




































American Economic & Social Review; Vol. 2, No. 2; 2018  

ISSN 2576-1269   E-ISSN 2576-1277 

Impact Factor: 3.9 

                                            Published by Centre for Research on Islamic Banking & Finance and Business, USA 

 

 

1 

 

The Leading Global Experiences in the Application of Equitable 

Economy and Solidarity 

 
 

Aied Malika
1
 & Abdelli Mohammed El Amine

2 

 

 
1
PhD Student 

2
Ex-Coordinator World Forum For Economists 

Correspondence: Abdelli Mohammed El Amine, Ex-Coordinator World Forum for Economists, Email: 

abdelli.univ@gmail.com 

 

 

Received:  June 1, 2018                                   Accepted: June 29, 2018                      Online Published: July 21, 2018   

 

 

 

Abstract 

This study is designed to highlight the important role of the growing role played by the equitable economy and 

solidarity in building a balanced and integrated into the society, characterized by the values of solidarity in the 

framework of the spirit of the voluntary contribution and the spirit of the personal initiative, as well as the principles 

of equity and social justice that seeks this economy established and consolidated, the study found that the pilot 

experiences for both the state of Canada, Ecuador, Brazil, Finland, France, Spain, the reputation and excellence by 

relying primarily on the legal framework for this sector and organized the second degree of integration of all 

segments of society in the form of labor organizations for each category but every geographical region, the study 

recommended in the end to adopt the principle of integration and horizontal and vertical cooperation between these 

organizations in order to achieve effectiveness More competitive. 

 

Keywords: Equitable Economy, Solidarity, Social Economy, Construction Companies, Cooperatives. 

 

1. Introduction  

Working equitable economy and solidarity, to reconcile the principles of equity and social justice and economic 

development, and then reconciling economic and dynamic between the principles and objectives of humanitarian 

development, and based on this suggestion is if the third pillar, which should be based on a balanced economy with 

the public sector, and this implies the economy enough of the possibilities and the means to be able to mobilize and 

provide important wealth, managed to enhance opportunities for all segments of society and contribute to the 

strengthening of social cohesion and improving economic growth and is also reflects the total economic and social 

activities organized in the form of structured structures or groupings of persons moral and physical, in order to 

achieve the collective interest and Is an independent activities subject for generating independent and democratic 

and participatory be engaged in freeFrom the foregoing, we formulated the following problem: 

What are the pilot experiences in the application of equitable economy and solidarity? 

And we divided the research into two axes (02) key: 

1-The conceptual framework of equitable economy and solidarity . 

2-pilot experiences in the application of equitable economy and solidarity. 

1-The conceptual framework of equitable economy and solidarity: 

1.1 The concept of equitable economy and solidarity: we find a list of definitions as follows: "a set of activities of 

production and exchange and domestic savings and consumption patterns contribute to the economy of the 

obligations of citizens democracy "
i
 is a social and economic order, which brings together organizations and 

companies that follow another economic doctrine (Third Sector) based on the values of the system of special 

provision."
 ii
 



www.cribfb.com/journal/aesr                     American Economic & Social Review                     Vol. 2, No. 2; 2018 

2 

 

Equitable economy and solidarity "is a concept that refers to the institutions and private organizations, associations 

and cooperatives of social nature and the synergy that feature the production of goods and services in the framework 

of its attempt to achieve the economic and social"
iii

 

1.2 The principles of equitable economy and solidarity: We include a set of principles, as follows
iv
: 

A common set of values: 

and includes several common principles based on the values of solidarity and freedom and equality. 

Freedom of accession:Each person has the capacity to join in the organization of the social economy and 

solidarity, and to withdraw, as it management and governance based on the group and participate, where the leaders 

of which are elected and appointed bodies are making decisions based on the principle of (one person - one vote). 

Targeting profit:Be limited or non-existent any all the surpluses to be invested in the project of social activity. 

The principle of solidarity and responsibility:working equitable economy and solidarity organizations on the 

implementation of procedures and the requirement to operate within a specific approach. 

 

Table No. 1:The principles of solidarity and fair economy 

 

Participate Democratic governance of the fundamental values of social economy and 

solidarity. 

The participation of those involved in the economy of users and 

beneficiaries in decision-making. 

The joint responsibility. 

Empowerment of the beneficiaries through the existing working methods to 

participate. 

Equality between people in opinion and vote. 

 

Solidarity         An innovative alternative to the traditional economic models of global 

economies to benefit the most disadvantaged and marginalized groups and 

the poorest countries is difficult to achieve in the framework of the regular 

economic plans and The neo-liberal or traditional development assistance 

programs and the need for flexibility and innovation to direct resources and 

benefits to beneficiaries and shareholders. 

 

Voluntary participation and 

independence 

Participate voluntarily in the organizations of the social economy and 

solidarit starting from the base of the approach to the establishment of the 

institutions based on the social needs of an independent economy in nature 

to give opportunities for the communities to establish projects and obtain 

skills and resources and employment benefits and cannot be achieved 

through a market economy. 

 

 

The public interest 

The promotion of a culture of community based on cooperation and mutual 

support and the sharing of responsibilities, the main goal is the growth and 

well-being of society without derogating from the well-being of individuals 

within the group. 

 

Source: Peter putting ;social and solidarity economy beyond the fringe ;first published ; zed 

books ;london ;2015 ;p88 

 

1.3 The objectives of equitable economy and solidarity 

can be reference to several objectives as follows :
 v
 

To promote the principle of solidarity:When is commonly the principle of solidarity among the members of society 

in a codified form, and organizer of the earning issues which unites individuals for power and embraced by the 

members of the others. 

Build a strong social cohesion: and what qualifies the solidarity economy organizations to play a big role in 

bridging this gap and mitigate the effects of the economic patterns and social conditions prevailing in the world 

today. 

 



www.cribfb.com/journal/aesr                     American Economic & Social Review                     Vol. 2, No. 2; 2018 

3 

 

The development of the local community to consult local citizens: 

to help themselves through the development of skills in organizations makes it easier for them to the process of joint 

participation through empowerment and work patterns, social act which is used as part of the strategies of the 

development of the local community. 

Effective means to bridge the gap between the economies and the economies: 

Reducing the decent work deficit citizen and improve productivity and competitiveness, it is through the work of the 

economy others belong to the organization of the social economy can achieve the scope and achieve a minimum 

level of social protection through mutual assistance and solidarity.                                                        

2-The pilot experiences in the application of equitable economy and solidarity  

2.1 experience of Canada: 

2.1.1 Legal recognition: 

Canada is considered one of the pioneers in the application of equitable economy and solidarity, and also proactive 

in finding legal rules regulating this sector, which have enlisted it as follows 
vi
: 

I knew Canada during the year 2013 the official entry in the global movement that seeks to recognize equitable 

economy and solidarity, in this context, the National Assembly approved on 10 October 2013 unanimously adopted 

the Law on the economy of solidarity and the act of Quebec cooperatives and The arpels and 8,324 non-profit 

organizations serve as components of the social economy, which is based on collective values have components that 

also called the construction of the social economy, is the ability to mobilize the forces of the economic center and 

become an important lever of the collective revolution, although the legal recognition of the social economy is not a   

new phenomenon in Quebec but it contributes to the country's developmentThe Quebec for cooperation and 

synergy, which was founded in 1940 democratic body available to the cooperative movement and The arpels in 

Quebec and lowland terrain this body the various Federations of Cooperatives and The Sectoral and regional arpels 

in Quebec, it should also be noted that the field of cooperation in Quebec very varied include multiple forms of 

cooperatives. 

Article 3 of this law that equitable economy and solidarity" is a total economic activities carried out in the 

framework of the construction, social purposes based its activities in particular on the sale or exchange of goods and 

services, and to be used in accordance with the following principles: 

Entrepreneurship seeks to cater to the needs of its members, or the needs of the group. 

ntrepreneurship and not subject to the control of Judgmental, which concerns the decision of the public body or 

bodies, according to the meaning of the law on accessing documents of public bodies and the protection of personal 

information. 

ndicate the rules applicable to contractors' employees to follow the democratic process in the decision. 

revents the rules applied to entrepreneurship and the distribution of surpluses on their activities or allow the 

distribution of surpluses to members, according to the operations that take place between any of the member states 

and between the contractors, and the application of the first paragraph, the end social value according to the 

contribution of entrepreneurship in improving the well-being of its members, or the welfare of the community and 

create jobs, is a social institution each contractor activities are mainly on the sale or exchange of goods or services 

that have been used in accordance with the principles set forth in the first paragraph of the cooperative party or any 

other body not-for-profit organizations . 

Table No.2.The overall cooperative models in Quebec 

 Consumer 

cooperatives 

Producer 

Cooperatives 

Workers' 

Cooperatives 

Workers' 

Cooperatives 

Shareholders 

Solidarity 

cooperatives 

Member States Self-persons Natural persons 

(independent 

workers or 

companies) 

Natural persons 

(users) 

Natural persons 

(users in the 

company shares) 

Natural persons 

and/or 

companies 

3 categories of 

the members of 

the workers, 

members of 

support users 

The needs of 

Member States 

(A relationship 

of use) 

Personal objects: 

Financial 

services, 

nutrition, 

The professional 

needs of supply, 

processing, 

marketing, 

Create jobs Maintain Job 

Opportunities 

(Buying 

products / 

services 

required) users 



www.cribfb.com/journal/aesr                     American Economic & Social Review                     Vol. 2, No. 2; 2018 

4 

 

housing, 

services and 

burial services 

production-

related cost-

sharing, the 

sharing of 

Buildings 

and/or create 

jobs) 

Customers Member States Member States No member of 

the 

There is no to 

any customer 

The members of 

and/or non-

members 

The sectors of 

production 

activities 

The finance, 

housing the 

burial, the 

middle school, 

Traditional 

farming, 

industry, 

professional 

services, 

Transport 

The forest sector 

and the 

ambulances 

Modern 

technologies and 

industrialization 

Home help 

services, provide 

cultural 

Treatments 

Source ; Andizej klimczuk ;the solidarity economy alternative ;internationtional sociology reviews ;vol31 ;issue2 ; 

canada ;2016 ;p170 

2.1.2 solidarity economy funds: 

useful for Canada, which analyzes the economy of solidarity funds, or people's funds and indicates a 1994 law on 

the people's funds to all persons moral and the full range of financial services
vii

:  

According to the principle of a collaborative system. 

To its members in the first place. 

Under the supervision and democratic control of the French-speaking privately and resident in Manitoba unless 

the text of the rule within the law otherwise. 

However, this definition does not include the people's funds outside the provinces. 

2.1.3 The Credit Union: 

it is the moral person provides a full range of financial services
viii

:  

According to the principle of the cooperative system to its members in the first 

Under the supervision and democratic control of New Jersey in the first 

Does not include this particular credit unions outside the Territories 

s desjardins is a good example of the Solidarity economy, where funds are one of the most important financial 

groups in Canada and ranks first in the cooperative financial group in the country, and the fourth among the most 

secure financial institutions in North America and ranked 13 among the strongest financial institutions in the world, 

according to a Bloomberg Economic Year 2017 

2.1.4 contribution to the economy:  

The register of equitable economy and solidarity, considerable contributions in Canada have enlisted it as follows
ix
 : 

Equitable economy and solidarity in Canada in 2017 profits estimated at 1.5 billion Canadian dollars, 171 million 

dollars have been distributed to the members of the cooperative, who number more than 6 million people, distributed 

over 400,000 contractors, as the distribution of 81 million on the municipal groups in the form of grants and 

donations. 

The construction sector provides the solidarity economy in Quebec generally on the size of the important economic 

sectors (40, 3300 activities of the Cooperative and Mutual 7000 contractor working in 20 sectors active, 125,000 

jobs) check about 26 million billion dollars transactions and is contributing to the Gross Domestic Product by 8%. 

2.2 Ecuador: 

2.2.1 legal recognition: 

Ecuador is considered a forerunner in finding legal rules governing equitable sector of the economy and of 

solidarity, which have enlisted it as follows
x
 : 

in Ecuador equitable economy and solidarity, known under the name of popular economy and solidarity, where the 

Constitution of the country on the principle of solidarity in article 283 "The economic system is a social 

collaboration and is considered as a subject of human rights and an end to him and heads the economy to achieve a 

dynamic balance between the community and the state and the market in harmony with nature and its goal is to 

ensure the production and re-production of physical and non-physical conditions that would allow for the good way 

of life and the economic system is composed of the public and private sectors and mixed forms of popular solidarity 

Economic institutions and other prescribed by the Constitution and the organization of popular economy in 

accordance with the constitution and it includes the cooperative sector and trade unionism and the local private 

sector  



www.cribfb.com/journal/aesr                     American Economic & Social Review                     Vol. 2, No. 2; 2018 

5 

 

Table 3. A contribution to the national economy of Ecuador 

 

 

Ecuador 

The gross 

national 

product 

(billion 

dollars) 

The 

population 

(millions) 

The gross 

national 

product/ The 

individual 

(The Dollar) 

The social 

economy and 

solidarity, and 

the operating 

rate 

 

The contribution of the 

social economy and 

solidarity, in the gross 

national product. 

90 15.74 7205 60 %of the 

population in 

the year 2017 

in the year 13 %2017 

 

 

 

Source :maria José Ruiz rivera ; Reia Lemaitre ;social entreprise in ecuador ;messe(movimiento de econimia social 

y solidaria del ecuador ;vol :39 ; issue 2 ;ecuador ;2017 ;p58 

Including that Ecuador was among the first countries that introduced the principle of solidarity in its Constitution, 

created a system of data on the framing of Popular Economy and Solidarity . 

2.3 Brazil 

-1-3-2 legal recognition: 

Brazil tried to establish legal rule governing equitable sector of the economy and of solidarity since it adopted the 

idea and that have gone through the following stages
xi

: 

The impact of the economic forum of solidarity in Brazil, Walid World Social Forum of 2003, established the 

country reviews of the State in the economy of solidarity given to Paul Singer Brazilian view of the economy of 

solidarity. 

As a result, strengthen the legal arsenal in the country, the law of 19 June 2012 regarding procedures and 

administrative procedures for the exploitation of workers' cooperatives, and that this law will help to ensure that the 

rights of workers in cooperatives while the legal issues dealing with problems relating to the establishment of a false 

cooperatives. 

It has been a challenge faced by Paul Singer after bear responsibility for the portfolio of the first reviews of the State 

in the economy of solidarity lies in building public policy for the new economy, solidarity and determination of its 

landmarks, where Brazil today on more than 400 active incubator and had designed the latter to promote equitable 

economy and solidarity, in Brazil and promoting social innovation through partnership between academic and 

governmental junior and private sector companies, so the government provides funding for most of the projects and 

provide universities and offices and infrastructure, while the private sector companies, consulting services and 

adequate training, these networks to respond to the real social needs and encourage the creation of employment 

opportunities in the third sector and the development of technological and social fabric and enhance the skills of 

Brazilian Workers  .  

Regulations regarding the economy of solidarity is not called the contractors as much as called initiatives and, in 

order to avoid confusion between the contractors and distinguished from others and up to 21.859 related initiative 

solidarity economy and information system on the economy of solidarity is solidarity economy institutions, 

organizations: 

Available on collectively. 

 

 

Available on the nature of permanence with specific economic activities, even in the juvenile Stage 

 

saving, marketing 

2-3-2 The first fair trade system and of solidarity in the world:  

Enabled the decree signed by Brazilian President Luis Inacio Da Silva in November 2010 Brazil or a national 

system of fair trade and solidarity in the world and constitute the national system of fair trade and Solidarity Group 

Of The parameters to be followed during the implementation of public policy through the work of the advancement 

of the economy of solidarity in order to create jobs and income and strengthening the identity of fair trade, one of 

the goals of the national system of fair trade and solidarity as follows
xii

  :  

  .  

 through the deployment of its perception and engage in 

the practices associated. 



www.cribfb.com/journal/aesr                     American Economic & Social Review                     Vol. 2, No. 2; 2018 

6 

 

 

2.3.3 contribution to the national economy: 

A multifaceted contribution to the national economy and can be summarized in the following elements
xiii

 solidarity 

economy in Brazil for the year 2016, the NRC 1687035 participants, including 63% males and 37% females and 

include these activities 2934 the city of which covers 52% of the Brazilian territory at a rate of 48% of the cities and 

rural and 35% of urban and 17% village, urban cities 

in addition to the contribution of the Solidarity economy in the creation of a significant number of job opportunities, 

it also contributes in the production of wheat for 75 percent and in milk production by 40% in general, such a 

contribution of up to 8% in the gross domestic product of Brazil. 

 

Table No. 4. The dimensions of the social economy and solidarity in Brazil 

 Source : Luciano medino macédo ;Juliana Vitoria messias bittecourt ;brazilain solidarity economy rural 

organization ; (u t f p r ) federal University of technology of parana ; vol :9 ;issue :2 ; 31 may 2017 ; parana ; 

brazil ;  p13                                                                                                         

2.4 Finland: 

2.4.1 legal recognition:on 28 December 2001 Finland has adopted a law on cooperative institutions, however, the 

privacy of Finland are reflected in the cooperative movement back to the end of the 19th century, and it is 

noteworthy that in the year 1901 Finland was available to over 6,000 active cooperative
xiv

.  

2.4.2 an important contribution to the economy: 
Considered an important contribution to the national economy have enlisted it as follows :

 xv
cooperatives have 

become in the year 2016 represents the 94.000 Post Job, representing other similar organizations 8500 and 106 of 

the organization while representing the association and similar organizations 84.600 and 130.000 structure. 

The number of jobs in the year gritty shantytown (187.200 positions represent 7.65% of the total work leading him 

and compared with the period 2002-2003, this percentage has risen at a rate of 12.78%) thanks to the association and 

other similar institutions and organizations: 

Table No. 5.The Finnish Social Economy 2016/2017 

Cooperatives and other similar organizations The arpel and other, 

similar organizations 

Associations and 

other similar 

institutions and 

organizations 

Farming cooperatives: (32284 Post a job the year 2016, 

cooperative 167100 ; structure36) 

Cooperative banks: (13234 post filling the year 2016 cooperative 

1338100, structure, 251) 

Users cooperatives: (94100 post filled years 2017, Cooperative 

3865400 , structure, 4628 

A Holistic Insurance 

:(8072 Post a job the 

year 2016, 73 The 

structure) 

Mutual savings and 

credit:) 428 Post a job 

the year 2016 and 33 

structure)  

The total 

infrastructure: 

(130,000 structure, 

84,600 post filled 

year 2016) 

 

 

Source : Sara Calvos ; Andres morales ; social and solidarity economy ; first published ; routlege ; new York ; 

2017 ;p81 

This new dynamic to add to the family of equitable economy and solidarity considers that economic activity in itself 

serve social message and not through profits achieved by each pattern is available from the contractors' great 

potential, according to the Observatory of the superiority of the work for the year 2016 shows that Finland featuring 

five types of integrated social institutions are as follows
xvi

:  

 

Collective organizations Economic activities Solidarity practices 

Cooperatives 

Association 

Unstructured groups 

Solidarity funds 

Symbiotic banks 

Local exchange systems 

Economic cooperation networks 

The construction of a self-measures 

The production of goods 

The provision of services 

Marketing 

Finance and loan 

Consumption 

Trade 

 

Self-measures 

The Fair Price 

Sustainability 

The groups 

The environment 



www.cribfb.com/journal/aesr                     American Economic & Social Review                     Vol. 2, No. 2; 2018 

7 

 

 

The Protected centers: 

these are often protected professional institutions belonging to the municipalities and collective institutions and 

associations, primarily less and with the piece, the latter oversees the functioning and are places to work long term 

and highlight this experience, the extent of the strong commitment of the community about the marginalized persons 

to achieve an active social integration through work. 

The Protected centers: 

these are often protected professional institutions belonging to the municipalities and collective institutions and 

associations, primarily less and with the piece, the latter oversees the functioning and are places to work long term 

and highlight this experience, the extent of the strong commitment of the community about the marginalized persons 

to achieve an active social integration through work 

The Protected centers: 

these are often protected professional institutions belonging to the municipalities and collective institutions and 

associations, primarily less and with the piece, the latter oversees the functioning and are places to work long term 

and highlight this experience, the extent of the strong commitment of the community about the marginalized persons 

to achieve an active social integration through work 

The Protected centers: 

these are often protected professional institutions belonging to the municipalities and collective institutions and 

associations, primarily less and with the piece, the latter oversees the functioning and are places to work long term 

and highlight this experience, the extent of the strong commitment of the community about the marginalized persons 

to achieve an active social integration through work 

Often these professional institutions and municipal protected and collective institutions and associations, primarily 

less and with the piece, the latter oversees the functioning and are places to work long term and highlight this 

experience, the extent of the strong commitment of the community about the marginalized persons to achieve an 

active social integration through work. 

Construction companies that belong to the association of persons interested in the status of the block: 

Allow the discovery of new horizons in the world of disability and is an initiative related to women entrepreneurs, 

which belongs to the association is interested in persons in the case of obstruction, and it comes to some national or 

local associations, provide employment for the benefit of its members through the construction events belong to 

them 

The Centers for unemployed youth: 

Finland is available on more than 300 social center for the benefit of unemployed youth and these centers belong 

mainly to local groups, reflecting the objectives of these centers is to provide a career for young people the 

unemployed workers and non-educated or the development of professional qualifications, as well as finding a 

solution to the scourge of unemployment 

Operating cooperatives : 

operating cooperatives adopted the legal form of the cooperative, which means that each member has one vote to 

ensure democratic participation in decision-making and strategic entrepreneurship fair is the distribution of surpluses 

to how part of the re-distributed to Member States in the form of discount according to the work done by each one of 

them, the main goal of cooperatives operating in the reintegration of its members in the labor market, with the 

recognition of the contribution of each factor to an end. 

Updated social cooperatives for the benefit of persons in a position to hinder:                                                                                                                                                   

the return of the first experiments of this kind to the end of the 1980s of the last century and the social cooperatives 

in the beginning had taken legal form associations that established cooperative contracting and the social balance 

sheet of integrative and emphasize the spirit of business excellence of persons in a position to hinder and reflected 

the main objective in launching the process of strengthening capacity and is the process in which the individual 

needs and the development of the individual and the two are necessary 

.  2.5 Spain: 

2.5.1 legal recognition: 

 For the fifth consecutive European economy, the economy is fair and solidarity among the practices which have 

characterized the wealth creation for many years, so we are trying to provide steps which has enabled the country to 

send legal rules and social economy as follows
xvii

:  

The country recognized this version of economic regulation in the Constitution of 1978 and the resulting from the 

democratic transformation that I knew the country and refers to several regulations for equitable economy: 

Cooperatives in article 2 and 129 and association in article 22 and article 34 institutions and in 1992 decided to 



www.cribfb.com/journal/aesr                     American Economic & Social Review                     Vol. 2, No. 2; 2018 

8 

 

solidarity economy actors in the events of the Spanish Confederation of the social economy Cepes contracts to 

ensure better representation of the organizations. 

It also made possible the extensive reforms that have been assigned to independent groups to obtain fifteen legal text 

locally:  

The reforms relating to the so-called des esttatutos de autonomia and are the laws of the constituent assembly and 

inserted between the years 2006 and 2008 by local governments for each of Andalusia; Valencia; Meeting 

.Catalunya; Lyon; Argon. 

The Charters of the social economy of andalusia 2002/ 2006 planned regional social economy in 2009. 

 The plans guidelines for the development of the social economy in The baleares islands 2002/2007 aims .   

 Act No. 5/2011 of 29 March 2011 in article 2 equitable economy and solidarity in Spain, including the following: 

"a set of activities of employers done well in the area of these bodies in accordance with the provisions contained in 

article 4 either serve the collective interest of its members or the general interest of economic, social, or both, and 

this law identified four principles against equitable economy and solidarity: 

Social priority persons and end to capital. 

The distribution of the results according to labor or, where appropriate, forcing him to end social entrepreneurship. 

The advancement of the internal solidarity of the community. 

Independence toward the authorities. 

2.5.2 a significant contribution in the national economy: 

Bodies are established by Law No. 5/2011 of 29 March 2011 to the borders today 45093 organized is 2379994 and 

547,298 in the year 2016 contributed to the private sector grew by 10.8 percent of the gross domestic product of 

Spain also contributed to the creation of jobs through the absorption of labor estimated at 2.15 percent five percent 

of the active population in Spain and highlight the most important contributions are as follows
xviii

: 

 The number of federal bodies belonging to the Spanish Social Economy Contracts cepes today to 45 of the more 

than 200 independent supporting body with a total of 18.530.000 helpful staff, between these bodies and the 

confederal: Spanish, the confederation of agricultural cooperatives and cooperatives and related work, companies 

work and the confederation of consumers and users. 

The arpel confederal spanish and indirectly al most 45.563 ; contractor24.597  cooperative, 19.393 workers11.322  

company-owned, 7121 Contractor Association, 450 protected and Framed 2nd center within the social economy, 

391 mutual, 205, 198, 147m the integration of marine fishing, 124  social economy in other image 81-64, a social 

institution of the economy operates more than 3.215.000 people and represents the number of annual transactions 

exceeded 150.978 million euros for the year 2016 or 13 percent of the gross domestic product of Spain 

The number of federal bodies belonging to the Spanish Social Economy Contracts CEPES today to 45 of the more 

than 200 independent supporting body with a total of 18.530.000 helpful staff, between these bodies and the Federal 

Agricultural Cooperatives: Spanish, related federal work cooperatives, companies and consumers and users Federal. 

The Federal Spanish arpel and indirectly al most 45.563 contractor cooperative24.597, 19.393 workers11.322  

company-owned, 7121 Contractor Association, 450 protected and Framed 2nd center within the social economy, 

391 mutual, 205, the integration of marine fishing, 124  social economy in other image 81-64, a social institution of 

the economy operates more than 3.215.000 people and represents the number of annual transactions exceeded 

150.978 million euros for the year 2016 or 13 percent of the gross domestic product of Spain. 

2.5.3 focus on cooperative MONDRAGON: 

Spain is one of the most important cooperatives in the world and is a cooperative mondragon and really are Spanish 

special group consisting of 289 147m and cooperative and from 15 centers in the areas of finance, technology, 

industry and trade and education, and also holds the 80.321 people and achieved No. transactions reached 14.081 

billion euros, and is divided into 15 centers and technology 289 The structure as follows :
 xix
 

147 company and its affiliates, 110 cooperatives, 13 an international agency, 10 bodies of coverage, 1 mutual one. 

Based on the 14 billion euros number as the year 2016, the mondragon transactions contribute to the gross domestic 

product of the basque for 21.21 percent ratio, which constitutes about 1.5 percent of the gross domestic product of 

Spain. 

On the operational level, the group 80321 Ager, 43 percent of them were women in the amount of 0.35 percent of 

the active population in Spain and about 30 percent of the active population in the equitable economy and Spanish 

solidarity as reflected the solidarity of the cooperative nature of the distribution of the profits when achieved so: 

each cooperative allocates 2% of its sales of the Solidarity Fund each cooperative cardiac treadmill stress test is 

supported by the Reserve Fund, including the amount of 45 percent of the profit 2 percent of transactions Number 

each cooperative allocates Higher Education (university of mondragon )10  percent placed at the disposal of the 

Common Fund to encourage the creation of new cooperatives or the developmentof cooperatives, which are in a 

better position to receive the workers living in difficult circumstances because of the crisis. 



www.cribfb.com/journal/aesr                     American Economic & Social Review                     Vol. 2, No. 2; 2018 

9 

 

 

 

2.6  France: 

1-6-2  legal recognition:Equitable economy and solidarity, most widely spread in the French scene is an important 

development, and we are trying to address the stages of its development as follows
xx

::  

and if practices back to a long time, recognition of the cooperative movement and the arpel is not due to the year 

1850 and is the year in which the law governing a collaborative and rescue companies should wait for 50 years to 

make the year 1901 the legal text, to the freedom of everyone in the establishment of associations, then issued the 

decision of synergy in 1945 and another law concerning cooperation in 1947. 

In the year 1980, the national committee to coordinate the activities of arpel and cooperatives and associations 

charter of equitable economy and caused the government ministerial delegation equitable economy, which became 

its name in 1991 from the charge of social innovation and the social economy to be renamed in 2006 Commissariat 

for creativity and social experimentation and the social economy in the same year, the establishment of the Supreme 

Council of the social economy, which became the name in the year 2010 the Supreme Council of the social 

economy and solidarity, and in April 2014 carried the name reviews the state of the economy and social solidarity 

and led this new dynamic within the French Government in July 2014 to the adoption of Law No. 2014-856 

concerning equitable economy and solidarity. 

The Law of 31 July 2014 in the first article (01) that the equitable economy and solidarity," a formula for 

entrepreneurship and economic development compatible with all areas of human activity, which engaged persons 

subject to special law considerations and who have the following cumulative conditions: 

The goal of another non-profit sharing. 

Democratic rule determined by and organized by the laws which refer to news and participation and which is only 

the extent of the contribution to the capital or the amount of the financial contribution for the partners and the action 

and the parties concerned the achievements of entrepreneurship. 

The profits are for the most part of the objective to maintain or develop entrepreneurial activity. 

The precautions necessary indivisible could not be distributed and could authorize the basic laws to bring that adds 

to the capital, the amounts deducted from the precautions that formed under this law. 

2.6.2 contribution to the economy: 
Is the bet of the economy fair and solidarity in France is very high, this incorporate as follows

xxi
 :  

It represents (10 percent of the gross domestic product, occupies 2.4 million employees and provide 440,000 new 

jobs every 10 years, comprising about 200,000 completed infrastructure, where 68 percent of the assistance services 

inside homes and 60 percent of bank deposits, the year 2016) and activates the patrimony in health and insurance. 

The new law seeks to facilitate the process of financing the equitable economy and solidarity, it shows the renewal 

of the adoption of the name of the Solidarity Organization, which had existed before, and to allow accredited 

organizations accessing the provident funds of solidarity and is financed (10 percent at least of the amounts of 

solidarity the year 2016), the new law also gives new power to users action where the early notification procedure in 

the case of the sale of the Organization with fewer than 250 employees and the balance sheet of companies and 

collaborative, participatory processes with a view to providing assistance to resume the work of the organizations of 

the Working Party, it also approves the reform of institutions equitable economy and solidarity, through the reform 

of the Supreme Council of the equitable economy and solidarity, as well as to the establishment of a higher council 

for cooperation on which the minister in charge of the opinion the total cooperation of the draft legislative text Or 

organizational on how cooperatives work or unions 

3. Conclusion 

Reflected the recognition in the social economy and solidarity, for many of the countries on the level of the 

Constitution and whether some of the constitutions referred explicitly to this recognition, other constitutions referred 

to implicitly. 

as successful practices in this area, the adoption of a national law remains the need to develop a common legislation 

of total local entities composed of equitable sector of the economy and of solidarity. 

which contributed largely to devote recognized, who helped him to develop and to occupy an increasing place in the 

national economy and the state's leaders in the field. 

sector, identifying its principles and instruments of intervention and support its 



www.cribfb.com/journal/aesr                     American Economic & Social Review                     Vol. 2, No. 2; 2018 

10 

 

equitable distribution of wealth and currency customer relations, economic and social organization in accordance 

with the principle of self-governance. 

at improving the effectiveness of the Equitable sector of the economy and of solidarity, highlights the example of 

Ecuador, Brazil and Spain and the importance given to these institutions. 

-structured to an 

orderly structured sector, where 

the authorities of these initiatives toward the institutions that the activities and services of social utility, working to 

create jobs in its endeavor to promote the economy and development, and that some of these institutions are sent in 

special cases to the area to support the voluntary institutions and projects associated with the target. 

actors, and this is the reason why the international practices occur catch up to the presence of the bodies into the 

place with the aim of providing support to local actors. 

important role in local development 

from being designed to achieve greater equity in the conventional trade, the fair trade have contributed largely to the 

creation of opportunities for groups living in difficult economic and is regarded as a lever for development, and has 

enabled many of them to overcome the negative effects resulting from the economic crisis of 2008. 

this latter produced and re-production of physical and non-physical conditions that provide the correct how to live 

for the benefit of society as a whole, and also proposes 

aims to give human beings first and solidarity within society, this gathering aims to provide solutions to the social 

challenges facing the members of the community in the framework of the independent of the public authorities. 

because of the great contribution in the product raw internal, but in terms of the principle of solidarity which the 

balance sheet 

4.Recommendations: 

Improving the competitiveness of the cooperatives: 

These can improve competitiveness by adopting a set of roads, but for equitable economy and solidarity, we adopt 

the method of horizontal integration and public official: 

horizontal integration: cooperation between the enterprises belonging to the same sector at the level of the 

cooperative sector activities makes strong sector and integrate sectoral and geographical dimensions. 

Vertical Integration: the development of the relations of cooperation between suppliers, producers and 

distributors in order to improve the overall effectiveness. 

The widespread use of technology and communication: 

promoting the use of information technology and means of communication in the conduct of such cooperatives, 

thereby helping to reduce the burden on operators and reducing production time and rely on the quality assurance 

mechanisms. 

Cooperation between the current tests: 

If this potential through horizontal integration and equitable public sector of the economy and of solidarity for all of 

Canada and France, Finland, Ecuador, Brazil and Spain, the horizontal integration be in partnership between the 

enterprises belonging to the same sector and for the development of the relations of cooperation between alamoudi 

suppliers, producers and distributors in these countries. 

The assessment of the current tests: 

not only at the level of each country, but also on the level of the forum for the purpose of analysis of each mosque, 

based on experience with the events of the comparison and out strengths and weaknesses and solutions, and the 

prospects for the future. 

Taking advantage of experience: 

For the States which still lags behind in this sector can see these experiences in several ways either to participate in 

an international forum that brings together all these tests and the use of a broad field, or a forum with one of these 

states, and the best solutions for field inspection or adoption of the composition by trainers, and therefore whatever 

method is open to identify the advantages and disadvantages of all the experience and strengths and weaknesses and 

to establish a local strategy to avoid recorded flaws in the previous test.  

 



www.cribfb.com/journal/aesr                     American Economic & Social Review                     Vol. 2, No. 2; 2018 

11 

 

The start: 

Do not be a breakthrough in the adoption of the Equitable sector of the economy and of solidarity through the 

important elements: 

legal recognition : and this depends on the political will to embrace this idea through the preparation of legal 

texts, including the legal forms of cooperatives or construction, and the actors and the organization of work and 

responsibilities, and also methods of accountability, 

Inclusiveness 
 

of the society, especially the poor and marginalized and disadvantaged groups and people with special needs and 

thus the most important objective for which established the equitable economy and solidarity, and is social justice 

and the spirit of solidarity and is paying an important moral and an incentive for competitiveness with other 

categories. 

References 

                                                           
i
Eric dacheux ; Daniel goujon ;the solidarity economy : an alternative   strategy ; international social science 

journal ;volume 62 ;issue 2 ; march- june 2011 ; p206 
ii
 Jean louis laville ; the solidarity economy : an international movement ; Rccs annual review ; n° :2 ; 2012 ;p85 

 
iii

 Marco bellucci ; luca bagnoli ;performance measurement in solidarity economy organisations ;coperative 

economics annales journal ; volume 83 ; issue 1 ; march 2012 ;p27 

 
iv
 Sara calvo ;andres morales ; the social and solidarity economy in ecuador ; mincaliving in ecuador 

journal ;volume 43 ; issue 2 ; july 2017 ;p34 

 
v
 Heloisa primavera ; social currencies and solidarity economy ; journal of labor and society ; vol 13 ; issue 1 ; ; 

marche 2013 ; p46 

 
vi
 Yvon poirer ; emily kawano ; visions related to building the solidarity economy and related alternative in north 

america ;Aloe  (alliance for a responsible plural solidarity based economy) ; 23 and 24 july 2017 ; canada ; 

p86  

 
vii

 Utting peter ; van dijk nadine ; social and solidarity economy ; unrisd(united nations research intitute for social 

delelopement) ;vol10 ;issue2 :2017 ; p56 

 
viii

 Somia tellorozas ;inclusive innovations througt social and solidarity economy initiatives ; international journal 

of voluntary and organizations ; vol :27 ; issue : 1 ; montreal ; canada ; 2017 ; p71 

 
ix

 Sarah amyot ; developing a nationl framwork for assessing social economy content in canadian senior secondary 

schools ; center canadien d’economie sociale; canada ; 21 and 22 may 2017 ; p 120 

 
x
 Andres morales ; the social and solidarity economy in ecuador ; journal.opendition.org ;Watch in (21/12/2017) ; 

p4 

 
xi

 Luiz lnàcio gaiger ; adriane ferrarini ; social entroprise in brazil ; international comparative social Enterprise 

models (i c s e m) ;vol :10 ;issue 1  ;agust2017 ;p28 

 
xii

 Carlos aurélio pimenta de faria ; humanism and solidarity in brazilian foreign policy ; brazillain political science 

review ;vol :7 ;issue 2 ;brazil ;2017 ;p26 

 
xiii

 Jeseph schwartz ;from domestic to global solidarity the building of social solidarity ; journal of social 

philosophy ; vol :38 ;issue 1 ; 2017 ; p134 

 
xiv

 Ryan nehring ; social protection in finland ; international centre for inclusive ;vol28 ; issue 2 ;growth ; august 

2017 ;p16 

 
xv

 Matt noyes ; rescognizing emergent solidarity economy ; g e o ( www.geo.coop) watched in (27/12/2017) ;p4 



www.cribfb.com/journal/aesr                     American Economic & Social Review                     Vol. 2, No. 2; 2018 

12 

 

                                                                                                                                                                                           
 
xvi

 Naci gindogan ; inclusive and sustainable development and the role of social and solidarity economy ; 12 th 

international conerence of a s e c u ;eskisehir ; turky ; septembre 29-30 ; 2017 ;p21 

 
xvii

 Jona marques ; social and solidarity economy ; (u n r i s d ) united nations research intitate for social 

development ; geneva ; switzeland ;6-7 may 2017 ; p18 

 
xviii

 Catalina quiroz nino ;maria angeles ; social solidarity economy sustainable development gools ; (u n e d ) 

unineversided macional de educacion a distancia ; madrid ; spain ; 29 september 2017 ; vol 9 ;issue 2 ; p 

19  

 
xix

 Monica montes gavilàn ; social solidarity economy ; journal of economic behaviour and organisation ; vol 3 ; 

issue 1 ; p 72 

 
xx

 Yvon poirier ; social solidarity economy and related concepts ; www.socioeco.org/fiche;watched in 

(20/12/2017) ;p2 

 
xxi

 Jean louis laville ; Francesca petrella ; social entreprise in France ; at the crossroads  of the social 

economy ;solidarity economy ; intermational comarative social entreprise models ;n° :34 ;France ; 2017 ; 

p 25 

 

 

 

 

Copyrights 

Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. 

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 

license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) 

 

 

 


