




































 AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL STUDIES 10(1) (2025), 21-28  

21 

 

      AGRICULTURAL STUDIES 
                                                               AIJAS VOL 10 NO 1 (2025) P-ISSN 2641-4155   E-ISSN 2641-418X 

                                                                                                                      Available online at www.acseusa.org      

                                                                                                                                Journal homepage: https://www.acseusa.org/journal/index.php/aijas 

                Published by American Center of Science and Education, USA 

 INTEGRATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY AND INDIGENOUS 

AFRICAN AGRICULTURAL KNOWLEDGE: A REVIEW    
 

 Magdalene Iredia Osakue (a)1    Joy Chinaza Aninwonye (b)   Ginikanwa Patience Ezeaku (c)      Tolulope 

Tosin Ajayi (d)     Fatimoh Ikeoluwa Egbinola (e)      

 

(a) Research Technician, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo, Nigeria; E-mail: osakueiredia@gmail.com 
(b) MSc Student, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria; E-mail: aninwonyejoy001@gmail.com 
(c) Research Assistant, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; E-mail: ginikanwaugwuja@gmail.com 
(d) MSc Student, Department of Food Security and Agricultural Development, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; E-mail: 

ajayitolu84@gmail.com 
(e) Graduate Student, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria; E-mail: fatimohegbinola@gmail.com 
 

 
A R T I C L E I N F O 
 

 

Article History: 
 

Received: 22rd June 2024 

Reviewed & Revised: 22rd June 2024 
to 20th March 2025 

Accepted: 21st March 2025 

Published: 14th April 2025 

 
Keywords: 
 

Nanotechnology, Nanopesticides, Indigenous  

Agricultural Knowledge, Nanotoxicity 

 

 
JEL Classification Codes: 

 

O13, O55, Q16, Q56 

 

       

Peer-Review Model:  

 
External peer-review was done through  

double-blind method.  

 
A B S T R A C T   

 
There is a pressing need to improve agricultural methods and apply cutting-edge technologies to boost 

food production and ensure food security in Africa. For decades, farmers have relied on commercially 

available pesticides that are both environmentally harmful and expensive. On the other hand, 

nanotechnology is an emerging technology with numerous promising uses, among which is the 

prevention and treatment of plant diseases. Its application has allowed for more precise and efficient 

pesticide distribution to plants but there have been increasing concerns about toxicity and general 

acceptance. This review article examines the infusion of Indigenous agricultural knowledge into 

nanotechnology for pesticide production in Africa. This study employs a systematic review to identify 

relevant published articles from electronic databases like PubMed, Directory of Open Access Journals 

(DOAJ), and African Journals Online (AJOL) after which a total of 46 articles were selected from 373 

articles which were identified at the initial stage. The study shows that the African agricultural system, 

governed by Indigenous Agricultural Knowledge, which is the result of human efforts to optimise crop 

yields via careful planning, experimentation, and the transmission of tried-and-true techniques from 

generation to generation has proven to be an economical, eco-friendly, and healthful strategy for 

addressing issues like weed control and insect and disease prevention in agriculture. The findings of this 

review suggest that incorporating Indigenous Agricultural Knowledge with nanotechnology via green 

methods can solve these problems. 

 
 

© 2025 by the authors. Licensee ACSE, USA. This open-access article is distributed under the terms 

and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license 

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).                           

 

INTRODUCTION 
Pesticides play a crucial role in contemporary agriculture because of their ability to ward against pests and diseases (Hashimi 

et al., 2020). Most commercially available pesticides are chemical formulations, and their use has been standard in traditional 

pest control for decades (Samada & Tambunan, 2020). However, using these pesticides relies on blanket spraying, which 

exposes non-targets and pollutes the surrounding area (A. Sharma et al., 2020). Other potential drawbacks are the 

development of resistance to these pesticides over time (Abdollahdokht et al., 2022) and the short duration of action which 

necessitates their frequent reapplication, causing more environmental harm and higher costs for farmers. This necessitates 

research into potential solutions to improve pesticide application while reducing environmental impacts. Recently, 

nanotechnology has gained special attention for its applications in solving many environmental problems. Additionally, 

using nanopesticides selectively reduces the overall amount of pesticides needed, which benefits the environment and 

reduces the likelihood of pesticide residues in human food and water supplies (Bratovcic et al., 2021). By increasing the 

duration of exposure and reducing the number of treatments needed, controlled release increases the effectiveness of 

pesticides (Chaud et al., 2021). To reduce the number of treatments and the overall ecological impact of pesticide use, 

nanopesticides can aid in promoting sustainable agricultural practices (R. Kumar et al., 2022). 

                                                      
1Corresponding author: ORCID ID: 0000-0003-3808-3473   

© 2025 by the authors. Hosting by ACSE. Peer review under the responsibility of the American Center of Science and Education, USA.  

https://doi.org/10.46545/aijas.v10i1.355 

 
To cite this article: Osakue, M. I., Aninwonye, J. C., Ezeaku, G. P., Ajayi, T. T., & Egbinola, F. I. (2025). INTEGRATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 

AND INDIGENOUS AFRICAN AGRICULTURAL KNOWLEDGE: A REVIEW. American International Journal of Agricultural Studies, 10(1), 21-28. 

https://doi.org/10.46545/aijas.v10i1.355 

https://doi.org/10.46545/aijas.v10i1.355
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
https://www.openaccess.nl/en
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3808-3473
https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2038-7874
https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3356-2559
https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1766-4574
https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8024-4680


Osakue et al., American International Journal of Agricultural Studies 10(1) (2025), 21-28 

  

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Despite the need and potential of nanotechnology in combating food insecurity in Africa, its development and 

application are fraught with challenges because of the increasing concern for the potential toxicity of nanomaterials and 

their effects on human health and the environment over time. The development of nanotechnology for agricultural 

applications in Africa is still at an early stage and is progressing quite slowly, as noted by Jellason et al. (2021). As a result, 

very little research has been conducted in this field in Africa, especially in the area of incorporating nanotechnology and 

indigenous agricultural technology. Achieving the dual goals of food security and environmental protection thus becomes 

very pertinent.  

The objective of this study is to explore how Africa’s agricultural sector can be advanced to promote 

environmentally sustainable practices toward achieving food security. To achieve this, the article begins by outlining the 

current state of pesticide usage on agricultural land across the continent. It then examines the diversity of nanoscale system 

through a literature review. The discussion also considers several research works and that have shown the potential to 

integrate indigenous agricultural knowledge with nanotechnology for sustainable environment and agricultural 

transformation. This review study concludes with a recommendation for more research to be carried out to establish the cost 

implications and feasibility for small holder farmers in Africa.  

 

LITERATURE REVIEW 

Diversity of Nanoscale System 

Nanoparticles 
Nanoparticles (NPs), which range in size from 1 to 100 nanometers, have attracted significant attention from a wide range 

of scientific and professional communities due to their intriguing properties. Their high surface-to-volume ratio and 

remarkable size-dependent features make them useful and versatile across many fields. In agriculture, nanoparticles hold 

tremendous potential to revolutionise crop protection and yield. Fewer agrochemicals are utilised with a more precise 

distribution approach, protecting people and the environment from harm (V. Sharma et al., 2022). Silver nanoparticles, 

which have antibacterial properties and can be used to treat plant infections (Vanti et al., 2020), and iron oxide nanoparticles, 

which can be utilised for remediation of the environment or as nanofertilizers (S. Khan et al., 2023) are only two examples. 

Carbon-based nanoparticles like graphene and carbon nanotubes are perfect for developing novel sensors, biosensors, and 

intelligent agriculture systems due to their exceptional mechanical strength and conductivity (Malik et al., 2023). As a result, 

they may be engineered to respond to specific stimuli or to transport bioactive chemicals, nanoparticles are finding growing 

use in controlled-release systems and precision agriculture (Thi et al., 2019). Figure 2 illustrates how nanoparticles are used 

to deliver nano pesticides in plant root meristem. 

 
Figure 1. Nanoparticles as carriers for pesticide molecules. Generated by BioRender.com and published based on their 

academic license term. 

Nanogels 
In several fields, including biomedicine, environmental science, and agriculture, nanogels have proven to be versatile and 

promising materials (Lima et al., 2020). These three-dimensional networks are made of cross-linked polymer chains that 

are highly hydrated and capable of transporting a wide variety of bioactive substances (Maddiboyina et al., 2022; Yang et 

al., 2024). 

Considering its potential to increase crop yield and sustainability, nanogels have attracted a lot of interest in the 

agricultural sector (Arora et al., 2022). Nanogels' potential to act as controlled-release delivery systems for nutrients, 

fertilisers, and insecticides is one of its primary benefits (Del Prado-Audelo et al., 2022). Nanogels can encapsulate and 

protect active substances thanks to their porous structure, preventing the ingredients from being prematurely released or 

degraded (Shelar et al., 2023). As a result of this controlled-release mechanism, bioactive substances are released gradually 

and consistently, giving plants a steady and effective dose of nutrients or pesticides (Del Prado-Audelo et al., 2022). 

Nanogels assist in reducing waste, and environmental pollution, and increase crop health and production by facilitating the 

efficient and targeted administration of agrochemicals. 

 

 



Osakue et al., American International Journal of Agricultural Studies 10(1) (2025), 21-28 

  

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Nanocapsules 
The core-shell structure of these nanoparticles allows for the regulated release of insecticides. The pesticide is housed within 

the nanocapsule's core, while the shell serves as a barrier. This encapsulation prevents the pesticide from degrading or 

evaporating before it reaches its intended location (Kannan et al., 2022). Nanocapsules' controlled release qualities allow 

for the pesticide to be exposed to pests for a longer period, increasing its effectiveness while decreasing the amount of 

pesticide required (Ning et al., 2022). 

The capacity of nanocapsules to concentrate their contents in certain plant organs is a major benefit. They can 

travel through plant tissues and access high-density pest populations in places like feeding sites and stomata because of their 

diminutive size (Shelar et al., 2023) where they can do the most damage. Using this method of tailored delivery encourages 

more eco-friendly pest control methods by cutting down on unnecessary pesticide use and exposure to non-target organisms 

(Singh et al., 2022). Nanocapsules improve the pesticide's stability and bioavailability, enabling a continuous and regulated 

release that boosts the pesticide's efficacy (Li et al., 2021). 

Nanofibres 
The creation of nanopesticides for efficient plant protection has seen the emergence of nanofibers as a viable technology. 

Due to their high surface area and adaptability, these ultrafine fibers have significant benefits for the delivery of pesticides 

(Subhan et al., 2021). The nanofiber matrix provides a barrier against degradation and volatilization, and this makes the 

pesticide to be more stable and last longer (Shangguan et al., 2022). This method of controlled release keeps the pesticide 

in the environment for an extended period, increasing its effectiveness while reducing the amount of pesticide used. Targeted 

delivery is a major advantage of nanofibers in nanopesticides (Okey-Onyesolu et al., 2021). 

 

Significance of nanotechnology to pesticide delivery 
Non-target organisms are less likely to be harmed by nanopesticides than they would be by conventional pesticides (Deka 

et al., 2021); modifying polymers used in pest control in even small ways can improve their biocompatibility, 

biodegradability, and the controlled administration of active ingredients (AI). 

Recent studies have shown that nanopesticides can lessen the harmful effects of chemical-based pesticides, provide 

pest control that is more tailored to its target, and aid in the development of smart nano-systems that may mitigate issues 

like environmental imbalances and their adverse impact on food security and crop yields (Asif et al., 2021). They solve 

environmental issues including excessive nutrient levels in water bodies and the buildup of non-biodegradable components 

in the food chain by limiting the release of active ingredients, and they have an extended shelf life. There is still a need to 

improve the methods to see substantial gains in agricultural productivity. 

 

 

Figure 2. Overview of nanotechnology application in plants and their interactions with plants. 

Source: A. Kumar et al. (2021) 

 

Challenges of nanotechnology to pesticide delivery 

Nanotoxicity 
The delivery of pesticides utilizing nanotechnology may be affected by concerns over nanotoxicity. Nanotechnology has 

the potential to improve the delivery of pesticides to specific areas, but their potential toxicity must be carefully examined. 

Accumulation of NPs in plant tissues can have negative effects on plants and, by extension, human health. NPs can enter 

plant cells via endocytosis, interacting with organic compounds, ion channels, stomatal openings, and the bases of trichomes 

after being translocated into the plant system (Ali et al., 2021). 



Osakue et al., American International Journal of Agricultural Studies 10(1) (2025), 21-28 

  

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There is also the possibility of harm to non-target organisms and ecosystems from the nanoparticles used in 

pesticide delivery (Chaud et al., 2021). Nanoparticles' enhanced interactions with living organisms might have unanticipated 

harmful effects, such as oxidative stress, cellular damage, inflammation, and disruption of physiological systems (N. Sharma 

et al., 2024), due to their small size and increased surface area. 

Assessing nanotoxicity in pesticide delivery also requires considering the environmental impacts and behavior of 

nanomaterials. Metallic NPs are the basis for many cutting-edge nano-agricultural products, including nanopesticides, 

nanoherbicides, and nanofertilizers. Soil NPs, including ZnO- and CuONPs, might have detrimental impacts on enzymatic 

activity and nutrient cycles of several valuable soil microbial communities like Azotobacter, Sphingomonas, and 

Rhizobiales upon accumulation (Rajput et al., 2020). Evaluating the impact of nanoparticles on ecosystems requires an 

understanding of the potential for nanoparticle release, transport, and change in environmental systems. Figure 3 shows the 

toxic effects of nanopesticides in plant cells. 

 
 

Figure 3. Toxicity of nanopesticides in plant cells. 

Source: Ali et al. (2021) 

 

Uncertainties of Nanotechnology in Agriculture: Limitations of nanotechnology's broad applicability have been fairly 

assessed, although there are still questions about its use in agriculture. However, it does not appear that the existing risk 

assessment data in agriculture is sufficient for customers to make educated decisions. The regulatory structure is severely 

hampered by this lack of information which raises serious concerns about consumer and environmental safety (Mwaanga, 

2018). These worries have prompted important inquiries like, "Do current toxicology testing protocols provide enough 

information?" Which indicator best characterizes the toxicity of NPs, especially those that enter the body through the 

digestive tract? Is there enough regulatory framework to safeguard NPs used in farming? (Grillo et al., 2021) 

Regulation: It may be challenging to develop a regulatory framework for nanotechnology because of the size-related 

distinctions between nano-particles and their bulky counterparts. Governments need to adopt nano-specific regulations and 

formulate a standard definition to encourage knowledge sharing, trade in products containing nanoparticles, and risk 

mitigation (Grillo et al., 2021).  Figure 4 gives an overview of the Potential implications of nanopesticide production and 

its applications 



Osakue et al., American International Journal of Agricultural Studies 10(1) (2025), 21-28 

  

25 
 

 
 

Figure 4. Potential implications of nanopesticide production and applications. 

Source: Shekhar et al. (2021) 

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS 

A systematic literature review was conducted to identify relevant published articles between 2016 - 2024 on indigenous 

agricultural knowledge and nanotechnology. Keywords such as ‘nanotechnology’, ‘indigenous agricultural knowledge’, 

‘toxicity’, ‘effect of pesticide toxicity’, ‘agricultural advancement in Africa’, and ‘challenges of nanotechnology’ were 

explored on several electronic databases like PubMed, Web of Science, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), and 

African Journals Online (AJOL). Only peer-reviewed journals, books, and reports were considered to ensure the credibility 

of the information. A total of 373 articles were identified in the first stage of review but only 46 articles were selected to be 

a good match for the review based on the objective of the study. The review is limited by the availability of full-text full-

text articles.  

 

DISCUSSIONS 

IAK and nanotechnology for pesticide delivery: the way forward for agricultural advancement in Africa 

Researchers have identified that combining IAK with scientific approaches has improved several facets of agriculture 

(Limpo et al., 2022; Al-Shabeeb et al., 2022; Ghidan et al., 2017). Due to their affordability, biodegradability, and 

comparable levels of control, plant-based alternatives have gained increasing attention as a safer and more sustainable option 

as opposed to synthetic products (Souto et al., 2021).  

The use of NPs to improve the efficiency and safety of chemical applications to plants and combining it with IAK 

is a topic we investigate further. 

The IAK of using plants to combat pests has been integrated into nanotechnology research by several researchers 

to synthesize NPs for pesticide formulation.  These are innovations that could benefit the agricultural system in Africa. The 

synthesis of AgNPs from coriander was studied by M.Z.H. Khan et al. (2018). The coriander leaf extract was used in this 

study with an aqueous solution of AgNO3 to synthesize AgNPs with silver ions being reduced into nanoparticles in this 

study. Tippayawat et al. (2016) used aloe vera extract to synthesize AgNPs. In this study, they employed a hydrothermal 

process used to produce uniformly small spheres of nanoparticles. Furthermore, Zinc oxide nanoparticles have been 

synthesized from Vachellia nilotica leaf extract (Gupta et al., 2024). Gunasekaran et al. (2023) synthesized Cerium Oxide 

(CeO2), another significant NP from turmeric rhizomes. 

Producing nanoparticles through green methods holds great promise for improving plant development while 

reducing the risk of phytotoxicity. It has been shown that producing nanoparticles via green methods is not only safe, but 

also environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and free of harmful chemicals (Garg et al., 2023).  Ghidan et al. (2017) 

proposed the synthesis of MgHNPs using neem leaf extract which is traditionally used to control aphids. The concentration 

of MgHNP has been shown to have a significant effect on aphid mortality, suggesting their potential utility as an aphicide. 

However, more research in screenhouses and field settings is required to corroborate these findings (Ghidan et al., 2017).  

Judging by this, African farming and food systems could benefit greatly from the incorporation of IAK and the use of 

nanoparticles as it would not only dispel health and environmental concerns but also contribute to achieving food security 

in Africa. 

 

 



Osakue et al., American International Journal of Agricultural Studies 10(1) (2025), 21-28 

  

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CONCLUSIONS 
The study aimed at exploring how Africa’s agricultural sector can be advanced to promote environmentally sustainable 

practices toward achieving food security. The result of this study revealed that incorporating nanotechnology and IAK holds 

great promise for improving plant development, environmental preservation, and public health. This paper uniquely 

contributes to scientific knowledge in Africa especially in the area of incorporating nanotechnology and indigenous 

agricultural technology because there is very little research in this area. The case studies used were limited to Thailand and 

India which were the readily available research that had been carried out in this area of research as at the time of the writing 

of this review. These research works revealed that incorporating nanotechnology and IAK holds great promise for improving 

plant development, environmental preservation, and public health. This review study concludes with a recommendation for 

more research to be carried out to establish the cost implications and feasibility for small holder farmers in Africa. 

Additionally, it is recommended that the government provide funds for more research in this field toward food security and 

a sustainable environment.  

 

 
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M.I.O., and J.C.A.; Methodology, M.I.O.; Validation, M.I.O., J.C.A., G.P.E., T.T.A., and F.T.E.; Formal 

Analysis, M.I.O.; Investigation, M.I.O., J.C.A., G.P.E., T.T.A., and F.T.E., Resources, M.I.O., J.C.A., G.P.E., T.T.A., and F.T.E., Data Curation, M.I.O., 

J.C.A, and G.P.E.; Writing – Original Draft Preparation, M.I.O., J.C.A., G.P.E., T.T.A., and F.T.E., Writing – Review & Editing, M.I.O., J.C.A., G.P.E., 
T.T.A., and F.T.E., Visualization, M.I.O.; Supervision, M.I.O.; Project Administration, M.I.O.; Authors have read and agreed to the published version of 

the manuscript.  

Institutional Review Board Statement: Ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable 
groups or sensitive issues. 

Funding: The authors received no direct funding for this research. 

Acknowledgments: Not Applicable  
Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. 

Data Availability Statement: The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available 

due to restrictions. 
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

 

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