Available online http://amq.aiqua.it ISSN (print): 2279-7327, ISSN (online): 2279-7335 Alpine and Mediterranean Quaternary, 37 (1), 2024, 53-65 closed by the drainage systems of the Piave and Liven- za rivers (Fig. 1). The Cansiglio Plateau is a limestone massif featuring a central polje set at around 1,000 m a.s.l. encircled by ridges at elevations of 1,500 m, delim- ited to the east and to the south by tectonic lines joining to the west with the more important Belluno line. To the northwest, the Cansiglio is connected to the Santa Cro- ce late-glacial lacustrine basin by a gentle and vast slope. The Cansiglio has an independent drainage sys- tem. This clearly increases its already karstic nature as testified by the countless dolines, sinkholes, and other features. A steep slope connects the Cansiglio with the Livenza karst spring system located to the southeast at the foot of the mountain. The highest elevation is reached at the Cavallo Mount (2,251 m a.s.l.), a group of peaks limited by glacial circles and ridges. Superficial deposits and landforms of Palughetto are assigned to three episodes of the Piave glacier. Two well-preserved moraine ridges associated to fluvioglacial landforms are referred to the younger (C) and intermedi- ate (B) episodes, while the older (A) episode is related to the spread of diamicton containing quartzites, sand- stones and volcanoclastic sandstones, quartzitic phyl- lites, siltstones, micaschists, and igneous rocks typical of the Piave alpine basin (Avigliano et al., 2000). The last C episode dammed the basin to the North (Fig. 2). A https://doi.org/10.26382/AMQ.2024.03 1. INTRODUCTION Previous investigations confirmed that the Palughetto basin at the northern edge of the Cansiglio Plateau, in the Eastern Italian Pre-Alps, has a rich po- tential for Late Glacial palaeobotanical research (see Avigliano et al., 2000; Vescovi et al., 2007). In earlier excavations cones, needles and parts of trees were found in the Palughetto peat bog, and during coring, pieces of a spruce trunk were recovered. Hence, it ap- peared promising to conduct further excavation. In 2006 a multi-disciplinary group, including students from sever- al universities in Italy and Germany, conducted a field week at the site in the frame of wider research projects. Here we focus on the mega remains that were recov- ered (trunks, branches, roots) and their dendrochronolo- gy and described in a preliminary report (Friedrich et al., 2009). 2. PRESENTATION OF THE PALUGHETTO BASIN ON THE CANSIGLIO PLATEAU AND SUMMARY OF THE POLLEN SEQUENCE The Palughetto is a lacustrine basin situated on the northern edge of the Cansiglio Plateau at 1,040 m a.s.l., in the Venetian and Carnic Pre-Alps, and en- LATE GLACIAL TREE-RING CHRONOLOGIES FROM PALUGHETTO BOG, VENETO PRE-ALPS, ITALY Michael Friedrich 1,2 , Bernd Kromer 2 , Marco Peresani 3,4 1 Hohenheim University, Institute of Botany, Stuttgart, Germany. 2 Institute of Environmental Physics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany. 3 University of Ferrara, Department of Humanities, Prehistoric and Anthropological Sciences Unit, Ferrara, Italy. 4 Institute of Environmental Geology and Geoengineering, National Research Council, Milano, Italy. Corresponding author: Marco Peresani ABSTRACT: A Late-glacial / Early-Holocene lacustrine and peat succession, with conifer macro-remains and including some pal- aeo-mesolithic flint artefacts, was investigated in several steps in the Palughetto intermorainic basin (Venetian Pre-Alps). Pub- lished data on the geomorphic and stratigraphic relations, 14C chronology, pollen series and archaeology allow a reconstruction of the environmental history of the basin and provide significant insights into the reforestation and human peopling of the Pre-Alps. In this dendrochronological study, we analysed 203 trunks and branches from the subfossil tree assemblage of Palughetto mire, resulting in seven groups of 34 trees, which fall in a period of 1600 years of the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial between c. 14,900- 12,800 cal BP. Cross dating was facilitated by numerous decadal AMS 14C age determinations. Most of the trees were not found ‘in situ’. They fell into the wetland and were preserved in the sediment. The forest mainly consisted of the species spruce (Picea abies Karst.), larch (Larix decidua Mill.), birch (Betula pubescens Erh.), poplar (Populus sp.) and willow (Salix sp.), confirming results from palynology and botanical remains analyses. Growth rates are different for each species. Spruce trees show wide rings and ‘complacent’ tree growth. Larch tree rings were narrower with higher interannual variability. The high growth rate of spruce indicates favourable growing conditions such as moderate temperatures and sufficient water supply during the vegetation period of the Bølling-Allerød in Palughetto, which is similar to the modern situation of the area. Keywords: vegetation history, archaeology, Late Glacial, Eastern Pre-Alps. lacustrine-palustrine succession deposited in this small intermorainic basin at Palughetto until the opening of a sinkhole at the NE edge of the basin leading to the activation of a vertical drain- age pattern. Three archaeological sectors were identi- fied in the area investigated, the first two refer to human settlements at the end of the recent Epigravettian on moraines B and C (respectively Palughetto MO and Palughetto MN), the third one within the peat-bog near its NW boundary is dated to the Sauveterrian period (Palughetto UST6; Peresani et al., 2011). Palughetto sites are part of a late Palaeolithic and early Mesolith- ic ensemble of settlements system discovered in the Cansiglio Plateau and surroundings (Peresani et al., 1999-2000; Visentin et al., 2016). 3. THE STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE The stratigraphic sequence was explored at the NW boundary of the basin through pits, trenches, and extensive archaeological excava- tions. The basin fill unconformably overlies a basal diamicton and gently inclines south- eastwards, rapidly thickening towards the inner basin. Three main groups of litho- and pedo- stratigraphic units were observed (Fig. 3; Avigliano et al., 2000): - Units T14-T11, are deposits composed of light-gray clayey silt and silt laminae with rare, striated pebbles (T14), dark-gray silt (T13), massive light-gray clay poor in organic matter with sporadic dwarf pine (Pinus mugo) cones (T12) and silty clay gradual coarsening to silt with organic matter (thin organic debris, sporad- ic birch leaves and larch cones still in connection with their bearing branchlets, sporadic dwarf pine cones) increasing upwards (T11). At the top of T11 there are thin laminae rich in organic debris, i.e., broad-leaved leaves (Alnus and Betula) and needles (Larix). The upper contact with the overlying organic deposits is transitional, marked by a rapid increase in leaves and cones and other organic debris. - Units T10-T7 compose a thick organic layer extended above the clay-silt succession throughout the basin. The base layer is organic mud (gyttja) rich in plant debris (conifer needles, Characeae oogones, mosses, sporadic cones), overlaid by sedentary peat deposits. T10 is a moderately humified litter made of needles and very rich in cones and branchlets. Larix decidua is the main peat-forming plant. T9 is a highly humified peat made of wood, bark, branches, roots, needles, fruits, and thin interbeds rich of mosses. Vegetative parts of trees (both conifers and broad-leaved plants) are abundant throughout this unit, but its middle part is dominated by woody material, such as branches, crashed trunks, and in situ stumps. T8 is a thin layer of reddish little-decomposed laminated moss-peat rich 54 Friedrich M. et al Fig. 2 - The Palughetto area with the three glacial episodes (A, B and C) reco- gnised and position of the palaeolithic sites Palughetto MN and Palughetto MO (on the moraine ridges C and B respectively) and of the excavated area for dendrochronology at the northern side of the basin. Key: 1, glacial deposit; 2, moraine ridge; 3, loess cover; 4, fluvioglacial stream trace; 5, fluvioglacial fan; 6, present-day drainage; 7, silty clay and peat deposits; 8, dolines and sinkho- les; 9, eluvial-colluvial and slope waste deposit; 10, excavated of the excavated area for dendrochronology; 11, palaeolithic site (after Avigliano et al. 2000, modified). Fig. 1 - Map of a part of Venetian Pre-Alps showing the extent of the Piave glacier (shaded) during the LGM. The inset shows the location of the larger map within the region. The rec- tangle shows the area of the Cansiglio plateau (after Avigliano et al., 2000). pond during the entire time span of the Bølling-Allerød interstadial complex, after buried at the onset of the Younger Dryas. The palaeoenvironmental history of the basin is based on two high resolution (60 years each sample) pollen records, a first one from the littoral, and a second one from the central basin infill (Ravazzi & Vescovi, 2009). - After the glacier retreat, as early as 16 ka cal BP Pi- nus mugo scrubs had already extended over the sun- ny slopes surrounding the lake, whereas the bottoms and karstic plateaux were occupied by steppes, most- ly formed by chamephytes (Fig. 4.1). At 15.0±0.6 ka cal BP Pinus mugo was hanging on the lake shore, as testified by direct 14C-dating on in situ fossil cones. - At 14.7 ka cal BP the altitude of Palughetto was over- ride by an advancing larch-spruce forest (Fig. 4.2). The lag between trees establishment and forest clo- sure is roughly shown by sedimentary interval of in- creasing APpercentage values and constrained by boundary stable conditions. A closed canopy was established since 14.3 ka cal BP, thus the develop- ment of forest population took about 4 centuries. This estimate helps in the evaluation of the diachronism between climate change and the duration of the trig- gered vegetation response. Furthermore, these forest dynamics attest the participation of larch and spruce in the early afforestation of the mountain belt in the South-Eastern Alps at the beginning of the Bølling- Allerød interstadial complex. Considering the time lag of Picea immigration in the inner Alps, which occurred several hundred years later than at Palughetto, it is proposed that the lateglacial spruce settled on the Cansiglio plateau acted as founding populations for the subsequent Holocene migration towards inner and western ranges of the Alps (Ravazzi, 2002). - Between 14.7 and 13.7 ka cal BP a dense conifer forest occupied the Cansiglio plateau and the sur- rounding slopes, until 1700 m a.s.l.. Meantime the conifer forest expanded toward the basin centre and trees of Larix, Picea and Betula settled on peat, thus forming an accumulation of trunks, cones, litter, i.e. the fossil forest preserved in units T10 and T9 (Fig. 4.3). - Afterwards (13.8 to 12.85 ka cal BP), broad-leaved tree species immigrated in the prealpine region, but expansion took place at a quite slower rate and prob- ably broad-leaved individuals did not get the altitude of Palughetto, perhaps owing to its northern aspect and to the competition by previously settled conifers. The northern border of the Palughetto basin contin- ued to sustain a (Larix)-Picea-Betula forest, accumu- lating coarse debris of trunks, wood and bark (woody peat) in unit T9 (Fig. 4.3). - The onset of Younger Dryas at 12.85 ka cal BP trig- gered a forest withdrawal from the Palughetto wet- lands, whereas the well-drained slopes continued to sustain a closed conifer forest throughout the Young- er Dryas (Fig. 4.4). - The transition to the Holocene is marked by the arrival of several broad-leaved species competing with larch and spruce. The first Holocene millennium is charac- terized by mixed forests (Fig. 4.5). Paleo-Mesolithic hunters settled the border of the peat bog (Fig. 4.6). in Picea and Larix needles, covering unit T9 with a sharp boundary. T7 is a thin layer formed by moder- ately decomposed Cyperaceae-peat, laminated, in- cluding sporadic Picea needles and Larix branchlets at its base. T9 also contains fragments of charred wood, late Epigravettian and early Mesolithic lithic artifacts (Peresani et al., 2011) and a lithic cache (Bertola et al., 1997) discovered during survey in 1995 and archaeological excavation in 1997 and 2001. - Units T6-T1 show pedogenic features. A sharp, undu- lating boundary separates T7 from T6, a gray clay silt with rarely preserved plant remains (Picea needles and charred particles) and hydromorphic features. T5 is a massive clay bed covered by T4 to T1, thin layers of organic silt. 4. SUMMARY OF THE PALUGHETTO POLLEN SEQUENCE The Palughetto lacustrine-palustrine succession produced chronological data. Associations of vegetal macroremains, charcoal particles and pollen enriched the reconstruction of vegetation changes of the Italian Prealps during the last glacial-interglacial transition (Vescovi et al., 2007). The fossil forest originated from trees growing in situ in peat or hanging on the central 55 Late Glacial tree-ring chronologies from Palughetto bog, Veneto Pre-Alps, Italy Fig. 3 - Log of the palynologically studied stratigraphic succes- sions on the littoral basin (PLE) (after Ravazzi & Vescovi, 2009, modified). 5. SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT-DAY CLIMATE CONDITIONS IN THE CANSIGLIO PLATEAU The today’s climate of the Cansiglio Plateau is cool -temperate without summer drought. Mean annual air temperature at Palughetto is 11-12 °C, the January mean is -3 °C, and the July mean is 15 °C (Vescovi et al., 2007). Mean annual air temperature is 4.9 °C at the meteorologic station of Pian Cansiglio. The Cansiglio- Cavallo ridge represents an important barrier for the warm and humid southern air masses originating from the Mediterranean Sea basin. In contrast to nearby Med- iterranean climate, precipitation here is concentrated during autumn and spring. Mean annual precipitation is 1700-1900 mm (Di Anastasio & Peresani, 1995). During the winter period the climate is harsh due to cold winds from the northeast. The forest vegetation is dominated by Fagus syl- vatica and Abies alba at altitudes between 800 and 1600m a.s.l., followed at higher elevations by a narrow subalpine Picea abies-belt, which forms the timberline at 1700-1800m a.s.l. Picea abies is also abundant on the plateau because of historical plantations (Hofmann, 1965). Pinus mugo-shrubs extend in the subalpine belt and along avalanche tracks. The alpine vegetation is mainly formed by calci- philous Sesleria varia-Carex sempervirens grasslands, including plants of cold steppe (e.g. Linum alpinum), screes (e.g. Dryas octopetala), and snow beds (dwarf Salix species). 6. RECOVERY, PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE DENDROCHRONOLOGICAL SAMPLES Infills of previous archaeological excavations were removed by an excavator in a 5x11 m area in May 2006 (Fig. 5). Horizontal roots of larch and spruce were fre- quent, but most of the trees were not found ‘in situ’ and to synchronize the horizons of the trees into the existing stratigraphy additional sediment profiles were described (Fig. 6). After woody remains were carefully excavated manually, described and documented briefly, we sam- pled and analysed all remnants of trunks, branches and roots with a minimum number of 10 tree rings (Fig. 7). Tree-ring analyses of the wood started after the excavation. At the excavation, 203 fossil trees remnants were sampled by cutting disc cross-sections using a chain saw (Tab. 1). Whether possible, the lowermost disc samples were taken 0.5 m above the root system, to obtain ring-width sequences less prone to any irregu- larities or eccentricities from root disturbances. Samples were then prepared for tree-ring analyses at the tree- ring laboratory in Hohenheim. Even if the preservation of the wood seemed to be excellent, most of the cellulose appeared decomposed. Therefore, we kept the samples saturated with water and froze the wood before surfac- ing. Wood identification was done by microscopic anal- yses of thin slices of the samples using the identification keys of Schweingruber (1990) with special regard on the differentiation of the two conifer species spruce and larch (Bartolin, 1979). This is of special importance as both species have very similar wood anatomy, especial- ly when subfossil (Schweingruber, 1990). Frozen sec- 56 Fig. 4 - The main steps of the environmental history of the Palughetto area during the last glacial-interglacial transition: 1, scrub of mountain pine and chamephytes (ca. 16 ky cal BP); 2, forest of Picea-Larix in the lake surroundings (14.7-14.3 ky cal BP); 3, forest extended at the edge of the bog (14.3-13.0 ky cal BP); 4, forest retreat from the edge of the bog (12.85 ky BP); 5, broad-leaves and conifers mixed forest (11.3 ky BP); 6, broad- leaves and conifers mixed forest (10.8 ky BP); (after Ravazzi & Vescovi, 2009, modified). Friedrich M. et al 57 Fig. 5 - Map of the 2006 excavation carried out at Palughetto in the archaeological sectors of the 1997 and 2001 excavations. The position of the trenches and of the largest arboreal remains brought to light and sampled are reported (drawn by M. Peresani). Fig. 6 - A: Picea trunk. B: Various fragments of coniferous trunks. C: One among the largest Picea trunks in course of exposition. D: Larix trunk repositioned in the bog after sampling. Late Glacial tree-ring chronologies from Palughetto bog, Veneto Pre-Alps, Italy 58 Tab. 1 - Catalogue of wooden macroremains at the excavation in 2006 with reference to the trench in the excavated area, species, pres- ence of pith and bark, number of rings, type of sample, diameter and length. (1 - 2 of 4) Friedrich M. et al 59 Late Glacial tree-ring chronologies from Palughetto bog, Veneto Pre-Alps, Italy Tab. 1 - (3 - 4 of 4) tions of wood were manually surfaced with razor blades for tree-ring analyses, and the surface was then whit- ened with chalk to obtain a better contrast. Annual tree- ring width was measured on the Hohenhein tree-ring device at 0.01 mm resolution. For tree-ring cross-dating and statistics we used the tree-ring analyses program TSAP (Rinn, 1996). Multiple radii were measured per each disc, the measurement series obtained per individ- ual tree were then cross-dated visually and screened for missing rings. All tree radii were averaged to form tree mean series, which were subsequently averaged into chronologies. 7. RADIOCARBON DATING AND CHRONOLOGY BUILDING Gram-size samples of tree-ring blocks of a few years were taken for AMS-14C-analyses, pre-treated to cellulose, combusted to graphite in Heidelberg and measured in the Lund AMS facility. Chronologies were 60 Fig. 7 - Types of wood sampled. Tab. 2 - 14C ages of the trees from Palughetto (for reference to the dated sample see Table 1). Fig. 8 - Genera of the sampled trees. Friedrich M. et al built based on cross-dated tree-ring series. Calendar ages of groups of synchronous trees (chronologies) were then obtained by calibrated 14C-ages (Tab. 2). We based calibration on the calibration dataset IntCal20 (Reimer et al., 2020). 8. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION According to our tree finds the forest in the area mainly consisted of the species spruce (Picea abies Karsten), larch (Larix decidua Mill.), birch (Betula pu- bescens Erh.), poplar (Populus spec.) and willow (Salix spec.) (Fig. 8) confirming results from palynology and botanical remains on the same site (Vescovi et al., 2007). The maximum length of the preserved trunks is 5m with diameter of up to 45 cm (Tab. 1). The maximum number of tree rings varies between 281 for larch, 147 for spruce, 98 for birch and 74 for poplar (Fig. 9). The age distribution shows that mean individual ages of larch trees was twice that of the spruce and birch (Fig. 10). Mean growth rates are different for each single species. Spruce trees show extremely wide rings of up to 6mm per year and show ‘complacent’ tree growth. Larch tree rings were much narrower of 1-2 mm per year and with higher interannual variability (Fig. 11). The high growth rate indicates that growth of spruce at the site was ap- parently not limited strongly by climatic factors. The growth rates of the spruces indicate favourable growing conditions such as moderate temperatures and sufficient water supply during the vegetation period, which is com- parable to the modern situation in the area. In contrast to spruce, mean growth of larch is much smaller, which shows the better adaptation of spruce to the site condi- tions, especially the good water supply during the Bølling-Allerød in Palughetto. 8.1. Dendrochronology The dendrochronological analysis of the tree-ring series of 203 wooden remnants from the subfossil forest of Palughetto, resulted in seven groups of 34 trees, which fall in a period of c. 1600 years of the Bølling- Allerød interstadial (Fig.s 12 and 13). The internal cross- dating of this material both visually and statistically was possible due to the strong common signal in the tree- ring series. The common signal of the trees is signifi- cantly higher for larch, but lower for spruce. Neverthe- 61 Fig. 9 - Individual ages of the trees sampled. Fig. 10 - Distribution of individual age of the trees: (a) Picea, (b) Larix, (c) Betula. Fig. 11 - Typical tree growth of the two species larch and spruce. Wide rings in spruce, narrow rings in larch. Late Glacial tree-ring chronologies from Palughetto bog, Veneto Pre-Alps, Italy 62 <<<<< - - - - Fig. 12 - Floating tree-ring chronologies from Bølling (pre- 14,000 BP): (a) Spruce trees from 12,500 conv. BP; (b) Spruce trees from 12,400 conv. BP; (c) Larch trees from 12,350 conv. BP; (d) Larch trees from 12,200 conv. BP. Fig. 13 - Floating tree-ring chronologies from Allerød (post 14,000 BP): (a) Larch trees from 11,760 conv. BP; (b) Spruce trees from 11,250 conv. BP; (c) Larch trees from 11,000 conv. BP. Friedrich M. et al The high spatial coherence offers the opportunities to cross-date tree-ring series in the Late Glacial over large distances and therefore open the perspective to cross- date the floating tree-ring chronologies from Italy to the Bølling-Allerød pine chronology of Central Europe (Friedrich et al., 2001). 9. CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK We have constructed tree-ring chronologies of spruce and larch from Palughetto from Late Glacial (12,500 to 11,000 14C BP) and spanning the entire Bølling-Allerød chronozone. Chronologies are still ‘floating’ but ongoing work on tree-ring chronologies less, cross-dating of all groups could be done with sufficient statistical signifi- cance. In this initial work we first focused on the conifer species to construct chro- nologies, as they show the better com- mon signal, but we also found good cor- relation between the other species. To anchor the floating tree-ring chronologies in time we used AMS radio- carbon measurements on defined tree- ring samples (Fig. 14). The earliest group of trees of spruce and larch started to grow in the early Bølling chronozone at 14,600 cal BP. The presence of well growing spruce trees in this early period of the Late Glacial with mean ring width comparable to modern spruce trees on the Cansiglio plateau and the relatively low common signal strength suggest that the potential tree-line in the southern alpine region must have been considera- bly higher than the Palughetto mire dur- ing the Bølling. There are still gaps be- tween the different floating chronologies, but many trees present sufficient number of tree-rings, which could not be matched to one of the chronologies yet, and there- fore have the potential to fill the gaps. Additionally, more dendrochronological work will be done to cross-date series of the deciduous tree species such as birch, poplar and willow. The possibility of dating Late Glacial trees by dendrochronology was made possible by the pine tree-ring chronology extensions (Kromer et al., 2004; Schaub et al., 2008). Additionally, several floating segments of tree-ring chronologies from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial could be combined to a 1,500 years long tree-ring chronology spanning the 14C age-interval between 12,300 to 10,600 14C BP. It is based on pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) from sites in Germany and Switzerland (Schaub et al., 2008). Our own extensive fieldwork in the Po-plain of northern Italy and dendrochronological analyses on those samples resulted in a number of ‘floating’ tree-ring chronologies of several hundred years, which could be dated by radiocarbon (Kaiser et al., 2012; Adolphi et al., 2017). The earliest chronology of pine trees from the Po plain started their growth at 12,500 14C BP, indicating that re-forestation during the first warm period of the Late Glacial (Chronozone Bølling) in the southern pre-alpine region started several hundred years earlier than in Central Europe, i.e. pine trees from Dättnau, Switzerland (Kaiser, 1993). The high similarities in some periods of the Allerød between the regional tree-ring chronologies of eastern Germany, southern Germany and Switzerland with distances of up to 600 km indicate a higher spatial coherence of meteorological summer conditions during the Bølling-Allerød compared to the modern situation. 63 Fig. 15 - Overview of Late Glacial tree-ring chronologies from northern Italy from sub- fossil trees of Palughetto and from the Po-plain (dark grey) compared to the absolutely dated tree-ring chronologies from Germany (Friedrich et al., 2004) and the combined floating Bølling-Allerød chronologies from Germany and Switzerland (Friedrich et al., 2004; Kromer et al., 2004; Schaub et al., 2008) (light grey) (PPC: Preboreal Pine Chronology; YDPC: Younger Dryas Pine Chronology; APC: Allerod Pine Chronology). Fig. 14 - Bar graph of the tree-ring chronologies from Palughetto dated by 14C. Late Glacial tree-ring chronologies from Palughetto bog, Veneto Pre-Alps, Italy from Late Glacial subfossil pines from several locations in the Po-valley may give the opportunity in the future to combine trees from northern Italy and link it to the Cen- tral European absolute tree-ring chronology (Fig. 15). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The study of the Palughetto basin is part of a wider research project about the peopling of Cansiglio Plateau during the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic, co-ordinated by the University of Ferrara (M.P.) and supported by Azienda Regionale per l’Innovazione del Settore Primario - Veneto Agricoltura, Comune di Farra d’Alpago, Angelini Foundation, Banca delle Preal- pi, C.A.I. Gruppo Terre Alte. This work was founded by the Comer Science and Education Foundation and by the European Science Foundation (EuroClimate, Project TREE-14). We thank W. Broecker, G. Denton and R. Alley for support. 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(2007) - Interactions between climate and vegeta- tion during the Lateglacial period as recorded by lake and mire sediment archives in Northern Italy and Southern Switzerland. Quaternary Science Reviews, 26, 1650-1669. Doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.03.005 65 Late Glacial tree-ring chronologies from Palughetto bog, Veneto Pre-Alps, Italy Ms. received: October 5, 2023 Revised: February 8, 2024 Accepted: February 12, 2024 Available online: March 4, 2024 file:///E:/AMQ%20new/AMQ%20volumi/AMQ%2037/OJS%20739%20Friedrich%20et%20al/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.119 file:///E:/AMQ%20new/AMQ%20volumi/AMQ%2037/OJS%20739%20Friedrich%20et%20al/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.01.017 file:///E:/AMQ%20new/AMQ%20volumi/AMQ%2037/OJS%20739%20Friedrich%20et%20al/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.03.005 66