































Chisimdi Udoka Ihentuge & Nnamdi Onyenonachi Olekwara - Nollywood and fanaticism in…

151

NOLLYWOOD AND FANATICISM IN FOOTBALL FAN 
BASE IN NIGERIA: LESSONS FROM SELECTED VIDEO 

FILMS 

Chisimdi Udoka Ihentuge 
Theatre Arts Department, 

Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, 
Owerri, Imo State. 

E-mail: ihentugechisimdi@ yahoo.com 
Mobile: 0803 622 8131 

 
and 

 
Nnamdi Onyenonachi Olekwara 

Department of Theatre and Film Studies 
Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State. 

E-mail: etor01@ yahoo.com 
Phone: 0803438529 

Abstract 

Sports occupy a pride of place in the life of the contemporary society. 
This applies to football with greater emphasis. It has also been 
observed that a serious negative trend has gripped football fan base 
in Nigeria and indeed other African countries as football activities of 
distant countries are now rallying points for our youths to the point 
of fanaticism. The quantum of violence, loss of human and material 
resources occasioned by this negative trend is so grave with no 
possibility of stopping in the nearest future. It becomes more 
worrisome to note that this is done at great expense to the future of 
sports in Nigeria as these youths show great apathy to the local 
football and other sporting activities within and around us. Since the 
present generation is an audio-visual one, our film makers have also 
tried in documenting this in films as a way of curbing this trend. 
Through a critical content analysis of selected video films, this work 
x-rays the contributions of Nollywood, the video film industry in 
Nigeria, in this regard. The media concept of Afghanistanism and the 
theory of Agenda Setting serve as conceptual and theoretical 
backings. The paper concludes that much still needs to be done to 
curb this menace. Recommended are ways parents, religious 
institutions, government, the academia, and, most importantly, 
Nollywood can help ameliorate this situation. 



AMA: Journal of Theatre and Cultural Studies

152

Key words: fan base, fanaticism, Nollywood, Afghanistanism, 
Agenda Setting theory. 

Background Information 

The importance of sports to the human society cannot be over emphasized. 
Sporting activities have been part of humanity from the earliest times. Man 
utilized sports for reasons ranging from the satisfaction of his aesthetic 
needs, to relaxation and purposes of healthy living. Hannah Okediji gives 
some insight into the concept of sports saying 

Sports are the various activities which man engages in from 
childhood to adulthood which promotes the acquisition of mental, 
physical, spiritual, aesthetic, emotional and educational well being to 
make the individual contribute meaningfully to the development of 
the society. 

Sports are divided into the following categories: athletics, 
gymnastics, individual/dual sport, team sports, rhythms dance, 
martial arts and combative sports. There are other types of sports like: 
football, volleyball and so on (2015, p. 189). 

Sporting activities in their early stages continued in the crude and 
haphazard ways of practicing them until some form of formalization were 
introduced. In like manner, over time some negative trends crawled into 
sporting activities both on the side of participants and spectators. Worthy 
of note also is the fact that in contemporary time, the indispensability of 
sports to the contemporary society applies to football (soccer) with greater 
emphasis. And so does the impact of negative trend in sports apply to 
football with greater quantum.  

The increasing love and awareness of football as well as the growing 
negative trends in the game has become of serious concern to the 
generality of the society especially in Nigeria and other African nations. 
Every strata of the polity has shown one form of concern or the other. Our 
audio-visual literature is not in any way left out here. Nollywood, the 
Nigerian video film industry, has ventured into passing critical comments 
on the fast spreading negative trends in sports orientation in Nigeria. The 
essence of this paper is to x-ray the contributions of Nollywood, the 
Nigerian video film industry, towards the fight against this negative trend 
in soccer in Nigeria through a critical reading of the contents of selected 
video films. 

 



Chisimdi Udoka Ihentuge & Nnamdi Onyenonachi Olekwara - Nollywood and fanaticism in…

153

Conceptual/Theoretical Backings 

This paper is anchored on the conceptual and theoretical backings of the 
concept of Afghanistanism, and the Agenda Setting Theory which is also 
traced to tilt towards the Diffusion of Innovations Theory. The concept 
and theories are inevitable in the achievement of the set objectives of this 
work. 

The Concept of Afghanistanism 

The Wikipedia cites Webster's third new international dictionary, 
(unabridged version 2002) as defining Afghanistanism as “the practice of
concentrating on problems in distant parts of the world while ignoring 
controversial local issues” (Wiktionary). To the Wikipedia,  

Afghanistanism is a term, first recorded in the United States, for the 
practice of concentrating on problems in distant parts of the world 
while ignoring controversial local issues. In other contexts, the term 
has referred to "hopelessly arcane and irrelevant scholarship," 
"fascination with exotic, faraway lands... 

The exact origin of the concept of Afghanistanism is still irreconcilably 
controversial.  The Wikipedia cites the Oxford English Dictionary  as 
listing Afghanistanism to be a US colloquialism and providing the first 
written citation to be from 1948 thus: “J. Lloyd Jones in Probl. Journalism
(Amer. Soc. Newspaper Editors Convention) 73, I don't wish to belabor 
this subject of Afghanistanism, this business of taking forthright stands on 
elections in Costa Rica, while the uncollected local garbage reeks beneath 
the editor's window.” (n.p) Continuing, the Wikipedia also states that
“...columnist Joe Klein wrote in Time magazine in 2010 that the term 
originated in the 19th century when "the British press defined 
Afghanistanism as the obsession with obscure foreign wars at the expense 
of domestic priorities.” (n.p) 

Apology is here rendered for the use of the Wikipedia here. This was 
occasioned by the fact that the researcher could not lay hands on other 
sources for more vivid discussion of the concept of Afghanistanism. The 
Wikipedia was therefore the last resort. 

Brayton Colin tries to discuss the concept of Afghanistanism in the 
Nigerian context. To him, the term Afghanistanism is a word that is a bit 
on the creative side. He further states thus: 



AMA: Journal of Theatre and Cultural Studies

154

… the practice of writing about far-away issues while shying away 
from tackling the problems at home. It originally applied to editorial 
writing but had come to be applied to all forms of journalistic 
writings. Dare (2000) points out that during the Buhari era, 
commentators and analysts took to Afghanistanism, writing earnestly 
and candidly about tyranny and human rights violations in virtually 
every spot on the globe except Nigeria. He however added that all 
those other places were simply a metaphor for Nigeria. 
Afghanistanism can be as a result of fear or lack of courage. Since 
charity should begin at home, if the mass media shy away from 
tackling serious local or national problems by pre-occupying 
themselves with harmless discussions of issues which are largely 
irrelevant to a majority of their audience, then the journalists who 
work in these media are irresponsible and unethical, failing in their 
duty which the society expects them to perform with courage and 
dedication (Para. 4). 

The Agenda Setting Theory 

The idea of this theory is said to have began much earlier before it was 
introduced as a media function. In 1922, Walter Lippman came up with a 
work titled Public Opinion in which he argued that 

...people aren’t able to deal effectively with the variety and subtlety
of their environments. Most people are protected from their own 
surroundings by elites. These elites, or media representatives, 
interpret the motives and beliefs of politicians (cited in Muin, 2011, 
pp. 1 - 2). 

Ifeanyi Ojobor summarizes Lippman’s work as saying that the media help
to “put pictures in our heads” (2002, p. 21). Bernard Cohen was to further
expand this view in 1963 when he opined that “the press is significantly
more than a purveyor of information and opinion. It may not be successful 
much of the time in telling people what to think, but it is stunningly 
successful in telling readers what to think about” (Cohen, 1963, p. 13).
This, says Muin (2011, p. 2), “became the basis for what we now call the
agenda-setting function of mass media.” 

Agenda Setting Theory was formally propounded by Maxwell McCombs 
and Donald Shaw and extensively discussed in their work “The Agenda–
Setting Function of the Media” (1972). In a study conducted in the Chapel
Hill, North Carolina in which they interviewed registered voters during 
the 1968 Presidential Elections in the USA, they found significant 



Chisimdi Udoka Ihentuge & Nnamdi Onyenonachi Olekwara - Nollywood and fanaticism in…

155

relationship between pubic ordering of issues and media coverage. In the 
exact words of Adams, Harf & Ford, “These two theorists saw an
association between mass media and society’s opinion and as a result,
theorized a cause-and-effect relationship between the power of the press 
and the public opinion that is known as the Agenda Setting Theory” (n.d.,
p. 2). The core proposition of the agenda setting theory, according to 
McCombs (2005, p. 546), is that “elements prominent on the media 
agenda become prominent over time on the public agenda. The media not 
only can be successful in telling us what to think about, they also can be 
successful in telling us how to think about it.” Having studied the political
campaigns of 1968, Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw arrived at a 
proposition that “people learn from the media what the important issues
are” (McCombs & Shaw, 1972, p. 176). 

By its agenda setting function, the media indirectly tilts towards the 
diffusion of innovations theory. In his book Diffusion of Innovation 
(1962), the professor of rural sociology, Everett Rogers, popularized the 
theory of the diffusion of innovations.  Ojobor (2002, p. 21) cites Katz et 
al (1963) as defining diffusion as 

...the process of spread of a given idea or practice, over time, via 
specifiable channels, through a social structure such as a 
neighbourhood, a factory or a tribe. 

Similarly, Melvin Defleur defines diffusion as “the way in which more
members take up the new item over some time span” (2010, p. 229). Once 
an innovation is made, many years may be required for it to spread. 
According to Little John and Foss (2008, p. 322), “Rogers states, in fact,
that one purpose of diffusion research is to discover the means to shorten 
the lag.” 

In their work Communication of Innovation: A Cross –Cultural Approach, 
Rogers and Shoemaker define innovation as 

...an idea, practice or object perceived as new by an individual. It 
matters little, so far as human behaviour is concerned, whether or not 
an idea is ‘objectively’ new as measured by the lapse of time since
its first use or discovery. It is the perceived or objective newness of 
the idea for the individual that determines his reaction to it. If the idea 
seems new to the individual, it is an innovation (cited in Defleur, 
2010, p. 229). 

 
 



AMA: Journal of Theatre and Cultural Studies

156

With the above definition, it becomes clear that 
...even such common objects as a form of popular music, a clothing 
style, the use of lipstick, an automatic rifle, a different code for sexual 
behaviour, a set of religious beliefs, or even a slang term can seem to 
be an innovation to a person who has not encountered it before 
(Defleur, 2010, p. 229). 

For an innovation to diffuse there must be awareness stage, interest stage, 
evaluation stage, and trial stage.  Hence, diffusion of innovation refers to 
“the pattern by which something new is taken up by members of a group
or society” (Defleur, 2010, p. 229). The diffusion may be by Personal
Adoption, within Group, or Between Groups. The rate of the adoption or 
diffusion depends on perception of the innovations relative advantage and 
its compatibility with existing values and experiences. Diffusion scholars 
believe that the media can and should lead the people into getting aware 
of the existence of an innovation. From there, they get interested, make an 
attempt to evaluate it, give it a trial touch before making up their mind to 
acquire it. It should be pointed out here that there are five different types 
of adopters namely:  (1) innovators (2) early adopters   (3) early majority 
(4) late majority and (5) laggards.   

Synopsis of the Selected Films 

Crazy Fans 1 & 2 

The story of Crazy Fans revolves around Janet (Patience Ozokwor) and 
Barnabas also known as Mr Man U (Chiwetalu Agu) who runs football 
viewing centres individually. Janet is an ardent supporter of Chelsea 
Football Club and dedicates her football viewing centre to the club. Hence, 
she is also known as Madam Chelsea. On the other hand, Barnabas is 
ardent supporter of Manchester United Football Club. He dedicates his 
football viewing centre to the club as a result of which he is also known 
as Mr Man U. The football viewing centres also double as beer parlours. 
Madam Janet and Barnabas are arch enemies because of their fanatic 
support to these rival football clubs. As the film progresses, they both get 
information about an oncoming match between Chelsea Football Club and 
Manchester United Football Club. To attract more people to their 
individual stores, both of them separately organize road shows to sensitive 
the fans of their clubs. On the day of the match, there is great tension 
between the fans of the clubs in the viewing centres. As the match 
progressed, the generating set in Mr Man U’s viewing centre develops
fault which forces the fans watching the tension soaked match there to 



Chisimdi Udoka Ihentuge & Nnamdi Onyenonachi Olekwara - Nollywood and fanaticism in…

157

relocate to Madam Chelsea’s viewing centre. Meanwhile, Chelsea
Football Club began to trail behind the Manchester United Football Club 
by two goals to one. In their frantic efforts to equalize, their rival, the 
Manchester United Football Club, sealed the match by adding another 
goal. In their bid to celebrate the winning, fans of the Manchester United 
Football Club incurred the wrath of the fans of the Chelsea Football Club 
which led to the stabbing to death of a fan of Manchester United Football 
Club by Martins (Junior Pope), a fan of the rival club, Chelsea Football 
Club. Martin is arrested and taken away by the Police to be appropriately 
dealt with in accordance with the laws of the land.  

Synopsis of Mr Ibu the Chelsea Fan 

This film makes much use of episodic plotting. In the film, Sampson (John 
Okafor) is an ardent supporter of the Chelsea Football Club. His wife is a 
supporter of the Manchester United Football Club; while their only son, 
Jay Jay (Osita Iheme), is a fan of the Barcelona Football Club. Sampson 
wants every member of his family support the Chelsea Football Club. He 
threatens his wife and son at every slight provocation to be Chelsea fans 
or leave his house. He also threatens to stop eating any food prepared by 
his wife unless she becomes a fan of Chelsea Football Club. Close to a 
football match between Chelsea Football Club and Arsenal Football Club, 
he takes a giant goat, clothed in the jersey of Chelsea Football Club, to a 
native doctor to request for the victory of Chelsea Football Club. There, 
he meets two fans of the Arsenal Football Club who also came to request 
for the victory of their club. Because the said fans of Arsenal Football Club 
came with a small fowl, the native doctor chased them away on sighting 
the giant goat brought by Sampson. The same day, he gets home to see the 
wife putting on the jersey of the Manchester United Football Club. He did 
not waste any time before beating her. On the day of the match, Arsenal 
Football Club won Chelsea Football Club which makes Sampson angry at 
home to the extent of going on hunger strike. During the course of the 
film, Sampson sacks his driver for being a fan of Arsenal Football Club. 
He decides to drive the commercial bus himself only to quarrel with any 
passenger who supports any football club other than Chelsea Football 
Club. As such, he kept loosing monies as such passengers are refunded 
before they are discharged. As the film progressed, we also see two 
beggars, Musa and Belle always quarrelling because each of them 
supports a different football club. We also see a motorcyclist who is a fan 
of Chelsea Football Club refusing to carry a passenger who is a fan of 
Arsenal Football Club. 



AMA: Journal of Theatre and Cultural Studies

158

Lessons from the Selected Video Films 

Two major negative trends are brought to the fore in the films above. 
These are fanaticism on the part of fans of various clubs, and sports 
betting. These two negative trends have led to violence that have 
consequently occasioned very have loss of human, material and man-hour 
resources in Nigeria and indeed Africa as a whole. 

Fan Violent Fanaticism and Criminality 

A number of definitions have been attempted for the concept of violence. 
But so far, one of the most acceptable definitions is given from the 
sociological point of view is by Mimica, Bogdanović (2007, p. 346).  It 
states that  

Violence encompasses all acts and activities which may be 
designated as the use of force or the threat of using force by the agent 
(offender) against the object (victim), regardless of the type of force, 
with the aim to directly or indirectly inflict pain or cause fear and 
suffering to the victim so as to place the victim’s behaviour under the
control of the perpetrator of violence (cited in Milojević, Simonović,
Janković, Otašević & Turanjanin, 2013, p. 8). 

Violence is criminality defined as an extreme form of aggression. It is a 
complex social, political, cultural, psychological and ethical phenomenon 
implying the use of force, threat or the abuse of power against another 
person. In recent times, violence has come to characterize very many 
aspects of human endavours including sports where it applies with double 
emphasis. 

Violence-related offences in sports are considered criminal offences in 
some countries and are qualified as misdemeanours in other countries. In 
the exact words of Kostić, (2008, p. 59), “Violence in sports implies each
word or action of a sportsperson, coach, referee, parent, spectator or other 
participant in a sports event, which inflicts injury on those involved in the 
event” (cited in Milojević et al, 2013, p. 10). This is most common in 
contemporary time among spectators or fans. There is no specific statutory 
definition of fan violent criminality. Yet, it’s most common understanding
point to violence or disorders which involve sports fans. It is a serious 
social problem affecting various parts of the world.  Aggressive-violent 
activities are typical of adolescents and very young adults and mostly 
result in loss of property, injuries to persons, and even deaths. Deserving 



Chisimdi Udoka Ihentuge & Nnamdi Onyenonachi Olekwara - Nollywood and fanaticism in…

159

of special attention is fan violent criminality in football. This is so because 
of the notable massive scale of football/soccer.  

Football fan-violence criminality can be induced by a number of factors 
including the nature of football, too much emphasis on result, behaviour 
of players, referee decisions, behaviour of supporters of the other club, and 
other events taking place on the sidelines of the match. It can also be 
induced by betting (staking) behaviour of fans prior to the match. This will 
be isolated and treated under a different heading. Instances of Football fan-
violence criminality abound in the history of football.  

As a social institution, football has its followers and admirers. It also has 
its fanatics who also strongly associate with their clubs as an extension of 
their own sense of personal and collective achievement and ego. Hence 
the strong support and love for their teams with include attempts to attack 
perceived oppositions or obstacles. In the films under scrutiny in this 
paper, instances of this abound. In Crazy Fans, the characters of Janet and 
Barnabas are arch enemies because they are supporting two rival football 
clubs- Chelsea Football Club and Manchester United Football Club 
respectively. It got to the extent of Janet refusing to give out her daughter’s
hand in marriage to a suitor who is close to Barnabas and by extension a 
fan of the Manchester United Football Club. We also see such 
antagonisms among fans of other clubs including best friends such as 
Martin and his close friend in Crazy Fans, as well as Musa and Belle in 
Mr Ibu the Chelsea Fan. The height of it is reached in Crazy Fans when a 
fan of Manchester United Football Club is stabbed to death of by Martins 
who is a fan of the rival club, Chelsea Football Club. 

Instances of such fan violence that have led to death abound in Nigeria. 
Umeasiegbu and Agbanusi (2002) chronicled some of such in Nigeria and 
indeed Africa. In more recent times, the death of Igeniwari George who 
was killed in Mokola area of Ibadan after Rangers knocked out Stationary 
stores of Lagos in an FA cup in 1995. Igeniwari was then a player with 
Rangers International of Enugu, and was shot by hooligans after an FA 
Cup game against Stationery Stores. He later died from the gunshot injury. 
Fresh on our minds also is the violence that followed the UEFA 
Champions League final match between Manchester United Football Club 
of England and Barcelona Football Club of Spain which ended in favour 
of the latter team. Mackey Robert (2009) reports the incident thus: 



AMA: Journal of Theatre and Cultural Studies

160

... a fan of the losing side in Nigeria apparently took out his 
frustrations by plowing his minibus into a crowd celebrating 
Barcelona’s victory (Para. 1) 

Reuters reports that the disappointed Manchester United fan was 
arrested after he killed four people and injured 10 in the town of 
Ogbo. A police spokeswoman told the news agency: “The driver had
passed the crowd then made a U-turn and ran into them” (Para. 2). 

Reuters notes that both teams “have large fan bases in Nigeria.” Last
summer, when Manchester United played an exhibition game in 
Abuja, Nigeria, fans from across the country converged on the 
stadium, and a star player said that support for the club there was 
“quite unbelievable” (Para. 3). 

In Mr Ibu the Chelsea Fan, we witness a situation where a commercial 
motor cyclist who is a fan of the Chelsea Football Club refused to carry a 
passenger who was putting on the jersey of the Arsenal Football Club. The 
major character of the film Sampson is a fan of the Chelsea Football Club 
while his wife is a fan of the Liverpool Football club and his son, Jay Jay, 
a fan of the Barcelona Football Club. This brought various shades of 
confrontation in several instances in the film to the extent of Sampson 
withdrawing his promise of financial supports to his son. The film also 
presents a scene where Sampson sends the driver of his commercial bus 
parking because the driver is a fan of the Arsenal Football Club. 

There is another dimension to this negative trend that is worth discussing 
here. It is the link between alcohol intake and violent sports fan 
criminality. Drinking of alcoholic beverages is an activity that provokes 
the fans to act in a violent nature. Yet, the business of football viewing 
(commercial showing of football) and the sale of alcohol complement each 
other in Nigeria. It is only on few occasions does one see them exist 
independent of each other. The Nollywood films Crazy Fans and Mr Ibu 
the Chelsea Fan contain instance to prove this point. In Crazy Fans, 
Madam Janet (Madam Chelsea) and Mr Barnabas (Mr ManU) are 
involved in both businesses. Bottles of already consumed alcoholic drinks 
are also freely displayed in manners suggestive of product placements. It 
was an empty bottle of Star Larger beer in Madam Chelsea’s shop that
Martins broke to stab the Manchester United fan. 

A major source of worry and concern is occasioned by the fact that the 
supporters in Nigeria are making enemies among themselves for clubs 
playing their games in Europe and other continents. A major bulk of these 



Chisimdi Udoka Ihentuge & Nnamdi Onyenonachi Olekwara - Nollywood and fanaticism in…

161

fans does not even know the teams playing in their domestic leagues not 
to talk of the players of such teams. This seriously tilts towards 
Afghanistanism. Hence, Martins admonishes in Crazy Fans saying: 

On the day this incident happened, I realized that Drogba, John Terry, 
Mikel, they are all there making their money. And I’m here dying for
them even to the extent of taking a life… I want to tell everyone out
there, every dedicated fan of any club that we all should not fail to 
enjoy football because it is not but a game. And in every came comes 
a winner and a looser. I’m sorry. I’m sorry. 

Even the character of Musa in Mr Ibu the Chelsea Fan points out the 
nature of Afghanistanism football fan base in Nigeria and other African 
nations saying “… football is made in heaven, played in Europe and 
enjoyed by people in Africa.”  

Sports Betting 

Sports’ betting has become common place in the contemporary Nigerian
society as sports betting platforms marginally by the day. This 
phenomenon could be said to have started with the pool betting. Betting 
in sporting activities come in the gambling fashion. In gambling, money 
or anything of material value is staked on an event with relatively 
uncertain outcome with the primary intent of winning additional money or 
material goods. In sports betting, people engage in the activity of staking 
money to predict sports results to win some more money if the eventual 
outcomes favour their prediction. Generally, the probability of earning 
more money easily is a leading motive for the engagement in sports 
betting. 

In the films selected for this paper, we see instance of betting in sporting 
activities notably football.  In Mr Ibu the Chelsea Fan, we see instance of 
sports betting in the scene where Sampson abandoned his wife and Jay Jay 
their son. As the due were tracking home, Jay Jay had to excuse his mother 
to settle a bet of how many Arsenal players featured in the last world cup 
competition. As the film progress, we are also presented with another 
scene where two young men came to Jay Jay to settle a bet of two thousand 
naira staked for the most successful club in England. The nastiest of the 
betting is seen in Crazy Fans between Martins and his friend. Martins had 
staked that Chelsea Football Club will win Arsenal Football Club.  
Unfortunately, their stake this time is not money or any material goods but 
their girlfriends. And when finally, Martins won the bet, he took the 
benefit of the bet to the last by making love to his friend’s girlfriend. 



AMA: Journal of Theatre and Cultural Studies

162

Conclusion 

It has been established in the course of this paper that sports fan violent 
criminality and sports betting are two negative trends that have griped 
sports orientation in Nigeria in recent time. Youths and young adults are 
the most affected. This has to be arrested in the best interest of this nation. 
The paper believes that the media can do well in curbing this menace. Of 
the other media, the medium of film can better serve this purpose because 
of the pride of place it occupies in the contemporary audio-visual friendly 
generation. Nollywood film makers should rise up to the challenge and 
put the sociological functions of the art to bear. Yet, care must be taken in 
screening scenes of violence and bloodshed in such films.  

References 

Adams, A., Harf, A., & Ford, R. (n.d.). Agenda Setting Theory: A Critique of 
Maxwell McCombs & Donald Shaw’s Theory. A First Look at 
Communication Theory. April 20, 2016 from www.chapman. 
edu/ojs/index.php/mc/article/download/902/1052. 

Brayton, Colin. (2008). “Afghanistanism in Nigerian Journalism.” Accessed
on 2nd May, 2017 from www.tupiwire.wordpress. 
com/2008/07/08/afghanistanism-in-nigerian-journalism. 

Cohen, B.C. (1963). The Press and Foreign Policy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton 
University Press. 

Defleur, M. L.  (2010) Mass Communication Theories: Explaining Origins, 
Processes and  Effects. New York: Allyn and Bacon. 

Little John, S. W. & Foss, K. A. (2008). Theories of Human Communication 
(9th ed.). Belmont USA: Thomson. 

Mackey, Robert. (2009).  “4 Barcelona Fans Killed in Nigeria.” The Lede, 
28th May, 2009. Accessed 2nd May, 2017 from www. 
thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/05/28/4-barcelona-fans-killed-in-
nigeria/comment-page-1. 

McCombs, M., & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of the 
media. Public opinion quarterly, vol. 36 (pp. 176 - 187).  

Milojević, S., Simonović, B., Janković, B., Otašević, B. & Turanjanin, V. 
(2013). Youth and Hooliganism at Sports Events. Belgrade, Serbia: 
Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe Mission to 
Serbia. Accessed on 2nd May, 2017 from 
www.files.ethz.ch/isn/180014/English.pdf. 

Muin, M. J. (2011). Agenda-setting theory and the role of the media in 
shaping public opinion  for the Iraq war. M. A. research paper, 
Department of Communication  University of Central Missouri. 



Chisimdi Udoka Ihentuge & Nnamdi Onyenonachi Olekwara - Nollywood and fanaticism in…

163

Accessed April 20, 2016 from www.ndc.gov.bd/lib_mgmt/ 
webroot/.../Role_of_the_Media_in_Iraq_War.pd 

Ojobor, I. J. (2002). “Mass Communication Theories” In Chinyere Stella]
Okunna (ed) Teaching Mass Communication: A Multi-Dimensional 
Approach. (pp 3 – 26). Enugu: New Generation Books. 

Okediji, H. (2015). “The Relevance of Sports to the development of 
Education in Nigeria,  1904 Till Date.” In History Research,  Vol. 
5, No. 3, (188-196). Accessed on  2nd May, 2017 from 
www.davidpublisher.com 

Umeasiegbu, G. O. & Agbanusi, E. C. (2002). “Violence in Sports: 
Implications for National Development.” In Rose C. Ebenebe &
Lilian-Rita Akudolu (Eds) Education for National Development and 
Integration (pp. 179 – 186). Awka: Faculty of Education, Nnamdi 
Azikiwe University, Awka. 

 
Videography 
Andy Chukwu, dir. Mr Ibu Chelsea Fan. With John Okafor, Andy Chukwu 

& Osita Ihem.  Andy Best Production, Ifeanyi Anakwe, dir. Crazy 
Fans 1 & 2. With Patience Ozokwor, Chiwetalu Agu, Junior 
 Pope, & Diamond Okechi. Double Edge Production, 2011.  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


