




































American International Journal of Social Science Research; Vol. 2, No. 2; 2018 

ISSN 2576-103X   E-ISSN 2576-1048 

Impact Factor: 4.6 

Published by Centre for Research on Islamic Banking & Finance and Business, USA 

   

 

34 

 

An Investigation of Entrepreneurship Awareness and Skills 

among Library Information Science Students at Bauchi 

Metropolitan Universities 
 

 

Asabe Pera Awurdi1 

Rabiu Nurudeen Mohammed2 

 

1Department of Library and Information, Faculty of Social and Management Science Library Bauchi, Campus 

Bauchi State  University Gadau, Bauchi, Nigeria, E-mail: asabepera@gmail.com,Tel: +234 7015321266  

2Department of library and information, Faculty of law Library, Misau, Campus.Bauchi State University Gadau, 

Bauchi, Nigeria, Email: nurudeenr4@gmail.com,Tel:+234 8035370447 

 

Correspondence: Asabe Pera Awurdi, Department of library and information, Faculty of Social and 

Management Science Library Bauchi, Campus,Bauchi State  University Gadau, Bauchi, Nigeria,E-mail: 

asabepera@gmail.com,Tel: +234 7015321266  

 

Received: May 12, 2018                       Accepted: August 11, 2018                  Online Published: August 28, 2018 

 

Abstract  

This study investigates entrepreneurship skills and awareness among library and information science students at 

Bauchi metropolitan universities. Nigerian government and relevant stakeholders emphasized on the 

development of entrepreneurship skills and awareness among undergraduate students at universities, polytechnic 

and colleges of education. This led to setting up agencies like small and medium scale enterprises (SMEDAN), 

Industrial Training Fund (ITF) and Entrepreneurship centers and clubs in most Nigerian colleges and 

universities. Hence, it becomes necessary to equip library and information science students with skills required 

to achieve self-reliance. Bauchi State is one of the 36 States in Nigeria located in the North East Region of the 

country with only two public universities, ATBU and BASUG. In these universities, library and information 
science is offered as a degree course. This study uses Primary data where questionnaire was employ as the tool 

of data collection. Frequencies and Percentages was used to analyzed the respondents  questions asked while  

the chi-square X2 analysis was employ to test the stated hypothesis. The result of the study shows that library 

and information science students are equip with entrepreneurship skills and awareness at Bauchi metropolitan 

universities. This study therefore conclude that library and information science students are equip with 

entrepreneurship skills and awareness in the Nigerian universities as it is seen in Bauchi metropolitan 

universities. The study recommends that relevant stakeholders including government and corporate world 

should continue to support and promote entrepreneurship skills and awareness among all students of universities 

in order to brace them up with the challenges in the labour market after graduation. Priorities should also be 

given to students to undertake practical trainings courses in entrepreneurship areas and students should be 

encourage carrying out practical assignments and projects based on real life problems pertaining 

entrepreneurship skills. 
 

Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Library Information Science, Universities, Skills, Awareness 

1. Introduction 

Inability of government at different levels in developing economy to provide employment opportunities for 

citizenry have necessitated the need to equip graduates with entrepreneurship skills and awareness in order for 

them to be self-reliance after graduation. Entrepreneurship skills is paramount as it helps entrepreneurs better 

fulfill their personal need and contribute to the economic development of the nation (Ugwu & Ezeani, 2012) As 



 
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we notice today, government and relevant stakeholders emphasized on the development of entrepreneurship 

skills and awareness among undergraduate students at higher institutions of leaning. For instance, in Nigeria, 

government initiatives involve setting up agencies like small and medium scale enterprises (SMEDAN), 

Industrial Training Fund (ITF) and Entrepreneurship centers and clubs in most Nigerian colleges and 

universities. 

In the light of this, therefore, Igbeka, (2008) contends that Nigeria is gradually awakening to the importance of 
entrepreneurship development in the tertiary institutions. As we notice the concrete role of entrepreneurship 

awareness and skills in supporting the economic development, Nigerian universities students nowadays 

regardless of their course of study need to acquaint themselves with an entrepreneurship skills and knowledge 

especially those in the fields of library information sciences, general sciences, social sciences and languages. 

Numerous scholars define entrepreneurship in different ways. The concept has enjoyed attention of scholars due 

to its importance, as perspectives on the concept are myriad. This study observed that entrepreneurship is all 

about doing something new, innovation and creativity, competency, risk taking, self-reliance and so on. 

However, Idiaghe, (2011) viewed Entrepreneurship as the ability of an individual to rely on his/her abilities and 

efforts; that is, the person is independent. She went further to emphasized that education in relation to self-

reliance and entrepreneurship is the type of education that trains a person to be self-reliance, functional, realistic, 

productive, pragmatic and reliable. However, in their own opinion, Lucky & Ugheh, (2014) described 

entrepreneurship as a concept concerned with the development and survival of both individual and the society. 
They also went further to explain that it is a tool through which social, economic and political development 

could be achieved. The concept of entrepreneurship is increasingly central phenomenon in contemporary 

society, there is need to stimulate the entrepreneurial mindsets of young people for them to be self-reliance and 

contribute to the economy without necessarily working for the government. Moreover, on their own part, 

Francis & Oghenevwogaga, (2015) focused on the entrepreneurship in library and information science, they 

posited that entrepreneurship in library and information science is about developing attitudes, behavior of library 

and information science students, graduates and practitioners at the individual level in pursuit of profit oriented 

goal. Entrepreneurship is also seen as a program that inculcates creative, innovative, productive and managerial 

skills needed in business enterprises for self-reliance and national development (Eke, Igwesi & Orji, 2011). 

In Nigeria, observations shows that high rate of unemployment is related to  social vices such as youth 

restiveness, armed robbery, armed banditry, prostitution, kidnapping to mention few. This  study believe that  
these social vices to some extend is as a results of not equipping the youth and the graduates with necessary 

entrepreneurship skills for them to be self-employ and self-reliance after graduation even if the labour market 

unable to accommodate them. In support of this view, Ehirheme & Ekpeyong (2012) posits that larger part of 

Nigerian graduates that completed the mandatory National Youth Service Scheme (NYSC) in the last five (5) 

years remain unemployed. Corroborating this, Ekere & Ekere (2012) assert that this situation portrays failure of 

the nation’s entire education system and underlines an inherent mismatch between the types of 

education received by Nigerian graduates and the needs of government agencies, private industrial 

establishments and other employers of labour. On it is part, government have necessitated the introduction of 

entrepreneurial education in the curricular of all higher institutions in Nigeria by National Universities 

Commission (NUC) and National Board for Technical Education (NBTE). Therefore, there is urgent need to 

prepare the library information science students and graduates of Nigeria’s universities with entrepreneurship 

skills and awareness so as to be self-employment. It is worthy to know that if library information science 
students are equipped with the relevant entrepreneurial skills and awareness, at the end of the day they will 

definitely start up small business opportunity after graduation if there is no job available in the labor market.  

For instance, small scale business such as information brokerage, consultancy services, selective dissemination 

of information, selling of books, information packaging, sales of library materials, sales and repairs of ICT 

components, design of websites can be done by library information science students and graduates. 

Moreover, in Nigeria the era of getting white collar job is over in the labour market, hence, the need for 

concerted efforts by all stakeholders including government to ensure youth and students are equip with 

entrepreneurship skill and awareness even before graduation so as not to rely on government to provide jobs for 

them.  

This study, therefore, notice a high level of unemployment which degenerates to social vices due to the poor 

entrepreneurship skills and awareness among citizenry including students of universities. Therefore, it has 
become imperative to conduct a study to investigate entrepreneurship skills and awareness among university 

students so as to assess how far schools have gone in preparing the minds of students, especially library and 

information science students before graduations to be self-reliance. The problem here is to investigate the level 

entrepreneurship skills and awareness among library information science students in in Bauchi state 

metropolitan universities. 

2. Objective of the Research 

The objective of this study is to examine the level of entrepreneurship skills and awareness by library 

information science students among Bauchi state metropolitan universities.  



 
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3. Research Questions 

The following research questions have been formulated. 

 Does library and information science students equip with entrepreneurship skills in Bauchi 

metropolitan Universities? 

 Does library and information science students have awareness on entrepreneurship education in Bauchi 

metropolitan Universities? 
 What are the problems library and information science students faced with acquisition of 

entrepreneurship skills at Bauchi metropolitan universities? 

In this paper we seek to shed more light on the issue of investigating entrepreneurship skills and awareness 

among library and information science students at Bauchi metropolitan universities. To achieve this null and 

alternate hypothesis are developed. 

 H0: Library and information science students’ are not equip with entrepreneurship skills and awareness 

at Bauchi metropolitan universities. 

 H1: Library and information science students’ are equip with entrepreneurship skills and awareness at 

Bauchi metropolitan universities. 

4. Literature Review 

4.1 Conceptual Framework 

Library is an important institution where people make research. The importance of library to human 
development cannot be overemphasized as it is an institution where knowledge is reserve and waiting to be 

tapped by researchers. The discipline of library and information science as such should be given priority. 

Notwithstanding, economic challenges such as unemployment has affected the capacity of library and 

information science students and graduates to be self-reliance which necessitated the government and 

universities to accord priority to entrepreneurship education, skills and awareness among students. The concept 

of entrepreneurship is define as the process through which entrepreneurs create, nurture and grow enterprises 

using a reasonable degree of initiative, skills and competencies necessary to transform change into opportunities 

thereby deriving personal satisfaction, monetary rewards and independence. On the other hand, the concept of 

library information science is seen as an institution that support the university community by delivering services 

to meet the teaching, research and learning needs of staff and students (Olufunke, 2017). Library plays a key 

role in the educational system of their parent institutions by providing a variety of services to a wide range of 
users in the academic environment. University libraries acquire process, manage and disseminate information 

resources through which their parent institutions conduct research and produce high-level manpower. Libraries 

provide access to information resources in diverse formats to users. They provide timely and relevant 

information in support of teaching and research needs of their parent institutions. The university library is a 

repository of information resources. These resources are the traditional information resources which include 

books, journals, maps, encyclopedia, dictionaries, newspapers and periodicals. Some of the services provided 

are reference services, technical services, selective dissemination of information, lending services, bibliographic 

services, reprographic services, inter-library loan services, indexing and abstracting services.  

Meanwhile, there is need for the library and information science students to utilize the opportunity offers by 

entrepreneurial ventures. Adomi, (2009) opined that career opportunities for librarians are endless. The tasks for 

a librarian who wants to work in a setting other than a traditional library is to identity an area and then convince 

somebody that he is capable of undertaking business ventures.  Anyanwu, Oduagwu, Ossai-Onah, and Amaechi, 
(2013) also stress that entrepreneurial opportunity exists where there is a need, want, problem or challenges in 

librarianship that can be addressed, solved and or satisfied in an innovative way it is about recognition or 

discovery of new ways of provision of library and information services and allied or information related 

services. The researchers also offers a comprehensive list of entrepreneurial opportunities available for library 

and information science students and graduates which includes Library equipment business, publishing and 

printing business, information brokerage business, courier services business, library consultancy business, rural 

information provision business, stationary business, reprographic business, art gallery business, vendor business 

freelance information business. Other entrepreneurial opportunities for library and information science as offer 

by Lucky & Ugheh, (2014)  include; internet search service to co-workers especially in academic environment, 

computer programmer, cyber cafe operator/manager, working in telecom companies such as GLO, Airtel, MTN, 

Documentary services, abstracting and indexing services to publishers, advert agency, marketing of library and 
information science products, writing articles, conference papers, organizing workshops in areas of library and 

information science and digitalization of library materials as well as book reviewing.  

Therefore, each of the entrepreneurial opportunities required library and information science graduates to 

develop professional knowledge and skills to provide the above services to people effectively and efficiently in 

the society. But however, other areas that can be engage includes tutorial classes and coaching centers, 

establishment of nursery schools for children, laundry and dry cleaning services, operating stores and 

supermarkets or fast food joint, indoor and outdoor catering services, cake baking, wedding designer and water 

factories for packing and repackaging (commonly called pure- water in Nigeria). Another business opportunity 



 
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for library information science are spell out clearly by previous studies also identify the opportunities available 

to library and information science graduate as publishing development of computer software, production and 

sale of library equipment, information brokerage and consultancy services, bookselling business, operation of 

business centre and computer maintenance. Hence library and information students must be prepared to take 

advantage of these golden opportunities as the white collar job era has gone in the country. 

4.2 Skills to Be Acquired By Library and Information Science Students and Graduates to Engage in 
Entrepreneurship 

Ugwu & Ezeani (2012) identified the following skills that must be acquired by library and information science 

students and graduates towards successful entrepreneurship venture. 

 Information Technology Skills: These include networking, library automation and digitization, web 

based services, reprography, micrographs, facsimile, video text, teletext, database creation and 

management systems including CDS,ISIS,LIBSYS, content development, desktop publishing, internet, 

presentation, hardware/software skills and relational databases including the ability to create data 

structures which facilitate the indexing and retrieval of information and thesaurus development. 

 Information Literacy Skills: These have to do with the ability to locate information efficiently and 

effectively, evaluate information critically and competently and using information accurately and 

creatively. Also included here is the economics and marketing of information products and services, 

information resource management, information processing and organizing, e-mail, multimedia 
perspectives and video conferencing.  

 Managerial Skills: These are the business management skills such as marketing, financing, accounting, 

control, planning and goal setting, decision making, human relations and managing growth. These are 

essential in launching and growing a new venture. 

 Personal entrepreneurial skills: These include inner control/discipline, risk taking, innovativeness, 

change orientation and ability to manage change, persistence, and visionary leadership. 

 Technical Skills: Written and oral communication, interpersonal, monitoring environment, the ability 

to organize, and network building. These skills are necessary for successful venture and they should be 

given attention by students to enable them succeeding in venturing. 

4.3 Ways Libraries Can Advance Entrepreneurship 

Libraries help build entrepreneurial infrastructures by providing the following: 

 Access To Business Databases: This include creating databases to assist with primary research 

 Maker Spaces: These are free-to-use spaces with 3D printers, green screens, laser cutting and 

computers with video and graphic editing software  

 Education: Libraries often hold classes and host mentoring opportunities dedicated to topics covering 

all things entrepreneurship from the basics of starting a business to the details of selling a business  

 Intellectual Property Guidance: Librarians help guide inventors and entrepreneurs through copyright, 

patent and trademark resources 

 Youth Entrepreneurship: Libraries engage youth in coding and Science, Technology, Engineering and 

Math activities (STEM) 

 Networking: Libraries provide access through partnerships and collaborations with government 

programs like SCORE. 

4.4 Challenges of Implementing Entrepreneurship Skills and Awareness in Nigeria 

There are great challenges in both academia and business world in trying to equip citizens with appropriate and 

relevant entrepreneurship skills and awareness which need to be properly tacked in order to create needed 

innovative minds that will drive the nation economy to self-reliance. These challenges are numerous but notably 
among them are: difficulty and in accessibility for the entrepreneurs to interface with all necessary supporting 

entities such as banks, suppliers, customers, venture capitalists, distributors and advertising agencies, lack of 

entrepreneurial spirit and culture, confidence and determination and fear of competition and failure and lack of 

adequate support, motivation and financial assistance from parents and guardians. 

These challenges are still militating against the full potential of developing entrepreneurship skills and 

awareness for both the practitioners and the library information science students Kristiansson & Jochumsen, 

(2015). Though it is fact that most universities in Nigeria have developed a centre for entrepreneurship research 

and development for their institutions, but most library and information science departments have yet to develop 

an entrepreneurship curriculum that aligns with the demands of the profession. On this note, this study however, 

calls on the students to commit themselves to the practical work and make an entrepreneurial skills and 

education their priority. Students should acquire both theoretical and practical knowledge in terms of 
entrepreneurship skills, this is necessary because life after school is challenging, hence, students should strive to 

gain knowledge about entrepreneurship theory and methods. 

 

 



 
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4.5 Brief Information on the Bauchi Metropolitan Universities 

Bauchi state is a one of the state in Nigeria situated in the North East Region of the country with vast and arable 

land area of about 54,926 Sq. Km and a population of about 9,000,000 Million People approximately. The state 

is blessed with natural resources especially non-minerals deposit and recently a mineral deposit was discovered 

in the state. Bauchi State has been blessed with two universities namely Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Univeristy 

[ATBU] and Bauchi State University Gadau [BASUG]. The ATBU is located in the Bauchi Metropoly an 
approxiamately has a xxx of students while the BASUG is operating multiple campus with its Main campus 

located in Gadau Town, Itas Gadau Local Government Area of Bauchi State and a law Faculty in Misau and 

Management and Social Sciences Faculty located in the capital city of Bauchi State. 

However, the two universities offered introductory computer course irrespective of student course of study in 

their first year entry students to acquaints the students with the reality of the modern teaching and learning and 

to prepare the to be competitive after graduation. Therefore, this research considered it necessary because of the 

importance of computer knowledge to society to investigate the undergraduate students’ attitudes towards 

learning this introductory computer course at the two universities.   

5. Methodology 

5.1 Research Design and Instrument 

This study used survey research design; primary data were obtained from the respondents by using survey 

questionnaire. The researcher with the help of the students administered the questionnaire and it was designed in 
two sections, the first section is demographic section and the second one on investigation of entrepreneurship 

skills and awareness among library and information science students. The questionnaire were designed with a 5-

point Likert scale (5 = strongly agree; 4 = agree; 3 =undecided; 2 = disagree; 1 = strongly disagree) to determine 

students agreement with each statement on the questionnaire.  However, data obtained from the respondents 

were analyzed using the chi-square method and percentage analysis was done.  

5.2 Population and Sample of the Research 

The target populations for this study include all the undergraduate students at Bauchi Metropolitan universities 

that are undergoing library information science as degree course. Convenience sampling technique was adopted 

were 50 students were selected (25 students from Bauchi State University Gadau and 25 students from 

Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi.  

5.3 Presentation and Analysis of Data from Research Questionnaire 
Responses from the questionnaire indicating strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree and strongly disagree 

were analyze and presented. 

 

Table 1. Frequencies and Percentages of questions 

Computer 

Knowledge & 

Attitude Questions 

Strongly 

Agree 

Agree Undecided  Disagree Strongly 

Disagree 

 f % f % f % F % f % 

Do you think 

entrepreneurship skills 

awareness is needed in 

universities 

198 66 100 34 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 

Do you thing all LIS 

students need to learn 

entrepreneurship 

150 50 148 49.6 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 

Do you love attending 

an enpreneurship class 

124 41.6 125 42 49 16 0 0.00 0 0.00 

Students have enough 

skills in university 

50 17 100 34 25 8 123 41 0 0.00 

Students are interested 

to engage themselves 

with entrepreneurship 

74 25 100 34 75 25 49 16 0 0.00 

Do you think students 

apply entrepreneurship 

skills after school 

75 25 223 75 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 

Entrepreneurship skills  

increase students  
chances of findings 

good job 

75 25 150 50 50 17 23 8 0 0.00 

Do you think students 73 24 150 50 25 9 50 17 0 0.00 



 
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become successful if 

equip with e/skills 

Do you think students 

like to read 

entrepreneurship 

related books 

23 8 100 33 125 42 50 17 0 0.00 

Do you think students 

get good in 

entrepreneurship 

related  course 

 

50 17 100 33 25 9 100 33 23 8 

Do you take a long  

time to understand  
entrepreneurship 

course 

25 9 100 33 50 17 123 41 0 0.00 

It is difficult for 

students to learn 

entrepreneurship skills 

23 8 50 17 100 33 75 25 50 17 

Every student should 

learn entrepreneurship 

skills 

125 42 98 33 25 8 0 0.00 50 17 

Students were engage 

in practical 

entrepreneurship class 

75 25 125 42 23 8 50 17 25 9 

Entrepreneurship 

course lecturers teach 

effectively and 

efficiently 

75 25 198 66 25 9 0 0.00 0 0.00 

Entrepreneurship is 

reliable and effective 

course in thought 

198 66 50 16 25 9 25 9 0 0.00 

Proper and enough 

time have been 
allocated to 

entrepreneurship class 

123 41 50 17 25 9 100 33 0 0.00 

I love doing research 

in entrepreneurship 

area  

148 50 125 42 25 8 0 0.00 0 0.00 

Computer lecturers 

regularly ask students 

to practice one form of 

business in holiday 

123 41 150 50 0 0.00 25 9 0 0.00 

I can learn one or two 

business with the help 

of entrepreneurship 

skills 

173 58 100 33 0 0.00 25 9 0 0.00 

Source:  (Questionnaire Survey 2018) 

 

5.3.1 Chi-Square (X2) Analysis 

Table 2. Chi-square contingency table 

OF EF (OF-EF) (OF-EF)
2 

 
38 37 1 1 0.027 

50 50 0 0 0.000 

37 37.5 0.5 0.25 0.007 

25 24.5 0.5 0.25 0.010 

35 33 2 4 0.121 

46 45 1 1 0.022 



 
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43 42 1 1 0.023 

24 23 1 1 0.043 

0 0 0 0 
X =0.253 

Source: (Questionnaire survey 2018) 

X2=  

                         X  0.253 

                          X  3.841 @ (level of significance) =0.05 

 Degree of freedom   =1  

                              3.841> 0.253 

Decision 

                 From the above- calculated chi-square (X  is 0.253 which is less than the tabulated Chi-square 

(X i.e. X < X  

Since the calculated Chi-square is less than the tabulated Chi-square we reject the null hypothesis which says 

library and information science students’ are not equip with entrepreneurship skills and awareness at Bauchi 

metropolitan universities and library and information science students’ are equip with entrepreneurship skills 

and awareness at Bauchi metropolitan universities. 

6. Conclusion and Recommendations 

6.1 Discussion of Findings 

Entrepreneurship skills and awareness among library and information science students is important so as to get 

them ready for the real world after graduation. Even though, attention is now given to the inculcating the general 
public including students to quint themselves to entrepreneurship skills and education while in school, much is 

still needed to be done in terms of practical session and provision of adequate items for the practical. The 

findings of this study shows that library and information science students are equip with entrepreneurship skills 

and awareness while at universities as it is the case with Bauchi metropolitan universities. In essence, this 

implies that students at Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi and Bauchi State University, Gadau do 

actually acquire the relevant entrepreneurship skills that can make them ready and accessible to the variety of 

entrepreneurship opportunities after graduation. Based on the findings of this study we therefore, conclude that 

library and information science students at Bauchi metropolitan universities are equip with entrepreneurship 

skills and awareness. This result agrees with the findings of Raymond, (2017) but contravene the result of 

Igbeka, (2008) and Ugwu & Ezeani (2012).   

In line with the findings, the study recommends that universities, corporate world, government agencies and 

wealthy individuals should continue to support and promote entrepreneurship skills and awareness among all 
students of universities in order to brace them up with the challenges in the labour market after graduation. 

Library and information science students should also begin to undertake practical trainings courses in 

entrepreneurship area and finally students should be given opportunity to attend workshop to carry out practical 

assignments and projects based on real life problems. 

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