




































American Economic & Social Review; Vol. 4, No. 1; 2018  

ISSN 2576-1269   E-ISSN 2576-1277 

Impact Factor: 3.9 

                                            Published by Centre for Research on Islamic Banking & Finance and Business, USA 

 

 

1 

 

Operations of Street Food Vendors and Their Impact on 

Sustainable Life in Rural Nigeria 

 

 

Richardson Kojo Edeme PhD 

Senior Lecturer 

Department of Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 

Enugu State, Nigeria 

E-Mail: richard.edeme@unn.edu.ng 

Tel: +2348035813888 

 

 

Nkalu, C. Nkalu (corresponding author) 

Lecturer 

Department of Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 

Enugu State, Nigeria 

E-Mail(s): nelson.nkalu@unn.edu.ng or nkaluconnection@gmail.com 

Phone: +2348066884155 

 

 

 

Received: November 8, 2018      Accepted: November 11, 2018           Online Published: November 17, 2018        

 

 

 

Abstract 

In recent times, street food vending has become source of livelihood to some urban dwellers and has offered 

economic benefits to vendors and nutritious foods for the urban dwellers, especially in developing countries. The 

aim of this study is to investigate the operations and existence of street food vending in Nsukka urban area and 

examine its effects on sustainable life.. Demographic profiles of vendors, their food safety knowledge, constraints in 

proper handling practices, the emergence of street food vending, its socioeconomic impact, nature and problems 

facing street food vendors and their impact on sustainable life were assessed using a closed ended questionnaire. It 

was found that street food vendors have existed in Nsukka urban area overtime and their emergence was consequent 

upon the quest for a better life. Also, street food vending has impacted positively on sustainable life in the area 

through being a source of employment and provision of essential services to the dwellers.  

 

Keywords: Street food vendors, Sustainable life, Urban area, Nigeria.  

 

1. Introduction 

Over time, the sound performance of most developed economies has been attributed to the existence of a vibrant 

informal sector. The informal sector comprises of some elements such as street retailers, hair salons, mechanic 

shops, car wash shops, tailor and seamstress shops, the food vendors amongst others. At the apex of these informal 

sectors lies one of the main stabilizer, street vending. The immense contribution of street food vendors to the growth 

of the informal sector and the economy at large is not surprising, given the increasing need for highly placed 

consumer goods which is consequent upon the increasing growth of the world’s population, especially in the 

developing countries (Mcroman, 2007). In Asia, street food vending has been fundamental part of its culinary 

culture for centuries and they are still seen in great numbers around massive markets in every major city from 

Shanghai to Hanoi (Hodge, 2014).  In Nigeria and Nsukka Urban in particular, street food vending dates back to the 

mailto:richard.edeme@unn.edu.ng
mailto:nelson.nkalu@unn.edu.ng
mailto:nkaluconnection@gmail.com


www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/aesr                 American Economic & Social Review                Vol. 4, No. 1; 2018 

2 

 

colonial era, during the period of trade-by-barter when farmers and other individuals move from house to house in 

search of whom to exchange their farm produce with. 

The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations defines street foods as ready-to-eat foods and 

beverages prepared and/or sold by vendors and hawkers especially in streets and other similar public places (FAO 

report, 1989). The central characteristic of street foods in this definition is location, namely that they are sold on the 

street. There are three additional distinguishing characteristics of street foods, these are: (i) food prepared in small or 

cottage-scale factories and brought to the street food stall for sale; (ii) food prepared at the home of the vendor and 

brought to the street food stall for sale; and (iii) food prepared and sold at the street food stall. According to 

Escalante de Cruz (2005), there are three main categories of street food vendors, namely ‘mobile’ vendors, ‘semi-

mobile’ vendors, who may be stationary or move from one site to another and ‘stationary’ vendors who sell their 

food at the same site each day.  

Though studies like Betsey (2010) and Hodge (2014) have argued that street food vendors contribute to the 

development of the informal sector and the economy at large through their linkages with the formal sector, creation 

of jobs and generation of revenue to local governments with particular reference to Nsukka Local Government Area, 

thereby contributing to sustainable life through addition of vibrancy to urban life,  others argue that some of these 

street food vendors do more harm to sustainable life than they help to improve it because they harbor potentially 

hazardous food held at unsafe temperatures, lack proper equipment to maintain food at the required temperatures, 

expose their food to unsanitary conditions including unclean food equipment, exhibit inadequate protection of food 

and make use of unapproved food equipment. As in many developing countries, there is need for a policy decision to 

allow people to earn their living from street food vending in areas under their jurisdiction. Before such a decision 

can be taken, however, three questions should be considered. First of all, do the activities of these vendors pose a 

health threat or not? Secondly, what are the opinions of the customers of these street food vendors? And thirdly, is 

the income earned by the street vendor the main source of their household’s income or is it an additional income? 

Providing answers to these questions form the basis of this study.  

2. Review of Literature 

In 2011, a study on the effectiveness of food safety training program to street food vendors was conducted by a 

group of researchers of the University of Public Health Yangon, Myanmar. They examined the comparative study of 

vendors’ knowledge, attitude and practice (K, A, P) scores before and after the food safety training intervention. In 

the post intervention, the improvement of knowledge, attitude scores found higher; however no significant 

improvement in practice was found (Maung et.al, 2012).This study concluded that the food safety training program 

improved food safety Knowledge and Attitude only. Therefore, it suggested that health educations as well as 

supportive measures such as financial assistance, continuous monitoring, etc. are necessary to improve the vendors’ 

food safety practices and personal hygiene. In managing street foods business, authority concerned may choose one 

of the following governance steps such as (1) repression or eviction for hawkers’ encroachment on the crowded 

streets-side (2) temporary approval within the limited timeframe (with or without registration fees, within or without 

zoning area) and (3) the official recognition of the street foods existence and the protecting the selling right of 

hawkers (at public place) along with the corrective rules to be abided by vendors. Rane (2011) mentioned that 

Malaysia, Philippines and India are the three countries which have regulations for protecting street vendors. India 

and Thailand have developed hygienic practices for street vendors so as to upgrade hygiene and quality of street 

foods (Dawson, 1996). A range of personal, social, and environmental factors influence food handlers practices, and 

thus these factors need to be addressed in order to change food handlers’ behavior (Gul, 2012). A year after an FAO-

supported street foods quality improvement campaign, food vendors in one area of Bangkok announced that sales 

were up 20 percent (FAO, 2002).It shows the necessity to assist the improvement of street foods quality, from 

controlling perspective. Authority must elucidate a policy aimed at assisting, controlling and maintaining the street 

food sector (WHO, 1997) it can be achieved through better communication with vendors. 

Sustainability means capacity to maintain some entity, outcome, or process over time. Theories of sustainability 

attempt to prioritize and integrate social responses to environmental and cultural problems. In its increasingly 

common use, the concept of sustainability frames the ways in which environmental problems jeopardize the 

conditions of healthy economic, ecological, and social systems. Sustainability illuminates the mutual effects 

between environmental degradation caused by human activities and the perils to human systems presented by global 

environmental problems. The concept of sustainability thus raises a starkly basic question: can human activity 

successfully maintain itself and its goals without exhausting the resources on which it depends? Asking that question 

directs attention toward the planetary impact of human activity and its durability over time. The broad concept of 

sustainability has caught the attention of policy makers and citizens of the world. Much of what the term means 

today is considerably different from what it conveyed a decade ago. As the broad concept of sustainability has 

evolved, so too have several of its derivatives: sustainable communities, livable communities, and sustainable cities. 



www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/aesr                 American Economic & Social Review                Vol. 4, No. 1; 2018 

3 

 

As Beatley and Manning (1997) point out, “there is a general sense that sustainability is a good thing (and that being 

unsustainable is a bad thing), but will we know it when we see it?”  As a matter of practice, as originally envisioned, 

the concept of sustainable life was derived in an attempt to account for a large number and variety of environmental 

and interpersonal impacts of economic growth , broadly defined, not comfortably accommodated by neoclassical 

economic theory or practice. 

Kidd (2013) argues that there are at least six different historical intellectual strains of thought that underlie the 

contemporary concepts of sustainability, each with its own articulation of particularly important foundational issues. 

He discussed the “ecological/carrying capacity” root, the “natural resource/environment” root. The “biosphere” root, 

the “critique-of-technology” root and the “ecodevelopment” root (Kidd 1992). Beck J. Brown and colleagues 

suggest that contemporary usage, the term sustainability has some six different definitions that relate to “sustainable 

biological resource use,” “sustainable agriculture,” “carrying capacity,” “sustainable energy,” “sustainable society 

and economy,”  and “sustainable development” (Brown et al. 1987, 713-719). Each of these intellectual roots and 

definitions suggests its own set of yardsticks that could be used to measure how seriously a city takes sustainability, 

and to some degree each can be found in sustainability efforts across cities. Sustainable living is a lifestyle that 

attempts to reduce an individual’s or society’s use of the earth’s natural resources and personal resources. Whether 

and the extent to which a particular city’s initiatives are built on the base of any one set or combination of 

definitions is determined by a variety or local social and political factors. In short, the seriousness of a city’s 

commitment to sustainability is ultimately determined by the nature of the local governance regime.  

3. Materials and Method 

The design for the study is descriptive survey. It is considered appropriate in carrying out this study because it 

facilitates the collection of data systematically from a sample of the population, The population of the study consists 

of street food vendors in Nsukka Local Government Areas of Enugu State. Available records from the National 

population Commission shows that Nsukka population is around 309,448 for both sexes. The estimated number of 

food vendors operating around the area at about 186. The probability sampling method was employed. However, the 

simple random method will be employed to select respondent from within the Nsukka Urban Areas. This technique 

is chosen for it easy understanding and coverage of the study area and for precise and consistent results. 

The sample size was determined using the Yaro Yamen formula stated as.  

2)u(N+1

N
=n

 
However, sixty (60) respondents were interviewed across Nsukka Urban Area.Information were collected from 

various sources such as street food vendors, patronizers of street food vendors and other dwellers of the study area to 

make review of the socioeconomic cum environmental impact of the activities of Street Food Vendors. The 

collected data were examined during and after collection. Only fully answered sheets were entered in computer for 

analysis. SPSS Statistical package for Social Science, version 20 was used to carry out the analysis. Simple 

descriptive analysis was employed to analyze frequency, percentage and standard deviation. Face to face interviews 

were carried out to get in depth knowledge. 

4. Results and Discussion  

The demographic data of the respondent reveal that50% are male while female is 50%. In all, that51.9% were less 

than 30 years, and those of age group 30-39 years formed 44.2% and 40-49 years formed 3.8 % of the respondents..6 

respondents (11.5%) had first school leaving certificate as their highest attained level of formal education, 22 

(42.3%) respondents had senior secondary school certificate, another 22 (42.3%) respondents were graduates, 2 

respondents had no formal education. In all, the analysis reveal that, there were 33 (63.5%) single respondents and 

19 (36.5%) married respondents. In t6erms of household size, the analysis shows that, 4 (7.7%) respondents were 

husbands, 12 (23.1%) were wives, 34 (65.4%) are sons/daughters while there were 2 (3.8%) others. Households with 

5 members and below were 25 forming 48.1 % of the respondents, households with 6 to 10 members were 24 

(46.2%), households with 11 to 15 members were 2 (3.8%) and one of the respondents had a household of 15 

members.  4 (7.7%) respondents earn less than ten thousand naira, 23 (44.2%) earn between 10,000 and 20,000, 16 

(30.8%) earn between 21,000 and 30,000, 1 respondent (1.9%) earns between 31,000 and 40,000, 8 (15.4%) earn 

41,000 and above. 

Table 1: Visibility of street food vendors 

Variable No. of Response Percentage % 

Strongly disagree 6 11.5 

Disagree 1 1.9 

Indecisive 3 5.8 



www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/aesr                 American Economic & Social Review                Vol. 4, No. 1; 2018 

4 

 

Agree 32 61.5 

Strongly agree 10 19.2 

Total 52 100.0 

 

An assessment of the viability of street food vendors in table 1, 11.5% of the respondents strongly agreed that street 

food vendors are visible in their locality, 1.9% disagreed, 5.8% were indecisive, 61.5% agreed, while 19.2% 

strongly agreed. 

Table 2: Number of street food vendors 

Variable No. of Response Percentage % 

0-5 18                          34.6 

6-10 14 26.9 

11-15 6 11.5 

16-20 5 9.6 

above 20 9 17.3 

Total 52 100.0 

 

In table 2, 34.6% respondents say that less than 5 street vendors were visible in their localities, 26.9% say that 6 to 

10 food vendors  were visible in their locality, 11.5% say 11 to 15 were visible, 9.6% say 16 to 20 were visible and 

17.3% say there are more than 20 street vendors in their localities. 

Table 3: Patronage of street food vendors 

Variable No. of Response Percentage % 

Often 13 25.0 

very often 12 23.1 

Rarely 20 38.5 

very rarely 6 11.5 

Indecisive 1 1.9 

Total 52 100.0 

 

From the table above, 25% of the respondents often patronize street food vendors, 23.1% patronize them very often, 

38.5% rarely do, 11.5% very rarely do, 1.9% were indecisive. 

Table 4: Satisfaction from street food vendors 

Variable No. of Response Percentage % 

to no extent 2 3.8 

to a little extent 11 21.2 

to some extent 25 48.1 

to a great extent 12 23.1 

to a very great extent 2 3.8 

Total 52 100.0 

 

From the table 4, 3.8% of the respondents do not derive satisfaction from street food vendors, 21.2% derived 

satisfaction to a little extent, 48.1% do to some extent, 23.1% does to a great extent, and 3.8% does to a very great 

extent. 

Table 5: Most prominent type of street food vendors 

Variable No. of Response Percentage % 

Stationary 8 15.4 

Non-stationary 8 15.4 

Both 34 65.4 

Others 2 3.8 

Total 52 100.0 

 

From the table 5,  result shows that 15.4% of the respondents said that stationary street food vendors were more 

prominent in their locality, 15.4% also said that non-stationary street food vendors were more prominent in their 

locality, 65.4% say both are prominent while 3.8% say others types of vendors are more prominent. From the 



www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/aesr                 American Economic & Social Review                Vol. 4, No. 1; 2018 

5 

 

results, it is observed that about 3.8% of the respondents strongly disagreed; another 3.8% agreed; 5.8% were 

indecisive; 51.9% agreed while 34.6% strongly agreed that street food vendors have been in existence in Nsukka 

urban. From the results obtained, it is observed that about 3.8% of the respondents strongly disagreed; 7.7% 

disagreed; 17.3% were indecisive; 48.1% agreed while 23.1% strongly agreed that the emergence of street food 

vendors in Nsukka urban was consequent upon the quest for a better life. From the results obtained, it is observed 

that about 5.8% of the respondents strongly disagreed; 11.5% disagreed; 9.6% were indecisive; 51.9% agreed while 

21.2% strongly agreed that poor access to credit facilities engendered the choice of street food vendors over a 

standard eatery in Nsukka urban. It is observed that about 7.7% of the respondents strongly disagreed; 21.2% 

disagreed; 15.4% were indecisive; 48.1% agreed while 7.7% strongly agreed that street food vendors in Nsukka 

urban area have basic educational qualification (i.e., First School Leaving Certificate). From the results obtained, it 

is observed that about 9.6% of the respondents strongly disagreed; 50.0% disagreed; 13.5% were indecisive; 23.1% 

agreed while 3.8% strongly agreed that street food vendors in Nsukka urban area are relatively high income earners. 

As evidenced in the results, about 1.9% of the respondents strongly disagreed; 17.3% disagreed; 1.9% were 

indecisive; 65.4% agreed while 13.5% strongly agreed that the activities of street food vendors in Nsukka urban area 

have reduced unemployment. Also, about 11.5% of the respondents strongly disagreed; 40.4% disagreed; 25.0% 

were indecisive; 19.2% agreed while 3.8% strongly agreed that street food vendors in Nsukka urban area have 

access to good housing facilities. Beside, 3.8% of the respondents strongly disagreed; 26.9% disagreed; 19.2% were 

indecisive; 44.2% agreed while 5.8% strongly agreed that street food vendors in Nsukka urban area contribute to 

environmental hazard. Result also reveal that 3.8% of the respondents strongly disagreed; 21.2% disagreed; 17.3% 

were indecisive; 51.9% agreed while 5.8% strongly agreed that there is high sense of insecurity among street food 

vendors in Nsukka urban area. None of the respondents opted for strongly disagree; about 9.6% disagreed; 17.3% 

were indecisive; 55.8% agreed while 17.3% strongly agreed that inadequate communication and technical skills 

affect street food vendors in Nsukka urban area. As revealed in the results, about 3.8% of the respondents strongly 

disagreed; 13.5% disagreed; 1.9% were indecisive; 57.7% agreed while 23.1% strongly agreed that government 

policies like imposition of taxes, fines and rates affect street food vendors in Nsukka urban area. As revealed in the 

results, none of the respondents opted for strongly disagreed; about 7.7% disagreed; 3.8% were indecisive; 57.7% 

agreed while 30.8% strongly agreed that the street food vendors in Nsukka urban area are faced with limited space 

and facilities. None of the respondents opted for strongly disagreed; about 7.7% disagreed; 7.7% were indecisive; 

55.8% agreed while 28.8% strongly agreed that site allocation poses a challenge to street food vendors in Nsukka 

urban area. 

Overall, the result indicate that none of the respondents opted for strongly disagreed; about 5.8% disagreed; none of 

the respondents were indecisive; about 78.8% agreed while 15.4% strongly agreed that street food vendors were 

well appreciated by consumers for their availability at the right place and time. About 5.8% of the respondents 

strongly disagreed; 13.5% disagreed; 17.3% were indecisive; about 50.0% agreed while 13.5% strongly agreed that 

most cases of food poisoning emanated from the activities of street food vendors in Nsukka urban area. Moreover, 

none of the respondents opted for strongly disagreed; about 5.8% disagreed; 13.5% were indecisive; 71.2% agreed 

while 9.6% strongly agreed that food vending provides essential services to many of the urban inhabitants. Also, 

none of the respondents opted for strongly disagreed; about 11.5% disagreed; 11.5% were indecisive; 51.9% agreed 

while 25.0% strongly agreed that food vending provides cheap food to the people in Nsukka urban area. As shown 

in the results, about 5.8% of the respondents strongly disagreed; 13.5% disagreed; 19.5% were indecisive; 59.6% 

agreed while 1.9% strongly agreed that food vendors provide low quality food to the people in Nsukka urban area. 

About 5.8% of the respondents strongly disagreed; 21.2% disagreed; 15.4% were indecisive; 42.3% agreed while 

15.4% strongly agreed that food vending is a viable alternative to youth empowerment in Nsukka urban area. 

From the analysis, it was discovered that street food vendors has been a source of livelihood that has existed in 

Nsukka urban over time and has contributed immensely to sustainable life in the area though not without some 

negative implications. This was evidenced in the responses of the respondents. According to the analysis, it was 

observed that the quest for a better life has been the major driving force for the emergence of street food vendors in 

Nsukka urban area. On the socioeconomic impact of the existence of food vendors, the findings revealed that food 

vending has aided unemployment reduction in the area of study and invariably, has affected the income distribution 

positively though being a major contributed to environmental and health challenges in the area. This was attributed 

to environmental littering and poor hygiene practices among the food vendors. Furthermore, the findings revealed 

that government policies and limited space and facilities were the major problem faced by food vendors in Nsukka 

urban. This is consequent upon the fact that there exist series of government taxes, fines and levies  meted upon 

these food vendors, this scenario is not surprising given that Nsukka urban is the headquarters of Nsukka Local 

Government Area. The large hectares of land occupied by the University of Nigeria located in the area to a great 

extent reduced the mass of land available in the area, and this contributed to the poor availability of space for the 



www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/aesr                 American Economic & Social Review                Vol. 4, No. 1; 2018 

6 

 

operations of these food vendors. Finally, the findings further revealed that street food vendors have impacted on 

sustainable life through their provision of essential services and acting as a viable alternative for youth 

empowerment in the area though contributing to food poisoning through the provision of low quality food to 

residents. 

5. Conclusion 

This study was undertaken to empirically evaluate the operations of street food vendors and their impact on 

sustainable life in Nsukka urban area. This study was specifically carried out to examine the emergence of street 

food vendors, to determine the socioeconomic impact, to examine the nature and problems affecting their operations 

and to investigate the overall impact of street food vendors on sustainable life in the area of coverage. To achieve the 

objectives of the study, questionnaires were administered to various respondents in the area of study and direct 

interview method was also adopted and it was found that street food vending was observed to have been in existence 

within the area of study and its emergence was consequent upon the quest for a better life with a statistically higher 

percentage of response of about 51.9% and 48.1% respectively. The activities of street food vendors was found to 

have positive  impact on as employment generation while their activities had a negative impact on their earnings, 

housing and contribution to environmental  within the area of study with about 65.4% positive response to reduction 

in unemployment, 40.4% negative response, 44.2% positive responses to housing and environmental hazards 

respectively. Insecurity, inadequate communication and technical skills, harsh government policies, site allocation 

and limited space and facilities inhibit the activities of street food vendors in the area of study. Findings show that an 

average of 55.78% of the respondents agreed to the above mentioned assertion. Averagely, about 61.05% of the 

respondents opined that street food vendors has positive impact on sustainable life while about 54.8% were of the 

opinion that street food vendors impacts negatively on sustainable life given that their activities pose some health 

challenges. Given that most of the socioeconomic indicators of sustainable life, through the activities of street food 

vendors were negative, government should establish a department of city development committees to help engender 

positive impact of street food vending and further make it a more viable means of livelihood. Since government 

policies through  levies and fines and poor/limited space were the major problems faced by food vendors, special 

local monitoring team should be set up in the Nsukka urban area to ascertain the legality or otherwise of these 

collections in order to reduce the financial burden on these food vendors and help improve their performances. 

Given that the activities of some of the street food vendors pose some health challenges, orientation should be 

organized for these food vendors to sensitize them on some standard hygienic practices. 

References 

Artemis, P.S &. Bhat, R. V (2000). Street foods. Basel: Karger Publishers 

Beneria, L. & Floro, M.S. (2006). Labor market informalisation, gender and social protection:  Reflections on 

poor urban households in Bolivia, Ecuador and Thailand, in Razavi S.and  

Charmes, J. (1998). Women working in the informal sector in Africa: New methods and new  Data New York: 

United Nations Statistics Division.  

Chukuezi, C.O.(2010). Entrepreneurs of the streets: Socio-economic features of street food  

 Vending in Owerri, Nigeria, European Journal of Social Sciences, 14(2), 183-188 

Dardano, C. (2003). Caribbean regional working group on street food vendors, Report of  FAO,PAHO and BNSI. 

Accessed from:  http://ftp.fao.org/es/esn/food/carribean_report.pdf,  

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2007). School kids and street food, spotlight  Magazine. Agriculture 

and Consumer Protection Department, United Nations. Accessed  from 

http://www.fao.org/AG/magazine/0702sp1.htm International Labour Organization (ILO) (2002). Men and 

women in the informal economy.  

 Accessed from  http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/gems/download/women.pdf  

Manning, C (1993). International experiences of informal sector activity and the lessons South  for Africa. 

Transformation, (22). Accessed from 

 http://www.transformation.ukzn.ac.za/archive/tran022/tran022006.pdf  

Mukhola, M.S. (2007). Guidelines for an environmental education training programme for street  

 Food vendors in Polokwane City. Accessed from:  http://etd.rau.ac.za/theses/submitted/etd-03132007-

140510/restricted/last.pdf 

Muzaffar, A.T., I. Huq & Mallik, B. A. (2009). Entrepreneurs of the streets: An analytical work  on the street 

food vendors of Dhaka City. International Journal of Business and  Management, 4(2), 80-88  

Ruel, M., C. Levin, S. Morris, D. Maxwell, M. Armar-Klemusu & Ahiadeke, C. (1999).  Working women in an 

urban setting traders, vendors and food security in Accra. World  Development Report,  

Sardier, M.(2003). Women’s socio-economic roles in the urban Sahel: A preliminary study of  

 Bamako Niamey, Journal of Political Ecology, 10(1), 47-56. 

http://ftp.fao.org/es/esn/food/carribean_report.pdf
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/gems/download/women.pdf


www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/aesr                 American Economic & Social Review                Vol. 4, No. 1; 2018 

7 

 

Sethuraman, S.V. (1981). The urban informal sector in developing countries: Employment,  Poverty and 

environment. Geneva: International Labour Office.  

Tinker, I.(1997). Street foods: Urban food and employment in developing countries. New York:  Oxford 

University Press  

UNECA (United Nations Economic Commission for Africa), (2008). Achieving gender  equality and women’s 

empowerment in Africa, progress Report. The African  Development Forum (ADF VI) 19-21 

November, Addis Ababa. Accessed from: 

 http://www.uneca.org/adfvi/documents/ADFVI_Progress_Report_ENG. 

Verick, S.(2006). The impact of globalization on the informal sector in Africa, Addis Ababa:  UNECA 

Accessed from:  http://www.iza.org/conference_files/worldb2006/verick_s872.pdf  

World Health Organization (2006). Street food vending in the region. Food safety challenges.  AFRO food 

Safety Newsletter, (2)  

Winarno, F.G & Allain, A. (1991). Street foods in developing countries: Lessons from Asia.  Rome: Food and 

Agriculture Organization (FAO). Accessed from:  http://www.fao.org/docrep/U3550T/U3550T00.htm,  

World Bank (2001). World Development Report: Attacking poverty. Washington D.C.  

 

 

 

Copyrights 

Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. 

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 

license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) 

 


