




































                     American International Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 

Vol. 7, No. 2; 2021 

                                       ISSN 2638-1249   E-ISSN 2638-1273 

Published by CRIBFB, USA 

 

1 

FACTORS MILITATING AGAINST PUBLIC HEALTH FINANCING IN 

NIGERIA: AN EMPIRICAL REVIEW 

 
 

Oluwadamisi Tayo-Ladega 

CEO His Marvellous Grace Support Foundation, Nigeria 

PhD Student 

Bangor University, UK 

E-mail: tayodamisi@gmail.com 

 

Taye Mohammed Abdullahi 

Master Student 

Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria 

 

K. M. Anwarul Islam 

Associate Professor 

Department of Business Administration 

The Millennium University, Dhaka, Bangladesh 

E-mail: ai419bankingdu@gmail.com 

 

 

ABSTRACT 

An effective and quality health care service is one of the fundamental visions of every 

government to its citizenry because it is only the healthy people that can be governed and will 

value developmental projects. Citizens having access to quality health services translate to 

significant development in modern society. Therefore, the provision of adequate funds for the 

sector is essential. However, the Nigeria health care sector is currently confronted with colossal 

issues that should be surmounted to enhance effective and quality health care delivery to the 

citizens. This study is rooted in the evidence of appropriate works of literature in the financing of 

public health care service in Nigeria. From the extant works of the literature surveyed, it was 

revealed that public health care services in Nigeria are financed by revenue that is accrued from 

public tax, funding from donors, health insurance, and direct payments made by individuals. 

Furthermore, public health service is mostly financed by direct payments made by individuals 

with the government. The most perturbing issues combating public health care financing are 

direct payments made by individuals, poor government funding, health care policy defects in 

implementation, and corruption scandals. On this note, the study recommended an effective and 

robust government funding of public health, implementation of sound health care policies, 

efficient monitoring of public funds utilization, and discouraging foreign medical trips. 

 

Keywords: Health Finance, Challenges, Financing, Nigeria.  

 

JEL Classification Codes: A19, B10, B25, C10, C53. 

 

 



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INTRODUCTION 

Healthcare financing indicates the ways by which healthcare expenditures are a sponsor or pay 

for. The right and stick connection between the healthcare sectors and the development of the 

economy of a country solely depends on the availability of funds and finance on the healthcare 

sector to accomplish improved level in healthcare status and growth of the economy (Agbatogun 

& Taiwo, 2010). However, having the right connection between the healthcare sector and the 

development of the economy, the Healthcare sector in Nigeria has faced many challenges that 

have reverse positive impacts on healthcare delivery in the country. Different scholarly 

researches revealed that there are three origins at which healthcare sectors obtain their financial 

status; these include the general public, private individuals and donors (Onwujekwe et al., 2009). 

Therefore, there are different comparisons in different countries in which these funds are 

obtained from different origin to raise the healthcare status of the country (Ichoku & Fonta, 

2009). The healthcare sector in Nigeria is funded via tax revenues, out of pocket payments, 

health insurance (local and societal based insurance), individual finance, and subsidies (Abiiro & 

McIntyre, 2012; Lawanson et al., 2013; Olakunde, 2012). 

Moreover, different strategies put in place to funds the country healthcare systems is 

directly proportional to the quality health status of any individual in the country (Carrin et al., 

2007). The different implementations countries used to respond to sufficient and universal 

healthcare coverage through the healthcare finance for proper healthcare delivery for the 

citizenry is very important if the country wants to accomplish its national healthcare and 

universal healthcare coverage objective of health for all (Carrin et al., 2007; Drouin, 2008).  

The ability to finance the healthcare system through the money generated, allocated, and 

organized for healthcare delivery will have a great influence on health equity, healthcare 

accessibility, positive healthcare outcome, healthcare efficiency and will reduce the prevalence 

of diseases among people in the country (Drechsler & Jütting, 2005).  

The Healthcare finance and expenditure in Nigeria have reduced drastically, even in 

comparison with different countries in Africa (Alsan et al., 2006). Therefore, this indicates that 

accomplishing beautiful healthcare delivery and finance is becoming more of a burden for 

Nigeria healthcare system to bear due to low technical and institutional ability, low economic 

development, corruption, and government priorities (Adinma & Adinma, 2010). These factors 

pose challenges, burden and affect the smooth flow and effective balance of healthcare delivery 

and finance in Nigeria.  

Other factors that influence the healthcare finance system and its efficiency include poor 

healthcare management, insufficient healthcare equipment, low funding/finance, low healthcare 

equity, lack of developmental sustainable plans for the finance of the healthcare sectors, low 

education, low healthcare delivery, insufficient supervision of the healthcare providers in 

ensuring there is constant healthcare service delivery etc.  

The financing of the healthcare service become a huge concern in Nigeria as the 

healthcare delivery and services face many challenges as people have low acceptance and belief 

in the out-of-pocket expenditure by the government (Ogunbekun, 1999). This result in too many 

people seeking quality healthcare delivery in the private own sectors which lead to damaging the 

progress of the public healthcare system made in Nigeria. People are moving out of the public 

healthcare system because there is low finance, insufficient medical equipment, insufficient 

medical professionals, low healthcare delivery etc., which in turn affect people lives negatively 

(Olaniyan, 1995). Therefore, the increase in people finding quality health in the private sectors 

from their out-of-pocket expenditure, in turn, increase the burden of disease on people with 



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poverty who can't withstand the payment of the healthcare delivery in the private own healthcare 

institution.  

This study is conducted as an attempt to reveal the factors militating against health care 

financing in Nigeria, as it is essential to provide adequate healthcare financing for improving the 

healthcare service of the people living in poverty, and also improving funding in the healthcare 

sectors so that the shape of the healthcare institution in Nigeria will be accessible by all and 

quality. 

 

LITERATURE REVIEW 

Healthcare finance is the general collection of money or funds from different origins such as 

(individuals, privates, donors, and governments) by identifying the need to divide the finance to 

people with low healthcare delivery to improve their health status and also using the funds to pay 

for their healthcare services to the providers of the healthcare response. The attributes of 

financing the healthcare system in Nigeria is to ensure there is the availability of money to 

mitigate healthcare delivery, making sure their effective demand and purchase of cost-effective 

interventions, outreach exact healthcare finances to providers and ensure that all individuals have 

access to effective health services (Bakare & Olubukun, 2011). 

The healthcare system of Nigeria has poorly financed and managed for many years back. 

For instance, the household healthcare expenditure in direct relation to the total healthcare 

expenditure is 64.5% in 1998 and 2002 (Soyibo, 2005). The instance explained that the 

challenges facing the healthcare finance and expenditure on the household healthcare delivery 

are on a high level. Therefore, there is a need to examine and ensure that there is free healthcare 

service through funds from the governments that will ensure that there is effective, fair and 

quality healthcare delivery for people in the country (the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2004). The 

low healthcare financing has influenced the healthcare delivery in Nigeria and as of 2008, 

Nigeria healthcare indicators show that there were 630 maternal deaths from 100,000 births and 

also there is under five year’s old death rate of 124 deaths from 1000. Though Nigeria has a 

reduction of 38% in infant mortality rate to 78 deaths per 1,000 births in 2012, Nigeria remains a 

huge burden on child and maternal deaths because of low healthcare finance (Obansa & 

Orimisan, 2013).  

 major approach to finance the healthcare system in Nigeria is from government, 

comprising of the three tiers of the government (Federal, state, and local government), using 

public revenue from taxes, health care insurance, private sectors, and international health 

organizations (Soyibo, 2005).  Nigeria has created many policies and plans that will have a 

positive influence on the healthcare sector and how its effectiveness will help the financial aspect 

(Uzochukwu, 2013). These planned policies serve as a route to which the government implement 

actions and effectively allocate and fund the healthcare sectors. The Nigerian policies and plans 

for responding to the health care financing include; The National Health Policy, Health 

Financing policy, National Health Bill and the National Strategic Health Development Plan 

(National Health Plan) (Uzochukwu, 2013).  

The National Assembly passed the National Health into the bill on March 22, 2014. The 

aim of the National Health Policy is to improve the healthcare system of Nigeria so that it will 

provide great, sufficient, quality, accessible, equitable, and affordable health services that will 

increase the status health of Nigerians. The bill is the basis of the growth of a National Health 

Financing Policy, by which the people in Nigeria obtain accessible, sustainable, affordable, 

equitable and efficient health care delivery (Federal Republic of Nigeria FRN, 2006). 



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The status of the government expenditures and finance in the Nigeria health sector for 

some years back indicates low priority from the government, before the democratic government 

assume power in 1999, the annual government expenditures and finance on health In Nigeria was 

$533.6 million in 1980 after which it nose-dived, reaching a trough of $58.8 million in 1987. By 

1999, there is an increase in health expenditure, reaching a peak in 2002 at $524.4 million and 

since then there has been a drastic reduction in the healthcare finance status of people in Nigeria 

(HERFON, 2006, Central Bank of Nigeria CBN, 2006). 

 

EMPIRICAL REVIEW 

The simplified path that will ensure more quality health is through the provision of good 

healthcare finance that will support people that cannot afford quality health and use good 

healthcare services. This path will ensure that there is good provision of good healthcare 

delivery, lowering risk in the healthcare sectors and however, any unforeseen risk can be covered 

by the healthcare finance thereby reduce different mortality cases due to negligence of individual 

inability to pay for healthcare services (Carrin et al., 2007). The objective of financing the 

healthcare sector as reported from research studies is to provide sufficient equity and 

accessibility to healthcare sectors without making any healthcare services payments and this can 

be achieved when there are full funds provided for the people in the country through their social 

health insurance or health budgets (Carrin & James, 2004; Kutzin, 2007).  

The Central Bank of Nigeria revealed that the Nigeria federal government funds on the 

healthcare sector improve from US$141 million in 1998 to equate of US$228 million in 2003 

(CBN, 2005). The funds provided for the healthcare sectors by the federal government decrease 

between 1998 and 2000; though improve in the following years, moving high to about 3.2% in 

2003. Most of the finance of the federal government's healthcare sectors quotation is on the 

teaching and specialized hospitals and other Federal owned medical centres (CBN, 2005). 

The state government finance on the healthcare sectors is at the range of about 6.3%, 

which have used to improve the quality of health being of people living in their states and 

increase healthcare daily delivery. The state government on the healthcare finance focus on the 

role of the state in improves healthcare services and state hospitals. In 2003, the available 

outcome indicates that the financial status of healthcare is US$300 million or US$2.45 per capita 

(Central Bank of Nigeria, 2005). Therefore, the local government healthcare finance and 

healthcare delivery depend on the personnel interest of the local government chairman and the 

available funds from donors and individuals to increase the healthcare services and delivery in 

the local area (Central Bank of Nigeria, 2008). 

Low healthcare finance has improvised more poverty and hard economy into the lives of 

people in Nigeria as many cannot afford the payments for quality healthcare delivery. A study 

examined the healthcare expenditures of the household of a sample number of 19,159 (Palmer et 

al., 2004). It was found that the minimum annual per capita finance of citizen of healthcare 

service is 2,999 Naira, this finance from the household take a portion of 8.7% of the total finance 

the household spend on the healthcare delivery (Palmer et al., 2004). The finance of the 

household includes the money for out care patients, healthcare facilities, medications, and 

treatments, which indicate the burden the healthcare delivery is on individuals due to the low 

budget and low finance of the healthcare sector in the country.  

The level of corruption has affected the provision of financing the healthcare sectors and 

supply of quality healthcare delivery, this influence corruption has increased many effects such 

as low funds of healthcare sectors, mismanaged of allocated funds, inequality in treatment, fake 



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drugs and treatments, selling of free drugs etc (Aregbeyen, 2001; Lowell, 2010). There was a 

report about how the former minister of health in Nigeria was sack in 2008 over mismanaged and 

informal share of funds (300 million nairas) that belong to the healthcare sectors. This instance 

shows the level of corruption which have become cankerworm, and this continues to block any 

great development in the country (Soyiboet al., 2009). Nigeria healthcare sectors lost close to 

£225 billion due to a high level of corruption and mismanagement (Chike, 2006). The level of 

corruption in Nigeria existence has influenced a lot of effects that have blocked the development 

and growth of people lives, which is the main interest to many professionals in the healthcare 

sectors as the level of corruption have to affect achieving universal health coverage which 

continues affecting the healthcare delivery and improving quality health lifestyle of Nigerians. 

The level of corruption has affects the reproducibility of healthcare services as there is lower 

funds incurred on the healthcare sectors as many people in power have been mismanaging the 

funds and putting low consideration on the healthcare sectors as many prefer to take their 

healthcare service abroad (Health Reform Foundation, 2006). 

In the study of Imoughele & Ismaila (2013), it was revealed that the significant property 

of healthcare sector depends on the finance status of spend in Nigeria and the other factors that 

affect the public healthcare finance. Bakare & Sanmi (2011) recommended that quality 

education, good healthcare sectors, skills healthcare training, and financing the healthcare sector 

and services will increase the capacity of human lives that might have an effect on the 

development of the country economic. Babatude (2012) identified that provision of finance to the 

healthcare sector enhance the quality of the healthcare delivery which improve the medical 

professionals working style and improve the tax payments of the government, resulting to great 

fiscal status in the country. This improvement wills results to quality economic growth and 

development.  

Agbatogun & Taiwo (2010) examined the healthcare expenditure and its determinants 

factors in Nigeria. The study emphasized on the need for attention and consideration to improve 

the healthcare sector in order to achieve sustainable economic growth and development, and 

revealed that the main determinants factor of the health care sector in terms of allocation, budget 

and finance is the gross domestic products, while the rate of literacy and growth rate of the 

population have no contributing importance to the healthcare expenditure determinant in Nigeria. 

Saad & Kalakech (2009) conducted similar study in the on the economy of Nigeria and how it 

directly affect the healthcare sectors during 1970-2003 by adopting co-integration analysis for 

the research. 

Bokhari et al. (2007) investigate the financing status of the healthcare sectors in Nigeria. 

The study identified that the government show low consideration on financing the healthcare 

sector, which indicate how the healthcare status does not really matters to them. It was 

discovered in the study that the expectancy life and rate of literacy in Nigeria are influenced by 

the healthcare sector and good financial status of the health care sector on the lives of individuals 

in Nigeria.  Alabi (2010) identified that Nigeria government have less than 1% of GDP allocated 

to healthcare provision and service, and almost 2% of Nigeria government oil revenue was 

allocated to healthcare sector in Nigeria between 1981 and 2006. This shows how low the 

Nigeria government finance and consider the healthcare sector in the country thereby triggering 

many health effects among people in the country without proper healthcare delivery 

implemented.  

Idowu et al. (2018) identified that the financing status of the healthcare sector have a 

huge impact on the public health status in Nigeria. The ability to finance the healthcare sector 



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greatly have an importance influence on the mortality and morbidity cases in Nigeria as good 

finance will reduce those impacts because little healthcare delivery were been offered by the 

medical professionals as there is little or no finance to care and save lives. Therefore, the study 

recommend that Nigeria government should increase their finance allocation to the healthcare 

sector for better and quality health to be put in place.  

In the studies of Umoru & Omolara (2013); Nkpoyen et al. (2014), the usage of healthcare 

facilities was focused as it is affected by the low economic growth and low access to the 

healthcare equipments and facilities, and high medical care. The effects are due to the low 

finance for the healthcare delivery of the public in Nigeria. Yaqub et al. (2012) identified 

investigate the potency of financing the healthcare sector and the state of the healthcare sector in 

Nigeria. The findings revealed that there is low finance in the healthcare sector, and it is result to 

the high level of infant mortalities rate in Nigeria. 

 

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

An effective and quality health care service is one of the fundamental visions of every 

government to its citizenry because it is only the healthy people that can be governed and will 

value developmental projects. Citizens having access to quality health services translate to 

significant development in modern society. Therefore, the provision of adequate funds for the 

sector is essential. The Nigeria government adopt various strategies to finance healthcare sectors, 

but there are minimal development and growth in financing the healthcare sectors which remains 

a challenge in accomplishing quality healthcare delivery in Nigeria. 

The Nigeria health care sector is currently confronted with colossal issues that should be 

surmounted to enhance effective and quality health care delivery to the citizens. This study is 

rooted in the evidence of appropriate works of literature in the financing of public health care 

service in Nigeria. From the extant literature surveyed, it was revealed that public health care 

services in Nigeria are financed by revenue that is accrued from public tax, funding from donors, 

health insurance, and direct payments made by individuals. Furthermore, public health service is 

mostly financed by direct payments made by individuals with the government.  

The most perturbing issues combating public health care financing are direct payments 

made by individuals, poor government funding, health care policy defects in implementation, 

and corruption scandals. On this note, the study recommended an effective and robust 

government funding of public health, implementation of sound health care policies, efficient 

monitoring of public funds utilization, and discouraging foreign medical trips. 

 

Other recommendations for the financing of healthcare sectors in Nigeria are:  

 

1) Reformation of the people expenditure concerning their known priorities, pricing policies and 

funding the communities by allotting them with their exact healthcare finance that can improve 

their healthcare services. 

2) There is a need for the government to finance and increase more access of people to primary 

healthcare because that is the public engage with mostly due to it is near to them.  



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3) It requires improving the salary of the medical professionals, providing them with good 

performance bonus and other quality programs that will improve their skills as professionals. 

These will efficiently improve the quality of healthcare delivery in the country.  

4) There is a need for the healthcare sector to examine their impacts, not on the hospitals and 

equipment provided but by the changes brought in to respond and contain the burden of disease 

and mortality.  

5) There should be clean leadership, well-strategized and future plan in the healthcare sector and 

delivery in Nigeria.  

6) There should be the provision of adequate finance and partnership that will mitigate the 

quality of healthcare services and delivery in Nigeria.  

7) There is a need for efficient monitoring and evaluation of impacts made by the healthcare 

services, trace of how the healthcare professionals use the available resources and reformation of 

healthcare policies. 

 

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