




































American Economic & Social Review 

 Vol. 8, No. 1; 2021 

ISSN 2576-1269   E-ISSN 2576-1277 

Published by CRIBFB, USA 

 

11 

IMPACT OF OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE ON 

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF PAKISTAN 

 
Fouzia Perveen 

Department of Economics 

 Faculty of Business Administration 

Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan 

E-mail: p.fouzi@yahoo.com    

 

Afaq Ali Khan 

Department of Economics 

 Faculty of Business Administration 

Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan 

    

     

ABSTRACT 

This research paper aims to find out the relationship between Official Development Assistance and 

sustainable development in Pakistan. Time series data was taken for the period of 42 years (1976 -

2017). Sustainable Development is a dependent variable for which proxy variable of Adjusted Net 

Savings has been deployed. ODA (% of GNI), Inflation, Per Capita GDP and Trade (GDP %) have 

been used as explanatory variables. Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test has been applied to examine the 

nature of the data as time series data may contain unit root problems. ADF test confirms mixed 

order of integration for the selected variables, hence Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) 

Approach was applied to find out the long-run relationship among the considered variables. 

Estimation of Error Correction Regression resulted in a significant long-run relationship between 

ODA and Sustainable Development. ECM Regression also signifies the negative and significant 

value of the speed of adjustment term confirming that the model is stable and convergent towards 

the equilibrium. Overall results of this study confirm a positive and highly significant relationship 

between ODA and the measure of sustainable development in Pakistan. Therefore it is 

recommended that attention should be given to drawing on foreign assistance and it should be 

subject to the transparent and efficient practices applied in the Aid Allocation. It significantly 

improves the overall welfare of Pakistan. 

 

Keywords: Official Development Assistance, Sustainable Development, Adjusted Net Savings.  

 

INTRODUCTION 
Development Assistance Committee of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and 

Development (OECD) introduced the terminology of Official Development Assistance (ODA) for 

the foreign funding transferred to developing countries. (Radelet, 2006) Foreign inflows normally 

include non-repayable grants, soft loans with tight conditions, project and non-project assistance, 

technical backing and relief aid packages (natural disaster relief packages) foreign direct investment, 

credit for BOP imbalance etc. Foreign aid may be granted by multilateral institutions, like IMF, 

World Bank, Agriculture Organization and OECD etc. and the resources are transferred from 

institutions to the Government of developing countries.  In addition to that, some regional 

mailto:p.fouzi@yahoo.com


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12 

institutions such as; the Asian Development Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, SAARC, 

the European Union, Common Wealth etc. also support their regional countries. (Husain, 2005).  

Development studies have identified, the low level of domestic savings serves as a bigger 

challenge for the pace of the economic growth of developing countries. It is taken to be a big barrier 

in the growth rate of capital accumulation to meet the underlying investment opportunities and 

accelerate the pace of economic development. Hence, it becomes challenging for the developing 

countries to put the economy on the path of sustainable growth rates. External resources transferred 

to the poor countries can fill twin gaps; foreign exchange gap and also saving gap (Papanek, 1973).  

This study investigates the impact of foreign aid and sustainable development of Pakistan across 

the period of 1976-2017. The motivation behind this verification lies in two grounds: 

 The obvious research gap in the previous literature published on the effectiveness of Aid in 

the scenario of Pakistan. The traditional studies while investigating the “effectiveness” of the 

foreign aid inflows deploy the indicator of GDP growth rate which is not the real 

representative of the sustainable development and does not present the holistic impact of the 

foreign aid impact on the economic, social and environmental indicators. 

 The post-2015 paradigm shift of the development efforts focusing on Sustainable 

Development serves a policy relevance. World Leaders are agreed to follow the new agenda 

of International Development, “Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable 

Development” organized in the general assembly of the US on September 25, 2015. Under 

this agenda, 17 goals of Sustainable Development known as SDGs are embraced by all the 

Member countries of UNO, as an agenda of 2030.  

 

     While discussing the role of foreign inflows in Pakistan Husain (2005) highlighted the 

role of three leading multilateral institutions i-e. IMF, World Bank and the ADB provide a credit 

on soft and hard conditions, depending upon the nature of the financing. He mentioned in his 

lecture, the core function of IMF is to provide support to countries that face the problem of 

Balance of Payment deficits. But, The World Bank and ADB are development banks dedicatedly 

established to reduce poverty and uplift the living standards of the people of developing 

countries having the low pace of economic growth. Nonetheless, these aid agencies share a 

common goal of boosting economic growth and cut down the unemployment rate in the Aid-

recipient country. During the era of the 1960s, under the idea of Growth Manship growth target 

was set to be at 6% double of the population rate of that time, to keep the country on stability 

path. (Mohey-ud-din, 2005) 

The financing of physical infrastructure projects like power and irrigation projects which laid 

down the foundation of the economic growth in the country could be a dream without external 

funding. [See: Malik et al. 1994; Salman & Hui, 2009] 

   The below figure shows the savings-investment gap in Pakistan from 1976 to 2017.  This 

gap was quite wide in 1976 which slightly squeezed in the following years. After 1985, gross 

domestic savings of Pakistan rose upward just above 15% of GDP to maintain the investment 

requirement of the country as aid inflows declined in those years. This trend continued till 2002 

following the foreign assistance transfers from the USA but it led to a decrease in the level of 

domestic savings again below 7% (GDP ratio) in the following years.  

 

 
 

 



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Figure 1. Investment-Saving Gap in Pakistan from1976-2017 (Data source is WDI) 

     

LITERATURE REVIEW 

Many economists believe that Foreign Aid inflows fill out the Investment-Savings Gap in the 

economic growth of developing countries. According to Papanek (1973), Chenery & Strout (1966), 

Thirlwall (1999), Gulati (1975), Mosley (1980), Karras (2006), Hatemi & Irandoust (2005),  there is 

a positive relationship between foreign inflows and economic growth rate since foreign inflows 

supplements the domestic savings of the developing countries which are insufficient in most cases. 

Moreover, foreign aid facilitates the role of a bridge to lessen the gap of foreign exchange (trade 

gap) and it provides access to the latest technology (via imports) and technical skills, allowing easier 

entry to the markets of other countries.   

The other strand of the literature on the Aid- Growth nexus, asserts that foreign aid does not 

contribute to the economic growth and other major macroeconomic parameters of the country rather 

it drains the domestic resources sometimes. According to this group, foreign aid does not 

complement the domestic resources rather it is consumed in the non-development expenditures by 

the inefficient and corrupt governments of the country. Bauer (1972), Friedman (1958), Boone 

(1996), Easterly (2000), Easterly (2003), Moyo (2009), Sethi et al (2019), Farah et al. (2017) proved 

the negative influence of foreign aid on the economic indicators. According to Moyo (2009, p. 28). 

Foreign assistance prolongs the vicious circle of poverty hence drags the economy into 

unsustainable growth.   

The first-ever study on Pakistan’s aid and growth patterns was carried out by Chenery and 

MacEwan (1966) which was organized in the scenario of Pakistan’s 20 years’ growth projections 

for the period of 1965-1985. According to his predictions, Pakistan would require foreign assistance 

beyond 1985 to fill up its two gaps; Savings-Investment Gap and Export-Import Gap.   

Younis et al. (2015) attempted to examine the pattern of sustainable development in Pakistan 

by using the data for 1950-2013. They applied the Hicks-Page-Hartwick-Solow rule to measure 

sustainable development. Their study revealed that Pakistan has been on the path of unsustainable 

development since the 1950s. The country has faced low saving and investments that persisted the 

“Saving-Investment Gap” and the country remained stuck in a fiscal deficit. Investment in the 

physical and social infrastructure is inadequate which caused neglect of human development. No 

solid policies were in place to stop environmental degradation. The way forward that they suggested 

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

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1
9

7
6

1
9

7
9

1
9

8
2

1
9

8
5

1
9

8
8

1
9

9
1

1
9

9
4

1
9

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 o

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Investment-Saving Gap in Pakistan

Gross capital formation (% of GDP)

Gross domestic savings (% of GDP)



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14 

to put the country on the sustainable path, advocates the improved level of domestic savings and 

policy formation for the economic, social and environmental sectors. 

Anwar (2014) had a critical evaluation of previous literature on foreign aid regarding 

Pakistan. According to his in-depth review, foreign aid does not affect the economic growth of 

Pakistan positively, with a significant result. In certain cases, it plays the opposite role for the 

economy, and evidently, it had the worst effect on the economy by hampering the growth of the 

social sector. It has also impacted the process of economic development as a whole, negatively. He 

asserted that the domestic politics of donors must be studied sufficiently. Ali and Ahmed, (2013) 

based on their empirical analysis suggest a dire need to decrease the dependence of the economy on 

foreign aid and external debt. 

Malik et al. (2010) explored the case of cointegration between economic growth and external 

debt in the case of Pakistan. According to their findings, with the increasing external debt, the 

country will have lesser opportunities for economic growth. Shirazi et al. (2009) studied the impact 

of ODA on social development indicators of Pakistan. They used ODA for the foreign aid while the 

explanatory variables include indexes for economic growth, Education, Human development, health 

and life expectancy. A bidirectional causality was reported between ODA and economic growth. 

Similarly, causality runs from Foreign Aid to Human Development (HDI), Life Expectancy Index, 

and Education Index. 

Foreign aid study conducted by Salman and Hui (2009) attempts to review the usefulness of 

foreign aid on the economic development of Pakistan. The period of the study was 30 years (1978-

2007). The authors used GDP as a proxy variable for Economic development and ODA and foreign 

debt as independent variables narrowing down to the impact of ODA and debt on GDP growth of 

Pakistan for the target period. Their study findings of aid effectiveness for Pakistan is significantly 

promising and positive.  

Khan and Ahmed (2007) examined the relationship of aid and growth on annual data for the 

period of 1972 to 2006 and applied the ARDL approach. Variables of Domestic Investment and 

Foreign Direct Investment and Foreign Assistance were taken as explanatory variables with real 

GDP (Y) as a dependent variable. They extended the production function called adding factors of 

Aid and Exports along with Capital and Labour. F Bound test was significant for all types of Aid, 

claiming a co-integration between Aid and GDP but their conclusion suggest that Aid flows do not 

influence Growth, neither at aggregate level nor disaggregate level.  

Muhey-u-din (2005) advocates the Dual Gap Model of Chenery through his study and 

justifies the need for foreign inflows in the case of Pakistan. According to him, Pakistan has to rely 

on foreign aid and foreign debt since it does not have physical, financial & human capital.Khan 

(1997) finds out that the terms and conditions of foreign aid and loans used to be harsher when a 

country becomes dependent on foreign aid to finance domestic investment and fill out BOP deficits. 

Their study results find that foreign aid/flows have a negative and significant coefficient, 

irrespective of the use of conditioning variables.  

 

METHODOLOGY 

The most credible source of a theoretical base for the research subject is provided by the all-time 

renowned model of Economic Growth.  

According to Harrod-Domar theory; g= s/k  where g is the growth rate of GDP, s represents 

Savings and k is Capital Output Ratio.  

And to increase the rate of investment requires a higher rate of capital accumulation and an 

enhanced level of capital formulation demands a relative increase in the domestic savings. The 



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Harrod Domar Model is a Keynesian Model of economic growth which explains what rate of 

investment growth is required to keep the economy on a steady path of development.  

Chenery and Strout (1966), extending the Harrod Domar Growth Model for a two-sector economy, 

developed the Tow Gap Model i-e ‘Investment-Saving Gap’ and ‘Import-Export Gap’ to achieve the 

optimal patterns of economic growth. The excess of the traditional import over the traditional 

exports less the production for the trade sector leads to Trade Gap and developing countries have to 

rely on foreign resources if they don’t have enough domestic savings. (Chenery & MacEwan, 1966) 

This study will focus to answer the below questions primarily: 

 Is there any relationship between Official Development Assistance and Sustainable 

Development of Pakistan?  

 What is the nature of the relationship between ODA and sustainable development? Is there 

any long-run co-integration between both variables? 

 What is the impact magnitude of ODA on sustainable development in Pakistan? 

 

The below equation has been developed to conduct the empirical examination of our 

research hypothesis.  

𝑺𝑫 =  𝒇 (𝑶𝑫𝑨 + 𝑮𝑫𝑷𝑷𝑪 + 𝑰𝑵𝑭 + 𝑻𝑹𝑫𝑶)      (a) 

 

SD stands for Sustainable Development being a dependent variable in the study. Variable of 

Adjusted Net Savings (% of GNI) formerly called Genuine Savings has been deployed as a measure 

the Sustainable Development. ODA represents Official Development Assistant (% of GNI). 

GDPPC represents GDP Per Capita for Pakistan (Current US $).  

INF is the Inflation (Consumer Prices, Annual %) variable which is taken as a monetary policy 

measure on the pattern of Rana and Koch (2020), Fischer (1993) and Burnside & Dollar (2000). 

TRDO measures Trade Openness Rana and Koch (2020) for which we have taken annual data of 

Trade (% of GDP) following Sachs and Warner (1995) and Burnside and Dollar (2000).   

 

The econometric form of the equation will be: 
 

𝑺𝑫 =  𝜷𝟎 + 𝜷𝟏 𝑶𝑫𝑨 +  𝜷𝟐 𝑮𝑫𝑷𝑷𝑪 +  𝜷𝟑 𝑰𝑵𝑭 +  𝜷𝟒 𝑻𝑹𝑫𝑶 +  𝝁    (b) 

 

The below hypothesis has been built to investigate through this study. Here, H0 represents Null 

Hypothesis while HA shows the alternative hypothesis.  B1 is the slope coefficient of ODA.   

 

H0  ∶  𝛽1 = 0    H𝐴 ∶  𝛽1 ≠ 0 
 

For this study, the time-series data of 42 years (1976-2017) has been obtained by using 

different relevant and authentic sources including World Development Reports, World Development 

Indicators, OECD Reports and Pakistan Economic Surveys. 

 

DISCUSSION 

Since ARMA models for the non-stationary data, all data series needs to be tested for stationarity. 

The augmented Dickey-Fuller test is considered the most authentic test to check the stationarity 

(Dickey & Fuller 1979, Brooks 2014) 

In table 01, the variables have mix order of integration which means that some variables are 

of I(0) and some of them are I(1), which makes the Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach the 

most feasible for the empirical analysis. 

 



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ARDL method is OLS based which consists of lags of both, dependent and independent 

variables. The main usage of this method is that it permits the testing of the cointegration 

irrespective of the degree of variables. This approach is more valid than the Johansen-Juselius 

approach when the sample size is small. Hence, adding the component of Time (t) and lags of 

dependent and explanatory variables we will convert the equation (b) into Autoregressive Lagged 

Distributed Model; 
𝑺𝑫𝒕 =  𝜷𝟎 +   𝜷𝟏𝑺𝑫𝒕−𝒊 +  𝜷𝟐 𝑶𝑫𝑨𝒕−𝒊 + 𝜷𝟑𝑮𝑫𝑷𝑷𝑪𝒕−𝒊 +  𝜷𝟒 𝑰𝑵𝑭𝒕−𝒊 + 𝜷𝟓 𝑻𝑹𝑫𝑶𝒕−𝒊 +  𝜺𝒕𝒊 

 

Model of (2,3,4,0,0) was selected as Optimal model along with Adjusted R Square of 0.67 

and value of F.stat at 6.8. Akaike info criterion (AIC) was used for the lag selection method. Lag of 

4 was used which is considered the optimal lag period for the annual data series. ARDL Bound Test 

is applied to find out long run cointegration among variables which converts the above equation into 

the below form: 
∆𝑺𝑫 =  𝜷𝟎 + 𝑪𝟎𝒕  ∑ 𝜶 𝚫

𝒒
𝒋=𝟏 𝑺𝑫𝒕−𝒋 + ∑ 𝛄 𝚫 𝑶𝑫𝑨𝒕−𝒊 + ∑ 𝛑 𝚫 𝑮𝑫𝑷𝑷𝑪𝒕−𝒊 + 𝒏

𝒊=𝟎  ∑ 𝛅 𝚫 𝑰𝑵𝑭𝒕−𝒊 +𝒎
𝒊=𝟎

𝒑
𝒊=𝟎

 ∑ 𝛌 𝚫 𝑻𝑹𝑫𝑶𝒕−𝒊 + 𝚽𝟏 
𝒌
𝒊−= 𝑺𝑫𝒕−𝟏 + 𝚽𝟐 𝑶𝑫𝑨𝒕−𝟏  +  𝚽𝟑 𝑮𝑫𝑷𝑷𝑪𝒕−𝟏 +  𝚽𝟒 𝑰𝑵𝑭𝒕−𝟏 + 𝚽𝟓 𝑻𝑹𝑫𝑶𝒕−𝟏 + 𝝐𝒕  

Here, B0 is the drift component while C0t is the Trend component. Parameters like  

𝛼, γ, π, δ, λ   are short term coefficients hence will represent short-run relationships while  Φ1 , Φ2,  
Φ3, Φ4, Φ5  are long term coefficients telling long-run relationships among variables 

     

 

F-Bounds Test Null Hypothesis: No levels 

relationship 

Test Statistic Value Signif. I(0) I(1) 

F-statistic  6.539848 10%   2.427 3.395 

k 4 5%   2.893 4 

N=40  1%   3.967 5.455 

 

F-Bound Test is quite significant as the calculated value of F-statistics is 6.539 and this 

value is larger than upper boundary values. The Null Hypothesis of “No Cointegration” may be 

rejected and the Alternative Hypothesis can be accepted easily. This rejection of the Null 

Hypothesis confirms the long-run cointegration between dependent and independent variables. 

Therefore, further exploration of the relationship dynamics can be justified for which Error 

Correction Regression was run to check the significance and magnitude level of this long-run 

relationship.  

 

 

 

Variable  Description  Model  Level  1st  Variable  

ANS Adjusted Net Savings Intercept -3.631   I(0) 

ODA Official Development Assistance Intercept -5.41   I(0) 

GDPPC Per Capita GDP  Intercept 2.46 -4.977 I(1) 

INF Inflation, CPI  Intercept -4.51   I(0) 

TRDO Trade Intercept -2.051 -7.278 I(1) 

    Table 2. Result of F-Bound Test 

Table 1. Result of Augmented Dickey Fuller Test 



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Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.    

ODA 4.422286 0.721114 6.132577 0.0000* 

GDPPC 0.003943 0.002207 1.786338 0.0867*** 

INF -0.329015 0.119315 -2.757527 0.0110** 

TRDO -0.244595 0.181319 -1.348980 0.1899 

C 12.46772 6.219343 2.004669 0.0564 

 

Table 04 shows that the long-run coefficient of ODA becomes positive and double in 

magnitude in the long run period, from -2.09 to 4.422 which is positive and significant with t-stats 

of 6.13 and a p-value of 0.000. It can be concluded that if 1-point increases in ODA it will lead to an 

increase in the Adjusted Net Savings by 4 points. On the other hand, the variable of inflation (INF) 

puts a negative impact on Adjusted Net Savings in the long run. One point increase in inflation will 

cause the reduction in the Adjusted Net Savings by 0.32 points. It can be noticed that variables of 

GDP Per Capita (GDPPC) and Trade Openness (TRDO) becomes insignificant on their impact on 

the Adjusted Net Savings.  However, although both variables are insignificant, growth in GDP per 

capita has a positive coefficient while TRDO shows a negative relationship with the dependent 

variable.  

The dynamics Error Correction Model estimated through Error Correction Regression 

provides the cointegrating equation (ECt-1) which integrates the short-run dynamics with long-run 

equilibrium.  
∆𝑺𝑫𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏 ∆ 𝑺𝑫𝒕−𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗 ∆ 𝑶𝑫𝑨 − 𝟐. 𝟑𝟓 ∆ 𝑶𝑫𝑨𝒕−𝟏 − 𝟐. 𝟎𝟗 ∆ 𝑶𝑫𝑨𝒕−𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 ∆ 𝑮𝑫𝑷𝑷𝑪 

  (1.72)  (1.25)  (-3.87)*   (-4.18)*  (0.47) 

−𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏∆ 𝐆𝐃𝐏𝐏𝐂𝐭−𝟏  − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒 ∆ 𝐆𝐃𝐏𝐏𝐂𝐭−𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟔 ∆ 𝐆𝐃𝐏𝐏𝐂𝐭−𝟑    −   𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟓𝟐𝟐𝟎 ∆𝐈𝐍𝐅  

(-0.35)  (-0.81)   (2.96)*    (0.0298)    

 −𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟗 ∆ 𝐓𝐑𝐃𝐎 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟗 𝐄𝐂𝐭−𝟏  

 (0.1539)  (-6.88)* 

R2 = 0.72    Adj. R2 =0.65  F-Stats. 6.54   SSR= 64.69  

The above equation confirms the short-run causality of ODA with SD in the first lag and 

second lag period as significant t values are tagged with steric (*) sign. The speed of adjustment 

measures the time required to bring the model in equilibrium while it falls in the state of 

disequilibrium. In other words, it confirms the convergence of the model towards equilibrium. The 

below equation is called the Cointegration Equation.  
∆ 𝑺𝑫𝒕 =  −𝟎. 𝟖𝟗 𝑺𝑫𝒕−𝟏   − {( 𝟒. 𝟒𝟐 𝑶𝑫𝑨𝒕−𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝑮𝑫𝑷𝑷𝑪𝒕−𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟗 𝑰𝑵𝑭𝒕 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒 𝑻𝑹𝑫𝑶𝒕 + 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒𝟔)} 

Term of Co-integrating Equation (ECt-1) indicates the speed of adjustment. Its value falls between 0 

and 1. The negative sign with the value suggests that the model is convergent or getting stable. On 

the other hand, a positive sign with the value of this term indicates that the model is divergent or 

explosive and it moves towards disequilibrium in the long run. Here, as we can see, the value of the 

Co-integration Equation is -0.89 being significant with a t-value of -6.88 and P value less than0.05 

providing a base to conclude that model is stable and convergent towards equilibrium.  
 

RESIDUAL NORMALITY:  Jarque Bera value = 0.367  P value= 0.832 

Table 3. Long Run 

Coefficients 



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LM SERIAL CORRELATION: F-statistic = 0.259224   Prob.F(4,20) = 0.9006 

MODEL STABILITY TEST: Ramsey RESET is a general misspecification error test. It verifies if there is 

any specification error in the fitted model. The below graphs of CUSUM and CUSUM Square tests 

also confirm the model stability. 

 

 

 Value Probability 

t-statistic  0.946134  0.3539 

F-statistic  0.895170  0.3539 

Likelihood ratio  1.450921  0.2284 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

This study explores the impact of Official Development Assistance on the Sustainable development 

of Pakistan for the period of 1976-2017. The result of this study reveals that ODA has a positive and 

significant impact on the Sustainable Development of Pakistan, in the long run. The results of the 

Augmented Dickey-Fuller showed that some variables are stationary at a level while others were 

stationary at first difference. That suggested application of the ARDL and VEC model to conduct 

the empirical analysis of the data through econometric models. The significance of the Bounds Test 

and slope coefficient (4.422) of ODA in the long run with the significant t stats (6.13) and p values 

(<0.05) provides enough evidence of the robust positive relationship between ODA and the measure 

of Sustainable Development of Pakistan. Empirical evidence shows that 1 point increase in ODA, in 

the long run, leads to bringing increment of 4.42 points in the Sustainable Development of Pakistan 

for which the variable of Adjusted Net Savings was taken. Additionally, we found that 1 point 

increase in the level of inflation will decline the level of sustainable development by 0.32 point. The 

variable of GDP per capita has positive and significant causality with sustainable development in its 

4th lag year in low magnitude. The variable of Trade Openness turns out to be negative but 

insignificant, in short as well as long-run periods.  Based on the above results, a few 

recommendations have been put forward for all of the Aid-concerned Government Authorities and 

development professionals (NGOs, INGOs etc.) in Pakistan.  

 As Pakistan does not have enough internal sources to finance the large investment projects, 

Government spending on human welfare programs and the conservation of natural resources 

Pakistan would have to rely on Foreign Assistance subject to the transparent and efficient 

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16

CUSUM 5% Significance

-0.4

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16

CUSUM of Squares 5% Significance

Table 4. Result of Ramsey  

 

RESET Test 



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19 

practices applied in the Aid Allocation. Although Aid funds are prone to fungibility their 

flows are healthy for sustainable development in Pakistan (Rana & Koch, 2020). Aid will 

help increase the level of Sustainable Development by supplementing the domestic savings 

in the country. Proper allocation of Aid funds in Mega Development Projects for Education, 

Health and Environment Conservation will significantly improve the level of overall social 

welfare in Pakistan.  

 A higher level of inflation needs to be controlled immediately because it cannot only hit the 

country on economic grounds but also humanitarian spheres. A high level of inflation may 

worsen the living standard of people. 

 Following Younis, Chaudhary, & Akbar (2015) who suggested that low index of sustainable 

development in Pakistan can be increased by increasing the level of domestic savings in the 

country, this study also recommends that Government, as well as people of the country, must 

decline their consumption on unsustainable and unproductive plans.   

 

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