




































American Economic & Social Review 

 Vol. 6, No. 2; 2020 

ISSN 2576-1269   E-ISSN 2576-1277 

Published by CRIBFB, USA 

 

13 

HOW SELF-CONTROL IMPACT’S ON HAPPINESS AND SATISFACTION WITH 

LIFE WITH MODERATING ROLE OF LOCUS OF CONTROL 

 

Sajid Hussain 

Bahauddinzakariya University Multan, Pakistan 

E-mail: sajid.hussain6441@gmail.com 

 

Muhammad Baqir 

University of Education Lahore, Multan campus, Pakistan  

E-mail: baqiralisiddique@gmail.com 

 

K. M. Anwarul Islam 

Associate Professor 

Department of Business Administration 

The Millennium University, Dhaka, Bangladesh 

PhD Candidate 

University of Selangor, Malaysia 

E-mail: ai419bankingdu@gmail.com 

 

Samra Asif 

Bahauddinzakariya University Multan, Pakistan 

E-mail: samraahmedtarar@gmail.com 

 

ABSTRACT 

Self-control is by all explanations a basic worth affecting how others see us and how we see 

ourselves. The basic aim of the study is to elaborate the vice versa relationship among the factor 

to test whether certain psychological variable which increases the satisfaction with life. 

Component of happiness with the influence of locus of control is correlated with each other 

which is we find in this research. The participants in the study were 307 students of the different 

institutes who fill questionnaires through snowball sampling. This had a significant huge 

relationship with the locus of control. In this study, we use a different technique to find the 

relationship with data. Firstly we test the reliability of the questionnaire which is used by the 

different researcher in their research article after this we find the correlation which shows the 

positive result among the variable. Subsequently, MANOVA and other test were applied in this 

research to emphasize how self-control plays a major role to enhance the level of happiness 

which discovered the true meaning of satisfaction. This study recommended that if students and 

people are good at self-control elements in different situations then they will be happier and 

satisfied with their life. Moreover, the investigation uncovered that self-control has emphatically 

corresponded with Happiness, regularity feeling, and satisfaction with life. Research on 

happiness has caused it conceivable to better comprehend human behaviour in different parts of 

life. 

 

Keywords: Self-Control, Satisfaction with Life, Happiness, Locus of Control. 

 

 

mailto:sajid.hussain6441@gmail.com
mailto:baqiralisiddique@gmail.com
mailto:samraahmedtarar@gmail.com


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14 

INTRODUCTION 

Self-control is one of the most prevalent research topics which entail strong definition confines 

to permit overview of the consequences. There are some variations between researchers to 

understand the concept, due to the element that self-control is a complicated phenomenon that 

comprises many psychological functions and has effective impact on human ordinary 

performance (Edward Nęcka, 2019).‖Self-control is defined ―as the ability to modify and control 

abundantly response tendencies subsequent in the reticence of disagreeable behaviours though 

stimulating required ones to accomplish the long period objective (De Ridder, 2012).Definitely 

the most significant challenge in the present life is happiness, which highly effect to determine 

the genuine significance of life is happiness. Happiness is most substantial factor which reduces 

the impermanence rate among all human and raise life expectancy between individuals (Beatle et 

al., 2015). Happiness according to develop model by Seligman (Peterson, 2005), consist of three 

directions: desire, sense and engagement. Positive reactions inspire to engage in several activities 

and it‘s favourable for completion of task at a proficiency level. Consequently, they add to the 

accomplishment of the success, which provide more positive emotions. A particular wisdom of 

sense leads to goal achievement. The existence of pleasure (present-oriented) and sense of 

significance (future-oriented) enhance the contribution of the happiness. Universal life 

satisfaction, when evaluate on a scale of variety from the assessment of one‘s life as highly 

satisfied to very dissatisfying (Diener & Inglehart, 2013).Happiness is absolutely one of the 

greatest vision of mankind and every one try is ideal to accomplish it. The ultimate level of 

happiness arises on individual‘s valuation of their self and lives. The judgement can be thought 

such as the assessment prepared concerning fulfilment or they can be expressive which are 

exposed in reaction to the occasions throughout everyday life (oswald, et, al, & flower, 2004). 

Here we characterize happiness as it is regularly characterized in the literature, that is, as far as 

continuous positive effect, high life fulfilment, and inconsistent negative effect. These three 

builds are the three essential segments of abstract prosperity, as indicated by (Lyubomksky, 

2005).Associate the authenticity of thinking about them as displays of the equivalent hidden 

develop, we discover that the methods are outstandingly corresponded and normally produce a 

solitary factor after undesirable influence has remained recoded (Sheldon, 1995). It is critical to 

note too that we apply a personalized meaning of happiness single that ordinarily depends on 

individuals' self-reports. We accept this is proper and even vital assumed our opinion that 

happiness must be characterized from the point of view of the individual. In other words, 

satisfaction is essentially an abstract singularity for which the last appointed authority must to be 

"whoever lives inside an individual's skin (Diener E. &., 1995).Happier people have more 

postive vision towards life or aparticular events. They have maximum smooth of pleasure 

towards their family, profession ,education and all the other aspect of whole life (Eysenk, 1996). 

Rotter (1996)clarifies the the strengthening which are elementary indicators of individual‘s 

attitude in long tenure locus of control in his social knowledge Philosophy, as. The idea of locus 

of control is wide concepts in the perspective to laern difficult things and behaviour‘s alteration. 

This thought protect the idea that peoples during their lives, examine the actions as their 

arrogances or they trust that those  suitation result from accidental, luck or external forces 

(Erdogan, 2003).Characters with inside Loc (locus of control) are vigilant, attentive, leading, 

faithful on victory, self-assured, and creative. On the further side, the characters with peripheral 

locus of are least careful, high-flown by the cluster supporters, simply influenced by exterior 

forces, fewer self-assured and they show unstable presentations (Rotter, 1975).People spread out 

two mechanism insolences as inner and external by seeing that the supports which they get from 



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15 

their earlier capabilities consequence from their specific behaviour or outer forces (Cetin, 2008). 

In a progression of distributions, we have shown and utilized an instrument for self-detailing life 

satisfaction as a social marker of how much subjects have figured out how to adapt to various 

parts of life also, life as an entire. Level of satisfaction with life as an entire can be viewed as 

synonymous with quality of life. An elective view, in any case, and one to which we buy in, is 

that to be happy with life as an entire is to be glad Subjects who are at least fulfilled (scale grades 

5 and 6) with life as entire we consider to be upbeat Under various conditions it has been 

demonstrated that undesirable changes in capacity to keep being a functioning member in life 

lead to a low degree of satisfaction in at least one spaces, and to a low degree of happiness 

(Braholm et, 1998) .previous many resercher have done work on self-

control,happiness,satisfaction with life and locus of control in different realtion but in this 

reserch my objective is to find out how self-control depend on happiness and satisfaction wit 

lifewith infulenc e of locus of control. Though self control is most important factor to perform 

any kind of activity in craving behaviour.To discourse these familiarity gaps, this article 

examines the observations of self-control affect on happiness, satisfaction with life with the 

infuence of locus of control. This analysis help to understand the levels of happiness which 

people are good in self control at different suitation and how they are satisfied with their life by 

the affecting factor of locus of control.This understanding practical inferences as will be 

validated later in this article. 

 

Aim of the study 

The ―aim of this study‖ was to identify the association between the self-control with happiness 

and satisfaction with life for measuring the influence of the Locus of control which is take in this 

research as moderating variable on the dependent variable which is Happiness, and gratification 

with life among the students of the different university. We tested that how the self-control is 

effecting on happiness which makes the positive or the negative in the consequence related to the 

life or at any stage of life. As responsive study had recommended that there is substantial impact 

of the self-control on both dependent variables. To test the relationship we develop Hypothesis. 

 

LITERATURE REVIEW 

Self-control 

Self-control has been dissimilar among the most valued assets of human (Hoffman, etal, 

2013).Many resercher exploring the clear the concept that self-control as ability or capacity to 

manage ,control and impressed, desires and have potential to do activities (Hoffman, etal, 

2013).Self-control is the skill to control and adapt reponses in order to escape undersirable 

behaviours, to rise in desirable ones, and reach long-term ambition. Many research has exposed 

that keeping self-control can be important for health and happiness. People regularly used 

variation of terms for self-control, inculding determination, grit,self-discipline, willpower,and 

fortitude. (Moffitt, et, al, & Arseneault L, 2011).Psychologists basically defines self-control as: 

The capacity to control practices so as to evade temptations and to accomplish objectives.the 

ability to delay satisfaction and resist undesirable behaviours or needs. A partial resource that 

can be down. (Duckworth A, 2013).Researchers have originate that persons who obligate greater 

self-control are happier and satisfied with their life. .The psychological literature on self-control 

has demonstrated that people who have strong self-control are generally experienced additional 

nearness interpersonal relationships (Koval, 2015). However it‘s possible that persons who have 



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16 

extraordinary level of self-control will cooperate with other and they should seldom face the 

conflicts (Martinsson, 2014). 

 

Happiness 

Happiness can be described as optimistic or negative reactions that concern the optimal level of 

satisfaction in human life (Diener & etal, 1995).According to (Jain & Saeed, 2012)Happiness is 

results from pleasant feelings of one‘s emotion in addition to have postive farme of mind 

towards something. Those people who are happy they offer more help to other‘s in critical 

situation and they are creative, highly innovative in doing things, socially active in society, 

and benevolent mentally and physically. (Diener & Dean, 2008).An alternative forecast is that 

feeling of happiness is relate on different type of culture. For instance, fair of warmth is greater 

in wealthier countries as compare to poorer countries, where might be happiness depend more 

fulfillment of basic needs. (Diener & Tay, 2011).There was a major improvement in our skill to 

evaluate happiness and our self-assurance in the capacity of happiness (Biswas-Diener, 2008). 

This point is so significant that is deserves more consideration. It is hard to elaborate the 

scientific study of happiness without considering confidence to measure happiness. Happiness 

can remain simply understood by way of a replacement of satisfaction with one‘s life, in the 

alliance of wellbeing as advised by (Diener). Nevertheless, the author never actually saw 

satisfaction of life in term of assessment. The meaning of happiness is that a person is glad or 

satisfied with their life, without wondering about the presence and absence of particular feelings, 

but sometime positive results of one‘s estimate at certain values (Shin & Irvine, 2015).Happiness 

can be characterized as how many individuals absolutely evaluate their life circumstance. 

(Veenhoven, 1996) What‘s more, relies upon an assortment of individual and social qualities. 

These qualities vary in the fact that they are so critical to every person and are estimated by 

ordinal positioning. Happiness is regularly characterized as far as carrying on with a decent life, 

in preference to humble emotion. 

 

Locus of control 

The idea of LoC (―locus of control‖), which started in the social learning concept of American 

clinician Rotter (1966), manages how much individuals have learnt to see their lives' incidents as 

either heavily influenced by their own inner attitudes, attributes, or under outside control (Reich, 

2017).The locus of control indicates to a person's observation where he recognizes the results of 

events throughout his life as capacity of his behaviour or qualities. In this manner, the locus of 

control has a resilient relationship with a person‘s behaviour. Locus of control, as directed by 

(Rotter J. , 1966) indicates to one's faith in their capacities to control life events. A somebody 

with an inside LoC (―locus of control‖) accepts that consequences are identified with their 

behaviour or individual security while a specific with an outer Loc(locus of control) accepts that 

results are not identified with their conduct however to outside powers past their control. 

According to (Marks, 1998) People with an exterior LoC (―locus of control‖) may distinguish 

existence happenings to be regulator by accidental, or luck. Although the people who have inner 

locus of control are further probable to transform their behaviour subsequent as compare to 

external LoC(―locus of control‖). Many researchers recommended that motivation is related to 

the locus of control when peoples and mostly students given control over instruction. (Keller et 

al, 1983) Stated that locus of control has been extremely linked with the approaches and then 

study behaviours of dissimilar subjects who remained actually permitted to resistor teaching. 

Because of its significance, locus of control turned into a critical variable in different research 



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17 

fields. Where the importance of the develop of apparent control by inner or outer elements has 

been presented As indicated by the definition of Locus of Control is an idea as to whether the life 

of an individual is constrained by himself or herself or by some outside forces. An individual‘s 

comprehensive opinion about inner (self) versus outside (situation or others) control is called 

locus of control approving to (Nelson, 1997). Locus of Control is view of who controls results 

and it has been perceived that this observation is significant in shaping behaviour (Harris, 2006). 

 

Satisfaction with life 

―Satisfaction with life‖ is a person‘s intellectual appraisals of complete value of the life or 

perspectives toward exact aspect such as intimate, colleagues, groups and the society (Suldo, al 

S.M., & al K.N Riley, 2006). Life-satisfaction, its antecedents and outcomes have been read 

experimentally for different purposes. Life satisfaction is characterized as people's emotional 

valuations of the nature for their survives (Diener & al E., 2013). Life satisfactions characterized 

as people's intellectual appraisals of the nature of their lives. Many researchers have originate 

that satisfaction with life relates to various positive consequences including subjective well-

being (Gilman, al R, & S, 1997),completing connection with others, optimum physical 

effective(Lewis, 2010),family relationship worth (Dew, 1994) important of self –esteem (Zhang, 

al L., & J., 2002), positive association with in classroom with others, self confidence in class 

school commitment (Doğan, U., & Çelik, E., 2014) personal pleasure forgiveness (Eldeleklioğlu, 

J., 2015), and benevolent attachment (Bendayan, 2013).Satisfaction with life mentions to a 

reasoning judgmental method said by (Shin, D. C., & Johnson, D. M., 1978) define satisfaction 

with life as a worldwide appraisal of an individual's person satisfaction as indicated by his select 

criteria. One of the most ensconces pointers of wellbeing and positive working among new 

people (S., 2006) .Satisfaction with Life suggests to a judgmental and intellectual procedure 

(Diener & E. R., 1985) in which persons estimate the worth of their life created on a number of 

criteria. ―Satisfaction with life‖ is an individual opinion broad-spectrum to evaluate the entirely 

of one‘s life or other some characteristic of life likewise life with family and academic 

experience; conclusively satisfaction with life is the balance consideration of among individual 

aim and currently state of the particular person. In other way the superior gap amongst the level 

of singular desires and the current state of the person is ultimately effect the satisfaction of the 

life negatively (pavot, 1993). 

 

HYPOTHESIS 

This study is determined the connection between self-control, happiness satisfaction with life 

accenting on mediating consequence of locus of control. 

H1: self-control is positively related to happiness. 

H2: people who have strong locus of control have significant impact on satisfaction with life. 

H3: Locus of control moderator has significant relationship with happiness. 

H4: Locus of control moderator has significant relationship with satisfaction with life. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



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18 

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH MODEL 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework 

 

Research model 

A review survey was utilized to accumulate the essential data. The questionnaire is composed of 

four scales, namely self-control, locus of control, happiness and ―satisfaction with life‖. This 

study is designed to analyse the relationship of ―self-control‖ with happiness and satisfaction of 

life with the moderating variable locus of control is significantly interrelated to each other. The 

theoretical frame work depicting this relationship presumed that is positive. It is context the base 

study considers in the series of qualitative studies. Its consist basic primary approached 

(questionnaire). The questionnaire is composed of two different type of scales included nominal, 

(yes, No) likert scale which is start from (strongly agree, to strongly disagree)   

 

METHODOLOGY 

Data collection Tools 

In this study we are used questionnaire method. For observing the result which consist only 67 

questions to get the primary data. 

 

Procedure 

Respondents were invited to participate in study on volunteer basis. The questionnaire were 

deliver to the participant were in two ways. One is hard copy distributed among students and 

second one is online administrative (Google form).The whole process of answering took about 

50 minutes for completing one questionnaire. 

 

Data Analysis 

The data analysis included calculation of descriptive statistics for the variables via the 

questionnaire for overall the measure. The reliability of data consistency is calculated through 

different testing tools. Included Mean, Median Mode, Correlation, Regression or cronbach‘s 

Alpha were utilized in order to influence the capacity and direction of correspondence among the 

variable. 

 

HAPPINESS 

SATISFICATION 

WITH LIFE 

SELF-CONTROL 
. 

     LOCUS       

OF CONTROL 

 CONTROL 



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19 

Measure 
The participants filled the finalized questionnaires. Further they were requested to provide basic 

demographic information, which is categorized on gender, phase, and conjugal status. We 

second-hand the subsequent methods. The self-control scale by (Tangney et al, 2004)was used to 

amount constitution self-control. Basically it‘s consist of 13 statements in the adopted 

questionnaire (e.g., ―I have a hard time breaking bad habits‘‘) regarded on a 5 option. Here we 

test the reliability of the scale through SPSS software in which we find Cronbach‘s α which .495 

is. The total number of statement which is estimated here is 12 and 1 is excluded here to balance 

the reliability of the scale due to increase the reliability. Below the table show the reliability 

scale of self-control. 

 

“Self-control” 

―Reliability Statistics‖ 

―Cronbach's 

Alpha‖ 

―N of 

Items‖ 

.495 12 

 

The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire was created by psychologists (Hills, 2002) was 

utilized to quantify the degree to which individuals measured their happiness. It contains 29 

items regarded on a 6-point scale. An instance item is: ―I don‘t feel particularly pleased with way 

I am‘‘ the value of Cronbach‘s α was .773 which is acceptable for the reliability. Below the table 

show the value of reliability scale of happiness.                

 

“Happiness” 

―Reliability Statistics‖ 

―Cronbach's 

Alpha‖ 

―N of 

Items‖ 

.773 29 

 

   The Satisfaction with Life Scale ( (Diener, 1985)Comprising of five statements 

anticipated to instrument worldwide intellectual decisions of ―satisfaction with life‖(e.g., ―so far 

I have gotten the important things I want in life‘‘) the following are based on five statements 

scale. Utilizing the 1 – 7 points‘ .The reliability of the scale (Cronbach‘s α) was .665 which is 

questionable and below the table shows the value of the satisfaction with life. 

 

“Satisfaction with Life” 

―Reliability Statistics 

―Cronbach's 

Alpha‖ 

―N of 

Items‖ 

.655 5 

 

  The ―locus of control‖ scale developed by (Bernardi, 1997) this scale is used to measure 

the effect of the locus of control on the self-control, happiness, and satisfaction with life. In this 

examination the locus of control is use as the moderating which show the influence.  LOC 

consist on the 20 statement. (e.g. ―I don‘t really believe in luck or chance‘‘) The result scored by 

giving option which is (Yes—or –No).The reliability of the scale check through the software 



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SPSS. Total number of the statement is 20 but to increase the reliability of the scale we exclude 

the 2 statement which effect the reliability of the scale after this the chronbach‘s alpha value of 

the 18 items is ―(Cronbach‘s α)‖ is .464. It‘s approximately near to the 5 which is place on 

questionable in chronbach‘s alpha. The below table show the reliability statistics of the variable. 

 

“Locus of Control” 

 ―Reliability Statistics‖ 

―Cronbach's 

Alpha‖ 

―N of 

Items‖ 

.464 18 

 

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
This section reports on and deliberates the consequences of the survey. As we can see in the 

Tables 1 to 6. In this we make questionnaire on the Google from for collecting response and we 

get 307 responses as the sample of the study. Correlations between the self-control, happiness 

and satisfaction with life which shown in table no 1 reveals that self-control positively associated 

with the happiness and satisfaction with life. Along these lines, presently you comprehend what 

the positive or negative sign methods on a connection coefficient. It discloses to you whether the 

two factors move a similar way or inverse bearings. It likewise discloses to you the general 

course of the line you would see on as scatter plot indicating the entirety of the individuals used 

to calculate the correlation. At whatever Point we graph two variables that move in similar way, 

the mark we draw will for the most part go from the base left to the upper right of the diagram. 

We call this a positive relationship. A positive connection implies that the two factors move a 

similar way - as one goes up, the different goes up, or the other way around. We call this a 

positive relationship since when we do the condition to think of our connection coefficient, the 

outcome will be a positive number. It tends to be somewhere in the range of +0.01 as far as 

possible up to +1.00. In this we see there is a positive correlation between the dependent or 

independent variable with the effect of ―locus of control‖ and the value of the all variable is 

significant which is shown in table below. 

 

Table 1. Correlations 

 

  ―Self-

Control‖ 

―Happiness‖ ―Satisfaction 

with Life‖ 

―Locus of 

Control‖ 

―Self-

Control‖ 

―Pearson 

Correlation‖ 

1 -.028 -.088 -.270
**

 

―Sig. (2-tailed)‖   .620 .123 .000 

―N‖ ―307‖ ―307‖ 307 307 

―Happiness‖ ―Pearson 

Correlation‖ 

-.028 1 .479
**

 .377
**

 

―Sig. (2-tailed)‖ .620   .000 .000 

―N‖ ―307‖ ―307‖ 307 307 

 

―Satisfaction 

with Life‖ 

―Pearson 

Correlation‖ 

-.088 .479
**

 1 .293
**

 



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―Sig. (2-tailed)‖ .123 .000   .000 

―N‖ ―307‖ 307 307 307 

―Locus of 

Control‖ 

―Pearson 

Correlation‖ 

-.270
**

 .377
**

 .293
**

 1 

―Sig. (2-tailed)‖ .000 .000 .000   

―N‖ 307 307 307 307 

 

The descriptive statistics for the variable of self-control Happiness, satisfaction with and 

locus of control are presented in Table 2. This is categorizing by minimum, maximum, mean and 

most important standard deviation. As, can be perceived, women filled the high number of 

response which demonstrated that over all the self-control have optimistic influence on their life 

in different aspect. While in the descriptive statistics for all variables the lowest scores are 

beyond the objective the maximum 1 is place on the 3rd value which is the dependent variable 

satisfaction with life and here all the means are exceeding the average. Previously we test the 

reliability of the each scale which is approximately is acceptable. The values of means in the 

table indicate that satisfaction with life have higher value when you have significantly command 

our the self-control then there is positive impact on the satisfaction with life as the mean value 

proportionally shown in the table the value of means is (p< 3.65472). In summary, for this 

illustration respondents give their positive emotion regarding their happiness, and satisfaction 

with life and flourishing the measure of the experienced about the self-control. People who have 

strongly balance their self-control are efficiently happier and associated satisfied with their life in 

the perspective of the utilizing the locus of control. The whole variance between the all 

dependent and independent variable is get more positively effect is satisfaction with life (mean 

difference ‗‘p<3.65472‘‘ significantly relate with the std.deviation ‗‘p<1.055643‘‘).In this 

happiness added ‗‘ =.533898‘‘ to explained the influence of self-control. We were likewise keen 

on researching how much satisfaction with life variance was represented by happiness. (Variance 

= 0.899472). In this descriptive statistics the hypothesis H1 is prove that self-control is definitely 

related to happiness. 

 

Table 2. Descriptive Statistics 

 

  ―N‖ ―Minimum‖ ―Maximum‖ ―Mean‖ ―Std. 

Deviation‖ 

Self-Control 307 1.417 4.167 2.77389 .478922 

Happiness 307 1.621 5.276 3.37066 .533898 

―Satisfactionwith 

Life‖ 

307 1.000 6.600 3.65472 1.055643 

―Locusof 

Control‖ 

307 1.167 2.000 1.55248 .156171 

Valid N 

(listwise) 

307         

 

Manova Test Results 
Following test results are statistically insignificant which is desired one because here we are in 

the favour that Null Hypothesis should not be rejected. H0 the watched covariance frameworks 



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22 

of the reliant factors are equivalent across groups. Here P value is .308 that is greater than the 

0.05 in the light of above result we fail to reject the Null Hypothesis that is desirable. If the 

BOX‘S m test results are significant and the Null hypothesis has been rejected than further in 

multivariate analysis table, we will analyse the results of Pillai‘s Trace test. On the other hand, if 

results are insignificant what's more, neglect to dismiss the Null theory than researcher is advised 

to analyse the Wilks‘ Lamba results is in the case here. 

 

Table 3. Box's Test of Equality of Covariance Matrices 

 

―Box's M‖ ―71‖.930 

―F‖ ―1‖.083 

―df1‖ 60 

―df2‖ 11817.003 

Sig. .308 

 

Multivariate tests summarize results of Wilks‘ Lambda which is a proportion of the 

present of change in the dependent factors that is *not explained* by contrasts in the degree of 

the independent variable. Wilks' Lambda differs somewhere in the range of 1 and zero(i.e., no 

variance that isn't clarified by the independent variable).  Here independent variable is self-

control (SC) while the mediating variable is Locus of Control (LC) here the value of Wilks‘ 

Lambda is 0.991 which is much higher and close to 1, associated F is 1.312, sig value is 0.271 

which is greater than the 0.05 It means an insignificant multivariate main effect for Self-control 

SC, Wilks‘ λ = .991, F (2, 276) = 1.312, Sig > 0.05, fractional eta squared (related with the 

fundamental impact ofself-control)= 0.009 and observed power (the power to detect the main 

effect )=0.283. These are very poor of self-control on dependent variables while LC was used as 

a mediating variable. while the mediating variable is Locus of Control (LC) here the value of 

Wilks‘ Lambda is 0.711 which is better result as compare to independent variables, associated F 

is 3.414, sig value is 0.00 which is < 0.05 It means a significant multivariate main effect for 

Locus of control LC, Wilks‘ λ = .711, F (30, 552) = 3.414, Sig < 0.05, partial eta squared 

(associated with the main effect of self-control)= 0.156 and observed power (the power to detect 

the main effect )=1.0. These are better results as compare to the self-control effect. 

 

Table 4. Multivariate Tests 

 

―Effect 

Value‖ 

―Va

lue‖ 

―F‖ ―Hypoth

esis df‖ 

―Error 

df‖ 

―Si

g‖. 

―Parti

al Eta 

Squar

ed‖ 

―Nonce

nt. 

Parame

ter‖ 

―Obser

ved 

Power‖
d
 

―Intercept‖ 

 

 

 

 

―Pillai's‖―Trac

e‖ 

.571 183.8

39
b
 

2.000 276.00

0 

.000 .571 367.67

7 

1.000 

―Wilks' 

―Lambda‖ 

.429 183.8

39
b
 

2.000 276.00

0 

.000 .571 367.67

7 

1.000 

 

 

―Hotelling's‖―

Trace‖ 

1.33

2 

183.8

39
b
 

2.000 276.00

0 

.000 .571 367.67

7 

1.000 

―Roy's‖―Larg 1.33 183.8 2.000 276.00 .000 .571 367.67 1.000 



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est‖―Root‖ 2 39
b
 0 7 

SC ―Pillai's‖ 

―Trace‖ 

―.00

9‖ 

―1.31

2‖
b
 

―2.000‖ ―276.0

00‖ 

.271 .009 2.625 .283 

―Wilks‖ 

―Lambda‖ 

―.99

1‖ 

―1.31

2‖
b
 

―2.000‖ ―276.0

00‖ 

.271 .009 2.625 .283 

―Hotelling's‖―

Trace‖ 

.010 ―1.31

2‖
b
 

―2.000‖ ―276.0

00‖ 

.271 .009 2.625 .283 

―Roy's‖―Larg

est‖―Root‖ 

.010 ―1.31

2‖
b
 

―2.000‖ ―276.0

00‖ 

.271 .009 2.625 .283 

LC ―Pillai's‖―Trac

e‖ 

.296 3.202 30.000 554.00

0 

.000 .148 96.071 1.000 

―Wilks‖―Lam

bda‖ 

.711 3.414
b
 

30.000 552.00

0 

.000 .156 102.41

5 

1.000 

―Hotelling's‖―

Trace‖ 

.396 3.626 30.000 550.00

0 

.000 .165 108.77

9 

1.000 

―Roy's‖―Larg

est‖―Root‖ 

.369 6.807
c
 

15.000 277.00

0 

.000 .269 102.10

7 

1.000 

         .330 

―Gender‖ ―Pillai's‖―Trac

e‖ 

.011 1.559
b
 

2.000 276.00

0 

.212 .011 3.118 

―Wilks‖―Lam

bda‖ 

.989 1.559
b
 

2.000 276.00

0 

.212 .011 3.118 .330 

―Hotelling's‖―

Trace‖ 

.011 1.559
b
 

2.000 276.00

0 

.212 .011 3.118 .330 

―Roy's‖―Larg

est‖―Root‖ 

.011 1.559
b
 

2.000 276.00

0 

.212 .011 3.118 .330 

LC * 

―Gender‖ 

―Pillai's‖―Trac

e‖ 

.105 1.285 24.000 554.00

0 

.165 .053 30.851 .924 

―Wilks‖ 

―Lambda‖ 

.897 1.284
b
 

24.000 552.00

0 

.166 .053 30.827 .923 

―Hotelling's‖―

Trace‖ 

.112 1.283 24.000 550.00

0 

.167 .053 30.803 .923 

―Roy's‖―Larg

est‖―Root‖ 

.074 1.716
c
 

12.000 277.00

0 

.063 .069 20.586 .862 

 

Levene's trial of equity of error variances null hypothesis is H0: The error difference of 

the dependent variables is equivalent across groups. It is desirable that null hypothesis should not 

be rejected. Levene‘s test of equally of error variances F-test results are 1.001 and 1.355 for 

Happiness and fulfilment with life separately suggest we fail to reject null hypothesis and their 

corresponding Sig. values are 0.469, and 0.114 which all are greater than 5% confirm that there 

is equal variance (Homosksedastic) across dependent variables (Happiness with satisfaction with 

life and satisfaction with existence with happiness) it is desirable. 

 

 

 

 



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24 

 

Table 5. Levene‘s Test of Equality of Error Variances 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 ―Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across 

groups‖ 

 

Tests of among-Subjects Effects table summarize the results of individual variables and 

show its significance. F stats values of independent variable self-control on each dependent 

variable Happiness and Satisfaction with life are 2.6 and 0.1491 respectively and their 

corresponding sig values are greater than 5% for Happiness and Satisfaction with life it means 

self-control has no impact on Happiness and Satisfaction with life.  Partial eta squared for 

Happiness and Satisfaction with life are 0.009 and 0.001 respectively indicate strength of impact 

is week. Finally observed power for Happiness and Satisfaction with life is 0.358 and 0.06 

respectively indicated self-control has low power to detect Happiness and Satisfaction with life. 

For both insignificant variables, results are very week. Locus of control shown significant impact 

on both dependent variables F static is 6.264 and 3.109 respectively for both dependent 

variables. Sig value is lesser than 0.05 has significant impact on happiness and satisfaction with 

life. Partial eta squared is .253 and .144 respectively indicate strength of impact is good.  

Finally, the observed power for Happiness and Satisfaction with life is 1.000 and .998 

respectively has power to detect happiness and satisfaction with life for significant results are 

good. 

 

Table 6. Tests of Between-Subjects Effects 

 

―Sour

ce‖ 

 ―Depe

ndent 

variabl

e‖ 

―Typ

e III 

Sum 

of 

Squa

res‖ 

―df

‖ 

―Mean‖―

Square‖ 

―F‖ ―Si

g‖. 

―Partial‖―Eta‖

―Squared‖ 

―Noncent‖―P

arameter‖ 

―Obse

rved 

Power

‖
c
 

Corre

cted 

Mode

l 

  

Happin

ess 

Satisfa

ction 

with 

Life 

24.88

7
a
 

57.50

1
b
 

29 

29 

.858 

1.983 

3.81

3 

1.93

7 

.00

0 

.00

4 

.285 

.169 

110.590 

56.183 

1.000 

.997 

Interc

ept 

  

Happin

ess 

Satisfa

ction 

with 

80.64

1 

110.7

06 

1 

1 

80.641 

110.706 

358.

337 

108.

168 

.00

0 

.00

0 

.564 

.281 

358.337 

108.168 

1.000 

1.000 

  ―F‖ ―df1‖ ―df2‖ ―Sig‖ 

Happiness ―1.001‖ ―28‖ ―278‖ .469 

Satisfaction with 

Life 

1.355 28 278 .114 



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25 

Life 

SC 

  

Happin

ess 

Satisfa

ction 

with 

Life 

.578 

.153 

1 

1 

 

.578 

1 

.153 

2.56

7 

.149 

.11

0 

.69

9 

.009 

.001 

2.567 

.149 

.358 

.067 

LC 

  

Happin

ess 

Satisfa

ction 

with 

Life 

21.14

6 

47.73

5 

15 

15 

1.410 

3.182 

6.26

4 

3.10

9 

.00

0 

.00

0 

.253 

.144 

93.965 

46.640 

1.000 

.998 

Gend

er 

  

Happin

ess 

Satisfa

ction 

with 

Life 

.435 

2.461 

1 

1 

.435 

2.461 

1.93

1 

2.40

5 

.16

6 

.12

2 

.007 

.009 

1.931 

2.405 

.283 

.339 

 

 

LC * 

Gend

er 

  

Happin

ess 

Satisfa

ction 

with 

Life 

4.630 

12.52

2 

12 

12 

.386 

1.043 

1.71

5 

1.02

0 

 .069 

.042 

20.576 

12.235 

.862 

.591 

 

 

 

Error 

  

Happin

ess 

Satisfa

ction 

with 

Life 

62.33

7 

283.4

99 

27

7 

27

7 

.22

5 

1.0

23 

   

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

 

 

 

 

Total 

  

Happin

ess 

Satisfa

ction 

with 

Life 

3575.

162 

4441.

600 

  

30

7 

30

7 

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

 

Corre

cted 

Total 

  

Happin

ess 

Satisfa

ction 

with 

Life 

87.22

4 

341.0

01 

 

 30

6 

30

6 

 

 

 

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

 



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26 

  

a. ―R Squared‖ = .285 (―Adjusted R Squared‖ = .211) 

b. ―R Squared‖ = .169 (―Adjusted R Squared‖ = .082) 

c. ―Computed using alpha‖ = .05 

 

CONCLUSION 

The results of this examination confirmed past findings detailed. In spite of the above 

restrictions, the findings of the current investigation are profoundly significant. Its essential 

outcome in the scale estimating and its fundamental findings concern the connotations with the 

self-control, happiness, satisfaction with life. Study on self-control has caused it probable to well 

comprehend human behaviour in different parts of life. Right now, have endeavoured to 

coordinate what is thought about self-control change, particularly continuing varieties in 

satisfaction with life. The model incorporates a wide assortment of findings and recommends 

various new bearings for research. Over many years have gone since the "pursuit of happiness" 

was part of the number research. We trust it is finally period for the matter of manageable 

prosperity to be specified the scientific consideration that it merits. Our investigation didn't 

appear, as we had anticipated, the effect of self-control on the happiness and life satisfaction and 

both in the gathering of individuals with and with the huge influence of locus of control. The 

Life satisfaction was anticipated by student‘s orientation and kind of other healthy activities, 

gathering, and social interaction may have positively influence on happiness. Which ultimately 

suggest that if student worker on their self-control it may have better results in different stages of 

life? Self-Control has been connected to accomplishments in various different backgrounds, and 

apparently with more prominent poise one could concentrate more on desires and less on 

warding off obstructions en route. All things considered, despite the fact that the quest for bliss 

may not be simple, it gives off an impression of being in any case in our control. 

 The discoveries recommend that there was significantly relationship have among the self-control 

with happiness and self-control with satisfaction with life. Different independent variables 

contribute in future research. 

 

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APPNENDICES 

 

       Supplemental Materials 

 

Appendix A. Items and Response Scales for Study Measures 

 

(A) 

Self-control 

1. I am good at resisting temptation. 

2. I have a hard time breaking bad habits.  

3. I am lazy. 

4. I say inappropriate things. 

5. I do certain things that are bad for me, if they are fun.  

6. I refuse things that are bad for me. 

7. I wish I had more self-discipline. 

8. People would say that I have iron self-discipline. 

9. Pleasure and fun sometimes keep me from getting work done.  

10. I have trouble concentrating.  

11. I am able to work effectively towards long-term goals.  

12. Sometimes I can‘t stop myself doing something, even if I know it is wrong. 

13. I often act without thinking through all the alternatives.  

 

(B) 

Happiness 

I don‘t feel particularly pleased with the way I am. 

I am intensely interested in other people.    

 I feel that life is very rewarding.  

I have very warm feelings towards almost everyone.    

I rarely wake up feeling rested. 

I am not particularly optimistic about the future.  

I find most things amusing.    



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I am always committed and involved.    

Life is good.  

I do not think that the world is a good place. 

I laugh a lot.  

I am well satisfied about everything in my life. 

I don‘t think I look Attractive.  

There is a gap between what I like would to do and what I have done. 

I am very happy.    

I find beauty in Some things.    

I always have a cheerful effect on others.    

I can fit in (find time for) everything I want to.  

I feel that I am not especially in control of my life.  

I feel able to take anything on.    

I feel fully mentally alert.  

I often experience Joy and elation.  

I don‘t find it easy to make decisions.  

I don‘t have a particular sense of meaning and purpose in my life.  

I feel I have a great deal of energy.    

I usually have a good influence on event. 

I don‘t have fun with other people. 

I don‘t feel particularly healthy.  

I don‘t have particularly happy memories of the past.  

 

(C) 

Satisfaction with life 

In most ways my life is close to my ideal. 

The conditions of my life are excellent. 

I am satisfied with my life. 

So far I have gotten the important things I want in life. 

If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing. 

 

(D) 

Locus of control 

I usually get what I want in life. 

I need to be kept informed about news events. 

I never know where I stand with other people. 

I do not really believe in luck or chance. 

I think that I could easily win a lottery. 

If I do not succeed on a task, I tend to give up. 

I usually convince others to do things my way. 

People make a difference in controlling crime. 

The success I have is largely a matter of chance. 

Marriage is largely a gamble for most people. 

People must be the master of their own fate. 

It is not important for me to vote. 



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30 

. My life seems like a series of random events. 

I never try anything that I am not sure of. 

I earn the respect and honors I receive. 

A person can get rich by taking risks. 

Leaders are successful when they work hard. 

Persistence and hard work usually lead to success. 

It is difficult to know who my real friends are. 

Other people usually control my life. 

 

 

 

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journal. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative 

Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) 


