




































 AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL STUDIES 9(1) (2024), 7-16  

7 

 

      AGRICULTURAL STUDIES 

                                                               AIJAS VOL 9 NO 1 (2024) P-ISSN 2641-4155   E-ISSN 2641-418X 
                                                  

                                                                                                                      Available online at www.acseusa.org      

                                                                                                                                Journal homepage: https://www.acseusa.org/journal/index.php/aijas 
                Published by American Center of Science and Education, USA 

GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND LIPID PROFILE OF 

ARCHACHATINA MARGINATA (GIANT AFRICAN LAND SNAIL) 

FED VARYING LEVELS OF RIPE EGGPLANT FRUITS BASED 

DIETS    

 

 Kenechi Celestina Umezinwa (a)1    Chioma Jane Aniekwe (b)      Foleng Harriet Ndofor (c)      

 

(a) Student, Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; E-mail: kenechiumezinwa@gmail.com 
(b) Student, Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; E-mail: chiomaaniekwe0267@gmail.com  
(c) Professor, Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; E-mail: harriet.ndoforfoleng@unn.edu.ng   

 

 
A R T I C L E I N F O 
 

 

Article History: 
 

Received:11th January 2024 

Reviewed & Revised:12th January  
to 29th April 2024 

Accepted:30th April 2024 

Published:5th May 2024 

 
Keywords: 
 

Archachatina Marginata, Growth Performance,  

Lipid Profile, Eggplant Fruits 

 
JEL Classification Codes: 

 

O13 

       

Peer-Review Model:  

 

External peer-review was done through  

double-blind method.  

 
A B S T R A C T 

 
The performance of African giant land snails (Archachatina marginata) fed ripe eggplant fruits was 

studied using eighty-four (84) juvenile (four months old) Archachatina marginata for eight (8) weeks. 

The study evaluated the snails' growth performance and lipid profile (total cholesterol, low-density 

lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein and triglycerides). The snails were divided into four treatment 

groups, with twenty-one (21) snails per group in a completely randomized design (CRD). Treatments 1, 

2, 3 and 4 had varying levels of ripe eggplant fruits at 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% inclusion levels 

respectively. Isocaloric and isonitrogenous feeds and water were provided ad libitum, while other 
management practices were strictly adhered to. The results showed no significant differences (P>0.05) 

in growth performance across treatments. The results also revealed that total cholesterol decreased 

(P<0.05) significantly as the levels of ripe eggplant fruits increased across treatments. There were no 

significant differences (P>0.05) in low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides, while high-density 

lipoprotein differed (P<0.05) significantly across treatments. The result also showed a linear increase 

in high-density lipoprotein ("good" cholesterol) as the levels of ripe eggplant fruits increased across 

treatments. Therefore, a 15% inclusion level of ripe eggplant fruits in the diet of Archachatina marginata 

reduces total cholesterol levels and increases high-density lipoprotein without any adverse effect on 
growth. The study recommends using ripe eggplant fruits to formulate diets for animals with high 

cholesterol content and high levels of low-density lipoprotein in their meat. 

  
 

© 2024 by the authors. Licensee ACSE, USA. This open-access article is distributed under the terms 
and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license 

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).                           

 

INTRODUCTION 

Archachatina marginata, a micro livestock, is part of the African Giant Land Snails (AGLS) group and is equally known as 

big black snails. Snail farming is an eco-friendly practice that requires minimal skills and investment (Ani et al., 2014). Like 

other species, the well-being and reproduction of AGLS heavily rely on housing and the quality of their diet. However, 

human-induced factors such as deforestation are causing a rapid decline in wild snail populations (Raimi & Temitayo, 2020), 

potentially leading to their extinction if this trend persists (Omolara & Olaleye, 2010).  

Babalola (2018) says snail meat is delicious and boasts high nutritional and medicinal value. With a crude protein 

content of approximately 19%, it competes favourably with other animal protein sources (Nyameasem & Borketey-La, 

2014). Additionally, it matches well with essential amino acids found in poultry eggs and flesh and is abundant in potassium, 

phosphorus, essential amino acids, vitamin C, and B complex (Afolabi, 2013). Medically, its low-fat content makes it 

suitable for individuals with heart-related conditions, as it is low in cholesterol (Babalola et al., 2015; Das & Ingole, 2023). 

Furthermore, snail meat is a good source of iron, aiding in reducing anaemia caused by iron deficiency.  

Despite the evident advantages of snail products, intensive snail farming remains an overlooked sector in African 

nations like Nigeria, unlike in countries such as the United States of America and Australia (Miegoue et al., 2019), where 

snail farming is a thriving industry, offering opportunities to numerous farmers. This neglect of intensified snail production 

                                                      
1Corresponding author: ORCID ID: 0009-0003-9195-6699   

© 2024 by the authors. Hosting by ACSE. Peer review under the responsibility of the American Center of Science and Education, USA.  

https://doi.org/10.46545/aijas.v9i1.313 
 
To cite this article: Umezinwa, K. C., Aniekwe, C. J., & Ndofor, F. H. (2024). GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND LIPID PROFILE OF 

ARCHACHATINA MARGINATA (GIANT AFRICAN LAND SNAIL) FED VARYING LEVELS OF RIPE EGGPLANT FRUITS BASED DIETS . 

American International Journal of Agricultural Studies, 9(1), 7–16. https://doi.org/10.46545/aijas.v9i1.313 

https://doi.org/10.46545/aijas.v9i1.313
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
https://www.openaccess.nl/en
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9195-6699
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0218-3074
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5888-8354


Umezinwa et al., American International Journal of Agricultural Studies 9(1) (2024), 7-16 

  

8 
 

in Nigeria may stem from more information, knowledge, and skills needed for domestication and commercial snail farming. 

Therefore, prioritizing the domestication and commercialization of snails is crucial for preserving snails and their health 

benefits and ensuring a consistent supply of snail meat throughout the year. Nigerians need to focus on domesticating and 

commercializing snails to meet the recommended animal protein intake set by the Food and Agriculture Organization 

(Afolabi, 2013; Jimoh & Akinola, 2020). 

Feeding is crucial in all livestock production endeavours, including snail farming. Despite the need for 

comprehensive information on the quality of Feed for snails in Nigeria (Babalola, 2018), snail farmers persistently strive to 

provide balanced diets. Snails naturally consume a variety of items present in their environment. Research indicates that 

snails thrive on single-source forage or concentrate Feed or a combination of forage and formulated diets (Okon et al., 2012). 

Additionally, some farmers have achieved satisfactory results by feeding snails conventional feeds, primarily plant-based 

materials like leaves, shoots, and fruits (Felici et al., 2020). In a highly managed snail farm, all snails, regardless of their 

growth stage, receive both external Feed and a formulated mix containing proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins 

necessary for optimal growth. While Nigerians engaged in commercial snail production primarily rely on formulated 

commercial feeds, these feeds are often costly. Research has shown that snails thrive on compounded or formulated diets 

(Nyameasem & Borketey-La, 2014). However, due to the high expense associated with these diets, there is a necessity for 

further research and exploration of alternative, non-conventional feed ingredients (Jamro et al., 2021; Jabessa et al., 2023; 

Kebede et al., 2024). 

In this context, eggplant fruits and leaves could serve as alternative food sources for snails (Cobbinah et al., 2008), 

although there needs to be more information regarding the performance of snails fed on them. Eggplants (Solanum 

melongena) are members of the Solanaceae family and are economically significant vegetables cultivated in various 

countries (Silva et al., 2020). They are widely distributed across tropical, subtropical, and Mediterranean regions because 

they prefer long, warm weather conditions for optimal growth (Dias, 2012). Known for their high moisture content and low 

caloric value (Kandoliya et al., 2015), eggplants are also considered valuable sources of antioxidants and essential 

phytonutrients. The soluble sugar content ranges from 2.7 to 5.0g per 100g (Ghadsingh & Mandge, 2012). According to 

Kandoliya et al. (2015), the protein content varies from 0.66% to 1.28% depending on the variety, along with the presence 

of ascorbic acid, a vital antioxidant, high anthocyanin content, and low glycoalkaloid content. Eggplant fruits are recognized 

as nutritious, offering various health benefits. Additionally, studies have shown significant decreases in the blood levels of 

low-density lipoproteins and total cholesterol in human volunteers who consumed eggplant powder (Dias, 2012). 

Therefore, this study focuses on checking the growth performance of Archachatina marginata fed varying levels of 

ripe eggplant fruits in their diets. The experiment also analyses the snail meat to ascertain the lipid profile of the experimental 

animals when this plant byproduct is included in their diet to limit the waste of eggplant fruits when harvested without a 

ready market for sale. 

The broad objective of this study was to check the growth performance and lipid profile of Archachatina marginata 

fed varying levels of ripe eggplant fruits in their diet. The specific objectives of the study include: 

 To evaluate the growth performance, feed intake, and mortality rate of Archachatina marginata, they were fed 

varying levels of ripe eggplant fruits in their diets. 

 To check the lipid profile of Archachatina marginata meat fed varying levels of ripe eggplant fruits in their diets. 

 

LITERATURE REVIEW 

The giant African land snail, known scientifically as Archachatina marginata, is commonly encountered in the West African 

coast's forests. It is the most sought-after snail species in Nigeria due to its notable size, reaching lengths of up to 20 cm and 

weighing as much as 500g (Okafor-Elenwo et al., 2021). In contrast to other members of the Archachatina genus, its shell 

exhibits a less pronounced point. Compared to other varieties, the shell of Archachatina marginata is broader towards the 

rear. These snails typically display a grey hue, with a head darker than their body. Their thick shells showcase a mottled 

black, brown, and white pattern. Upon reaching maturity, they measure between 11 to 19 cm in length and weigh 150 to 

800 grams. It takes them approximately 18 to 24 months to get full size. Because of its roots in the African rainforest, 

Archachatina marginata is ideally suited for snail farming in Nigeria. This species flourishes in environments with 

temperatures ranging from 25 to 30°C and a consistent relative humidity of 75 to 95% throughout the year; otherwise, the 

snails will enter a state of hibernation or dormancy. During dormancy, a white calcareous layer seals off the snail's shell to 

prevent water loss from the body. 

The structured tasks in raising snails are similar to those in traditional livestock farming, such as poultry, pigs, fish, 

cattle, and goats. Any distinctions that arise are typically related to specific methods or treatments rather than core principles. 

Site selection is crucial, with a preference for a location near the farmer's home for the snailery. Suppose proximity to the 

farmer's residence is not feasible. In that case, the farmer with an established farmland can opt for a site within the farm, 

reasonably close to the service centre, where existing security measures can easily encompass the snailery (Akintomide, 

2004). This helps to deter harmful pests, predators, and potential theft. The chosen site should ideally feature a level surface 

with fertile, loamy soil. Snails are naturally inclined to roam and often stray beyond boundaries, especially in favourable 

environments. Small-scale farmers raise snails in various makeshift structures such as pits, plastic containers, earthen pots, 

enclosures crafted from palm fronds and bamboo, and rectangular enclosures built from cement or clay blocks. Additionally, 

arrangements like stacks of tyres with covers, hutch boxes, and trench pens are suitable for housing snails. Farmers should 

initially excavate a layer of loamy soil to a depth of around 12 cm before introducing the snails when using plastic containers 

or earthen pots. Cane, strips of palm fronds, baskets, and large clay pots can be positioned on a stable or concrete surface 

and placed in shaded areas. Fill them with loamy soil to a depth of 15 cm. The author also suggests covering these enclosures 



Umezinwa et al., American International Journal of Agricultural Studies 9(1) (2024), 7-16 

  

9 
 

with framed wire net lids to promote ventilation, prevent snail escape, and deter pests. Additionally, small perforations 

should be made at the bottom of the cage or basket to facilitate drainage and avoid water logging, as snails do not thrive in 

overly damp conditions. However, for large-scale or commercial snail farming, factors like wind speed and direction, soil 

composition, temperature, and humidity should be carefully considered before constructing a standardized snail housing 

facility, as noted by Akintomide (2004). Various housing options, such as cage pens, sand enclosures, concrete pens, and 

trench pens, are suitable for snail farming. According to Akintomide (2004), selecting breeding stock should prioritize 

characteristics like fecundity, hatchability, and growth potential. Utilizing the giant land snails, Achatina achatina, and 

Archachatina marginata is more cost-effective. These species can be acquired from Research Institutes, other snail farmers 

or dealers, and local markets. It is advisable to procure fully-grown, sexually mature, and active snails weighing 150-250g, 

capable of promptly producing eggs after introduction. Akinyemi et al. (2007) emphasize that choosing superior or desired 

traits in breeding stock ensures economically viable snail production. The African giant land snail is predominantly favoured 

in snail farming. Typically, snails consume approximately 3-4% of their body weight in Feed daily (Jimoh & Akinola, 

2020). Like other animals, the growth of snails varies depending on their diet. AA is a significant and beneficial correlation 

between the Feed's nutrient content and snail growth. Therefore, it is essential to provide a balanced diet comprising the 

right proportions of carbohydrates, fats and oils, proteins, minerals (especially Calcium), vitamins, and a sufficient water 

supply. Newly hatched snails are typically nourished with powdered formulated Feed, soft leaves, ripe fruits, mashed food, 

or a blend of these options. However, they tend to favour powdered formulated Feed during this delicate stage. Snail diet 

commonly includes lime supplementation, which is crucial for shell development. Lime is essential before reaching sexual 

maturity to prime the snails for egg production and shell strengthening. Additionally, it aids in repairing shell damage 

resulting from accidents or egg-laying activities. A study by Jimoh and Akinola (2020) investigated the reproductive 

performance of laying snails (Archachatina marginata) when fed a diet comprising roughages and various concentrate mixes. 

The research highlighted the necessity for further studies into using compounded rations for snails to address the scarcity of 

fruits, tubers, and leaves during the dry season. The experiment's findings suggested that the concentrate ratio is crucial for 

achieving optimal reproductive output in snails compared to roughages. Providing adequate Feed, supplemented with 

vitamins, Calcium, minerals, and water during the dry season, can interrupt the aestivation cycle and increase productivity 

while reducing drug wastage and inhibiting bacterial growth over time. Omolara and Olaleye (2010) studied the 

performance, carcass analysis, and sensory evaluation of cooked juvenile African giant snails (snails) fed exclusively on 

pawpaw leaves, whole lettuce, lettuce waste, and cabbage waste. The findings indicated that snails of Archachatina 

marginata could effectively utilize lettuce and cabbage waste as sole feed ingredients, thereby enhancing the animal protein 

supply in Nigeria. Moreover, the various dietary treatments did not significantly affect the sensory evaluation of the snails. 

In a separate study, Eke et al. (2010) investigated the impact of crude oil fractions on the lipid profile of Achatina achatina. 

The researchers concluded that crude oil fractions induce alterations in the fatty acid composition of the snails, thereby 

affecting their nutritional values. Nyameasem and Borketey-La (2014) researched the impact of formulated diets on the 

growth and reproductive performance of the West African giant snail (Achatina achatina). The study compared the 

performance of snails-fed traditional snail feeds with those fed compounded diets. Their findings indicated that Achatina 

achatina readily consumed and responded positively to compounded diets. Snails fed compounded diets exhibited notable 

improvements in growth and reproduction compared to those fed a diet solely consisting of pawpaw fruits. The broiler 

starter diet also appeared to promote growth in juvenile and adult snails, while layer mash favoured reproductive 

performance. 

In another study, Ozougwu and Ene (2014) investigated the effects of crude oil fractions on the lipid profile of 

Achatina achatina. Their findings revealed that an increase in the concentration of crude oil fractions significantly decreased 

the lipid profile of Achatina achatina. Babalola et al. (2015) conducted a study on the growth performance of growing snails 

(Archachatina marginata) fed milk leaf (Euphorbia heterophylla) supplemented with Calcium from three different sources 

(eggshell, oyster shell, and bone meal). The experiment concluded that eggshells are the most effective calcium source for 

growing snails when fed a basal diet of milk leaf, based on overall performance. Oyster shells can be utilized as an alternative 

in the absence of eggshells. However, the suitability of bone meal as a calcium source for snail performance is questionable, 

and milk leaf should only be fed to snails with a calcium supplement. In a separate study, Oketoobo et al. (2021) compared 

the growth performance of snails fed a formulated diet with three selected edible vegetables. Their findings suggested that 

snails fed these vegetables and fruits exhibited favourable growth performance comparable to those fed a formulated feed. 

Consequently, these feeding materials can be conveniently utilized for snail rearing. 

Eggplant, also known as aubergine in Europe and brinjal in South Asia, is a popular vegetable crop cultivated in 

many countries across subtropical, tropical, and Mediterranean regions due to its requirement for a prolonged period of 

warm weather to yield good harvests. Consequently, it is a staple in numerous tropical and subtropical nations (Feleafel, 

2005). Recognized as a dietary vegetable, eggplant is valued for its high moisture content and low caloric value. Dias (2012) 

concurred, noting that various eggplant varieties exhibit estimated soluble sugar levels ranging from 0.154 to 2.40 μg.mg-1 

dry weight. These significant sugar components play crucial roles in human health by providing energy and participating in 

numerous biochemical reactions unrelated to energy metabolism. 

Moreover, these carbohydrates may act as substrates for synthesizing aromatic amino acids and phenolic 

compounds via the Shikimic acid pathway, potentially enhancing the phenolic and antioxidant capabilities of the same 

variety. The protein found in eggplant fruits contributes significantly to their nutritional value. This protein content suggests 

that consuming eggplant can aid in hormone production, regulating various bodily functions such as growth, repair, and 

tissue maintenance. Protein levels range from 0.66% to 1.28%. Eggplants are an excellent source of dietary fibre, supporting 

digestion and manganese and contributing to bone health. 



Umezinwa et al., American International Journal of Agricultural Studies 9(1) (2024), 7-16 

  

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Additionally, it provides significant amounts of molybdenum, which aids enzyme function, and potassium, which 

supports heart health. Eggplant also offers vitamin K and magnesium for bone health, copper, vitamin C, vitamin B6, folate, 

and niacin for heart health. Research indicates that eggplant can effectively aid in reducing high blood cholesterol levels. 

Studies conducted by Dias (2012) demonstrated a notable decrease in the blood levels of low-density lipoproteins and total 

cholesterol in human volunteers who consumed eggplant powder. Eggplant phenolics have been shown to possess inhibitory 

effects on key enzymes relevant to type 2 diabetes and hypertension. In addition to being rich in vitamins and minerals, 

eggplant contains essential phytochemicals with antioxidant properties. These phytochemicals include phenolic compounds 

like caffeine and chlorogenic acid and flavonoids like nasunin. Nasunin, also known as delphinidin-3-

(coumaroylrutinoside)-5-glucoside, is the predominant phytochemical in eggplant. However, it is worth noting that toxic or 

anti-nutritional components have been reported in eggplant forage (Okereke, 2015). These anti-nutritional factors pose a 

significant challenge in fully realizing the nutritional benefits of eggplant forage. Despite their presence in substantial 

amounts, these anti-nutritional factors have been found to play significant roles in the nutritional quality of food. 

Eke et al. (2010) state that a comprehensive understanding of lipid biochemistry is crucial for comprehending the 

significance of different unsaturated fatty acids in nutrition and health. Lipids represent a chemically diverse group of 

biological substances composed of non-polar groups. They are soluble organic compounds that can only be extracted from 

cells using organic solvents and possess a higher caloric value than carbohydrates. Besides their insulator function, essential 

fatty acids are vital for maintaining healthy skin. Lecithins, for instance, serve both metabolic and structural roles. Lipid 

biochemistry knowledge also sheds light on the significance of various unsaturated fatty acids in nutrition and health. 

Furthermore, lipids play pivotal roles in human nutrition; fats and oils are many organisms' primary stored energy 

sources, while phospholipids and sterols are major structural components of biological membranes. Other lipids, although 

present in smaller quantities, are essential as enzyme co-factors, electron carriers, highly absorbent pigments, hormones, 

and intracellular messengers. Lipids possess higher caloric values compared to carbohydrates. Fat deposits within the body 

are insulation and provide protective cushioning for organs. Essential fatty acids play a crucial role in maintaining healthy 

skin. Lipids are vital dietary components due to their high energy content, fat-soluble vitamins, and essential fatty acids in 

natural food fats. Fat is an efficient energy source within the body, directly and potentially when stored in adipose tissue. It 

acts as a thermal insulator and facilitates the rapid transmission of nerve impulses along myelinated nerves, given the high-

fat content of nerve tissue. Lipoproteins, combinations of fat and protein, are essential cellular components found in cell 

membranes and mitochondria within the cytoplasm and serve as vehicles for lipid transport in the bloodstream. 

Understanding lipid biochemistry is crucial for comprehending biomedical topics such as obesity, atherosclerosis, and the 

roles of various polyunsaturated fatty acids in nutrition and health. The term "lipid profile" refers to the assessment of 

various lipid parameters, typically including total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density 

lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides. Adults without additional risk factors for heart disease should undergo 

fasting lipid profile testing once every five years. Routine lipid profile testing is not necessary for adolescents and children; 

however, it is recommended for individuals at heightened risk of developing heart disease later in life. The significance of 

some components of lipid profile testing is outlined below. Total Cholesterol (TC): Cholesterol, a type of fat, is present in 

human blood and can be synthesized by the body or obtained from dietary sources, particularly animal products. While 

cholesterol is essential for cellular health, elevated levels are directly associated with an increased risk of heart and vascular 

diseases, including coronary artery disease. 

High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL): HDL is a lipoprotein composed of fat and protein in the bloodstream. It is often 

referred to as "good" cholesterol because it aids in removing excess cholesterol from the blood and transporting it to the 

liver (Das & Ingole, 2023). Higher HDL levels correlate with a reduced risk of heart and vascular diseases. Low-Density 

Lipoprotein (LDL): LDL, like HDL, is a lipoprotein consisting of both fat and protein in the bloodstream. It is commonly 

called "bad" cholesterol because it collects cholesterol from the blood and transports it to cells (Das & Ingole, 2023). 

Elevated levels of LDL are associated with an increased risk of heart and vascular diseases. Triglycerides (TG): 

Triglycerides are a form of fat present in the bloodstream. The level of this fat in the blood is influenced by dietary factors 

such as sugar, fat, or alcohol intake. However, it can also be elevated due to factors such as obesity, thyroid or liver disease, 

and genetic conditions. Elevated triglyceride levels are associated with an increased risk of heart and vascular diseases. 

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS 

Study Area  

The research occurred at the Snail Unit of the Department of Animal Science Teaching and Research Farm, University of 

Nigeria, Nsukka. Nsukka is situated in the derived Savannah region, with coordinates ranging from latitude 7 to 12.510 

North and an altitude of 447m above sea level. The climate in the study area is typically tropical, characterized by relative 

humidity levels between 65% and 80%. The average daily minimum temperature ranges from 22 to 24.7°C, while the 

average maximum temperature ranges from 33 to 37°C. Annual rainfall in the region falls between 1680 to 1700mm (Ozor 

et al., 2015). 

Duration of Study: The study will last for eight weeks. 

Experimental animals: Eighty-four juvenile Archachatina marginata were used for the study and were procured from a 

snail farm in Ibadan, Oyo state. 

 



Umezinwa et al., American International Journal of Agricultural Studies 9(1) (2024), 7-16 

  

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Materials Used  

Twelve plastic baskets were used. Sandy loam soil, procured from the nearby University farm, was also used. The soil was 

sterilized and put into different baskets labelled accordingly. 

 

Acclimatization  

The snails were consistently fed the control diet for two weeks to establish their condition before being fed the treatment 

ration. The acclimatized snails were then divided into four treatment groups, each with three replicates and seven snails per 

treatment.  

 

Procurement and processing of the eggplant fruits 

The eggplant fruits were obtained from the Department of Crop Science Farm, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. They were 

sun-dried, ground, and used for diet formulation. 

 

Table 1. Proximate composition of ripe eggplant fruits 

Parameters Protein (%) Moisture (%) Fat (%) Ash (%) Fibre (%) Carbohydrate (%) 

 16.068 6.118 1.866 2.847 2.367 70.734 

 16.060 6.127 1.871 2.841 2.361 70.740 

 16.067 6.124 1.875 2.846 2.365 70.723 

Average 16.065 6.123 1.871 2.845 2.364 70.732 

 

Experimental Diets 

Four diets were formulated using maize, wheat offal, soya bean meal, palm kernel cake, fish meal, Lysine, methionine, 

Lime, Bone meal and Ripe eggplant fruits. Hence, the table below shows the combination of ingredients for the different 

experimental diets used for the experiment. 

 

Table 2. Experimental Diets 

INGREDIENTS T1-Control  

(0% ripe Eggplant) 

 T2-Treatment2 

(5% ripe Eggplant) 

 T3-Treatment3 

(10% ripe Eggplant) 

 T4-Treatment4 

(15% ripe Eggplant) 

Maize 20.734 18.714 16.694 14.677 

Wheat offal 20.734 18.714 16.694 14.677 

Soya bean meal 17.511 17.175 16.839 16.501 

Palm Kernel Cake 30.019 29.443 28.867 28.287 

Fish meal 2.502  2.454 2.406 2.357 

Lysine 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 

Methionine 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 

Lime  4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 

Bone meal 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 

Eggplant Fruits 0.000 5.000 10.000 15.000 

Total 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 

 

Table 3. Proximate Composition of Experimental Diets 

 
 T1 T2 T3 T4 

Crude Protein 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 

Moisture content 10.369 9.896 8.593 9.289 

Ash 3.000 4.500 3.250 4.000 

Fibre 7.348 6.967 6.607 6.263 

Nitrogen free extract 59.283 58.637 61.550 60.448 

Energy (ME), (kcal/kg) 2.233 2.100 2.033 1.843 

 

Laboratory Analysis 

The nutrient composition of the dried, ground eggplant fruits was determined through proximate analysis following the 

protocols outlined by the Association of Analytical Chemists (AOAC, 2005). Additionally, the lipid profile of the snail meat 

was assessed using the Enzymatic Endpoint Method developed by Allain et al. (1974). This method significantly advances 

cholesterol determination, replacing traditional chemical saponification with enzymatic saponification for more accurate 

results.  

Experimental design  

For the experiment, 84 juvenile Archachatina marginata snails, aged four months with an average body weight of 92.730, 

were utilized. A Completely Randomized Design consisted of four distinct dietary treatments comprising 21 snails. Each 

treatment was replicated three times, with seven snails per replicate. 

T0 = Control diet 

T1 =Control diet + 5.0% ripped eggplant fruit 



Umezinwa et al., American International Journal of Agricultural Studies 9(1) (2024), 7-16 

  

12 
 

T2 = Control diet + 10% ripped eggplant fruit 

T3= Control diet + 15% ripped eggplant fruit. 

Experimental Model 

Below is the model for Completely Randomized Design. 

Xij =U + Ti + Eij 

Xij= measurement taken (This means j observation of the i factor) 

U= Population mean 

Ti= treatment effect 

Eij=residual error. 

Statistical Analysis 

The collected data underwent analysis of variance (ANOVA) within a completely randomized design (CRD) framework 

using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). ANOVA was performed for each parameter, with the different 

treatments as the factors. Significant differences among means were determined using Duncan's new multiple-range test 

within the same software package.  

Data Collected/Measured 
Data were gathered concerning growth parameters, including body weight, shell length, and shell circumference. 

Additionally, feed intake was recorded, and weight gain and feed conversion ratio were computed. Furthermore, lipid profile 

analysis was conducted in the laboratory. 

Growth Performance/ Feeding 

Feed Intake: Feed intake was measured by providing the experimental animals with 10g of Feed daily, which was weighed 

before being supplied. The remaining Feed was weighed the following day, and feed intake was calculated by determining 

the difference between the leftover Feed and the quantity initially provided. 

Body weight: The snails were weighed daily using a sensitive scale, and the weight gain was calculated by comparing two 

consecutive weigh-ins. 

Shell length and Circumference: Shell length and circumference were measured using Venier callipers and taken daily. 

Feed Conversion Ratio: The feed conversion ratio was calculated based on the Feed consumed compared to the weight 

gain ratio. FCR (Feed consumed: weight gain) = 
𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛
 

Lipid profile: 

 Triglycerides 

 High-Density Lipoprotein 

 Low-Density Lipoprotein 

 Total Cholesterol 

RESULTS 

Growth Performance and Feeding 

Table 4. Growth Performance and Feeding of Archachatina marginata fed varying levels of ripe eggplant fruits in their 

diets 

 
Parameters T1  

(Control) 

T2 

(5%) 

T3                        T4 

(10%)                (15%)  

ADFI (g) 

Initial body weight (g) 

Final body weight (g) 

Daily weight gain (g) 

Feed conversion ratio 
Initial shell length (g) 

Final shell length (g) 

DSLG (g) 
ISC (g) 

FSC (g) 

DSCG (g) 
% Mortality 

1.11±0.12 

92.53±3.47 

99.58±0.83 

0.50±0.19 

2.64±0.68          
10.09±0.05 

10.30±0.05 

0.01±0.01 
14.28±0.30 

14.33±0.35 

0.00±0.00 

6.25±6.25 

1.08±0.11 

91.81±3.47 

97.13±0.64 

0.38±0.19 

3.94±2.22        
9.56±0.29 

9.96±0.09 

0.03±0.02 
14.45±0.40 

14.91±0.09 

0.03±0.02 

12.5±0.00 

1.42±0.34        1.24±0.16 

93.19±0.88      93.39±1.32 

96.88±0.38      96.88±0.13 

0.26±0.09        0.25±0.10 

6.60±3.53         5.73±1.79 
9.85±0.19        10.12±0.01 

10.29±0.14       12.81±2.49 

0.03±0.00         0.19±0.18 
14.66±0.13       14.58±0.03 

14.78±0.13        15.37±0.15 

0.01±0.00          0.06±0.01 

18.75±6.25          18.75±6.25 

 
 



Umezinwa et al., American International Journal of Agricultural Studies 9(1) (2024), 7-16 

  

13 
 

ADFI= Average daily feed intake 

DSLG = Daily shell length gain 

ISC = Initial shell circumference 

FSC = Final shell circumference 

SCG = Shell Circumference gain 

DSCG = Daily shell circumference gain 

The results obtained for the growth performance of juvenile Archachatina marginata, fed varying levels of ripe 

eggplant fruits in their diets, are presented in Table 6. There were no notable differences in the mean daily feed intake among 

juvenile snails in treatments T1, T2, T3, and T4. However, T3 exhibited the highest consumption with a daily feed intake 

of 1.42g, while T2 displayed the lowest consumption at 1.08g. Similarly, there were no significant variances in the mean 

daily weight gain; however, a decreasing trend in weight gain was observed as the level of ripe eggplant fruits added 

increased. Specifically, T1 demonstrated the highest daily weight gain of 0.50g, while T4 exhibited the lowest daily weight 

gain at 0.25g. 

There was no appreciable difference in the shell gain of snails on the T1, T2, T3, and T4 diets, but the values of 

the shell length gain ranged between 0.19 and 0.01. The shell length of those on T4 had the highest gain (12.81±2.49), while 

that of T1 was the least (10.30±0.05). 

The shell circumference gain result ranges from 0.06 to 0.00. The increase was insignificant, but T1 had the highest 

increase. 

The analysis of feed conversion ratio did not show a significant difference, but the results ranged from 6.60 to 2.64. 

 

Lipid Profile 

Table 5. Lipid Profile of Archachatina marginata fed varying levels of ripe eggplant fruits in their diet 

 
Parameters T1  

(Control) 

T2 

(5%) 

T3                            T4 

(10%)                      (15%)  

Total Cholesterol 

 

Low-density Lipoprotein 
 

High-density Lipoprotein 

 
Triglycerides 

83.00±1.00a 

 

26.00±8.00 
 

12.00±2.00b 

 
101.00±7.00 

65.00±1.00b          61.50±0.80bc                  59.00±1.00c 

 

9.00±1.00          1250±1.80                14.00±2.00 
 

46.50±4.50a          42.80±0.80a                     40.50±1.80a 

 

96.50±2.80         88.00±4.00               84.00±4.00 

This means that the rows followed by different letters are significantly different (P≤ 0.05). 

Table 5 presents the findings from the lipid profile analysis of Archachatina marginata, which were fed varying 

levels of ripe eggplant fruits in their diets. A notable disparity was observed in total cholesterol levels, with significant 

variations (P<0.05) noted. Specifically, total cholesterol values were 83.00, 65.00, 61.50, and 59.00 for T1, T2, T3, and T4 

respectively. Conversely, there was no significant contrast in Low-density lipoprotein levels, ranging from 26.00 to 9.00, 

with T1 recording the highest value (26.00) and T2 the lowest (9.00). High-density lipoprotein exhibited a statistically 

significant difference, while no significant variance was found in Triglyceride levels. 

DISCUSSIONS 

Growth Performance and Feeding 

The results obtained showed that there were no significant differences among treatments (p<0 05). However, looking at the 

initial and final body weight and weight gain, it was observed that the initial and final body weight showed a slight increase. 

Also, from the weight gain result obtained, it was observed that T1 (0% ripe eggplant fruits) recorded the highest weight 

gain. There were also slight increases from the initial to the final shell length and from the initial to the final shell 

circumference, positively correlated to an increase in body weight. However, these increases in growth parameters were not 

statistically significant (p>0.05). This finding appears to contradict the results presented by Nyameasem and Borketey-La 

(2014) and Jimoh and Akinola (2020), who investigated the impact of formulated diets on the growth and reproductive 

abilities of the West African giant snail (Achatina achatina). Their studies compared the performance of snails fed 

conventional snail feeds with compounded feeds. They concluded that Achatina achatina could consume and positively 

respond to compounded diets. In this study, snails fed compounded diets, including ripped eggplant fruits, exhibited no 

significant improvements in growth performance. This could result from the ripped eggplant fruits in the formulated diet or 

poor management practices during the experimental period. Looking at the management practices adopted during this 

experimental period, the snails were obtained from reputable commercial farms in Oyo state, and the acclimatization period 

was followed correctly. During this acclimatization period, there was a gradual shift from sole forage diets to compounded 

diets and feeds were provided daily. However, it is worth noting that these snails were acquired during the dry season when 

the environmental temperature was exceptionally high. This could have impacted their performance since snails typically 

thrive in moist environments. As stated by Cobbinah et al. (2008), "Without expensive artificial means of climate control, 



Umezinwa et al., American International Journal of Agricultural Studies 9(1) (2024), 7-16 

  

14 
 

snail farming is restricted to the humid tropical forest zone which offers a constant temperature, high relative humidity, 

preferably no dry season, and constant day/night rhythm throughout the year" (Cobbinah et al., 2008). Feeding is another 

vital management practice that positively or negatively affects any animal production venture. Omolara and Olaleye (2010) 

reported that conventional snail feeds are mainly of plant origin. In contrast, Nyameasem and Borketey-La's (2014) research 

stated that they can also perform maximally on formulated diets. Ani et al. (2013) reported that decreasing the crude protein 

level of snail diets to less than 18% crude protein would significantly reduce their growth performance, while Nyameasem 

and Borketey-La (2014) concluded that juvenile snails fed broiler starter (19.7% CP) perform best compared to others fed 

with unripe pawpaw fruits and other forms of formulated diets. Therefore, while formulating the diet for this research, the 

aim was to formulate the four different diets with 20% CP. Therefore, the differences recorded in weight gain are not a 

result of differences in the crude protein content of the different diets, although the differences were not statistically 

significant.  

The reason for the non-significant result obtained in the case of this experiment, even though formulated diets were 

used, could also be due to the inclusion of the ripe eggplant fruits in the diets. This is because the result showed that the 

higher the ripe eggplant fruits added to the snail diets, the lesser the weight gain, although the differences in the weight were 

insignificant (P<0.05). There is also sparse information in the literature about any compound in ripe eggplant fruits that can 

adversely affect the growth of snails, but Okereke (2015) reported some toxic factors or anti-nutritional factors present in 

eggplant forage. These anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) interfere with metabolic processes and the availability of nutrients. 

Hence, the probability of traces of these anti-nutritional factors in eggplant fruits cannot be ruled out since they have been 

reported to be present in eggplant forages and other feedstuffs of plant origin. 

Also, the proximate analysis of ripe eggplant fruits showed an average protein content of 16.065% crude protein. 

This crude protein value is less than 18%, and Ani et al. (2013) reported that decreasing the crude protein level to less than 

18% crude protein would significantly reduce the growth performance of snails. Hence, using ripe eggplant fruits as the sole 

diet for snails is only advisable when used with other feed ingredients that are protein sources for diet formulation. Findings 

from the study conducted by Elizabeth and Zira (2009) revealed that fresh eggplant fruits are nutritionally composed of 

water (92.5%), protein (1%), fat (0.3%), and carbohydrates (6%). Additionally, they contain varying amounts (between 30 

and 50%) of iron (Fe), fibre, potassium (K), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and vitamins such as thiamin (vitamin B1), B6, 

folate, magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and niacin. 

Consequently, disparities exist in the nutritional makeup between ripe and fresh (unripe) eggplant fruits. Even 

though there were occasional deaths during the acclimatization period, the percentage mortality when the experimental diets 

were introduced ranged from 6.25 to 18.75 (T1 to T4, respectively). This showed a direct relationship with increased ripe 

eggplant fruits added. The higher the ripe eggplant fruits added, the more the mortality. Therefore, the rate of mortality 

could be traceable to dietary effects. This could also be due to traces of anti-nutritional factors in ripe eggplant fruits since 

Okereke (2015) reported many of these anti-nutritional factors are present in eggplant forages. 

 

Lipid Profile  

The lipid profile analysis revealed that the control group (0% ripe eggplant fruits) exhibited the highest cholesterol level 

compared to the other treatments. Specifically, there was a gradual reduction in cholesterol levels corresponding to the 

increase in eggplant fruits used in feed formulation. It is important to highlight that while cholesterol is essential for cellular 

health, excessive levels are directly associated with the risk of heart and vascular diseases. Excessive cholesterol can lead 

to coronary artery disease (Das & Ingole, 2023). Therefore, these findings align with Dias (2012), who noted a considerable 

reduction in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels in human volunteers consuming eggplant powder. However, 

while this experiment demonstrated a decrease in low-density lipoprotein, it did not reach statistical significance (p<0.05). 

Low-density lipoprotein, commonly called "bad" cholesterol (Das & Ingole, 2023), transports cholesterol from the blood to 

the cells. Elevated LDL levels are associated with an increased risk of heart and vascular diseases. 

Dias (2012) elaborated on phenolic compounds in eggplants, emphasizing that chlorogenic acid is their primary 

phenolic compound. Chlorogenic acid is one of the most effective free scavengers in plant tissues. The benefits of 

chlorogenic acid include anti-mutagenic (anti-cancer), anti-microbial, anti-low-density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol), and 

antiviral properties. The findings also indicated a noteworthy increase in high-density lipoprotein (p<0.05). High-density 

lipoprotein, often called the "good" cholesterol (Das & Ingole, 2023), is crucial in eliminating excess cholesterol from the 

bloodstream and transporting it to the liver. Elevated levels of HDL are associated with a reduced risk of heart and vascular 

diseases. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that incorporating 5% ripe eggplant fruits into the diets of the experimental 

animals yielded the highest value of high-density lipoprotein. Although there was a decrease in triglyceride levels due to 

treatment with eggplant fruits, this decrease did not reach statistical significance (p<0.05). 

 

CONCLUSIONS 

From the result obtained, there was no significant increase in the growth performance of Archachatina marginata by adding 

varying levels of eggplant fruits to their diets. The result also showed a significant reduction in total cholesterol and increased 

High-density lipoprotein. The study recommends the use of ripe eggplant fruits for the formulation of a diet for animals 

with high cholesterol content and high levels of low-density lipoprotein in their meat is advisable. Care should be taken to 

embark only on snail production experiments during the peak of the dry season if there are standard constructions to simulate 

an artificial damp environment for the snails. Villagers should also be enlightened about commercial snail farming so they 

do not harvest the snails while searching for wild snails. 

 

 



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15 
 

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, K.C.U., C.J.A. and F.H.N.; Methodology, K.C.U.; Software, K.C.U.; Validation, K.C.U.; Formal Analysis, 

K.C.U., C.J.A. and F.H.N.; Investigation, K.C.U.; Resources, K.C.U.; Data Curation, K.C.U.; Writing – Original Draft Preparation, K.C.U., C.J.A. and 

F.H.N.; Writing – Review & Editing, K.C.U., C.J.A. and F.H.N.; Visualization, K.C.U.; Supervision, K.C.U.; Project Administration, K.C.U.; Funding 

Acquisition, K.C.U., C.J.A. and F.H.N. Authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Institutional Review Board Statement: Ethical review and approval were waived for this study due to the research does not deal with vulnerable groups 

or sensitive issues. 

Funding: The authors received no direct funding for this research. 
Acknowledgements: Not Applicable  

Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. 

Data Availability Statement: The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available 
due to restrictions. 

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

 

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