




































AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 13(1) (2022), 9-24 

 

9 

 

SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 
 

AIJSSR VOL 13 NO 1 (2022) P-ISSN 2576-103X   E-ISSN 2576-1048 
 

Available online at https://www.cribfb.com 

Journal homepage: https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/aijssr 

Published by CRIBFB, USA 

GOVERNMENT ENTREPRENEURIAL INTERVENTIONS, INDIVIDUAL 

CHARACTERISTICS, AND GROWTH OF YOUTH-OWNED MICRO AND 

SMALL ENTERPRISES IN KIGALI CITY, RWANDA    

 
 Benjamin Niyonsaba  (a)1    Stephen Makau Muathe (b)     Mary Jabeya Namusonge (c)  
 

(a)  School of Business, Economics, and Tourism, Kenyatta University, Kenya; E-mail: niyonsabeni3@gmail.com 
(b)  School of Business, Economics, and Tourism, Kenyatta University, Kenya; E-mail: muathesm@yahoo.com 
(c) School of Business, Economics, and Tourism, Kenyatta University, Kenya; E-mail: namusonge.mary@ku.ac.ke 

 

 
A R T I C L E I N F O 

      

 

Article History: 
 

Received: 2nd October 2022 

Accepted: 21st November 2022 
Online Publication: 11th December 2022 

 
Keywords: 

Government Entrepreneurial 
Interventions, Individual 

Characteristics, MSEs’ Growth, 

Resource Based Review, Social 

Media, Rwanda 

 
      JEL Classification Codes:  

 

      H10, M13,  B21 

 

 

 

 

       

 
A B S T R A C T 
 
Micro and Small Enterprises have been approved as major performers in enhancing economic growth 

and quality of life by generating employment opportunities and profits in Rwanda. However, they have 

experienced several problems which diminish their growth. Those growth challenges can be improved by 

embracing strong entrepreneurial interventions. This research endeavored to investigate how government 

entrepreneurial interventions affect the growth of youth-owned MSEs in Kigali, in addition, it investigated 
the moderating effect of individual characteristics on the relationship between the government 

entrepreneurial interventions and the growth of youth-owned MSEs in Kigali City, Rwanda. The resource-

based view and Gibb’s support theory were used. An explanatory research design was used in this 

research to determine the causal link between variables and establish the nature of the strength of the 

link. The study used a sample size of 154 MSEs selected from the target population of 252 youth-owned 

MSEs in Kigali, Rwanda. Data was collected using a questionnaire and analyzed using both descriptive 

and multiple regression analysis. The study noted that entrepreneurial training, access to credit, 
technology-based online social media, and market access have been effective government support in 

increasing the growth of MSEs in Kigali Rwanda. Moreover, the results indicated that individual 

characteristics positively affected the relationship between government entrepreneurial interventions and 

the growth of youth-owned MSEs in Kigali City, Rwanda. The study recommended that government should 

ease the requirements/conditions to be met by MSEs before accessing entrepreneurial interventions this 

will accelerate the growth of youth-owned SMEs in Rwanda. 

 
 

© 2022 by the authors. Licensee CRIBFB, USA. This article is an open access article  distributed 

under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license  

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).  

 

INTRODUCTION 

Government entrepreneurial interventions were introduced in Rwanda with the expectation that they would increase 

enterprises’ profit and employment opportunities (Muathe et al., 2013; World Bank, 2014). Such government 

entrepreneurial interventions targeted Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) which occupied the majority of businesses 

operating in Rwanda. Therefore, the contribution of MSEs to the economy’s country is generally documented. Muathe 

(2010), Abbott et al. (2012) and Muathe and Muraguri (2020) stated that MSEs account for more than 90% of all private 

businesses and they absorb more than 24% of the country’s GDP. Various academicians and researchers believed that there 

was an increase in the number of MSEs and their growth due to the increase in government entrepreneurial interventions 

(Blimpo & Pugatch, 2019). 

Consequently, MSEs have been speeding up the Rwandan vision of 2050 (Antoine et al., 2021). Despite the 

remarkable economic contribution made by MSEs, it is not easy for these MSEs to access the resources required for growth. 

Previous studies have evidenced that restricted finance and knowledge, quickly changing customer needs that require a 

dynamic market orientation, and constant technological innovations are major restraints negatively affecting the growth of 

MSEs. In combating these growth limitations, all regimes have implemented different interventions. Ugwuoju et al. (2020). 

Confirmed that entrepreneurial interventions provided by the government are essential for MSEs, hence government covers 

financial and technical expenses that MSEs are not able to handle themselves and these interventions increase the capabilities 

of MSEs. For example, Amha (2015) indicated that training has become critical in the growth of enterprises by which 

                                                      
1Corresponding author: ORCID ID: 0000-0002-9187-4242 
© 2022 by the authors. Hosting by CRIBFB. Peer review under responsibility of CRIBFB, USA.  

https://doi.org/10.46281/aijssr.v13i1.1856 

 
To cite this article: Niyonsaba, B., Muathe, S. M., & Namusonge, M. J. (2022). GOVERNMENT ENTREPRENEURIAL INTERVENTIONS, 

INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS, AND GROWTH OF YOUTH-OWNED MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISES IN KIGALI CITY, RWANDA. 

American International Journal of Social Science Research, 13(1), 9-24. https://doi.org/10.46281/aijssr.v13i1.1856 

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
https://doi.org/10.46281/aijssr.v13i1.1856
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9187-4242
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8192-5774
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0975-4426


Niyonsaba et al., American International Journal of Social Science Research 13(1) (2022), 9-24

  

10 
 

enabling youth-owned MSEs to get knowledge-based resources. As emphasized by Ernest (2018) entrepreneurial training 

channeled skills concerning customer satisfaction shown by repeat purchasing, knowledge on how to increase sales volume, 

and well-kept business records. Different empirical studies demonstrated financial credit has been reviewed as the backbone 

for business growth since financial capital is the basis on which other business features are built, (Gupta et al., 2013). 

According to Owolabi and Obida (2012), for an enterprise to achieve growth and be competitive; it must hold financial 

capital. On contrary, Muthuni (2016) stated that MSEs are neglected by banks and lending organizations. The interest rates 

and the collateral security have been listed among factors that disadvantage MSEs acquiring bank credit and hence 

negatively affect their growth, (North & Smallbone, 1996). 

          In addition, social media adoption continues to be significant in business growth (Mourtada & Alkhatib, 2014), and 

it has been affirmed that online social media has ameliorated the business environment in the manner it assists youth-owned 

MSEs to improve the business decisions resulting from the customers’ reactions (Trainor et al., 2014). Many scholars are 

involved in business growth and online social media (Winer, 2009), the online social effects help enterprises to reflect on 

the customer's needs regarding their behavior age, gender, and experience observed through online interaction. According 

to Truong and Simmons (2010), online social media introduces new ways of online marketing and developing new methods 

of building relationships with customers. Different empirical studies noted that market accessibility increases the probability 

of growth achievement through making more sales (Hessels & vanStel, 2011). Consequently, lack of market access lessens 

the growth of MSEs because they are not able to access different information necessary for receiving market opportunities. 

Market access brings MSEs into medium and large enterprises (Autio et al., 2000; Garcia et al., 2022). 

            This study contributes to the study knowledge by considering the different effects of entrepreneurial training, credit 

access, and technology-based social media and market access on the growth of MSEs. Most of the previous studies 

concentrated on one or two factors when conducting their research. They also considered RBV theory and Gibb's MSEs 

support theory only. This study also contributes to the research by providing four theories that support the study’s 

hypotheses. The primary theory, RBV theory, describes all kinds of resources allowing firms to achieve full growth. Gibb’s 

support theory illustrates all resources needed for the growth of MSEs and supports the RBV theory. Gibb’s support theory 

also enlightens how the MSEs respond to all types of support. Adoption theory demonstrates the steps that firms follow in 

accepting or rejecting new technology. Finally, the theory of the growth of a firm gives details of all resources desired for 

firm growth.  

The study endeavored to investigate the contribution of entrepreneurial training, credit access, technology-based 

social media, and market access to the growth of youth-owned MSEs and to bridge the gap by including individual 

characteristics as a moderating variable. It used an explanatory research design and a sample size of 154 SMEs selected 

from the target population of 252 youth-owned MSEs in Kigali, Rwanda. Primary data were collected using a semi-

structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. 

 

Statement of the Problem 

Youth-owned Micro and Small Enterprises in Rwanda have a sizeable role in contributing to the wealth of the country by 

stimulating employment opportunities and its important contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (World Bank, 2014). 

Thus, the government initiated different interventions to strengthen enterprises' development (Uwitonze, 2016). Despite these 

efforts structured to multiply the productivity of MSEs, it has been noted in different studies that growth is still scanty (Donner 

& Escobari, 2010). MSEs are challenged by quickly changing customer needs that require a dynamic market orientation, 

continuous technological progress, and inadequate funding, and skills (Teece, 1992). These challenges negatively affect the 

growth of MSEs. According to Mashapure et al.(2022), these challenges can be removed if the specific interventions provided 

to this sector are adequate in nature, extent, and quality; for example, the quality of training, the extent of credits, level, and 

nature of technology adopted and ability to operate profitably in markets, which is dominated by large firms.  

                Advanced studies by Kar and Ahmed (2019); Ugwuoju et al.(2020); confirmed that government entrepreneurial 

interventions affect the growth of enterprises by way of accessing available resources along with the individual 

characteristics of youth-owned MSEs'. The combination of government entrepreneurial interventions and individual 

characteristics brings more probabilities for business success. The studies noted that government interventions in 

entrepreneurship allow MSEs to access existing resources to uplift firms' growth. The studies assumed that government 

entrepreneurial interventions and the firm's growth are correlated. The paper, therefore, seeks to demonstrate the relationship 

between government entrepreneurial interventions and the growth of MSEs and to bridge the gap by including individual 

characteristics that moderate the correlation. 

 

Research Objectives  

 To determine the effect of entrepreneurial training on the growth of youth-owned MSEs in Kigali City, Rwanda. 

 To assess the effect of access to credit on the growth of youth-owned MSEs in Kigali City, Rwanda. 

 To find out the effect of technology-based online social media adoption on the growth of youth-owned MSEs in 

Kigali City, Rwanda. 

 To analyze the effect of market access on the growth of youth-owned MSEs in Kigali City, Rwanda. 

 To examine the moderating effect of individual characteristics on the government entrepreneurial interventions and 

growth of youth-owned MSEs in Kigali City, Rwanda. 

 

LITERATURE REVIEW 

This section revises the conceptual, theoretical, and empirical literature related to the research objectives.  



Niyonsaba et al., American International Journal of Social Science Research 13(1) (2022), 9-24

  

11 
 

Theoretical Review 

This section focuses on examining various studies associated with the factors of government entrepreneurial interventions, 

individual characteristics, and the growth of youth-owned MSEs. The research is attached to four theories: Resource-Based 

View, adoption theory, Gibb's support theory, and growth theory of a firm.  

 

Resource-Based Theory 

The proponent of the Resource-Based View theory was Penrose (1959) who put forward that resource accessibility leads to 

the firm’s growth. Alvarez and Busenitz (2001) supported the theory by concluding that growth can be achieved if a firm 

holds resources that others cannot access. An enterprise can achieve long-run growth when resources held are characterized 

by uniqueness, scarcity, and inimitability, or hard to copy means that resources cannot be copied by other rivals (Thompson, 

2004). This creates unique values for clients and expansion achievement. Barney (2001) demonstrates six types of resources 

that enable a firm to achieve growth and become competitive. For example, financial, tangible, technological, organizational 

capital, intellectual and human resources. According to Aldrich (1999), all these resources have been categorized into three 

classes which are financial, social, and human,  

          The theory postulates types of resources to be accessed by an enterprise and these resources can be either material or 

non-material, (Jones & Hill, 2009). Tangible resources are visible and concrete; namely: land, buildings, and equipment 

while non-materials resources are palpable and computable. For example, trademarks, administration processes, and routines 

of organizations that the firm used to organize and interrelate these resources, the physical image of a firm; goodwill, and 

among others. The theory states that resources used by a firm to interact with clients and competitors are external intangible 

resources (Simpeh, 2011). The theory assumes that maximum utilization of resources is important for the business 

organization to achieve its business objectives (Jones & Hill, 2009). The researchers also theorize that the business sector 

should not be ignored since it plays a vital role in determining enterprises' growth and then entrepreneurs must consider the 

sector for deciding activities to be carried out. The RBV anchored on four components of government entrepreneurial 

interventions which are the main factors affecting the growth of firms. 

 

Gibb's MSEs Support Theory  

The Gibb model was put forward by Gibb (1998) and the author explains different support services that government 

policymakers must emphasize on them when designing entrepreneurial interventions for firms' growth. The model describes 

two kinds of support needed by the enterprise sector to realize its growth such as non-material and material support. The 

non-material support is training, counseling, consultancy, and others while material support comprises credit platform, 

infrastructure, and materials. The theory elucidates policy or interventions must be flexible, it means that support services 

can change resulting from a change in the needs of enterprises; a change in support structure; a change in institutional 

structure for firms, and a change in entrepreneurial interventions setting for the development of firms. Gibb states that there 

should be a policy structure clarifying supportive action to boost the firm growth and key aspects to measure achievable 

enterprises' growth. The theory notes that support structure should specify features. It has been asserted that MSEs' needs 

should not be overlooked from the beginning of program planning when programs are based on the need of enterprises; it 

reduces the probability of its failure.  

          The theory stipulates that the institutional framework should outline features and types of entrepreneurial 

interventions and explains how MSEs can benefit from initiated programs or policies. It should indicate institutions in charge 

of MSEs and their capability to capacitate enterprises for achieving their full growth. Gibb's theory has a role in determining 

how entrepreneurial intervention can change as a result of the alteration in the needs of the MSEs, reform in the support 

structure, change in institutions structure for MSEs, and change in policy for the development of the MSE sector. However, 

training, access to credit, market information, and technology infrastructure are essential supports that can be used to 

improve the growth of enterprises. 

 

Adoption Theory  

The theory was pioneered by Ryan and Gross (1943) and this theory was built on assumption that individuals can adopt new 

technology by imitable character, (Sarabadani et al., 2017). The background and understanding of people are key elements 

that stimulate the usage of technology about online social media in society. Dearing and Jeffrey (2018) explain that people 

can learn new knowledge about technology-based online social media via their cultures. It has been stated that technology 

can also be learned through training, shared beliefs, or practices among enterprises. Innovation diffusion has a vital role in 

influencing an individual's adoption decision. 

          The technology-based online social media has been described as a particular social system that businesspeople are 

currently using to communicate with their business partners and competitors and it can be learned through culture over time. 

Rogers (1962) developed the adoption theory by explaining the stages that individuals have to follow when making a 

particular innovation acceptance, or rejection. The adopters must learn knowledge of how to apply the new technology and 

adopters must know the value of online social media before adopting it, (Tuten & Marks, 2012). Muhammad et al. (2010) 

noted three reasons that can guide an enterprise in accepting or rejecting new technology. These are rivals’ forces, low 

awareness of firms, and benefits expected from new technology-based online social media. According to Ardjouman (2014), 

different enterprises use technology as an influence resulting from trading partners, rivals, and government support and 

policy. 

           The business conditions and enterprise features are the main aspects that determine the utilization of technology in 

the enterprise. The theory also notes that technology acquisition depends on how an enterprise inspires its employees to 

adopt changes that are brought along with embracing technology. The theory brings out the importance of technological 



Niyonsaba et al., American International Journal of Social Science Research 13(1) (2022), 9-24

  

12 
 

innovation adoption that an enterprise has to make for the enhancement of its capacity in handling issues related to growth 

(Oliveira & Martins, 2011). It also establishes all stages that a firm has to follow when making a particular online social 

media acceptance or rejection.  

 

Theory of Growth of a Firm  

The proponent of the growth of a firm theory was Penrose (1959) who explains the importance of resources in determining 

a firm's growth. According to Evans (1987), the rule of proportionate growth asserts that the growth of every business 

organization in the market is autonomous of its entire size. Therefore, micro, small, medium, and large enterprises have the 

same average proportionate rates of growth that is to say in the market; all firms have a chance to grow at the same ratio 

regardless of their size if they are given equal opportunity to access to resources needed for growth. This theory describes 

the five stages of growth that all enterprises go through. The first phase is called the start-up stage and at this phase, the 

enterprise brings its idea into implementation.  

          The second stage is the survival stage whereby the firm deals with how it can make more cash flow for growth and 

continue its business operations in long run. The third is the success stage for which the firm increases its output and earnings 

through professionalization and technology adoption. The fourth phase is the take-off stage for which the enterprise tries to 

enhance the competencies of its employees through training. The last one is called the maturity stage whereby a firm must 

access and use effectively resources to attain full growth. The accessibility of resources determines how MSEs identify 

opportunities and convert them into profitable business ventures as well as facilitate growth. In the perspective of this study, 

the growth of a firm theory brings out the relevance because it shows how access to resources can be a source of competitive 

advantage and growth achievement.   

 

Empirical Review  

The study is attached to various constructs such as growth, government entrepreneurial interventions, individual 

characteristics, and micro and small enterprises. Thus, this section revised the conceptual literature which accurately 

explains each construct. 

 

Entrepreneurial Training and Growth of Youth-Owned MSEs  

Many academicians and researchers have agreed that entrepreneurial training has brought positive changes in the area of 

enterprise development all over the world, (Mano et al., 2012). Therefore, various governments introduced training 

programs with the perception that entrepreneurial training would help to influence entrepreneurial culture and build 

enterprising economies among many young men and women by developing their mindsets and attitudes about enterprise 

management. Entrepreneurial training is to enable MSEs to acquire entrepreneurial abilities with the aim focus on how to 

use technological innovation change, the techniques of applying modern management systems, customers’ satisfaction 

shown by repeat purchasing, marketing strategies, and well-kept business records (Andaregie et al., 2022). Entrepreneurial 

training substantially influences the growth of a firm if skills learned by youth entrepreneurs translated into more practical 

work, (Kithae et al., 2013).  

          Entrepreneurial training substantially influences the growth of a firm if skills learned by youth entrepreneurs translated 

into more practical work (DeGobbi, 2014). The empirical studies showed that trainees did not employ their gained skills 

since youth could not access financial resources. However, another study carried out by UNCTAD (2016) evidenced that 

70% of MSEs who had received training; could conveniently perform business undertakings. Another study was carried out 

by DeMel et al. (2014) on entrepreneurial training and its contribution to enterprises' growth in Sri Lanka. The study utilized 

an explanatory research design and the finding showed that training in marketing, quality maintenance, and financial 

management positively influences the enterprises' growth. Mohamed (2017) researched the contribution of training to the 

growth of enterprises held by youth in Somalia. It has been noted that entrepreneurship training has a positive impact on 

firm growth. The study further revealed that training benefited youth-owned MSEs by generating income in Somalia. 

          The Malaysian government has trained youth-owned MSEs intending to enhance their entrepreneurial capabilities, 

grow their firms, and continuously contribute to the Malaysian economy (Jamaluddin et al., 2022). Umutoni (2018) observed 

that entrepreneurial training improved the competencies and growth of MSEs in Rwanda. Entrepreneurial training is a major 

factor of interventions that the government provided to the MSEs for stimulating their growth. This training was generally 

aimed to translate entrepreneurial capabilities which facilitate young entrepreneurs to carry out business activities assisted 

by skills in enterprise management. For that reason, entrepreneurial training has been noted to be the main element of firm 

growth. Thus, this current study strived to provide updated and detailed data by investigating the contribution of 

entrepreneurial training to the growth of youth-owned MSEs. The following hypotheses were formulated based on the 

conceptual framework: 

 

Ho1: Entrepreneurial training has no significant contribution to the growth of youth-owned MSEs in Rwanda. 

 

Access to Credit and Growth of Youth-Owned MSEs  

Earlier studies revealed access to credit is the primary factor that can assist MSEs to obtain other remaining resources (Rajan 

& Zingales, 2001). Access to financial capital influences significantly the competitiveness and growth of MSEs. Owolabi 

and Obida (2012) stated that for firms to achieve growth and be competitive; they must hold financial capital. However, 

Nanteleza (2018) noted that the main growth restriction remains funds. This is because the majority of youth-owned 

enterprises do not get credits due to the collateral security required by banks. Another study by Pandya (2012) noted that 

several countries formed microcredit programs targeting MSEs, but the findings revealed that the majority of MSEs are not 



Niyonsaba et al., American International Journal of Social Science Research 13(1) (2022), 9-24

  

13 
 

able to acquire microcredits as a result of a lack of borrowing security with higher value, (Fatoki & Asah, 2011). 

Microfinance and financial institutions neglected youth-owned MSEs because most of them are not able to offer financial 

statement documents required by banks. The bank requirements limit their access to credit and affect negatively enterprise 

growth. The majority of MSEs prefer to use informal sources of financing. 

          According to research done by Kolakovic et al. (2019), on credits and the expansion of small businesses in Croatia. 

It has been found that access to credit has a vital role in assisting enterprises to access all kinds of assets needed by SMEs 

and improve firm performance. The study asserted that Croatian SMEs still use informal sources of financing because they 

are not able to access banks' credits. Ovat (2016) noted that the full growth of MSEs is limited by the shortage or inadequate 

credit. Lack of access to credit negatively influences the firm growth and affects a firm's decision to invest in fixed capital, 

research, and development (Muchiri et al., 2017). Pandya (2012) proved that credit has an important influence on SMEs' 

growth. 

          Nanteleza (2018) investigated credits accessibility and performance of enterprises in Blantyre City-Malawi and noted 

that the main growth restriction remains funds. This is because youth-owned enterprises do not get credits due to the 

collateral security required by banks. The study found that MSEs with high rates of growth; are enterprises that used or 

accessed credit from loan institutions.  Previous researches show that most institutions do not target youth-owned MSEs 

because MSEs are not able to offer financial statement documents required by banks. On contrary, Geleta and Talegeta 

(2019) noted that several countries formed microcredit programs targeting MSEs, but their surveys revealed that the majority 

of MSEs are not able to access them. This is because high numbers of MSEs are not able to access bank credits. After all, 

owners of enterprises are required to have borrowing security with higher value (Fatoki & Asah, 2011). These requirements 

limit their access to credit and affect negatively enterprise growth. 

          Mpakaniye and Paul (2017) affirmed that the establishment of a youth development fund facilitates MSEs to access 

bank credit, particularly those without sufficient collateral required by financial institutions. Most of the empirical studies 

confirmed that credit accessibility was also assisting MSEs in contributing to the country's development. The Rwandan 

government has supported young women and men in accessing credit with the aim that young people may improve their 

entrepreneurial capabilities; grow their firms, and continuously contribute to the Rwandan economy (Anyanwu, 2013). 

Therefore, this current study strived to provide detailed information by scrutinizing the contribution of entrepreneurial credit 

accessibility to the growth of youth-owned MSEs. The following hypotheses were built on the conceptual framework: 

 

Ho2: Credit accessibility has no significant contribution to the growth of youth-owned MSEs in Rwanda. 

 

Online Social Media and Growth of Youth-Owned MSEs  

Various studies have indicated that online technology-based online social media improve business process and growth, 

(Winer, 2009). Some scholars have confirmed that the utilization of online social media increased interaction with 

customers, and sales return, and it has been found that there is a positive correlation between online social media and the 

growth of youth-owned MSEs, (Rapp et al., 2013). Handayani and Mahendrawathi (2019) revealed that the use of online 

social media influences the social capital of any business organization, which increases its financial and non-financial 

growth. Both Motameni and Nordstrom (2014) demonstrated that the use of Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, YouTube, and 

Whatsapp had positively boosted sales growth. The study also noted that firms adopted these social media for product 

promotion, advertising services delivery, and showing different brands held by the enterprise. Xiang and Gretzel, 2010; 

Parveen et al. (2015) explored how social media adoption influences the performance of small business companies and 

noted online social media increases sales turnover and the growth of SMEs. Many researchers noted that firms with the use 

of online social media performed well in their business activities than firms that were not concentrated on that (Appel et al., 

2020). 

          According to Malthouse et al. (2013), online social media allows MSEs to access regional and international markets 

as some products are sold through social media. They also confirmed that online social media has removed geographical 

boundaries that were market entrance restrictions for MSEs. On the other hand, in developing countries MSEs ignore online 

social media because people depend on cultures of face-to-face bargaining instead of bargaining via online social media 

(Vij & James, 2014). Online social media entails incorporating new technological approaches that a firm uses to enter the 

market and improve growth through interacting with and reaching customers (Wang, & Kim, 2017). Malthouse et al. (2013) 

asserted that online social media enables MSEs to enter the market without geographical boundaries. Another study by Rapp 

et al. (2013) noted that firms with the utilization of online social media can achieve growth as a result of reaching customers 

and finally making more sales. Hence, this current study strived to provide updated data by examining the contribution of 

technology-based online social media to the growth of youth-owned MSEs. The following hypotheses were formulated 

based on the conceptual framework: 

 

Ho3: Online social media adoption has no significant contribution to the growth of youth-owned MSEs in Rwanda. 

 

Market Access and Growth of Youth-Owned MSEs  

Firm growth is correlated with market access in every entrepreneurial activity since market accessibility increases the 

probability of growth achievement through making more sales (Hessels & vanStel, 2011). Therefore, market access has 

been noted as an essential factor affecting the growth of MSEs. According to Seelos and Mair (2007), youth-owned MSEs 

with more market information and other market facilities can realize firm growth. Previous studies asserted that MSEs' 

growth is determined by how an enterprise accesses market opportunities for maximizing its output. Chigunta (2001) 

scrutinized the issues limited small business organizations to access local and international markets. It has been found that 



Niyonsaba et al., American International Journal of Social Science Research 13(1) (2022), 9-24

  

14 
 

MSEs do not have enough skills for innovating their product and services which limit their competitiveness in international 

markets. Empirical evidence asserted that youth-owned enterprises copied and operated successful businesses which lead 

to high local competition. 

           Ali et al. (2020) researched the barriers and public policies impending small enterprises' international market 

expansion in Sub-Saharan Countries. The study used access procurement, contracts, access to funding regulatory 

framework, and access to market information as independent variables. The study utilized a survey research design and 

research findings indicated that market information barriers and institutional environment have negative effects on the 

expansion of SMEs and their access to markets. Chigunta (2001) scrutinized the issues limited small business organizations 

to access international markets. This is because youths do not have enough skills about innovating their product and services 

which limit their competitiveness in international markets. For that reason, this current study endeavored to provide updated 

and detailed data by examining the contribution of entrepreneurial training to the growth of youth-owned MSEs. The 

following hypotheses were built on the conceptual framework: 

 

Ho4: Market access has no significant contribution to the growth of youth-owned MSEs in Rwanda. 

 

Government Entrepreneurial Interventions, Individual Characteristics, and Growth of Youth-Owned MSEs 

Ramasobana et al. (2017) argued that owners of MSEs enter into economic activities because they not only need financial 

incentives, family culture acting as a role model, and independence to be their own's bosses but they also need to utilize 

their skills acquired. Merung et al. (2019) have observed that youth entrepreneur characteristics positively contribute to the 

growth of enterprises. The authors indicated previous experience and education level as the main elements that enable young 

entrepreneurs to bring their businesses to success. Working experience facilitate MSEs owners to achieve business as they 

have experience and expertise in performing all activities needed for business success. Different studies argued from this 

point that people with previous experience brought their firms to success more than those without experience (Kim & 

Vonortas, 2014). This is because they already hold knowledge of how some financial and technical activities should be 

implemented. 

          The knowledge level of the firm's proprietors is a key determinant that influences the growth of the firm (Voda & 

Florea, 2019). Businesspeople with advanced levels of education were more capable to grow their enterprises than people 

who hold slight or no education (Lussiers & Pferfer, 2001). Adegbite et al. (2007) used human resources factors to measure 

the growth of enterprise in Nigeria. The study findings showed that human resource factors and the sales revenue, length of 

years in business, and working experience were found to have a positive contribution to the growth of the firm. Public 

interventions in entrepreneurial activities are reshaping the business environment by affecting profits and employment 

generation in different countries (Koellinger, 2008; Karadag, 2017). These interventions play an important role both in 

situations of technological change and in the process of applying a new management system, and finally, increase capital 

investment and employment creation.  

          Innovation has a positive relationship with the growth of a firm but an enterprise, without innovation in its business 

undertakings; its profits remain little or zero (Kiveu et al., 2019). Different researchers argued that innovations lead to the 

growth of enterprises. For example, Schumpeter (1942) noted that innovation helps an enterprise to conquer its rivals in the 

market and finally enhance firm growth. Rogers (1995); Daksa et al. (2018) supported Schumpeterian innovation theory 

and they argued that individuals with a knowledge education level and innovation would grow enterprises. Research carried 

out by Taperashi et al. (2018). On the individual characteristics and growth of small firms in Jordan. The research findings 

indicated that experience and knowledge level have a positive impact on the growth of small business organizations. The 

following hypotheses were formulated and built on the conceptual framework: 

 

Ho5: individual characteristics have no significant moderating effect on the relationship between the government 

entrepreneurial interventions and the growth of youth-owned MSEs in Kigali, Rwanda. 

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS 

Research Design 

An explanatory research design has a crucial significance in determining causal correlations between variables and 

establishing the nature of the association (Rahi, 2017).  The feedback provided by youth-owned MSEs facilitated the analysis 

of quantitative and quantitative data, testing research hypotheses, and finally making a conclusion formation.  

 

Study Context and Population 

The study was conducted in 35 administrative sectors comprising Gasabo, Kicukiro, and Nyarugenge which are three 

districts of Kigali city, Rwanda. The City of Kigali was selected because it has a high number of youth-owned MSEs 

receiving entrepreneurial interventions from the government. Some youth-owned MSEs strived to take their enterprise to 

the growth stage while others failed thus being suitable for this study. MSEs have been chosen because they offer income 

and employment opportunities to a high proportion of young people. 

The study targeted youth-owned MSEs; 35 years and below and who were operating businesses in Kigali during 

data collection. It also targeted enterprise holders who got at least one entrepreneurial intervention from the government. 

The enterprises were from the following different business sectors, agriculture, mining, commerce, services, manufacturing, 

and energy. For the youth-owned Micro and Small Enterprises being unit of population, they might operate a profitable 

business as well as hold the recent business document. The stratified sampling technique was also employed to select 154 

youth-owned MSEs from 252 of the population (Alene, 2020). This sample size was enabled by Yamane’s (1967) formula.  



Niyonsaba et al., American International Journal of Social Science Research 13(1) (2022), 9-24

  

15 
 

Data Collection and Analysis 

A questionnaire was used in gathering data from154 youth-owned MSEs in Kigali City, Rwanda. The questionnaires were 

organized for collecting thoughts on youth-owned MSEs related to the government entrepreneurial interventions, individual 

characteristics, and growth of youth-owned MSEs. The questionnaire encompassed questions about the bio-data of youth-

owned MSEs, the contribution to the growth of youth-owned MSEs in the context of government entrepreneurial 

interventions, and individual characteristics. The research instrument was based on the constructs and theories used in this 

study (RVB, Gibb’s Support Theory, adoption theory, and growth of a firm theory). The concepts of government 

entrepreneurial interventions, individual characteristics, and growth of youth-owned MSEs were measured using a five-

point Likert scale method for reducing response effort and time. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive and 

regression statistics. 

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 

The results presented below present respondent bio characteristics. In addition, the present results of hypotheses testing and 

discussion 

 

Table 1. Statistical Analysis of Demographic Characteristics 

 
Category Sub-category Frequency Percentage 

Gender Female 65 42.2% 

Male 89 57.8% 

Total 154 100% 

Age Less than 20 years.                                                                                                                                                  4 2.6% 

21-24 years                                                                                                    21 13.6% 

25-28 years                                                                                                      30 19.4% 

29-32 years                                52                                                                   33.8% 

33-35 years                                                                                                                                                                            47 30.6% 

Total                                                                                                          154    100% 

Level of Education Primary 29 18.9 

Secondary 54 35.0 

College 39 25.3 

Graduate 26 16.9 

Postgraduate 6  3.9 

Total 154 100% 

Type of Ownership Sole Proprietorship 148 96.1 

Partnership  6 3.9 

Total 154 100% 

Years of Business in Operation Under one year 10 6.5 

1-3 years 57 37.0 

4-7 years 49 31.8 

8-11 30 19.5 

Over 11 years 8  5.2 

Total 154 100% 

Types of Business                  Agriculture                                               28                                                                                                                                      18.1 

Mining    8                                                                                                                                                5.1 

Service                                                 38                                                                                                                     24.7 

Commerce                                              45                                                                                                                                29.2 

Manufacturing                                        24                                                                                                                      15.7 

Energy                                                          11                                                                                                          7.2 

Total                               154                                                                                                  100.0 

Number of Employees in the Business  Less than 3                                                                                                                  44                                             28.6 

 4-8                                                                                                                                  39                                             25.3 

 9-13                                                                                   31                                              20.1 

 14-18                                                                                 24                                            15.6 

 More than 19                                                                                                                                                                                                             16                                                                              10.4 

 Total                                                                                                                        154                                             100.0 

Source: Survey data, 2022 

 

The findings indicated that 57.8% of respondents were male and 42.2% of respondents were female. It means that 

MSEs are dominantly managed by male youth. The research findings show that the age of youth-owned MSEs ranging 

between 33-35 years is next with 30.6 %, 29-32 years with 33.8%, 25-28 years with 19.4%, and 21-24 years with 13.6%, 

and less than 20 years were 6.3% who were found to be the manager of the family business. The age range is a good 

indication that the study targeted youth according to their ages as they were defined in the study. 

The results showed that youth-owned MSEs attained postgraduate levels at 3.9%, undergraduate at 16.9%, college 

at 25.3%, Secondary education at 35%, and Primary education at 18.9%. It was concluded that youth-owned MSEs have 

attained secondary and university education. According to the results, sole proprietorship accounts for 96.1 % of all MSEs, 

which explains that sole proprietorships dominate partnerships resulting in the fact that sole proprietorships have fewer legal 

and tax obligations than partnerships as indicated by Amarteifio and Agbeblewu (2017). The majority of micro and small 



Niyonsaba et al., American International Journal of Social Science Research 13(1) (2022), 9-24

  

16 
 

enterprises (37.0 %) are between 1 and 3 years old. Karadag, (2017), reported that 40% of micro and small-sized businesses 

are unable to carry out their business activities for five years and only a few MSEs can survive five or beyond five years. 

The findings revealed that 18.2% of respondents are carrying out their economic activities in agriculture, 5.2% in the mining 

sector, 24.7% in the services sector, 29.2% in the commerce sector, and 15.7% in the manufacturing sector. The findings 

demonstrated that 53.9% of youth-owned MSEs are working in services and trade and 7.2% of youth-owned MSEs are in 

energy activities. As remarked by the World Bank, MSEs employ 1-49 workers. Those with 1-3 employees are micro-

enterprises while those with 4-49 employees are small enterprises. The findings showed that 28.6% of MSEs employed less 

than three workers, 25.3% employed 4-8, 20.1% employed 9-13, 15.6% employed 14-18, and 10.4% employed over 19 

employees 

 

Testing of Hypotheses 

H01: Entrepreneurial training does not influence the growth of MSEs in Kigali, Rwanda. 

H02: Access to credit does not contribute to the growth of MSEs in Kigali, Rwanda.  

H03: Online social media does not contribute to the growth of MSEs in Kigali, Rwanda. 

H04: Market access does not contribute to the growth of MSEs in Kigali, Rwanda.  

H05: Individual characteristics do not moderate the relationship between government entrepreneurial interventions and the 

growth of MSEs in Kigali, Rwanda 

 

In this research, the regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship between entrepreneurial 

training, access to credit, online social media, and market access on growth. The findings are presented below in table 2 

 

Model Summary 

The adjusted R-squared indicates the variation in the MSEs’ growth caused by equal changes in the government 

entrepreneurial interventions as displayed by results in table 2. 

 

Table 2. Model Summary 

 
Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. the Error of the 

Estimate 

R Square Change Durbin 

Watson 

1 .791a .626 .616 .17001 .626 2.767 

 

Table 2 displays the adjusted R-squared value of 0.626. It indicated that there is a variation of 62% in the growth of 

SMEs in Kigali city due to entrepreneurial training, access to credit, online social media, and market access, and it has been 

measured using a 95% of confidence level. The study shows that all other factors remain constant; the 62% change in the 

growth of MSEs is contributed by variations in entrepreneurial training, access to credit, online social media, and market 

access. Table 2 indicated the strong correlation between government entrepreneurial interventions and the growth of MSEs 

as indicated by a robust coefficient of correlation of 0.791. 

 

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 

The significance of the study was also tested by use of the ANOVA method and the results were displayed in Table 3 below. 

 

Table 3. ANOVA 

 
Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. 

1 Regression 7.221 4 1.805 62.454 .000b 

Residual 4.307 149 .029   

Total 11.527 153    

a. Dependent Variable: growth 
b. Predictors: (Constant), training, credit, online social media, market access 

 

Table 3 displays that the p-value of 0.000 is less than 0.05 and F (4,149) = 62.454. This is an indication that 

entrepreneurial training, access to credit, online social media, and market access have a significant contribution to the MSEs’ 

growth in Kigali city, Rwanda.  

 

Table 4. Regression Coefficient 

 
Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients T Sig. 

B Std. Error Beta 

1 (Constant) .607               .499  1.217         .024 

Entrepreneurial Training .171 .117 .161 1.466          .016 

Access to credit .109 .111 .112 .981 .032 

Online Social Media .111 .135 .106 .825 .042 

Access to Market  .764                .144 .697             5.315           .000 

a. Dependent Variable: Growth of youth-owned MSEs 

Source: Survey data, 2022 



Niyonsaba et al., American International Journal of Social Science Research 13(1) (2022), 9-24

  

17 
 

Table 5 shows that entrepreneurial training, access to credit, online social media, and market access are individually 

correlated with the growth of youth-owned MSEs. The following model has been drawn from Table 4: 

 

Growth of MSEs = 0.607 + 0. 171 entrepreneurial training + 0.109 access to credit + 0.111online social media + 0. 

764   access to market + e…………………………………Model 1 

 

H01: Entrepreneurial training does not affect the MSEs’ growth in Kigali, Rwanda. 

 

Table 4 shows that entrepreneurial training and the growth of MSEs specifically those managed by youth; the two 

variables are statistically correlated as β= 0.171and p=0. 016 which is less than 0.05 at the confidence level of 95%. H01 

was rejected; it means that entrepreneurial training affected the MSEs’ growth in Kigali. One unit change in entrepreneurial 

training would lead to a proportionate increase in growth with 0. 171. The ratios of the variables are less than (P<0.05) and 

hence agreed that they are significant. The results found in Table 4 do not differ from the resource-based view and other 

studies. According to the Resource-Based View, access to the resources such as training is critical for firms to achieve 

growth (Brem & Wolfram, 2014). These arguments agreed with studies by Haider et al. (2017) and Mamo (2022), who 

found that entrepreneurial training, is the main component of government entrepreneurial interventions that allow firms to 

access knowledge-based needed for the growth of enterprises. Other studies, including that by Semegn and Bishno (2021), 

which reflected on the contribution of training to the growth of the firm in Ethiopia, they are agreed with the findings of this 

study; since their studies confirmed training as an important factor contributes to the growth of enterprises, moreover, 

Acquah and Mensah's (2015) study noted that entrepreneurial training contributes to firm abilities and finally increase the 

growth. 

 

H02: Access to credit does not affect the MSEs’ growth in Kigali, Rwanda.  

 

Table 4 shows that access to credit has β= 0.109 and p=0.032 which is less than 0.05. Access to credit has an impact 

on the growth of micro and small enterprises in Kigali, Rwanda, according to a 95 percent confidence level. It is indicated 

that there is a substantial correlation between access to credit and the growth of MSEs in Kigali, Rwanda, at a confidence 

level of 95%. H02 was rejected. A change in access to credit would bring a proportionate increase to MSEs’ growth with 

109. The ratios of the variables are less than (P<0.05) and hence agreed that they are significant. 

The findings agreed with other research carried out by Semegn and Bishno (2021), which was dedicated to the 

effect of credit on the growth of the firm in Nigeria, they are agreed with the findings of this study; since their studies 

confirmed that finance accessibility has a substantial impact on the growth of enterprises, moreover, Acquah and Mensah's 

(2021) study noted that financial credit contributes to the growth of the firm. RBV theory arguments support these findings 

because credit enables enterprises to access other existing resources needed for a firm’s growth (Sok et al., 2013). 

 

H03: Online social media does not influence the MSEs’ growth in Kigali, Rwanda. 

 

Table 4 reveals that online social media has an important contribution to the growth of MSEs in Kigali, Rwanda, with 

p=0.042 being less than 0.05. It means that H03 was rejected, and it means that the alternative hypothesis was accepted. A 

proportionate increase in the use of online social media factor would proportionately increase 0.111 of a factor on MSEs’ 

growth. The ratios of the variables are less than (P<0.05) and hence agreed that they are significant. Online social media has 

the greatest impact on customer retention and sales improvement. According to the study by Salim and Sulaiman (2011), 

online social media and growth are statistically and positively correlated even if; some enterprises do not focus on online 

social media. Moreover, Sylvie (2012) found that online social media positively influence the growth of small firms. 

 

H04: Market access does not influence the growth of MSEs in Kigali, Rwanda. 

 

The study reveals that there is a positive correlation between market access and growth of MSEs in Kigali, Rwanda at the 

confidence level of 95%, as β= 0.764 and p=0.000 lesser than 0.05. H04 was rejected and the alternative hypothesis was 

accepted. As indicated in the above regression equation, a proportionate change in the market access factor would 

proportionately contribute to MSEs’ growth by a factor of 0.764. The ratios of the variables are less than (P<0.05) and hence 

agreed that they are significant. Different studies revealed a positive relationship between market access and growth 

(Alansari et al., 2013). Therefore, market access enables firms to sell more as well as to grow. Different forms of accessing 

resources are unique approaches that youth-owned MSEs utilize to create possibilities for changing the economy 

(Schumpeter, 1942). Other studies conducted by Donaldson and Hornbeck (2016); Feleke (2015) have also indicated that 

market access has a significant contribution to the MSEs' growth. 

 

Test of the Moderation Effect 

The regression models have been utilized in this study to evaluate the hypotheses. Model 1 was utilized to look at the 

influence of the independent variable, entrepreneurial interventions, on the dependent variable, growth. In regression on 

growth, model 2, interventions, individual characteristics, and the interaction between entrepreneurial interventions and 

individual characteristics were all investigated. The regression results from the two models as presented in table 5 below. 

 

 



Niyonsaba et al., American International Journal of Social Science Research 13(1) (2022), 9-24

  

18 
 

Table 5. Model Summary for Moderator Analysis 

 
Model R R Square Adjusted R 

Square 

Std. the Error of the Estimate R Square 

Change 

F Change  Sig. F 

Change 

1 .598a .358 .353 .33766 .358 72.368 .000 

2 .782a .612 .603 .26440 .254 5.015 .000 

a. Predictors : (Constant), Entrepreneurial Training 
b. Predictors: (Constant), Entrepreneurial Interventions and Individual Characteristics, Entrepreneurial Interventions, Individual Characteristics 

c. Dependent Variable: Growth of youth-owned MSEs 

Source: Survey data, 2021 

 

According to the R-square, as shown in table 5, the variation in R-square = 0.254, F change = 5.015, and p-value 

= 0.000 indicates that individual characteristics greatly contribute to the correlation between government entrepreneurial 

interventions and micro and small enterprise growth. In this study, individual characteristics are moderating variables 

utilized to determine the correlation between government entrepreneurial interventions and micro and small enterprise 

growth. 

 

Table 6. ANOVA for Moderator Analysis 

 
Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. 

1 Regression 8.251 1 8.251 72.368 .000b 

Residual 14.822 130 .114   

Total 23.073 131    

2 Regression  14.125 3   4.708 67.353 .000b 

Residual  8.948 128 .070   

Total 23.073 131    

a.   Dependent Variable: Growth 
b.   Predictors: (Constant), Entrepreneurial Interventions 

c.   Predictors: (Constant), Entrepreneurial Interventions and Individual Characteristics, Entrepreneurial Interventions, Individual Characteristics 

Source: Survey data, 2022 

 

The research findings of table 6 show that the first model is significant without the interaction, with F (1, 131) = 

72.368 and p-value = 0.000b. Furthermore, in the second model with the interaction, F (3,131) = 67.353 and p-value = 

0.000b, there is significance. 

 

Coefficients for Moderator Analysis 

To determine the study model, the researcher used the coefficient matrix and its values were provided in Table 7.  

 

Table 7. Coefficients Moderator Analysis 

 
Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized 

Coefficients 

T Sig. 

B Std. Error Beta 

1 (Constant) .223 .284  .788 .432 

Entrepreneurial Training .953 .067         .758 14.320 .000 

2 Constant .099 .275  .360 .720 

Government Entrepreneurial Interventions .798 .077        .635 10.414 .000 

Individual Characteristics .184 .050        .224  3.677 .000 

Interaction between Entrepreneurial Interventions 

and Individual Characteristics 

.264 .197         2.024 1.339 .183 

a. Dependent Variable: Growth of youth-owned MSEs 
Source: Survey data, 2022 

 

The results as shown in Table 7 can be stated in the following model: 

The data obtained from the coefficient matrix was used to establish the regression equation as shown below 

Growth of MSEs = 0.223 + 0.798 Entrepreneurial interventions………………………………………Model 1 

 

Government entrepreneurial interventions are positively important at β=0.953; t = 14.320; p = 0.000, which indicates the 

correlation between government entrepreneurial interventions and the growth of MSEs.  

 

Growth of MSEs = 0.099 + 0.798 government entrepreneurial interventions + 0. 184 individual characteristics 0.264 

government entrepreneurial interventions * individual characteristics.................................................................Model 

2 

 

The results for the second model show that government entrepreneurial interventions are important at β=0.798; t = 10.414; 

p =0.000, individual characteristics are significant at β=   .184; t = 3.677; p= 000 

 

 

 



Niyonsaba et al., American International Journal of Social Science Research 13(1) (2022), 9-24

  

19 
 

Table 8. Decision Criteria  

 
Model 1 Model 2 Total effect Conclusion 

β1 = 0.953 (p<0.05) β46 = 0. 184 (p<0.05)         Β47=   0.264 The moderating variable has a moderating effect 

Source: Survey, 2022 

 

          The study used decision criteria generated by Whisman and McClelland (2005) and, therefore, individual 

characteristics are moderating factors used to determine the correlation between government entrepreneurial interventions 

and the growth of MSEs in Kigali, Rwanda. β47, which is the interaction of individual characteristics and government 

entrepreneurial interventions, is 0.264 at a 95% confidence interval revealing that for each unit increase in individual 

characteristics, there is an increase in government entrepreneurial interventions and the growth of MSEs by 0.264. 

 

H05: Individual characteristics do not influence the correlation between government entrepreneurial interventions and the 

growth of MSEs in Kigali, Rwanda 

 

          These results imply that the study rejects H05, as a decision, individual characteristics are moderating aspects used to 

determine the relationship between government entrepreneurial interventions and the growth of MSEs in Kigali, Rwanda. 

The results agreed with other research findings obtained from the study conducted in Kenya by Mburu and Njoroge (2018), 

which found a moderating effect between individual characteristics and government entrepreneurial interventions, and that 

individual characteristics positively contribute to the government entrepreneurial interventions and growth of MSEs. The 

research results agreed with other studies which state that education level, innovation, and working experience have an 

impact on a firm's growth (Dixon et al., 2014). Other studies performed by Daellenbach et al. (1999) have indicated that 

individual characteristics play an essential role in increasing MSEs' ability to operate and their competitiveness in Nigeria. 

The majority of preceding research is consistent with the findings of this study. 

 

CONCLUSIONS 

The conclusions were formulated based on the research problem and it has been found that the MSEs significantly contribute 

to the national economy. The study concludes that MSEs which benefited from government entrepreneurial interventions; 

survive and grow from the infantry to the maturity stage.  

In conclusion, entrepreneurial training contributes to the growth of SMEs in Kigali city. Entrepreneurial skills are 

an important aspect that youth-owned MSEs need to run their business activities. This is because entrepreneurial training 

provides knowledge in accounting, technology, customer care, and reporting skills that positively influence the growth of 

MSEs. The training should be identified so that the MSE may be trained.  

In addition, the study concludes that loan is a key pillar in the growth of MSEs. Availability and affordable sources 

of finances would have a significant contribution to firms’ growth. For business operations to be run well, the MSEs should 

be able to access all kinds of sources of finance. This gives the business a competitive edge over the other businesses and it 

increases firm growth.  

Online social media contributes to the growth of MSEs, there is a conclusion that it highly affects the growth of 

the firm. The study, therefore, concludes that the MSE youth must come up with technological-based online social media 

for competing with their rivals. The use of online social media in product marketing and promotion improves MSEs’ growth. 

Therefore, entrepreneurs also need to use online social media since it is a good instrument for interacting with and reach to 

customers.  

On the influence of the market on the MSEs’ growth, the study concludes that market access positively contributes 

to the growth of an enterprise. The firm with access to the markets has an increase in sales turnover and profitability 

translating to sustainability.  

 

Policy Implication 

The study came out with the following recommendations which are aimed at improving SMEs programs based on the study 

objectives. The entrepreneurial skills received by the entrepreneur are major factors in enterprise management. As a 

recommendation, that training should be given to the MSEs and their employees so that they may gain skills in various 

aspects of managing the business, and the course of entrepreneurship should be included curriculum at all levels. This will 

have an overall positive influence on the sustainability of their business. 

For the MSEs to achieve their full growth, they must have quick access to credit; either from formal or informal 

sectors. Entrepreneurs should have basic knowledge of business management. This knowledge and skills in managing 

enterprises allow firms to have easy access to credit from commercial banks as well as ensure they have a reliable source of 

finance. The government should intervene by designing and enforcing a financial strategy to assist the MSEs. A kitty may 

be set aside to assist the MSEs to get credit in flexible terms. 

The research findings showed that market access highly affects the output of MSE. The study, therefore, 

recommends that the youth-owned MSE must come up with innovative ways of curbing competition. The study also 

recommends the use of appropriate technology in production, distribution as well as sales promotion that gives the business 

a competitive advantage. 

The study recommended that the firms should adopt online social media which is a better marketing strategy. This 

strategy should involve all the employees so that they also develop a mindset of customer retention. MSE are recommended 



Niyonsaba et al., American International Journal of Social Science Research 13(1) (2022), 9-24

  

20 
 

to use technology-based online social in business operations as a better way to reach and, or interact with customers for 

remaining competitive in the market and sustainable. 

 

Limitation and Future Direction of Research 

Even though the government entrepreneurial interventions and the growth of youth-owned MSEs are correlated but MSEs 

still have some challenges. The study’s data were collected from Rwandan youth-owned MSEs. Thus, the conclusion should 

be generalized to the population with attention. Furthermore, various kinds of entrepreneurial interventions offered by 

governments are specific to a particular context, and the individual characteristics of the government entrepreneurial 

interventions and the growth of youth-owned MSEs. 

Some respondents did not like to give out information related to their businesses so getting information relating to 

profits (turnover) might be a hindrance. This limitation was overcome by assuring respondents that information would be 

kept confidential.  

As a result, future research should look into how government entrepreneurial interventions influence the growth of 

youth-owned MSEs in Kigali City. Furthermore, various variables such as entrepreneurial training, access to credit, online 

social media, and market access that may influence the relationship between government entrepreneurial interventions and 

the growth of youth-owned MSEs, in Rwanda were taken into account in this study. As such, more research into these 

aspects concerning the growth of youth-owned MSEs is essential.  

 

 
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, B.N., S.M.M. and M.J.N.; Methodology, B.N. and M.J.N.; Software, B.N.; Validation, B.N.; Formal Analysis, 
B.N., S.M.M. and M.J.N.; Investigation, B.N., S.M.M. and M.J.N.; Resources, B.N., S.M.M. and M.J.N.; Data Curation, B.N., S.M.M. and M.J.N.; Writing 

– Original Draft Preparation, B.N., S.M.M. and M.J.N.; Writing – Review & Editing, B.N.; Visualization, B.N., S.M.M. and M.J.N.; Supervision, B.N.; 
Project Administration, B.N.; Funding Acquisition, B.N., S.M.M. and M.J.N. Authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. 

Institutional Review Board Statement: Ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with vulnerable 

groups or sensitive issues. 
Funding: The authors received no direct funding for this research. 

Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. 

Data Availability Statement: The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available 
due to restrictions. 

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.    

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

REFERENCES 

Abbott, P., Murenzi, I., & Musana, S. (2012). The role of non-farm household enterprises in poverty reduction, employment 

creation, and economic growth in Rwanda. Rwanda Journal, 1(26), 68-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v26i1.4 

Acquah, A., M. & Mansah I. (2021). Re-examining the causal relationships among FDI, economic growth, and financial 

sector development in Africa. International Review of Applied Economics, 35(1), 45-63. 

https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2020.1822299 

Adegbite, S. A., Ilori, M. O., Irefin, I. A., Abereijo, I. O., & Aderemi, H. O. S. (2007). Evaluation of the impact of 

entrepreneurial characteristics on the performance of small-scale manufacturing industries in Nigeria. Journal of 

Asia Entrepreneurship and sustainability, 3(1), 1. 

Al-Ansari, Y., Pervan, S., & Xu, J. (2013). Innovation and business performance of SMEs: the case of Dubai. Education, 

Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern Issues, 6(3), 162-180. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBS-04-2013-

0012 

Aldrich, H. (1999). Organizations evolving. Sage. 

Alene, E. T. (2020). Determinants that influence the performance of women entrepreneurs in micro and small enterprises in 

Ethiopia. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 9(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-020-00132-6 

Ali, S., Bilal, H., Ahmad, A., & Hussain, J. (2020). Major Barriers to Manufacturing SMEs Growth and Survival: Evidence 

from Emerging Economy Pakistan. Review of Economics and Development Studies, 6(4), 845-856. 

https://doi.org/10.47067/reads.v6i4.284 

Alvarez, S. A., & Busenitz, L. W. (2001). The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory. Journal of Management, 27(6), 

755-775. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630102700609 

Amarteifio, E. N. A., & Agbeblewu, S. (2017). Level of education, business experience, and small and medium enterprise 

performance in the Accra Metropolis of Ghana. International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current 

Research, 5(9), 1460-1466.  

Amha, W. (2015). Growth of youth-owned MSEs in Ethiopia: Characteristics, determinants and challenges. Ethiopian 

Journal of Economics, 24(2), 93-128. Retrieved from https://www.ajol.info/index.php/eje/article/view/146630 

Andaregie, A., Worku, A., Getachew, B., Fentahun, Y., & Astatkie, T. (2022). Determinants of micro and small enterprises 

(MSEs) growth in northwest Ethiopia. Development in Practice, 32(1), 39-51. 

https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2020.1866497 

Antoine, G., Mikeka, C., Bajpai, G., & Jayavel, K. (2021). Speed management strategy: designing an IoT-based electric 

vehicle speed control monitoring system. Sensors, 21(19), 6670-6684. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21196670 

Anyanwu, J. C. (2013). Characteristics and macroeconomic determinants of youth employment in Africa. African 

Development Review, 25(2), 107-129. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8268.2013.12019 

Appel, G., Grewal, L., Hadi, R., & Stephen, A. T. (2020). The future of social media in marketing. Journal of the Academy 

of Marketing Science, 48(1), 79-95. Retrieved from https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0bed4404-29ff-4077-adc4-

9ee3e41d9179 



Niyonsaba et al., American International Journal of Social Science Research 13(1) (2022), 9-24

  

21 
 

Ardjouman, D. (2014). Factors influencing small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in adoption and use of technology in Cote 

D'ivoire. International Journal of Business and Management, 9(8), 179-197. 

https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v9n8p179  

Autio, E., Sapienza, H. J., & Almeida, J. G. (2000). Effects of age at entry, knowledge intensity, and imitability on 

international growth. Academy of management journal, 4(5), 909-924. https://doi.org/10.5465/1556419 

Barney, J. B. (2001). Resource-based theories of competitive advantage: A ten-year retrospective on the resource-based 

view. Journal of Management, 27(6), 643-650. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630102700602 

Blimpo, M. P., & Pugatch, T. (2019). Entrepreneurship education and teacher training in Rwanda. Journal of Development 

Economics, 149, 186-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102583 

Brem, A., & Wolfram, P. (2014). Research and development from the bottom up-introduction of terminologies for new 

product development in emerging markets. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 3(1), 1-22. 

https://doi.org/10.1186/2192-5372-3-9 

Chigunta, F. (2001). Understanding exclusion and creating value: A look at youth livelihoods in informal urban settlements 

in Zambia; study report II. Youth livelihoods and enterprise activities in Zambia. 

Daellenbach, U. S., McCarthy, A. M., & Schoenecker, T. S. (1999). Commitment to innovation: The impact of top 

management team characteristics. R&d Management, 29(3), 199-208. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00130 

Daksa, M. D., Yismaw, M. A., Lemessa, S. D., & Hundie, S. K. (2018). Enterprise innovation in developing countries: 

evidence from Ethiopia. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 7(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/ 10.1108/APJIE-

03-2022-0015 

De Mel, S., McKenzie, D., & Woodruff, C. (2014). Business training and female enterprise start-up, growth, and dynamics: 

Experimental evidence from Sri Lanka. Journal of Development Economics, 10(6), 199-210. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.09.005 

Dearing, J. W., & Cox, J. G. (2018). Diffusion of innovations theory, principles, and practice. Health Affairs, 37(2), 183-

190. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.1104 

DeGobbi, M. S. (2014). Making youth entrepreneurship work in Sub-Saharan Africa: some factors of success. Open Journal 

of Business and Management, 2(4), 305. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2014.24036 

Dethier, J.J., & Effenberg, A. (2012). Agriculture and development: A brief review of the literature. Economic System. 

36(2), 175-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2011.09.003 

Dixon, S., Meyer, K., & Day, M. (2014). Building dynamic capabilities of adaptation and innovation: A study of micro-

foundations in a transition economy. Long Range Planning, 47(4), 186-205. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2013.08.011 

Donaldson, D., & Hornbeck, R. (2016). Railroads and American economic growth: A “market access” approach. The 

Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(2), 799-858. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjw002 

Donner, J., & Escobari, M. X. (2010). A review of evidence on mobile use by micro and small enterprises in developing 

countries. Journal of International Development, 22(5), 641-658. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.1717 

Ernest, N. (2018). The role of bookkeeping on the survival of very small businesses in the Kumba 

municipality. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management, and Science, 4(10), 252-265. 

https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaems.4.10.1 

Evans, D. S. (1987). The relationship between firm growth, size, and age: Estimates for 100 manufacturing industries. The 

journal of industrial economics, 35(4), 567-581. https://doi.org/10.2307/2098588 

Fatoki, O., & Asah, F. (2011). The impact of firm and entrepreneurial characteristics on access to debt finance by SMEs in 

King Williams' town, South Africa. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(8), 170-179. 

https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v6n8p170 

Feleke, S. A., Mulatu, M. A., & Yesmaw, Y. S. (2015). Medication administration error: magnitude and associated factors 

among nurses in Ethiopia. BMC nursing, 14(1), 1-8.  https://doi.org/10.12691/ajnr-8-3-10 

Garcia, F. T., ten Caten, C. S., de Campos, E. A. R., Callegaro, A. M., & de Jesus Pacheco, D. A. (2022). Mortality Risk 

Factors in Micro and Small Businesses: Systematic Literature Review and Research Agenda. Sustainability, 14(5), 

2725.  https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052725 

Geleta, N., & Talegeta, S. (2019). Determinants of micro and small enterprises growth in selected towns of West Shoa Zone, 

Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. International Journal of Small and Medium Enterprises, 2(2), 20-32. 

https://doi.org/10.46281/ijsmes.v2i2.413 

Gibb, A. (1988), Stimulating entrepreneurship and new business development. Geneva.  

Gibb, A. (1989). A workshop approach for stimulating new enterprise development, Working paper series. Durban, 

England: Durban University Business School. 

Gupta, P. D., Guha, S., & Krishnaswami, S. S. (2013). Firm growth and its determinants. Journal of innovation and 

entrepreneurship, 2(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/2192-5372-2-15 

Haider, S. H., Asad, M., & Fatima, M. (2017). Entrepreneurial orientation and business performance of manufacturing sector 

small and medium scale enterprises of Punjab Pakistan. European Business and Management, 3(2), 21-28. 

https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ebm.20170302.12 

Handayani, S. F., & Mahendrawathi, E. R. (2019). Antecedent and business process management non-technical capabilities 

in social media implementation for micro, small and medium enterprises: A conceptual model. Procedia computer 

science, 161, 1114-1121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.11.223 

Hessels, J., & vanStel, A. (2011). Entrepreneurship, export orientation, and economic growth. Small business 

economics, 37(2), 255-268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-009-9233-3 

http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00130
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2014.24036
https://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/redir.pf?u=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.ecosys.2011.09.003;h=repec:eee:ecosys:v:36:y:2012:i:2:p:175-205
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2013.08.011
https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052725
http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijsmes.v2i2.413
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11187-009-9233-3


Niyonsaba et al., American International Journal of Social Science Research 13(1) (2022), 9-24

  

22 
 

Jamaluddin, F. A. A., Nasir, N. S. M., & Ishak, M. S. I. (2022). Cash Waqf-Based Crowdfunding Model for Empowering 

Single Mother Entrepreneurs in Malaysia. The Journal of Management Theory and Practice (JMTP), 3(2), 98-104. 

https://doi.org/10.37231/jmtp.2022.3.2.247 
Jones, G. R & Hill C. W. L, (2009). Strategic management: An integrated approach. Boston, NY: Houghton Mifflin. Hitt 

MA, Ireland RD, Hoskisson RE (2007). Strategic management: competitiveness and globalization Mason, US: 

Thomson SouthWestern 

Kar, B., & Ahmed, Y., A. (2019). Gender differences of entrepreneurial challenges in Ethiopia. Academy of 

Entrepreneurship Journal, 25(2), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1177/0970846419852497 

Karadag, H. (2017). The impact of industry, firm age and education level on financial management performance in small 

and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs): Evidence from Turkey. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging 

Economies, 9(3), 300-314. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-09-2016-0037 

Kim, Y., & Vonortas, N. S. (2014). Managing risk in the formative years: Evidence from young enterprises in 

Europe. Technovation, 34(8), 454-465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2014.05.004 

Kithae, P. P., Kimani, J. G. T., & Mburia, N. (2013). Hindrances to the growth of youth-led micro and small agri-businesses 

in Kenya. American Journal of Research Communication, 1(12), 339-352. https://doi.org/10.32602/jafas.2021.023 

Kiveu, M. N., Namusonge, M., & Muathe, S. (2019). Effect of innovation on firm competitiveness: the case of 

manufacturing SMEs in Nairobi County, Kenya. International Journal of Business Innovation and Research, 18(3), 

307-327. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBIR.2019.098251 

Koellinger, P. (2008). The relationship between technology, innovation, and firm performance Empirical evidence from e-

business in Europe. Research Policy, 37(8), 1317-1328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.04.024 

Kolakovic, M., Turuk, M., & Turcic, I. (2019). Access to Finance–Experiences of SMEs in Croatia. Zagreb International 

Review of Economics & Business, 22(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.2478/zireb-2019-0001 

Lussier, R. N., & Pfeifer, S. (2001). A crossnational prediction model for business success. Journal of small business 

management, 39(3), 228-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/0447-2778.00021 

Malthouse, E. C., Haenlein, M., Skiera, B., Wege, E., & Zhang, M. (2013). Managing customer relationships in the social 

media era: Introducing the social CRM house. Journal of interactive marketing, 27(4), 270-280. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2013.09.008 

Mamo Gebretsadik, D. (2022). An Exploration of Change Leadership at Public Higher Education Institutions in 

Ethiopia. SAGE Open, 12(2), 215-234. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221091256 

Mano, Y., Iddrisu, A., Yoshino, Y., & Sonobe, T. (2012). How can micro and small enterprises in Sub-Saharan Africa 

become more productive? The impacts of experimental basic managerial training. World Development, 40(3), 458-

468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.09.013 

Mashapure, R., Nyagadza, B., Chikazhe, L., Msipa, N., Ngorora, G. K. P., & Gwiza, A. (2022). Challenges hindering women 

entrepreneurship sustainability in rural livelihoods: Case of Manicaland province. Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1), 

2132675. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2132675 

Mburu, P., & Njoroge, S. (2018). Contribution of Entrepreneurial Education and Training to Performance of Small 

Enterprises Run by Women in Kenya. Developing Country Studies, 8(2), 116-123.  

Merung, J. A., Darmawan, D. P., Windia, W., & Astiti, N. W. S. (2019). Empowerment of Youth Agribusiness Entrepreneurs 

Using Social Capital Based Business Models Canvas in North Sulawesi. Modern Economy, 10(2), 347-358. 

https://doi.org/10.4236/me.2019.102023 

Mohamed, N. A. (2017). The Influence of Entrepreneurship Training and Financial Grant on Youth-Owned Enterprises in 

Somalia. Retrieved from http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream 

Motameni, R., & Nordstrom, R. (2014). Correlating the social media functionalities to marketing goals and 

strategies. International journal of trends in marketing management, 6(2), 58-68. 

https://doi.org/10.15640/jmm.v2n3-4a3 

Mourtada, R., & Alkhatib, F. (2014). UAE social media outlook: Increasing connectivity between government and 

citizens. United Arab Emirates: Dubai Press Club/Mohammed bin Rashid School of Government. Consultado 

9(22). https://doi.org/10.4000/rccs.8052 

Mpakaniye, D., & Paul, J. (2017). The Role of Business Development Funds (BDF) in Creating Employment for the Youth 

in Rwanda. The Role of Business Development Funds (BDF) in Creating Employment for the Youth in Rwanda 

5(13), 23-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3052139 

Muathe, S. M., Wawire, N. W., & Ofafa, G. A., (2013). An Empirical Study on the Relationship Between Organizational 

Factors and Adoption of ICT among Health Related SMEs in Nairobi, Kenya, International Journal of Arts and 

Commerce, 2(3),1-16. Retrieved from http://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/7717 

Muathe, S. M. A. (2010). The Determinants of Adoption of Information and Communication Technology by Small and 

Medium Enterprises within the Health Sector in Nairobi, Kenya. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Kenyatta University. 

https://doi.org/10.12691/jbms-7-2-4 

Muathe, S. M. A., & Muraguri-Makau, C. W. (2020). Entrepreneurial Spirit: Acceptance and Adoption of E-Commerce in 

the Health Sector in Kenya. International Journal of Business, Economics and Management Works, 7(8), 8-14. 

https://doi.org/10.55677/ijssers/V02I10Y2022-04 

Muchiri, D. K., Shukla, J., & Kibachia, J. (2017). Effect of choice of credit facilities on the financial performance of small 

and medium enterprises in Rwanda. A case of SMEs registered with the private sector federation of 

Rwanda. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 6(6), 97-111. Retrieved from 

http://erepository.mkuit.ac.rw/bitstream 

http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-09-2016-0037
http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJBIR.2019.098251
http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/zireb-2019-0001
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0447-2778.00021
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2013.09.008
https://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/redir.pf?u=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F21582440221091256;h=repec:sae:sagope:v:12:y:2022:i:2:p:21582440221091256
https://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/redir.pf?u=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.worlddev.2011.09.013;h=repec:eee:wdevel:v:40:y:2012:i:3:p:458-468
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3052139


Niyonsaba et al., American International Journal of Social Science Research 13(1) (2022), 9-24

  

23 
 

Muthoni, M. P. (2016). Assessing Borrower's and Business' Factors Causing Microcredit Default in Kenya: A Comparative 

Analysis of Microfinance Institutions and Financial Intermediaries. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(12), 97-

118. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1099561.pdf 

Nanteleza, N., N. (2021). Assessing the effects of sports gambling among the youths in Blantyre City of Southern 

Malawi. International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 13(4), 111-122. 

https://doi.org/10.5897/IJSA2021.0921 

North, D., & Smallbone, D. (1996). Small business development in remote rural areas: the example of mature manufacturing 

firms in Northern England. Journal of Rural Studies, 12(2), 151-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(96)00009-

5 

Oliveira, T., & Martins, F., (2011). Literature Review of information technology adoption models at the firm Level. The 

Electronic Journal Information Systems Evaluation, 1(14) 110- 121.  

Ovat, O. O. (2016). Commercial banks’ credit and the growth of small and medium scale enterprises: The Nigerian 

experience. Journal of Economics and Finance, 7(6), 23-30. https://doi.org/10.9790/5933-0706042330 

Owolabi, S. A., & Obida, S. S. (2012). Liquidity management and corporate profitability: Case study of selected 

manufacturing companies listed on the Nigerian stock exchange. Business Management Dynamics, 2(2), 10-25. 

Retrieved from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Liquidity-Management-and-Corporate-Profitability%3A-

Small/87423fdd72c1275c7caea1d50c830209909226c5 

Pandya, V. M. (2012). Comparative analysis of the development of SMEs in developed and developing countries. In the 

2012 International Conference on Business and Management, 6(7), 1-20. 

https://www.coursehero.com/file/137626888/Comparative-analysis-of-development-of-SMEs-in-devpdf/ 

Parveen, F., Jaafar, N. I., & Ainin, S. (2015). Social media usage and organizational performance: Reflections of Malaysian 

social media managers. Telematics and informatics, 3(1), 67-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2014.03.001 

Penrose, E. (1959). A Resource-Based View of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5, 171-180. Retrieved from 

https://www.jstor.org/stable/2486175 

Rahi, S. (2017). Research design and methods: A systematic review of research paradigms, sampling issues, and instruments 

development. International Journal of Economics & Management Sciences, 6(2), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.4172/2162-

6359.1000403 

Rajan, R. G., & Zingales, L. (2001). Financial systems, industrial structure, and growth. Oxford review of economic 

Policy, 17(4), 467-482. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/17.4.467 

Ramasobana, M., Fatoki, O., & Oni, O. (2017). Entrepreneurs’ characteristics and marketing communication practices of 

SMEs in South Africa. Gender and Behaviour, 15(3), 9350-9371. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC-

c382b18b1 

Rapp, A., Beitelspacher, L. S., Grewal, D., & Hughes, D. E. (2013). Understanding social media effects across seller, retailer, 

and consumer interactions. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 41(5), 547-566. 

Rogers, C. R. (1962). The interpersonal relationship: The core of guidance. Harvard educational review. Retrieved from 

https://www.sensepublishers.com/ 

Rogers, E. M. (1995). Lessons for guidelines from the diffusion of innovations. The Joint Commission journal on quality 

improvement, 21(7), 324-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1070-3241(16)30155-9 

Ryan, B., & Gross, N. C. (1943). The diffusion of hybrid seed corn in two Iowa communities. Rural sociology. 8(1), 15. 

Retrieved from https://dr.lib.iastate.edu/handle/20.500.12876/62692 

Salim, I. M., & Sulaiman, M. (2011). Organizational learning, innovation, and performance: A study of Malaysian small 

and medium-sized enterprises. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(12), 118. 

http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v6n12p118 

Sarabadani, J., Jafarzadeh, H., & ShamiZanjani, M. (2017). Towards Understanding the Determinants of Employees' E-

Learning Adoption in Workplace: A Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) 

View. International Journal of Enterprise Information Systems (IJEIS), 13(1), 38-49. Retrieved from 

https://doi.org/10.4018/IJEIS.2017010103 

Schumpeter, J. (1942). Creative destruction. Capitalism, socialism, and democracy, 825, 82-85. 

Seelos, C., & Mair, J. (2007). Profitable business models and market creation in the context of deep poverty: A strategic 

view. Academy of management perspectives, 21(4), 49-63. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2007.27895339 

Semegn, A. A., & Bishnoi, N. K. (2021). Analysis of the effect of microfinance on the performance of MSEs in Amhara 

National Regional State, Ethiopia. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 30(1), 153-178. 

https://doi.org/10.1177/0971355720974822 

Simpeh, E. K. (2012). An analysis of the causes and impact of rework in construction projects (Doctoral dissertation, Cape 

Peninsula University of Technology). Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/148364953.pdf 

Sok, P., O'Cass, A., & Sok, K. M. (2013). Achieving superior SME performance: Overarching role of marketing, innovation, 

and learning capabilities. Australasian Marketing Journal,  21(3), 161-167. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2013.04.001 

Sylvie, G., & Schmitz Weiss, A. (2012). Putting the management into innovation & media management studies: A meta-

analysis. International Journal on Media Management, 14(3), 183-206. 

https://doi.org/10.1080/14241277.2011.633584 

Taperashi, G., Esmaeli, M. R., & Amirtash, A. (2018). Investigating the Relationship between Entrepreneurial 

Characteristics of Managers and Performance in Sports Clubs. Journal of Sport Management, 9(4), 777-792. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2014.03.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2013.04.001


Niyonsaba et al., American International Journal of Social Science Research 13(1) (2022), 9-24

  

24 
 

Teece, D. J. (1992). Competition, cooperation, and innovation: Organizational arrangements for regimes of rapid 

technological progress. Journal of economic behavior & organization, 18(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-

2681(92)90050-L 

Thompson, J. L., (2004). The Facets of the entrepreneur: Identifying Entrepreneurial Potential. Management decision, 42 

(2), 243 -258. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740410515861 

Trainor, K. J., Andzulis, J. M., Rapp, A., & Agnihotri, R. (2014). Social media technology usage and customer relationship 

performance: A capabilities-based examination of social CRM. Journal of business research, 67(6), 1201-1208. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.05.002 

Truong, Y., & Simmons, G. (2010). Perceived intrusiveness in digital advertising: strategic marketing implications. Journal 

of strategic marketing, 18(3), 239-256. https://doi.org/10.1080/09652540903511308. 

Tuten, T., & Marks, M. (2012). The adoption of social media as educational technology among marketing 

educators. Marketing Education Review, 22(3), 201-214. https://doi.org/10.2753/MER1052-8008220301. 

Ugwu-oju, O. M., Onodugo, A. V., & Mbah, C. P. (2020). Appraisal of government funding schemes on the development 

of small and medium enterprises in Nigeria: a study of Enugu state. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, 

Management, and Sustainable Development, 16(3), 165-179. https://doi.org/10.1108/WJEMSD-08-2019-0067 

Umutoni R. S. (2018). The effect of entrepreneurial capacity on the SMEs growth in Kigali city–a case study of Gasabo 

district (Doctoral dissertation, University of Rwanda). 

UNCTAD. (2016). World investment report 2016. Investor nationality: Policy challenges. Geneva: United Nations 

Publications. Retrieved from http://unctad.org/en/Publications Library/wir2016_en.pdf.  

Uwitonze, M. (2016). Small and medium enterprises and job creation in Rwanda (Doctoral thesis, University of Rwanda). 

Retrieved from http://dr.ur.ac.rw/bitstream/handle/123456789/84/UWITONZE%20Marc.pdf? 

Vij, D., & James, D. L. (2014). A study on changing trends in social media and its impact globally. International Journal 

of Entrepreneurship & Business Environment Perspectives, 3(1), 848-853. https://doi.org/ 10.18775/ijmsba.1849-

5664-5419.2014.13.1005  

Voda, A. I., & Florea, N. (2019). Impact of personality traits and entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intentions 

of business and engineering students. Sustainability, 11(4), 1192-1213.  https://doi.org/10.3390/su11041192 

Wang, Z., & Kim, H. G. (2017). Can social media marketing improve customer relationship capabilities and firm 

performance? Dynamic capability perspective. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 39(1), 15-26. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2017.02.004 

Whisman, M. A., & McClelland, G. H. (2005). Designing, testing, and interpreting interactions and moderator effects in 

family research. Journal of family psychology, 19(1), 111. Retrieved from 

https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0893-3200.19.1.111. 

Winer, R. S. (2009). New communications approach in marketing: Issues and research directions. Journal of interactive 

marketing, 23(2), 108-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2009.02.004. 

World Bank Group. (2014). Doing business 2015: Going beyond efficiency: comparing business regulations for domestic 

firms in 189 economies: A World Bank Group Flagship Report. World Bank Publications. Retrieved from 

https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/10.1596/978-1-4648-0351-2 

Xiang, Z., & Gretzel, U. (2010). Role of social media in online travel information search. Tourism Management, 31(2), 179-

188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.02.016. 

Yamane, T. (1967). Statistics: An Introduction analysis. (2nd Ed.), New York: Harper and Row 

 

 
Publisher’s Note: CRIBFB stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. 

 

 

© 2022 by the authors. Licensee CRIBFB, USA. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons 
Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 

 

American International Journal of Social Science Research (P-ISSN 2576-103X   E-ISSN 2576-1048) by CRIBFB is licensed under a Creative Commons 
Attribution 4.0 International License. 

http://unctad.org/en/Publications
https://doi.org/
https://doi.org/10.3390/su11041192
https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/10.1596/978-1-4648-0351-2
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

