as its state of conservation and the causes of possible disarray processes. Regarding this, in a chapter of the previously quoted investigation (Bertolani et al., 1999), it is pointed out that the state of conservation of the sidewalks in Modena depends not only on the resistan- ce of the material used or on the method used for its laying down but also on exceptional events. For exam- ple, in the last period of World War 2 street-paving in Modena underwent very serious damage owing to the passage and parking of heavy military vehicles of the Nazi forces. As regards modern paving interventions on some streets, where cobblestones are used, the con- struction of a central lane made of rock slabs or con- crete would be advisable for the benefit of cyclists; this would in fact avoid unpleasant jerks or the improper use of sidewalks by cyclists (Panizza, 2003). Finally, we would like to quote the recovery for tourist-cultural purposes of a military fortress built by the soldiers of the Italian Alpine regiments during the First World War. This appraisal operation was carried out by the well-known mountain climber R. Messner, who transformed this stronghold into a “Museum amid- st the clouds”, the highest in Europe, located on Mt. Rite, at an altitude of 2100 m in the Italian Dolomites, between Cortina d’Ampezzo and Pieve di Cadore (Fig. 4). Here, reality and representation are intertwined. Reality is embodied by the “pale mountains”, with their mythical names such as Pelmo, Civetta, Marmolada, Cristallo and Tofane, which surround the fortress and break into the space of the museum through small win- Geomorphosites: a bridge between ... Fig. 3 - Balzi Rossi (Red Cliffs), near Ventimiglia, in the western Ligurian coast: cave with prehi- storic settlements corresponding to various Palaeolithic levels. Balzi Rossi (Red Cliffs), vicino Ventimiglia, nella riviera ligure di ponente: grotta con insedia- menti preistorici di vari livelli del Paleolitico. 8 dows. Representation is given by the evocative collection of paintings of the Dolomites, among which the watercolours of the English painter E.T. Compton (1849-1921) stand out, together with many other objects and materials belonging to the history and myths of these mountains. The way to the fortress is an old military track readapted for the use of hikers and closed to motorised traffic, which starts from the XVI century village of Cibiana, a small “jewel” of Cadore, still showing its original plan and made cheerful by over fifty coloured, lively murals. 4. ARTISTIC SUGGESTION There is no region, no place without natural features, among which the geomorpholo- gical aspects, in particular, make a landscape significant, unique for its landforms and the suggestions it conjures up. The features of the landscape are a sort of writing traced on the earth’s surface, an unpublished alphabet, used and reinterpre- ted by poets and artists who through their sensitivity can convey emotions to the onlookers. On the basis of these observations, a geological- literary itinerary was created starting from the assump- tion of the existence of specific Emilia-Romagna poe- tics and culture, linked to the outstanding morphologi- cal and geological features of our territory (Bertacchini et al., 2002a). Each geosite, with its description, has been combined with a literary passage by an author expressing atmospheres and identities of particular sites, further enhanced by the photographs of a great Emilian master of the camera lens like Franco Fontana. This geological-literary itinerary was organised as a sort of guide for a sightseer yearning to meet Nature also in its poetical forms by travelling in space and time. This can take place only through the awareness that Nature can acquire a value for Man only if the latter finds a way to go through the complete range of his/her senses, including those most specifically spiritual. At present, another research project is in pro- gress: it consists of the study of some natural scenes from an artistic and geomorphological viewpoint, describing landscapes which. This approach aims to identify in the landscape the natural features which were painted in a picture. Therefore, an art critic will carry out a detailed research on the painting whereas a geomorphologist will study and describe the landforms of the real landscape. It is by now evident that also Science can offer iti- neraries of contemplation and aesthetic emotions which, although different, can be compared to those of the artists. The triggering of emotions comparable to the famous “Stendhal’s syndrome” is not rare when particularly sensitive souls admire landscapes rich in specific suggestions. 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