Vol 6 No 2 full text edit2.indd

Althea Medical Journal. 2019;6(2)

86 AMJ June 2019

Parents’ Knowledge and Children’s Toilet Training Practices: Study in
Kindergartens in Jatinangor

Anne Shafira Purnama Claytonia Aziz,1 Yudith Setiati Ermaya,2 Nur Melani Sari2
1Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran Indonesia 2Department of Child Health Faculty of

Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran/Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia

Correspondence: Anne Shafira Purnama Claytonia Aziz, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran Jalan Raya
Bandung-Sumedang KM 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang, Jawa Barat, Indonesia, Email: annespcaziz@gmail.com

Introduction

Toilet training is a method to habituate
children to defecate and urinate in the toilet.
It has many methods to be conducted, and
guidance by parents is needed.1 Besides that,
this training can also be management for
constipation. It is a behavior modification that
has a purpose to make children have a regular
pattern of defecation.2,3

Children with constipation have a lower
quality of life than those without the symptom.
Although constipation rarely causing a life-
threatening complication, this condition
can disturb children’s psychological and
their relationship with friends, even create
stress in the family. One-third of constipated
children continue to have constipation in
adulthood despite receiving any treatment.4,5
In Indonesia, the prevalence of functional
constipation in children with age lower than 5

years old is 4.4%.6
Toilet training has been shown to decrease

the prevalence of constipation. This is
evidenced by the study conducted by Xini7 as
which showed the success of toilet training
as a treatment of constipation.7 Some aspects
have to be considered before doing the
training, such as children’s readiness, parents’
understanding, and good toileting practice are
important aspects that have to be known by
parents. Those aspects can increase children’s
capability during the toilet training period.8
The children need parent’s help in doing self-
care, including toilet practices. Therefore,
parents must have good knowledge so that
children can carry out the toilet training
correctly.

In Indonesia, there has not been any
study about the correlation between the
knowledge and practice of toilet training. The
objective of the present study was to find out

AMJ.2019;6(2):86–90

Abstract

Background: Constipation has serious threats for children, however, this condition can be treated by
toilet training. The level of parents’ understanding of defecation affects the success of the training to
reduce the symptom of constipation. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of the parents and their
children’s practice in toilet training at kindergarten.
Methods: This was an analytic study with a cross-sectional method which conducted at kindergartens
in Jatinangor, selected by a total random sampling method. A self-made validated questionnaire was
distributed to parents asking about knowledge and toilet training. Incomplete answer sheets and
parents who did not come to school by the time of the study were excluded.
Result: In total, 111 parents returned the questionnaire, and most of the parents (98.19%) had good
knowledge regarding toilet training. Moreover, most of the children (96.39%) were also good at practicing
the toilet training. There was a strong and significant correlation between parents’ knowledge and the
children’s practice of toilet training with coefficient correlation 0.701 and p-value <0.05.
Conclusions: Good knowledge of parents help the children practicing toilet training, therefore,
education to new parents is necessary.

Keywords: Constipation, knowledge, practice, questionnaire, toilet training

Althea Medical Journal. 2019;6(2)

the correlation between the knowledge of
the parents and children’s practice of toilet
training at kindergarten in Jatinangor.

Methods

This was an analytic study with cross-sectional
method using primary data obtained through
self-filling questionnaires. Subjects of the study
consisted of 111 parents of the students of the
kindergartens or known as “Taman Kanak-
Kanak (TK)” who were recruited using total
random sampling. There were 5 kindergartens
selected from 17 kindergartens in Jatinangor
area after the randomization. Parents’ consent
was obtained before data collection. The
inclusion criteria of this study were parents
of the children at the selected kindergartens,
parents who could communicate well and
agreed to be the respondents of this study.
The incomplete answer sheets and parents
who did not come to school by the time of data
collection were excluded.

The evaluation method used in this study
was a self-made questionnaire that consisted
of demographic information and details of 28
questions about knowledge and 8 questions
about the practice. It was a modification of the
questionnaire used in the previous study by

considering a factor that affects the training. It
had been validated using 30 samples that were
not included in this study. The items that were
not valid and reliable yet were modified to
reach the Alpha Cronbach level of 0.71 points.

The study was conducted in March until
May 2017. Ethical approval was granted from
the Research Ethics Committee of Universitas
Padjadjaran, District Level Implementation
Unit of Kindergarten, and each headmaster of
5 Kindergartens in Jatinangor.

All data were analyzed using Microsoft
Excel 2016 and SPSS version 20. The data
were presented in frequency and percentage
whichever appropriated. For the parents’ level
of knowledge and children’s practice, “good” is
represented by parents who had >75% correct
answer, “enough” is for 50–75% and “poor” is
for <50%. The correlation of the variables was
analyzed using Rank Spearman Correlation to
define the power and the significance of the
correlation of the variables considered when
the p-value was <0.05.

Results

Table 1 showed that most of the subjects were
female (85.59%) and the mean age was 34.07
± 4.71 years old. The educational status varied

Table 1 Characteristics of the Subject
Variables n %

Age (years)

21–30 35 31.53
31–40 62 55.85
41–50 13 11.71
>50 1 0.90
Mean ± SD 34.07 ± 4.71
Sex
Male 16 14.41
Female 95 85.59
Education
Elementary School 3 2.70
Junior High School 18 16.21
Senior High School 48 43.24
Associate Degree 10 9.00
Bachelor Degree 21 18.91
Graduate Degree 2 1.80
Unidentified 9 8.10

Anne Shafira Purnama Claytonia Aziz et al.: Parents’ Knowledge and Children’s Toilet Training Practices:
Study in Kindergartens in Jatinangor

Althea Medical Journal. 2019;6(2)

88 AMJ June 2019

among the subjects, but most of the subjects
were graduated from senior high school
(Sekolah Menengah Atas, SMA) and there
were 9 subjects with unknown educational
background.

Table 2 showed the characteristics of the
toilet habits of the children based on the
questionnaire answered by their parents.
Regarding the bowel habit, most of the children
used a water closet (93.7%). Meanwhile, the
age when they start to defecate on the toilet
varied among the children. In the bowel
position criteria, most of the children’s bowel
position during defecation was squatting
(74.8%).

Table 3 showed that in both groups, most
of the children started to defecate in the toilet

at the age of 2 years old (boys: 38.5%. girl:
47.5%). In the boy group, there were 3.8% of
children that have not started to defecate in
the toilet.

Table 4 showed the level of parents’
knowledge and children’s practice of toilet
training. It showed that most of the parents
had a good knowledge regarding toilet training
(98.19%) and most of the children also good at
practicing toilet training (96.39%). There were
no parents with poor knowledge nor children
with poor practice regarding toilet training.

Table 5 showed the correlation between the
parents’ knowledge and the children’s practice
of toilet training using the Rank Spearman
Correlation test showed that the coefficient
correlation is 0.701 and the p-value was

Table 2 Characteristics of Toilet Habits of the Children
Variable N %

Bowel habit

Use a water closet 104 93.7
Use diaper 5 4.5
Others 2 1.8
Age when starting to defecate in the toilet (year)
1 year old 26 23.4
2 years old 48 43.2
3 years old 28 25.2
4 years old 7 6.3
Have not started yet 2 1.8
Bowel position during defecation
Squat 83 74.8
Sit 23 20.7
Stand up 5 4.5
Others -

Table 3 Age of Children When They Start to Defecate in the Toilet.

Age
Gender

Boys Girls
N % N %

1 y.o 14 26.9% 12 20.3%
2 y.o 20 38.5% 28 47.5%
3 y.o 13 25% 15 25.4%
4 y.o 3 5.8% 4 6.8%
Have not started yet 2 3.8% - -

Althea Medical Journal. 2019;6(2)

<0.05, which meant the correlation between
the variables were strong and scientifically
significant.

Discussion

Functional constipation is a common pediatric
problem worldwide that can be characterized
by an infrequent bowel movement, hard
and/or large stools, painful defecation, fecal
incontinence, and is often accompanied by
abdominal pain. These symptoms can have a
significant impact on child’s well-being and
health-related quality of life.9 The fact that the
symptoms of functional defecation disorders
are chronic leads children into a process
of ill-adaptation to the act of evacuation,
conditioning them to inhibit it, which result
in emotional consequences, such as increased
anxiety levels, negative self-esteem, and
withdrawal from social intercourse, especially
at school.9

Toilet training is a method to habituate
children to defecate and urinate in the
toilet. In this study, it shows that most of the
respondents have a good knowledge regarding
toilet training (98.19%). Moreover, most of
the children’s practice of toilet training is
also good (96.39%). This study also shows
that the knowledge level of the parents and
the children’s practice of toilet training has a
strong and significant correlation (coefficient
correlation 0.701, p-value <0.05). It can be
concluded that the better level of parent’s

knowledge will bring a better level of children’s
practice.

In Indonesia, the prevalence of constipation
in children below 5 years old is 4.4%. This
may be related to the high level of knowledge
and practice of parents in performing toilet
training.6 The age for toilet training is 2 to 4
years when the child usually shows readiness.
The age for starting toilet training is varied
in different cultures. It is suggested that the
appropriate age of toilet training initiation
is at the minimal age of 18 months when the
neurodevelopment of the children is adequate.
The starting age to do toilet training has the
highest number at the 2-year-old age (Table
4). This result is matched with the normal
starting age.10 Thus, in this study, most of the
children start to defecate in the toilet at the
age of 2 years old (43.20%), consistent with
the literature.

Generally, girls have faster development
than boys which can be seen from their
practice of self-care independently such as
wearing clothes and finishing toilet training
earlier than boys. The fact that boys do urinate
and defecating with two different positions
(standing and sitting/squatting), it is assumed
to be one of the factors causing them to
learn more slowly. Conditions that create
stress in children can inhibit the process
of development, which can make the child
urinate and defecate in places that are not
appropriate.11 However, in this study, boys and
girls have similar dissemination of starting age

Table 4 The level of Parents’ Knowledge and Children’s Practice of Toilet Training
Variable n %

Parent’s knowledge
Good 109 (98.19%)
Enough 2 (1.81%)
Poor -
Children’s Practice
Good 107 (96.39%)
Enough 4 (3.61%)
Poor -

Table 5 Correlation of the Parent’s Knowledge and Children’s Practice
Correlation Coefficient correlation p-value

Parents’ knowledge of children’s
practice of toilet training 0.701 0.00*

Note: Based on Rank Spearman Correlation, *P-value <0.005

Anne Shafira Purnama Claytonia Aziz et al.: Parents’ Knowledge and Children’s Toilet Training Practices:
Study in Kindergartens in Jatinangor

Althea Medical Journal. 2019;6(2)

90 AMJ June 2019

for toilet training (Table 3).
All findings in this study represent the result

of the questionnaire about the understanding
and practice of toilet training. This is in
accordance with the study that says those
things are appropriate with the good methods
of toilet training. The difference in outcomes of
this study compared with previous studies may
be due to several factors, including the types
of methods used and the involved samples.
The previous study regarding the impact of
the health education to the parents’ attitude
towards toddler’s toilet training, involving
parents who graduated from elementary
school, senior high school and college.8

The limitation of this study was the
usage of the questionnaire as the tools of
data collection. The respondents’ answer is
difficult to be confirmed and might not reflect
the real situation. Directly observation of the
children’s practice in the toilet training has
been suggested for further study, rather than
asking the parents to fill in the questionnaire.

As a conclusion, most parents in Jatinangor
have good knowledge about toilet training
and most of the children also good at
practicing the toilet training. There is a strong
correlation between the parent’s knowledge
and the children’s practice regarding toilet
training. Further analysis is recommended
for the correlation between the prevalence
of constipation in children and the level of
knowledge and practices of toilet training.

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