




































AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES, ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 7(1) (2025), 1-5 

 

1 

 

 

    Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences 
                                                             AIJHASS VOL 7 NO 1 (2025) P-ISSN 2643-0061  E-ISSN 2643-010X 

                                                                                                                        Available online at www.acseusa.org      

                                                                                                                                Journal homepage: https://www.acseusa.org/journal/index.php/aijhass 

                                                                                                                                        Published by American Center of Science and Education, USA 

CLIMATE CHANGE, GENDER AND GREEN SOCIAL WORK    
 

 Pranita Sunil Indulkar (a)1       

 

(a) Doctoral Scholar (SRF), Delhi School of Social Work, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India; E-mail: indulkarpranita@gmail.com 

 

 
A R T I C L E I N F O 

 
 

Article History: 

 

Received: 18th September  2024 

Reviewed & Revised: 18th September  2024 

to 10th May 2025 

Accepted: 15th May 2025 

Published: 19th May 2025 
 

Keywords: 

 

Green Social Work, Gender and 

Climate Change 

 

 

JEL Classification Codes:  
 

Q54, J16, O15 

       

      Peer-Review Model:  

 

      External peer review was done through  

      double-blind method. 
 

 

  

 
A B S T R A C T     

 
Climate change, recognized by the United Nations as a critical challenge of the 21st century, 

disproportionately impacts poor and marginalized communities, particularly women. These women, 

often responsible for managing households and supporting their families, face heightened vulnerability 

due to systemic gender inequalities, such as limited access to land and resources. Despite their critical 

roles in resource collection, energy provision, and climate adaptation, women are frequently excluded 

from decision-making processes, reinforcing their position as a "secondary gender." This exclusion 

extends to climate policy discussions, where gender inequities hinder women’s participation and 

recognition. This study examines the intersection of gender issues and climate change, focusing on 

societal barriers that restrict women’s engagement and exploring strategies to enhance climate 

resilience. Drawing on secondary sources, including existing literature and fieldwork, the research 

analyzes women’s roles in climate response, adaptation, and mitigation. The results reveal significant 

gender disparities in climate-related decision-making and highlight the essential contributions women 

make to resource management and sustainability efforts. The findings underscore the necessity of 

integrating gender-sensitive perspectives into climate policies to address these disparities effectively. 

Furthermore, the study emphasizes the critical need to acknowledge and support women as central 

actors in climate action, which is fundamental to improving the overall quality and effectiveness of 

climate change responses. 

 
 

© 2025 by the authors. Licensee ACSE, USA. This article is an open access article distributed under 
the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license 
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 

                                                                                   

 

INTRODUCTION 

During climate induced calamities, the responsibility to provide for food, water and fuel as usual fall on women. They have 

to travel to faraway places to collect the essentials. Livelihoods are affected during calamities and the male members migrate 

to other areas or cities to look out for employment opportunities. Whereas, women are obliged to stay back and look after 

the children and household. Climate Action’s Report on climate change and women found out that owing to climate induced 

displacement, women spend additional 10-12 hours on regular chores (Choudhuri, 2022). Climate change and calamites 

escalate the already existing burden on women and exacerbates the vulnerabilities in terms of gender-based violence, sexual 

harassment, domestic violence, forced and child marriage, human trafficking and much more. Even in the relief 

camps/shelters, women are subjected to sexual violence, trafficking and labour exploitation.   

A feminist human-rights defender, Matcha Phorn-In has rightly said, “If you are invisible in everyday life, your 

needs will not be thought of, let alone addressed, in a crisis situation” (Explainer: How gender inequality and climate change 

are interconnected, 2022). This statement stands true in every society including ours in India. The climate change and issues 

arising out of it call out to a holistic approach from the policy makers and social work professionals. It is high time to 

formulate and incorporate gender-sensitive and adaptive climate change mitigative responses. Social work professionals 

work on macro, mezzo and micro level with grassroot level organizations and common masses in various terrains.  Green 

social work, as invented by Dominelli, intends to expand the arena of environmental discourses and incorporate social work 

practice and interventions into it (Dominelli, 2012a). The prime objectives behind this paper therefore are to understand 

climate change and the gender dimension attached to it, and analysing the available literature to understand the role of social 

work in empowering the vulnerable women impacted due to climate change and its consequences. The focus shall be on the 

means to enhance social worker’s role in mitigating gender related issues and carving sustainable actions with community 

participation in this scenario. Equality, Social Justice and empowering marginalized sections of the society forms the core 

                                                      
1Corresponding author: ORCID ID: 0009-0002-4579-8397 

© 2025 by the authors. Hosting by ACSE. Peer review under responsibility of ACSE, USA.  
https://doi.org/10.46545/aijhass.v7i1.350 

 

To cite this article: Indulkar, P. S. (2025). CLIMATE CHANGE, GENDER AND GREEN SOCIAL WORK. American International Journal of 
Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 7(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.46545/aijhass.v7i1.350 

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Indulkar, American International Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences 7(1) (2025), 1-5 

 

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of social work profession and expanding social work’s room shall do justice to the profession positively. The paper 

highlights the multifaceted challenges women face during climate-induced displacement and underscores the critical role of 

social workers in fostering women’s leadership, equitable participation, and gender-sensitive climate strategies. 

This paper is divided into several sections that explore the intersection of climate change, gender, and green social 

work. The first section examines the paradigm of climate change, highlighting the specific challenges and vulnerabilities 

faced by women and their compounding effects. The second section delves into the concept of green social work and its 

relevance in addressing gendered impacts of climate change. The final section emphasizes the crucial role of social workers 

in ensuring women's active participation in grassroots climate dialogues, utilizing tools like focus group discussions to 

capture their lived experiences, inform gender-sensitive policies, and advocate for integrative and inclusive relief measures 

that address women’s specific needs during climate crises. 

 

DISCUSSIONS 

Climate Change and Gender  

In today’s time, owing to excessive development and modernization, the climate is bearing the brunt of its ramifications. 

The effects arising out of climate change is presenting danger to several communities. India being a vast country, having 

various ecological zones and climatic conditions, makes it highly vulnerable to the repercussions associated with climate 

change. In South Asia, approximately 800 million people will be badly hit by 2050 (Fallesen, Khan, Tehsin, & Atishay, 

2019). The rising sea water, floods, droughts, deforestation etc. threatens the coastal areas, plains and the mountainous 

regions of India. The impacts get worsen by the rampant global inequalities and gender disparities, which lead to 

excruciatingly disproportionate consequences of climate change on women. Recurring cyclones, droughts, floods etc. is 

pushing people to migrate to urban areas in search of employment. Given the typology of society in India, oriented to 

patriarchy, the men folk usually travel to different places and the women of the families stay back to cater to the household 

duties and child care. The vulnerabilities to women are much higher than men as they are multifariously marginalized, along 

with it, for the fulfilment of gender roles, the dependency of women on natural resources such as forests, common property 

resources, water bodies, farms etc. is higher for their livelihood opportunities. Climate change and the resulting impacts act 

as impediments in carrying out daily duties of procuring water, collecting fuelwood, arranging food etc.  

The prevailing inequalities, as mentioned earlier, restrict women from participating in decision making, confines 

them within the four walls of their houses and thrusts unequal or even restrained access to resources, making their lives even 

tougher and exclusionary. Inequality in access to resources between men and women is rampant especially on account of 

the ownership and production technology disparities in the rural areas. Women are paid unequally for the same amount of 

work as done by men, both in urban and rural spheres. For the same reason, women in India face discrimination in labour 

market, which is clear from the Global Gender Gap Report 2022, with India standing poorly at a position of 135 out of 146 

countries. Women in our society work harder, yet, are overlooked as a consequence of deepened patriarchy, uneven access 

to education, inequality in terms of employment, lack of women centred polices and exiguous implementation of the 

available ones, gender bias, higher responsibilities on women in rural areas such as fetching water and arranging fuel, gender 

based violence and much more. Despite the fact that women work more with the natural environment, their hard work and 

commitment is overlooked for reasons discussed above. There is a need to acknowledge the role of women in conserving 

nature as it is a crucial part of their livelihood and their understanding about the same is evidence and experience based. 

Therefore, the inclusion and participation of women in policy formation concerning climate change and mitigative strategies 

is must to promote constructive and productive implementation.  

The climate induced migration is pellucid in various parts of our country, especially apparent in the coastal areas. 

Lately, Sunderbans, a UNESCO world heritage site is being susceptible to massive human migration for the reasons 

associated with climate change such as soil erosion, rise in sea level, incessant floods, paucity of potable drinking water and 

risked agricultural activities because of increased salinity, and huge storms. The flight to urban areas for the sake of 

employment could be forecasted to be increasing, for the prime bread earning occupations such as fishing, tourism and 

agriculture is at stake due to drastic climate changes (Kugelman, 2020). The issue of climate crisis, displacement and 

migration are highly inter-twined, and therefore presents severe challenges especially to women during climate induced 

displacement. The difficulties faced by the women impacted due to climate change and resulting displacement is similar to 

the women displaced due to other causes. The women are posed with safety and security issues, discrimination, sexual 

exploitation, trafficking and similar grave issues in the relief or shelter camps. The women usually face discrimination and 

delay in accessing basic needs such as food, water, heath care, clothes and shelter. It also exacerbates compromised 

menstrual and personal hygiene for women, which even in normal scenarios is considered as secondary for women belonging 

to backward, tribal and poor communities. The climate change, displacement and migration breaks their social ties, escalates 

their dependency on the male members, increases their burden of sustaining their families and providing for the basic needs 

of their children and elderly members, resulting in their deteriorated physical health along with compromised state of mental 

health, both of which are entirely neglected as well. In case of migrating to some other place, it becomes the responsibility 

of the women to set up the household from scratch, wander to arrange water and fuel, look up for the educational and other 

requirement of their children and taking care of the entire family in the new location. Women being seen as the secondary 

gender in the Indian households, are burdened with greater responsibilities with their own personal needs totally ignored. 

The state of women belonging to marginalized and poor sections of our society is further critical.  

As per Debabrat Patra from Action Aid India, during the rehabilitation and assistance drive post cyclone Fani in 

Odisha in the year 2019, the women were amongst the last group to find a place in the shelters. They were repetitively 

discriminated against and majority themselves approached the shelters late, as they had the responsibility to gather all the 

left essentials before leaving their home site (Rahman, 2022). This unsaid and unpaid work concerned with household chores 



Indulkar, American International Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences 7(1) (2025), 1-5 

 

3 

and child rearing  continuously done by the women speaks in itself for the colossal negligence of women’s hard work and 

overburdening attributable to the harsh patriarchy and stringent gender roles in our society. Irrespective of the staunching 

realities at the grassroot level, the policy discourses negate the gendered dimensions attached to climate change and the its 

multitude impacts on women because of the inadequate researches and ground data highlighting the same. It is indeed the 

responsibility of social work professionals to hold and normalise dialogue hovering around gender and climate change, and 

undertake advocacy initiatives at micro, macro and mezzo level.  

Indubitably, the physical environment is connected with human lives and the intersectionality that it holds with 

power relations, human rights, human welfare, gender equality, unequal distribution of resources and unequitable 

accessibility is the key to green social work. The inter-relatedness of humans and the environment drives the role of social 

work profession to be a part of intervention and large scale positive action in terms of environment conversation. Thence, 

the concept of environmental justice accompanied with sustainability is being included by the social workers in a whole 

different field of social work known as Green social work. The whole paradigm of environmental conservation is not isolated 

in itself, instead has larger connotations to it. It shall pave the way to countering inequalities and environmental upgradation 

simultaneously.  

 

Green Social Work 

The domain of social work profession is getting extended into environmental justice and climate change discourses, as the 

climate change consequences aren’t confined to the environment and raptured weather patterns but has greater 

intersectionality attached to it.  The human aspect linked with the entire phenomenon and the associated human rights 

violations in terms of right to food, health, shelter and much more explains the above. These issues concerning human lives 

get compounded, owing to the global environmental degradation. Therefore, the concept of Green Social Work is paramount 

and diligently befitting in these times.  

Green Social Work, as put forth by Dominelli, is the practice that aims at protecting the environment and promoting 

the welfare of humans through collaborating with the ties they have with their physical, socio-cultural and economic 

environments. Moreover, it intends to integrate the stakeholders and decision-makers who own the majority of the resources, 

to address the rampant structural inequalities and discrimination (Dominelli, 2012b). The dire need of cautious usage of 

natural resources in order to ensure their sustainability and availability for the future generations also drove the social work 

professionals to hold hands with the aspects of eco-social justice and environmental conservation, for the availability and 

equity in procuring natural resources shall sustain the human kind in general. There is immense potential in the larger 

activism undertaken by communities, facilitated and educated by the social workers. The legislative changes and policy 

tailoring is the need of the hour and the immense ground knowledge clubbed with the experience of professional social 

workers with various vulnerable communities at micro level stands as a productive foundation. 

 

Role of Social Workers in Mitigating Climate Change Issues 

The versatility of roles played by professional social workers with different populations explains their key position in 

deliberating and creating a change. The arena of social work profession is vast, as we get to work on micro, mezzo and 

macro levels and therefore the right actions with optimum utilization of our skill-set shall facilitate a larger scale impact. 

Green social workers need to tackle the diverse disparities in terms of accessibility and availability of resources, 

unequal distribution of power, structural inequalities and so on. While addressing these issues, the results shall indubitably 

trickle down to the vulnerable sections of our society that include women, thrusting the necessary social transformation. 

According to M. Rinkel & M. Powers, certain duties such as supporting individuals to attain their human and environmental 

rights, facilitating the masses in environmental conservation and eventually achieving environmental justice, facilitate 

mobilization of common masses with key persons and stakeholders to enhance inclusivity, empowering the marginalised 

sections to make them efficient part of policy formulation and decision making process; are to be fulfilled by the social work 

practitioners  (Rinkel & Powers, 2017).  

As discussed earlier, women hold close ties with the environment, and their work and expertise should be utilised 

while holding discourses concerning environmental conservation, disaster mitigative strategies, displacement and migration 

related issues. There is urgent requirement to counter climate induced displacement with a gendered lens by harnessing the 

ground knowledge and power of women within their communities. A report suggests specific measures to develop a safer, 

more inclusive and equitable future, which includes all the stakeholders, position holders and relevant actors and 

organisations to a) ensure women’s participation in tackling climate change and displacement prevention policies, b) 

strongly incorporating local women led initiatives in formulating and augmenting disaster and climate change mitigation 

finance, especially for adapting gender- transformation, c) stringent direction of specific percentage of humanitarian funds 

to women based and led organizations working on grassroot levels, d) advocating women rights and approaching the mezzo 

level organisations to cater to the needs of displaced population due to climate change, especially women (CARE, 2020).  

Thorough and methodical research lays the foundation to in-depth understanding of the subject and developing 

strategical and workable mitigative interventions. Therefore, social work research, especially, gender oriented researches 

need to be promoted to articulate long term interventions and empowerment of women. The capacity of social work research 

is huge, as it not only focuses on the recent conditions but also works to provide long-term solutions through its futuristic 

and pragmatic approach. Along with research and field based work, Advocacy of women rights is imperative in the way to 

ensure basic requirements such as adequate living, sanitation, healthcare infrastructure, feminine hygiene, resources for 

menstrual heath, food, potable water etc. during climate induced displacement and rehabilitation. A study conducted after 

the floods in Assam in the year 2012 highlighted the irresponsible and discriminatory conduct of the government wherein 

the relief kits totally overlooked the sanitary napkins for menstrual needs, resulting in neglected menstrual health by the 



Indulkar, American International Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences 7(1) (2025), 1-5 

 

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women and contracting several fungal infections during that time (Krishnan & Twigg, 2016). It reveals the distressing state 

of basic women rights of female health and hygiene in our country and the blindness of the government on the same. The 

streamlined efforts from the social work professionals with various civil society organisations, non-governmental 

organizations, governmental organizations, stakeholders, policy formulators, journalists, teachers, educators, village level 

governmental bodies, state owned institutions etc. shall develop better awareness among the key bodies concerning the 

gendered aspect of climate change and the resulting displacement. This shall gradually pave the way to formulate gendered 

policies, special grants for organizations working on women rights and female health, constructive change in the mindset of 

the masses, safe and secure relief camps with adequate facilities for females, employment generation opportunities in rural 

and disaster prone areas, budget for skill development centres especially for women in their communities itself etc.  

The social workers need to ensure higher participation of women in discussions and dialogues around climate 

change mitigative strategies at the grassroot level. It will motivate the women to put forward their viewpoint and problems 

as they face during issues arise due to climate change. Tools such as focused group discussion used by social work 

professionals bring out community realities and collective issues in a comfortable environment. Their experiences will help 

creating a pragmatic and empirical framework to produce in front of the policy makers and government bodies, eventually 

leading to a constructive change in the policies related to curbing climate change and response during climate induced 

displacement. Women’s lived experiences of compromised conditions of menstrual health in relief camps shall facilitate 

formulation of integrative, responsible and gender specific rescue and relief operations in future, ensuring women’s safety 

a female hygiene during emergency contexts.  

As displacement and migration results in to financial instability and increased dependency over the male 

counterparts, again trapping women in the same cycle of subordination, overreliance, and gender based violence and so on. 

Financial dependency is imperative in the path to empowerment, therefore, efforts need to be made by the social workers 

on ground to educate women about the employment opportunities available to them as per their skills and link them to 

various organisations. This shall have far reaching benefits in their lives, making them self-sustainable and promoting 

equality and equity. In addition to this, the local knowledge of the women could be harnessed in preserving the nature and 

developing climate resilience, eventually enhancing their self-worth and sense of significance.  

 

CONCLUSIONS 

The purpose of this research is to explore the intersection of climate change and gender inequality, highlighting the 

disproportionate burden borne by women during climate-induced calamities. It emphasizes the pressing need for gender-

sensitive and adaptive strategies in addressing climate change, particularly through the lens of social work. By analyzing 

the vulnerabilities faced by women—such as increased domestic responsibilities, exposure to violence, and exploitation in 

relief settings—this study underscores the critical role of social work in advocating for gender equity and environmental 

justice. Drawing on Green Social Work principles, the research advocates for empowering women, fostering community 

participation, and implementing sustainable, inclusive interventions. Ultimately, it aims to expand the scope of social work 

to address the gendered dimensions of climate change, reinforcing the profession’s commitment to equality, social justice, 

and the upliftment of marginalized communities. United Nations Climate Change article says that efforts put in 

empowerment of women reaps in better and efficacious climate solutions, on account of their traditional knowledge, 

agricultural land labour, tendency of addressing family needs in times of disasters, and community building (5 Reasons Why 

Climate Action Needs Women, 2019). It is indubitably the high time to recognise the efforts made by women in their 

domestic and social fields, thus making their relevance known to the masses. The paper explains how women suffer in 

myriad ways during climate induced displacement and migration and the role social worker could play in addressing the 

issues faced by women, and developing climate mitigative strategies with equal participation of women. Women leadership 

should be inspired, which would  follow meaningful participation of women in decision making, tackling exacerbated gender 

disparities, constructing favourable social policies, environment conservation mandates and much more. As per Women 

Deliver, a global advocate on gender equality, “Incorporating women mitigating climate change shall certainly make 

provisions for fulfilment of SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals), assurance for clean air, potable drinking water, and 

ample amount of food and safe shelter for generations to come (Population Council and Women Deliver, 2023). Social work 

professionals, using their experience and skill set could bring green social work into constructive practice, ultimately 

countering the issues put forth by climate change and the further more issues faced by women. In addition to this, 

empowering women by ensuring their participation, promoting equality, advocating, educating, collaborating, and 

facilitating financial independence will not only help women sustain in tougher times owing to climate crisis, but, shall 

empower them for life to make their life decisions and sustain their families.  

The ‘Climate Change-Migration-Gender’ nexus in the Indian context, as discussed, tackles the questions on the 

gender division of resources and climate-induced migration in a broader sense. It brings out the fact that climate changes 

have affected and further affect the women’s rights making their daily lives more complicated. The findings show that the 

women’s participation in the natural resource management and their distinct position during the disaster events are often 

overlooked in policy processes, which consequently deprives them of the decision-making right and capacity. 

The research articulates that, in India, women due to climate change are most impacted, as they work longer hours, 

are prone to ill health and violence, and have limited access to resources and opportunities. Climate change, this article 

argues, leads to displacement which in turn leads to erosion of income and reliance upon men, which maintains the cycle of 

marginalization of women. Women's participation in disaster management activities such as relief, recovery and 

rehabilitation is often neglected in policies and such biases cause policies developed without proper considerations to her 

health and hygiene. This paper takes part in the ongoing debates on climate change and its mitigation measures related to 

climate justice by pointing out the importance of undertaking gender mainstreaming in the environment. It requests to be 



Indulkar, American International Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences 7(1) (2025), 1-5 

 

5 

accepted the perception of women's attendance in environmental protection works and disaster risk reduction, all being 

incorporated in policies. The work identifies not only the vulnerabilities of women but emphasizes on their possible 

engagement when it comes to integrative mechanisms on climate resilience. 

The research calls for a reconfiguration of analytical approaches to both climate change and social work so that it 

incorporates pragmatic, contemporary and rights-driven framework. Healthy management elevates that social work 

practitioners should rather be on the offense fighting for women and environmental rights, being active in programs and 

discussions focusing on climate change. Possible practical measures are increasing women's involvement in decisions about 

climate change, incorporating genders in humanitarian contexts, and training and financial support of women in the 

community for more responsible and environmentally safe approach.  

Although it was an insightful piece, it is only a cursory look at the matter which seems overly focused on India. 

Digging into the past research also means that some important stories and first-hand accounts are likely being left aside, and 

uncaptured aspects of “local colour”. In future, it will be more instructive to apply an explicitly gendered lens to the impacts 

of climate change in different cultures and geographies, do empirical fieldwork to capture stories directly from affected 

women, and evaluate gender-sensitive climate policies, as well as the implications they have for women’s livelihoods in the 

real world. Ultimately, it’s high time to recognise the gendered dimensions of climate change, not only because of the severe 

fairness implications, but also because climate change not only presents new and unique challenges, but also offers a chance 

for sustaining progress on otherwise (frighteningly) unsustainable development trajectories. These cannot be sustainably 

pursued without appreciating the vital role of women in these endeavours, and promoting their participation in decision-

making platforms – just as in action on the ground. 

 

 
Author Contributions: Conceptualization; P.S.I.; Methodology, P.S.I; Software, Not applicable; Validation, Not applicable; Formal Analysis, P.S.I.; 

Investigation, P.S.I; Resources, P.S.I.; Data Curation, Not applicable; Writing-Original Draft Preparation, P.S.I; Writing -Review & Editing, P.S.I.; 
Visualization, Not applicable; Supervision, P.S.I.; Funding, P.S.I. Authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. 

Institutional Review Board Statement: This study was not subject to ethical review and approval, as it does not pertain to sensitive topics or vulnerable 

groups. 
Funding: The authors did not receive any specific funding for this research. 

Acknowledgement: Not applicable.  

Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. 
Data Availability Statement: The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available 

due to restrictions.  

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.     

 

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