



































Special Autonomy Policy on Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget Sources in West Papua Province in The Framework of Supporting The Defense Economy


American Interdisciplinary Journal of Business 

and Economics 
ISSN: 2837-1909| Impact Factor : 4.6 

Volume. 9, Number 1; January-March, 2022; 

Published By: Scientific and Academic Development Institute (SADI) 

8933 Willis Ave Los Angeles, California 

https://sadipub.com/Journals/index.php/aijbe 

 

 

  

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STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCING REGIONAL INDEPENDENCE AND 

DEFENSE THROUGH SPECIAL AUTONOMY POLICY OF WEST 

PAPUA PROVINCE 
 

 

Francis Saputro 

Defense Economics Study Program Faculty of Defense Management Defense University of The 

Republic of Indonesia 

 

Abstract: This document analyzes the implementation of the Special Autonomy policy in West Papua 

Province, Indonesia, with a focus on its impact on regional revenue and expenditure budget sources. The 

authors examine the challenges faced by the West Papua Provincial Government in managing its finances, 

including lack of coordination, ineffective supervision, and a lack of public involvement. They explore various 

sources of funding for the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget, including Regional Original Revenue, 

Revenue Sharing Funds, and General Allocation Funds, and provide insights into their management policies 

for efficiency and effectiveness. The authors emphasize the importance of the Economic Development Sector 

in the efficacy of the policy, given its impact on income growth that contributes to national defense efforts. 

The study concludes by recommending practical solutions for improvement in governance and financial 

planning. 

Keywords: Special Autonomy, Defense Economy, Regional Autonomy, APBD, Growth Economy. 

 

Introduction:  

Regional autonomy is an essential aspect of Indonesia's state administration system, as highlighted in Article 

18 of the 1945 Constitution. The concept of autonomy refers to the freedom and independence of lower 

government units to regulate and manage government affairs. In line with this, the Special Autonomy policy 

was introduced to minimize inequality and increase prosperity and welfare in West Papua Province, Indonesia. 

The policy aims to accelerate economic development, increase welfare and progress, while respecting regional 

government units that are special or considered as such. The implementation of the policy is crucial to 

achieving the objectives of equality and balance with other provinces. The Regional Revenue and Expenditure 

Budget is the backbone of economic development in the province, and its efficient and effective management 

is essential to maximize the potential sources of funding. The Economic Development Sector plays a critical 

role in the success of the policy, given its impact on income growth, which feeds into national defense efforts. 

However, the implementation of the policy has faced various challenges, including complex structural 

obstacles caused by inadequate resources, weak commitment, and ineffective supervision. This document 

provides insights into the implementation of the Special Autonomy policy in West Papua Province, examines 

its impact on the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget sources, and recommends practical solutions for 

improvement in governance and financial planning. 

In addition to the sources of Regional Government revenue in the form of the Regional Revenue and 

Expenditure Budget (APBD) which are obtained from Regional Original Revenue (PAD) which are sourced 

from revenues obtained from regional taxes, regional levies, results of regionally owned companies, separated 



  

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regional wealth management, and other legal original regional income. Local governments make various 

investments to increase PAD. Regional governments also have other sources of income, including Revenue 

Sharing Funds (DBH), General Allocation Funds (DAU) and Special Allocation Funds (DAK). Funds 

obtained are given by the central government to regional governments to finance the needs of local 

governments in reforming regional structures and improving regional services for the community. The fund is 

one of the components of revenue in the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBD) report.  

From the implementation of regional autonomy carried out by the Regional Government in 38 provinces in 

Indonesia. There are several areas that have specialties and privileges. As regulated to accommodate special 

regions and special regions in Indonesia in Article 18B paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution it states that:  

“The state recognizes and respects regional government units that are special or special in nature which are 

regulated by law”.  

Regional Governments that are special in nature, one of which is the Province of West Papua, . The origin of 

the region which is special and special in nature stems from the rights of origin and history which are then 

recognized and determined by law as part of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. With its specificity 

and privileges, regions are treated differently from other autonomous regions which are only administrative 

in nature, but regions are still regions and not countries that have their own constitution (Erdianto, Rika Lestari, 

2008:55)  

West Papua Province, as one of the provinces regulated by law as a special province. It stipulates the 

management of the implementation, including the injection of funds obtained from the central government to 

the regional governments. In its implementation, the local government should invest to increase PAD apart 

from DBH, DAU and DAK as additional funds in the APBD.  

The State of Indonesia recognizes the policies of government units that are special in nature or are called 

Special Autonomy, which are regulated by the Regional Government Law as well as special policies and 

provisions regulated in the framework of increasing the welfare of the people of West Papua through the Law 

on Special Autonomy for Papua, the aim is to development of the province of West Papua with other regions 

can be minimized while increasing the prosperity and welfare of the people.  

The granting of this special autonomy is intended to realize justice, uphold the rule of law, respect for human 

rights, accelerate economic development, increase the welfare and progress of the people of West Papua 

Province, within the framework of equality and balance with progress with other Provinces. The  

Economic Development Sector has a role that is greatly affected as a whole, for this condition an effective and 

efficient solution must be sought in the management policy of APBD resources obtained from PAD, DBH, 

and DAU.  

The threats described above are non-military threats. Non-military threats can have ideological, political, 

economic, socio-cultural, technological and information dimensions, as well as public safety (Ministry of 

Defense of the Republic of Indonesia, 2015).  

Defense and the economy are two reciprocal influencing variables. Without defense, there will be threats or 

disturbances so that the economy cannot run properly. Conversely, defense can only be increased if national 

income also increases (Kennedy, 2018).  

Special autonomy aims to increase the capital expenditure of the Papua Province government so that it has 

implications for better public services, but in reality this has not actually run optimally as expected. The 

increase in PAD also affects regional economic growth, therefore local governments should concentrate more 

on empowering regional economic power (Priyo, 2006).  

This issue certainly needs to be studied further considering that in its implementation what is expected by the 

central government based on the law must be in line with the regulations made by the Regional Government, 

in this case the Province of West Papua.  

Based on the background above, the researcher further raises the title of this study in order to find out in depth 

about the economic problems in the Special Autonomy Policy for Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget 



  

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Sources obtained from PAD, DBH, and DAU in West Papua Province in order to support, analyze from the 

perspective of a sustainable Defense Economics perspective.  

Theoretical Basis Local Own Revenue (PAD)  

According to Law Number 28 of 2009, it states that Regional Original Income (PAD) is revenue obtained from 

regional taxes, regional levies, results of regionally owned companies, management of separated regional 

assets, and other legitimate regional original income. In implementing it, local governments make various 

investments to increase local revenue (PAD).  

Profit Sharing Fund (DBH)  

The second source of regional revenue is the Revenue Sharing Fund (DBH). In Law Number 33 of 2004 Profit 

Sharing Funds are funds originating from APBN revenues allocated to regions based on percentage figures to 

meet regional needs in the context of implementing decentralization. Profit Sharing Funds consist of profit 

sharing funds originating from taxes and natural resources.  

DBH comes from taxes, namely land and building tax (PBB), Land and Building Rights Acquisition Fees 

(BPHTB), and Domestic Personal Tax and PPh Article 21. Meanwhile, revenue-sharing funds originating from 

natural resources come from forestry, general mining, fishery, petroleum mining.  

General Allocation Fund (DAU)  

The third source of regional revenue is the General Allocation Fund (DAU), in Law Number 33 of 2004, the 

General Allocation Fund (DAU) is a fund originating from the APBN with the aim of its allocation in the 

context of equal distribution of financial capacity among regions to fund regional needs in the framework of 

implementation of decentralization.  

The General Allocation Fund is block grants similar to the Revenue Sharing Fund (DBH).  

Research methods  

The writing method in this study uses a descriptive qualitative method. Qualitative research is research that is 

related and closely related to an interpretation adapted to the phenomena or events that occur and tends to use 

analysis in conducting research (Siyoto & Sodik, 2015). Descriptive research can be interpreted as a situation 

that describes (description) an event that refers to and focuses on the problems that occur during the research 

(Noor, 2012).  

The object used is the impact of the regional budget special autonomy policy in West Papua Province in order 

to support the defense economy.Data collection techniques are carried out by selecting the use of literature 

studies or literature review. Literature study is part of a data collection technique that emphasizes tracing 

historical data or records of a phenomenon that has occurred and can be in the form of writings, illustrations 

(pictures), articles, and the composition of work related to the problem under study. for further processing and 

analysis (Sugiono, 2012). Data collection in this study can be presented by searching literature such as 

interviews, scientific journals, essays or articles, news, regulations, and policies regarding the impact of the 

special autonomy policy on APBD sources in West Papua Province in order to support the defense economy.  

Results and Discussion  

Special Autonomy Policy  

In the implementation of Regional Autonomy, its implementation since 1999 has certainly given the authority 

to the freedom of the Regional Government to take care of its own household affairs. Including West Paua 

Province, it has been given its own special freedoms and privileges, but in practice not all regions are able to 

carry out these good goals, West Papua Province is not yet one of the advanced provinces in Indonesia. The 

practice of implementing Special Autonomy has not fully proceeded properly. The good intentions of the 

central government which are based on the fact that special autonomy is present in the context of endeavors 

to settle justice, respect human rights, resolve conflicts, distribute education, equalize the economy, as well as 

the welfare and progress of the people of Papua Province have not gone as they should.  

Another problem arises, the people of West Papua think that special autonomy is a creation of the central 

government in order to stop their resistance to the Indonesian government. With the presence of the Special 



  

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Autonomy Law, it is clear that it has provided greater space for the people of West Papua province to develop 

more advancedly. But it can turn into a disaster when it’s not executed as it should.  

Indirectly, slowly but surely, there are several policies that force the Province of West Papua to often be limited, 

reduced, and even withdrawn from its position back to the center with the appendage of changing rules and 

regulations that are binding on the central government. So according to research put forward by Pathership, it 

states that the level of dissatisfaction with the Special Autonomy policy tends to be very high, people are 

starting to distrust the policy. With this special autonomy, the people no longer believe in the policies taken 

by the government in this special autonomy.  

Maximizing Potential Sources of APBD Funding  

The role of the central government towards the regional government of West Paua Province as part of a special 

area, especially in its implementation. The West Papua Provincial Government regarding APBD funding 

sources The West Papua Government, should make maximum efforts to increase PAD apart from DBH, DAU 

and DAK as additional funds in the APBD to fund regional needs, especially in the context of implementing 

decentralization, especially in West Papua Province. If we look at the data in the Figure below, it is as follows:  

  
(Source: Ministry of Home Affairs)  

Figure 1: Regional Original Income (PAD) throughout Indonesia (in billions of rupiah)  

It has been seen, the average PAD of West Papua Province is the third lowest ranking of all 34 Provinces in 

Indonesia. This becomes a problem regarding how the role and implementation of PAD which is supported by 

DBH, DAU and DAK as additional funds in the APBD in order to make West Papua Province better. If we 

look at these conditions, the province of West Papua is in the 3 smallest provinces. The PAD APBD is very 

sad, especially since this condition has been supported by funds from the center as an additional injection of 

funds in the further progress of West Papua Province.  

Transfer Expenditures to Regional Governments with Special Autonomy  

In the President’s speech in the introduction to the 2016 Financial Notes and Draft State Budget (RAPBN), 

the government for the first time allocated more transfer expenditure to the regions compared to spending by 

Ministries/Agencies (K/L). This is based on the consideration that the increasing amount of authority that has 

been handed over to the regions in the era of fiscal decentralization and regional autonomy. Fiscal 

decentralization itself is the authority to allocate spending according to the full discretion of each region. 

Enormous effort 2 is put in, however way it may be, just to make modest progress towards achieving the goals 

that have been set. With uneven performance, there is debate about the desirability of fiscal decentralization 

and how to overcome it (Paul Smoke, 2001). Fiscal decentralization is an issue and a major concern for 

developing countries in the 1990s. Even the emergence of fiscal decentralization in Indonesia is very close to 

political issues and concerns over national disintegration (Khusaini, 2006). For developing countries, fiscal 

decentralization is believed to be a solution to all kinds of economic and political problems they face, but 

fiscal decentralization also has potential problems, which cause new problems that become additional burdens 

that have persisted for years.  

According to Law no. 33 of 2004, decentralization is the transfer of governmental authority by the  

Government to autonomous regions to regulate and manage government affairs in the system of the Unitary 

State of the Republic of Indonesia. In this law, regional revenues in the implementation of decentralization 



  

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consist of Regional Original Revenues, Balancing Funds which consist of Sharing Funds Proceeds, General 

Allocation Funds, and Special Allocation Funds, and regional receipts from other income.  

Implementation of APBD sourced from PAD in the Special Autonomous Region  

The government may grant special or special regional status to provinces deemed to meet the criteria for 

special or special regions. One of them is included in the Special Government condition is the Province of 

West Papua. Law Number 25 of 2005 concerning Financial Balance between the Central Government and 

Regional Governments, consists of the General Allocation Fund (DAU), the Special Allocation Fund (DAK) 

and the Revenue Sharing Fund (DBH). The balancing fund aims to reduce financial imbalances between 

regions (horizontal imbalance) which only comes from PAD.  

West Papua Province in managing regional finances in the context of decentralization as referred to in Article 

66 paragraph (1) of the Fiscal Balance Law in its implementation found complex structural obstacles caused 

by various elements, including lack of personnel resources, weak commitment, weak coordination, ineffective 

supervision , and a lack of public involvement. As for the obstacles in the planning stage of the financial 

budget, the Directorate of Regional Budget Planning assessed that the APBD preparation process was not in 

accordance with the development plan documents that had been prepared. Strengthening the development 

planning stage by Bappeda and budgeting by BPKAD was carried out using old ways with information 

systems, but in practice the systems were different and not yet integrated. So that planning and budgeting 

documents do not check and balance each other and there is often a discrepancy between plans made and 

budget allocations. The various implementation issues raised by these stakeholders can lead to inefficiency 

and ineffective use of the budget which results in not achieving fairness, decency and benefits for the 

community as referred to in Article 66 paragraph (1) of the Financial Balance Law.  

The solution offered by the current government through the Ministry of Home Affairs has been trying to 

innovate. Several advances in this technological phenomenon are evidenced by the presence of the Regional 

Government Information System (SIPD) as a product and innovation of the Ministry of Home Affairs in order 

to answer the challenges towards e-governance in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0 in the transformation 

of the government bureaucracy into one data one system in SIPD. As one of the steps and solutions to complete 

the implementation of PAD, DBH and DAU in West Papua Province. In order to minimize the manipulation 

of financial planning and budgeting figures at the central government and regional governments.  

The mandate in Law Number 23 of 2014 that Regional Governments are required to provide Regional 

Government information (Regional development information and Regional financial information) and can 

provide and manage other Regional Government information aimed at managing regional information can run 

professionally. Presidential Regulation Number 39 of 2019 concerning Indonesia’s One Data which is 

supported by regulations regarding the implementation of the Electronic-Based Government System (SPBE). 

Subsequent derivative regulations are policy rules issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs, such as PP Number 

12 of 2019 concerning Regional Financial Management, and the last one is Permendagri 70 of 2019 

concerning SIPD.  

Seeing the innovations that have occurred, it should greatly facilitate the local government which is given 

special autonomy rights and authority, as evidenced by completing the implementation of PAD, DBH, and 

DAU in West Papua Province properly and in accordance with what the central government expects for 

equitable distribution of development and regional progress.  

The good intentions of the central government which are based on the fact that special autonomy is present in 

the context of endeavors to settle justice, respect human rights, resolve conflicts, distribute education, equalize 

the economy, as well as the welfare and progress of the people of Papua Province have not gone as they should. 

It is not precisely that the people of West Papua think that special autonomy is a creation of the central 

government in order to stop their resistance against the Indonesian government. This is very detrimental to the 

good intentions that were built for the sake of equitable development.  



  

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Furthermore, based on the withdrawal of data taken from the Regional Government Information System 

(SIPD), that:  

 
(Source: Ministry of Home Affairs)  

Figure 2: West Papua Provincial Original Revenue (PAD) 2017-2021 (in billion rupiah)  

Figure 2. Shows the Regional Original Income (PAD) figures in West Papua Province in 2017-2021, 

experiencing ups and downs, especially in 2020 to 2021 The results of separated Regional Wealth Management 

and Other legitimate PAD have decreased, it could be due to poor governance or as a result of the Covid-19 

outbreak.  

Furthermore, the author will show data on Regional Original Income (PAD) as seen from all Regencies/Cities 

in West Papua Province specifically only in 2021, as follows:  

  
(Source: Ministry of Home Affairs)  

Figure 3: Local Own Revenue (PAD) for all Regencies/Cities in West Papua Province  

Figure 3 has shown the city of Sorong, Raja Ampat Islands Regency and Monokwari Regency as the main 

buffer for West Papua Province in terms of Regional Original Income (PAD) and Ratio to Pension  

income, and in contrast to the condition of Kabupatten Maybrat which is in the position of caretaker with the 

lowest regional original revenue (PAD) and ratio to income of 2.13 (in billions of rupiah).  

The independence of the Special Autonomous Region to support the Defense Economy  

The regional government of West Papua Province needs to increase regional independence in public sector 

services to create community comfort. Coupled with the policy of the central government in providing large 

spending allocations, improvements in public services should be obtained in order to increase the 

attractiveness of investors to open businesses in the regions.  

Defense economics comes from two important words that have their own meaning, namely economy and 

defense. There are distinct conceptual differences between the economy and defence. The main difference lies 

in the character of the two concepts namely, the economy prioritizes “sovereignty lies in unlimited human 

needs”, while the nature of defense is “sovereignty is in the hands of the state”. This has a consequence: “If it 

is agreed to eliminate economic activity it means to negate human nature, and if it eliminates defense activities 

it means to deny the presence of the state”. Because of that, it is necessary to connect the two different 

characters so that they are closely related and complement each other (Makmur Keliat, 2010).  

To see the comparison between the economy and defense, it is necessary to look at the concept of each of the 

two which aims to reach the point of social welfare. This welfare can have implications for strong economic 

growth, the impact on the community directly, the non-military defense system will strengthen along with the 

welfare of the community, in this case the special autonomy community in West Papua Province. This also 

embodies several programs to stimulate the growth of the special autonomous region, the impact is not only 



  

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on the region but throughout Indonesia, this must be in line with the condition of the country if it is in a safe 

condition.  

Thus the regional government of the West Province, if it is successful in allocating its regional expenditures 

to implement development plans, will have a definite impact on increasing economic growth in the province 

of West Papua. To realize the smooth running of government activities, local governments need to change the 

composition of their spending so that it runs effectively and efficiently. After we know the conditions of the 

Province’s PAD, DBH, DAU, Physical DAK and Non-Physical DAK, the Province of West Papua must 

immediately carry out solutive and sustainable steps in order to improve the condition of the APBD obtained 

by the Province of West Papua so that it increases the APBD stage and is on par with other Provinces in 

Indonesia , by way of openness of the people’s mindset, which has implications for collaborative innovation 

by provincial, district/city regional governments in West Papua Province with steps to increase regional 

independence in public sector services to create community comfort.  

To make this happen, coupled with the central government’s policy of providing large spending allocations, 

improvements in public services should be obtained in order to increase the attractiveness of investors to open 

businesses in the regions. SIPD helps facilitate Bureaucratic Transformation in electronic-based good 

governance, sustainable e-government.  

Conclusion Recommendations and Limitations  

In order to help realize the progress of the Special Autonomous Region, in this case, one of them is the Province 

of West Papua in order to support the defense economy to avoid mismanagement of the APBD resources 

obtained, several problems have occurred that  

Financial Balance Fund between the Central Government and Regional Governments, consisting of General 

Allocation Funds (DAU), Special Allocation Funds (DAK) and Revenue Sharing Funds (DBH). The balancing 

fund aims to reduce financial imbalances between regions (horizontal imbalance) which only comes from 

PAD. This source of funding, the Provincial Government of West Papua Province, in its implementation, has 

not run optimally as other provincial governments throughout Indonesia should, with regulations that include 

West Papua Province having given privileges in authority, funding for development, both the General 

Allocation Fund (DAU), the Special Allocation Fund (DAK) and Revenue Sharing Fund (DBH) and PAD to 

support the APBD, as well as special attention from the Central Government to West Papua. As a result of 

being egocentric, and a mindset that has not been said to be good for the progress of the province of West 

Papua, practical steps so that it can run well if it is supported by all relevant stakeholders, starting from the 

human resources you have must really improve both skills, pattern of thought and point of view through 

training and further education. Furthermore, the need for development planning and financial planning which 

should have been able to run properly with the pattern of bureaucratic transformation through the Regional 

Government Information System Application (SIPD) can be carried out properly according to central policy 

and should be able to run well with this new policy of course all regions carry out the same thing in both 

learning from zero SIPD application, of course the starting point can be compared, it remains only how the 

West Papua Provincial Government can move forward, and develop according to the conditions of the times.  

For further research, it can deepen by studying specifically about better APBD governance with sustainable 

Digital Transformation, especially in developing policies in special autonomous regions in order to support 

the defense economy.  

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