




































 AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND LINGUISTICS RESEARCH 5(1) (2022), 1-7  

 

1 

 

   Education and Linguistics Research 

                                                             AIJELR VOL 5 NO 1 (2022) P-ISSN 2641-7987  E-ISSN 2641-7995 
                                                  

                                                                                                                      Available online at www.acseusa.org      

                                                                                                                               Journal homepage: https://www.acseusa.org/journal/index.php/aijelr 
                                                                                                                                   Published by American Center of Science and Education, USA 

THE CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF ONLINE EDUCATION 

IN THE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH DURING COVID 19 IN 

SELECTED PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES IN BANGLADESH      

           
  Monir Hossen (a)     Asif Mahbub Karim (b)   Farha Atif (c)1 

 

(a) PhD Researcher, Binary University of Management & Entrepreneurship, Malaysia; E-mail: monir.eng.cou@gmail.com 
(b) Professor & Dean, Binary Graduate School (BGS), Binary University of Management & Entrepreneurship, Malaysia; E-mail: 
profdrasifmahbubkarim@gmail.com 
(c) Lecturer, Department of English, Khwaja Younus Ali University, Sirajganj, Bangladesh; E-mail: monir.eng.cou@gmail.com 
 

 
A R T I C L E I N F O 

 
 

Article History: 
 

Received: 25th October 2022  

Accepted: 30th November 2022 

      Online Publication: 30th December 2022 

 
Keywords: 

Online Teaching, E-Learning, Google 

Classroom, Google Meet, Zoom, 

What’s App, Facebook Messenger, 

Internet Technology 

 
      JEL Classification Codes:  

 

H75 

 
  

 
A B S T R A C T 

 
Online education is getting popularity in the last few decades and the pandemic “Covid 19” has 

fostered this education activities working from distant places around the world including Bangladesh. 

Technology is the key innovation of the 21st century which has a great influence upon every sector of 

human life. People in the last few decades have been getting the benefits of using technology in 

education. In recent time in the Covid 19 situation, the education is provided through online from the 

primary to the higher education level in many countries. Bangladesh government also has tried to 

telecast online classes and recorded classes on Bangladesh Television and other various social media. 
The Public and Private universities have also conducted classes from their respective places through 

Zoom, Google Meet, Facebook Live, and YouTube and so on. Here a noticeable progress occurred in 

the private universities in spite of having some challenges. As a faculty member of a private university, 

the researcher has got some experiences while teaching at university. From this concern the researcher 

has got the interest on conducting research on the private university students and teachers to check the 

real scenario of online teaching and learning here in Bangladesh. This research is a quantitative in 

nature and questionnaire survey would be conducted for collecting data for analysis and finding out 

the real information. The main focus of this research is to find out the challenges and prospects of 
online education of the Department of English in the private universities in Bangladesh. 

 
 

© 2022 by the authors. Licensee CRIBFB, USA. This article is an open access article distributed 
under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license 
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).  

            

 

INTRODUCTION 

According to WHO, the current outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID 19) was first reported from Wuhan, China, on 31 

December 2019? From then this Covid 19 rapidly has spread out all over the world. In Bangladesh this Covid 19 was 

identified and noticed on March 8, 2020. The government declared lockdown from March 17, 2020 for a certain period. 

From then the school, colleges and universities are shut down physically. At that time the private universities come forward 

to continue teaching learning activities in the end of the March 2020. They took the initiative to teach students through 

online by the help of technological devices. They first conducted research on the ability of using the online platform and 

after getting satisfactory response from both the students and teachers, they started teaching through online. Still now the 

third phases of “Covid 19” like Delta and Omicron variants have been attacking Bangladeshi people.  From March 2021, 

online teaching and learning is going on continuously. There have a lot of challenges and difficulties that have to be faced 

by this online teaching and learning. After all, this has given a great opportunity to the students and teachers for developing 

their technological knowledge.  

According to UNESCO about 1.5 billion students and youth around the world were affected by school and 

university closures due to the global outbreak of coronavirus. In Bangladesh, all kinds of on-campus activities and face-to-

face educational activities were suspended till September 2020 later on, the suspension was extended till June 2021. 

                                                      
1Corresponding author: ORCID ID: 0000-0001-5556-9585 
© 2022 by the authors. Hosting by ACSE. Peer review under responsibility of ACSE, USA.  

https://doi.org/10.46545/aijelr.v5i1.274 

 
To cite this article: Hossen, M., Karim, A. M., & Atif, F. (2022). THE CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF ONLINE EDUCATION IN THE 

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH DURING COVID 19 IN SELECTED PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES IN BANGLADESH. American International Journal 

of Education and Linguistics Research, 5(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.46545/aijelr.v5i1.274 

https://doi.org/10.46545/aijelr.v5i1.274
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7067-3540
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6654-7496
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5556-9585


Hossen et al., American International Journal of Education and Linguistics Research 5(1) (2022), 1-7 

  

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Online teaching is the process of educating others via the internet. Various methods can be used, such as one-on-

one video calls, group video calls, and webinars. Online teaching does this beautifully. Anyone with an internet connection 

can attend livestream college lectures, learn a language via video-call, or coach themselves through an online video course. 

Plus, students can participate in interactive discussions through the creation of small groups to examine topics from various 

perspectives.  

Actually “Covid 19” Pandemic has changed every aspect of human life like education, business, economy, health, 

and communications. In recent years it has been observed that virtual activities are on great progress and due to this 

pandemic, it has reached to its pick. Especially, education sector has got new shape on the virtual platform. Many universities 

and colleges across the world including Bangladesh have taken the initiatives to continue education through this platform. 

Online education has become a new phenomenon in Bangladesh during this pandemic.  

 

Background of the Study 

Bangladesh declared that all educational activities would be continuing through online platform from the primary to the 

higher education level during early period of Covid 19 in the country. The University Grants Commission (UGC) 

Bangladesh as a responsible body of the government for Higher Education (HE) and policy maker also provided a guideline 

for running education through online. It is important to mention that online learning is not that easy for a country like ours. 

It is a big challenge not only for the learners but also for the teachers. Changes to the educational system including technical 

support, administrative planning, maintaining online schedule and data, all are very much new for the teachers. In this regard 

along with preparing lectures they must have proper skills and knowledge of using technical properties. 

The 21st century has brought about a massive change in the field of education in the present world. Those days 

gone are when teaching was limited only within the confine of a classroom. Internet has brought about a paradigm shift in 

the fundamental way in which learning is done. Though there are numerous examples of the usage of machines and tools in 

education throughout history, e-learning in the modern sense of the term is a relatively new concept. Slide projectors and 

television-based classes have been in use since the 1950s. However, one of the first instances of online learning in the world 

can be traced back to 1960, at the University of Illinois, USA. Though the internet wasn’t invented back then, students began 

learning from computer terminals that were interlinked to form a network. 

In 1984 the University of Toronto offered completely online course for the first-ever. In 1986, the Electronic 

University Network was established for being used in DOS and Commodore 64 computers. Three years later, the University 

of Phoenix became the first educational institution in the world to launch a wholly online collegiate institution, offering both 

Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees. The Open University in Britain was one of the first universities in the world to begin 

online distance learning, in the early 1990s. Currently, the Indira Gandhi National Open University in India is the largest 

university in the world with around 4 million students enrolled, most of whom currently receive education via online 

methods. 

Online learning is no longer just limited to colleges and universities. The recent Covid-19 pandemic further 

illustrates the importance of online learning in today’s school system, as it has proven to be a boon to both students and 

teachers alike who are unable to attend school due to the risk of disease spread.  

 

Significance of the Study 

The pandemic is an unexpected situation when people have to face lot of problems in every spare of life. Every section like 

economical, commercial, social, religious, as well as educational activities are strongly hampered. This Covid 19 has given 

many restrictions to do the normal activities like before. After the declaration of WHO this Covid 19 as Pandemic, almost 

all the activities of the world have got a new shape and changed a lot. In education section, this impact also has strikingly 

affected. Observing the situation many researchers suggested the policy makers and educationists to continue education 

through online platform. Bangladesh has also taken this initiative seriously from various education sections. Many private 

universities started continuing their educational activities from late of March 2020 when the country got lockdown from 

March 17, 2020. Although the public universities firstly did not encourage continuing education through online but later on, 

they also started teaching online to their students. This study is really essential to find out the challenges in running education 

work from home through online. It is also necessary to bring out various prospects that have been also visible in education 

sector.  

 

Research Objectives 

 To identify the challenges of online education of the Department of English amongst the selected Private 

Universities in Bangladesh during the Covid 19 pandemic.  

 To study the prospects of online education of the Department of English amongst selected Private Universities in 

Bangladesh.  

 To analyze the rate of success of online education of the Department of English amongst the selected Private 

Universities in Bangladesh.  

 To justify the online education of the Department of English amongst the selected Private Universities in 

Bangladesh. 

 

 



Hossen et al., American International Journal of Education and Linguistics Research 5(1) (2022), 1-7 

  

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Research Questions 

 What are the challenges of Online Education during any crisis moment like “Covid 19” Pandemic?  

 What are the prospects of online education of the department of English in Bangladesh? 

 How successful this online education of the department of English in Bangladesh?  

 How online education is justified in the department of English amongst the selected Private Universities in 

Bangladesh? 

 

Scope of the Study 

The researchers from different corner of the world have conducted study on Online Education in the world including 

Bangladesh. They have done overall survey at the beginning of this pandemic whether this online platform could be 

continued for teaching and learning here. Most of the researchers have conducted research on Public Universities as well as 

Private Universities. There have some specific purpose and the sample was different. Sometimes the participants were the 

students and sometimes it was the faculty members. Therefore, the researchers have tried to focus on the specific department 

of the Private universities namely the Department of English amongst selected private universities in Bangladesh.   

 

Limitation of the Study  

This study is not a large sample study and there is a huge opportunity to conduct study on many others Departments at 

Private and Public universities.  

 

Hypothesis of the study 

 H1: Online Education leads to Physical hazards / Health problems.  

 H2: Low quality Internet / Wi-Fi connection is the cause of less student’s attendance in the online classes.  

 H3. Low salary and extreme work load leads to lack of motivations of the faculty members.  

 H4: Null: Lack of experience and training of the faculty members make students dissatisfied in the online class. 

 

LITERATURE REVIEW 

Tabassum et al. (2021) has brought the teacher’s perception about the online education of private and public universities in 

Bangladesh during this pandemic. According to their findings, about 88.5% of the participants take online classes during 

the pandemic among them majority (91.3%) of them were staying at home and continue their online educational support to 

the students. 

Dutta and Smita (2020) also have found some challenges from analyzing the data findings. Such as: University 

Closure, Disruptions in Learning, Loss of Social Interaction, Physical Health Problems, and Mental Health Problems, 

Shifting to Online Education, and Financial Crisis and Parental Involvement. The study recommended that urgent steps 

should be taken to provide technical resources and improve internet connection for ensuring uninterrupted online education 

in Bangladesh to fulfill the education needs of tertiary level students in this crisis period of COVID-19 pandemic. 

Mishra, Gupta, and Shree (2020) conducted another study on “Online teaching-learning in higher education during 

lockdown period of COVID-19 pandemic.” This study is a portrayal of online teaching-learning modes adopted by the 

Mizoram University for the teaching-learning process and subsequent semester examinations. It looks forward to an 

intellectually enriched opportunity for further future academic decision-making during any adversity.  

Hasan and Islam (2020) focused on the views of the teachers of private universities in conducting online classes 

during the corona pandemic in Bangladesh. It is found that significant differences in the uses of technology, internet, and 

equipment by the teachers before and during the corona pandemic. Online teaching has significant effects on teachers' 

training, student's punctuality in attending classes, interactions between teachers & students. It also helps authority in 

monitoring the classes.   

Arora and Srinivasan (2020) mentioned that the internet is keeping the world somehow walking in the darkest 

hours of the Covid-19 pandemic. And mobile telephony is the tool that is keeping Bangladesh limping. The support of 

technology cannot be denied in this pandemic situation.  

Hasan and Islam (2020) conducted a research on the Academic, Financial and Administrative Issues of Online 

Teaching during Corona Pandemic. According to them, private universities conducted online classes which affect positively 

to resume the classes. The study found class monitoring becomes easier by the authority during the corona pandemic through 

the online class system. It is agreed upon and strongly agreed by 63% of teachers. Only 5.3% of teachers strongly disagreed 

with this argument. Moreover, about 43.9% faculty members strongly agreed on the work from home during this pandemic. 

In a circular, UGC stated that during the coronavirus situation, the salaries and allowances of all the teachers/ officers/ 

employees of the university are to be paid regularly as before (UGC, 2020). The study also finds that at least 16% of teachers 

have purchased new equipment to conduct online classes. That means modernization and technological awareness are 

increased and improved by the faculty members. Many of the universities of Bangladesh had arranged online training 

programs for the teachers after the corona pandemic. Technology and network-based interactions between teachers and 

students are significantly improved through online teachings. 

Arora and Srinivasan (2020) conducted a study on student’s acceptance of Mobile learning on higher education in 

Saudi Arabia. Here the researcher has found many positive advantages. For example: Learners can interact with each other 

and with the practitioner instead of hiding behind large monitors. It's much easier to accommodate several mobile devices 

in a classroom than several desktop computers. Mobile phone devices can be used anywhere, anytime, including at home, 



Hossen et al., American International Journal of Education and Linguistics Research 5(1) (2022), 1-7 

  

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on the train, in hotels - this is invaluable for work-based training. These devices engage learners - young people who may 

have lost interest in education - like Mobile phones, gadgets and games devices such as Nintendo DS or Playstation Portable. 

This technology may contribute to combating the digital divide, as this equipment is generally cheaper than desktop 

computers. 

Morales et al. (2020) has conducted a research on “Depression and anxiety among university students during the 

COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh”. Here they found that around 15% of the students reportedly had moderately severe 

depression, whereas 18.1% were severely suffering from anxiety. Comparing to the earlier studies, their study suggests that 

university students in Bangladesh are experiencing an unparalleled growth of depression and anxiety under the current 

global pandemic situation.  

In the first phase of Covid 19 Dhaka University was reluctant to go online class system thinking of the 

inconvenience of the students. Some teachers expressed their opinion about taking academic activities online as the 

university was closed due to the Corona outbreak, but not everyone from remote areas of the country thinks that equal 

participation was possible in online platforms. The top authorities of the university expressed their concern about the 

student's family's financial condition, access to healthy life style, social distancing, mental state, and ability to buy internet 

and compatible device during this COVID outbreak to continue online class (Bangla Tribune, 2020).  

The main argument against online class in developing countries is lack of proper internet connection with stable 

speed. Even if they are able to attend classes, the experience is extremely inefficient because they have trouble following 

the lecture because the network breaks down frequently not able to communicate properly with the teachers. This problem 

becomes worse for the students who have visited or resided in the village during Pandemic due to poor internet connection. 

Online classes also discourage class participation because most of the students do not own laptop or computers. It is not 

possible to do assignments and tasks in a smart phone. In this situation, students cannot use cyber cafes or fix their computers 

if there is a malfunction. Students are also expressed their opinion that online classes are not the same as in-person classes 

because it is less engaging than normal cases.  The concerned gets even worse when it comes about conducting online 

exams, quizzes, presentations or any sort of graded activity through online platforms. Students from engineering background 

are also concerned about the way they are being taught in online. They faced difficulty understanding equations and doing 

Math’s online because not all the course instructors are using white boards. Many students also have concerns regarding the 

mental pressure such classes and exams are putting on the students during a global pandemic.  

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS 

Design of the Study 

This research is a quantitative in nature. The questionnaire has been made in the Google doc form and sent to the faculty 

members of different private universities through email and messenger. There are some demographic questions and two 

focused questions related to the topic. The questions are mostly close ended (Yes/No) and two are open ended. The other 

seven questions are in the form of 5 Points Likert Scale. Among the Private Universities of Bangladesh, twelve university 

faculty members responded to this questionnaire.  

 

Sampling 

The researcher has adopted Snowball Sampling Technique for collecting date for this research. As this research is about the 

challenges and prospects of online education of the department of English at private universities in Bangladesh, the 

researcher has chosen the university faculty members as the participants. In fact, they have been working in this Pandemic 

situation and have gathered a lot of experiences by this time.  

 

Research Instrument  

As the study is a quantitative in nature and hence as a survey tool questionnaire method has been used for collecting data 

from the faculty members of different twelve private universities of Bangladesh.  

 

Data Collection 

The researcher has sent questionnaire on Google doc form to the faculty members through Email and Facebook Messenger 

and what’s App. The total responders of the questionnaire were twenty. Among them 50% was female and other 50% was 

male. They were from eleven different private universities of Bangladesh. The responders working position were mostly 

Lecturer and Assistant Professor.  

 

Survey  

This study conducted survey through the questionnaire format with help of internet technology. The questionnaire was made 

in the Google Doc form and sent the faculty by email for collecting the responses.   

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 

Table 1. The question regarding Internet and other issues. 

 
SN Justify the following statements. Yes  No Maybe 

01 Do you have a proper Internet/ Wi-Fi connection in order to continue your online 

classes and exams work from home smoothly? 

 

70% 

 

10% 

 

20% 



Hossen et al., American International Journal of Education and Linguistics Research 5(1) (2022), 1-7 

  

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02 Do your students find it difficult using software applications in attending online 

classes and exams? 

25% 25% 50% 

03 Do you think the current classroom size is convenient for online classes and exams? 60% 20% 20% 

04 Do you agree that distance learning or online education could be set as an 

institutional form in order to keep up to date to the developed countries? 

 

75% 

 

5% 

 

20% 

 

Table 2. The question regarding Online Education and adoption of technology. 
 

SN Justify the following statements. Strongly 

Agree  

Agree Neutral  Disagree Strongly 

Disagree 

01 Online teaching and learning can be an alternative to the 

education system during the unexpected situation like Covid 19.  

30% 45% 10% 10% 5% 

02 Online education during these unexpected situations can fulfill 

the targeted goal of your students in order to meet the digital 

vision of the country.  

- 42.1% 21.1% 26.3% 10.5% 

03 Adopting technology in education in the normal and new-normal 

situations is essential for the 21st century.  

40% 55% 5% - - 

04 The implementation of online education during unavoidable 

circumstances like this Pandemic.  

30% 50% 20% - - 

 

Table 3. The question regarding using software, maintaining standard, and health issues 

 

SN Justify the following statements. Always  Often Sometimes Rarely  Never 

01 Facing any difficulties in using software applications in 

conducting online classes and exams 

- - 80%% 10% 10% 

02 Online teaching leads your health problem.  15% 5% 60% 15% 5% 

03 Online evaluation is maintaining standard.  5% 45% 20% 30% - 

 

Based on response of the questionnaire the study found that most of the faculty members which were 55% think 

that online education work from home is effective and other 15% believes that it is mostly effective. The rest 20% state that 

it is more effective. Very few faculty members responded that this is less effective. From the real observation it was really 

difficult make online education effective at the beginning. But later on, the students and faculty receive some practical 

knowledge of online education and finally almost all have got to know the proper application of the different technological 

tools like Google Classroom, Zoom, Google Meet, Messenger, What’s App, and Internet technology. Networking is a crucial 

issue for Bangladesh especially for the rural area. Regarding the Internet and Wi-Fi Connection, the study has found that 

70% of the responder has proper connection while some others 10% has no proper internet connections. And the rest 20% 

has no idea about the internet connection.  

In response to the open-ended questionnaire, this study has found a wide range of mixed opinions and 

suggestions from the faculty members. To mention about the challenges, they have found as given below: 

 Technical issue like lack of proper internet connections/ Wi-Fi, Devices, and Electricity.  

 Student’s participation in the class is not satisfactory like before.  

 Lack of Motivations regarding online class from the authority and governments as well.  

 Miscommunications are other key problems to continue online education in this crisis moment.  

 Health Issues like Headache, Dizziness, High Pressure, Stress and Anxiety are the difficulties faced by the 

faculty members.  

 Maintaining standard on evaluation system. There are questions regarding online education and evaluations.  

 Family Issues like Bothering, No proper place and Disturbing’s from others.  

 

There was another open-ended question regarding the most important aspect of Online Evaluations. To this 

question the responders have given their real perceptions they follow in evaluating the students during this pandemic. It is 

found that many questions arose at the beginning of the Online education at private university regarding the proper 

evaluations of the students through online platform which leaded face a lot of challenges. After one year and four months 

of online activities, the faculty members have expressed their way of evaluation. Here mentioned some of important 

formats of examining the students.  

 Written exam both Broad and Short type of Questions.  

 Open Book Exam, Take Home Exam and Creative Exam  

 Google Doc MCQ, Quiz Test and Short Question Answer  

 Viva, Presentation, Making Video Lesson, Book Review, and Documentary Making  

 Assignment, Term-Paper, Research Based Work, Projects and Case Study  



Hossen et al., American International Journal of Education and Linguistics Research 5(1) (2022), 1-7 

  

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 Surprise Test, Sudden Test, Class Test, Group Work, and Pair Activities.  

 Class Response, Attendance and Participations   

 

CONCLUSIONS 

Online Education or E-learning has become one of the most talked topics of the present world. Due to “Covid 19” most of 

the countries of world have taken initiative to continue education through online platform. Bangladesh has also taken such 

measure to run the educational activities during this crisis moment. This study focuses on the challenges and prospects of 

online education activities of the Department of English at Private Universities in Bangladesh. The finding of this research 

has a great importance for understanding and realizing the present situation of the educational activities during the crisis 

moment or during any kind unexpected situations. The study has found a lot of challenges which are pointed out through 

the questionnaire analysis. Such as: Technical issues like lack of proper internet connections/ Wi-Fi, Electricity Problems, 

Fewer attendance of the students, Lack of Motivation for learning, Health issues like Headache, Stress and Anxiety, and 

Quality Maintenance. In addition, regarding the experience and effectiveness of the online education the study noticed that 

this education and learning is mostly effective and the faculty has got a very good experience of it. Adopting new technology 

in the 21st century is also essential which is also found in the study. Thus, there are a lot of scopes for analyzing and 

modifying the context. By this research finding it can be projected to the educationists and researchers for the proper 

concern. The government and higher authority can get the benefits of the essence of this research for better understanding 

and initiating effective steps in this field.  

This study has not added the students’ perception and observations regarding Online Education. It is also 

mentionable that this study has not conducted in large scale from both public and private university. There is a scope for 

further study in this field.  

 

Recommendations  

Based on the analysis of the finding, the study recommends to the two important bodies closely associated with Private 

University. The most important and powerful body is the Government Republic of Bangladesh and another one is the Private 

University authorities. There should have taken effective steps from both of these bodies. For example:  

 The government should ask the Mobile Networking companies to ensure their internet providing service throughout 

the whole country.  

 The government must make a strong policy for developing the online education.  

 The government should encourage the students and teachers for the online education.  

 Especial encouragement also should be given to the faculty members and students to adopt technology to keep 

balance with the developed nations of the world.  

 The government also needs to monitor the current phenomena keenly and take proper step to control everything.  

 Private university should arrange training, seminar and workshops for both the teachers and students.  

 They also need to encourage the faculty members by providing salary in time and extra performance bonus which 

will enhance the activities.  

 They should have built up relationship with the developed countries for getting some potential support in this 

regard.  

 They should also maintain standard of evaluations through discussing with the experts.  

 They should also be careful about the health issues of the faculty members and students. For this reason, they can 

raise fund and arrange medical facilities for all the students, teachers, administrative and staffs.  

 After all, they should reduce the payment and offer scholarships for the students those who need serious financial 

help during this pandemic.  

 

Contributions of the Study  

This study helps us to get a real picture of Online Education Work from Home and the challenges of the new phenomena. 

It also tries to check the true experience of these activities in Bangladesh. Like other researches this study has also a great 

significance in the field of education during this pandemic. Bangladesh is a least developed nation (World Bank Overview 

2020). According to them, the pandemic may also have long term economic implications as a result of reduced female labor 

force participation, learning losses, and heightened financial sector vulnerabilities. Therefore, it has become a matter of a 

great concern to make proper investigation for implementing new ideas in education, business, health and other sustainable 

issues.  

 

 
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M.H., A.M.K., and F.A.; Data Curation, M.H.; Methodology, M.H.; Validation, A.M.K.; Visualization, M.H.; 
Formal Analysis, M.H.; Investigation, M.H.; Resources, M.H.; Writing – Original Draft, M.H.; Writing – Review & Editing, M.H., A.M.K., and F.A.; 

Supervision, A.M.K.; Software, M.Z.; Project Administration, A.M.K.; Funding Acquisition, M.H., A.M.K., and F.A. Authors have read and agreed to the 

published version of the manuscript. 
Institutional Review Board Statement: Ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable 

groups or sensitive issues. 

Funding: The authors received no direct funding for this research. 
Acknowledgement: Not Applicable.  

Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. 



Hossen et al., American International Journal of Education and Linguistics Research 5(1) (2022), 1-7 

  

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Data Availability Statement: The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available 

due to restrictions. 

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    

 

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https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2020/v13i4/151825
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https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2020.89004
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