American International Journal of Social Science Research; Vol. 2, No. 1; 2018 ISSN 2576-103X E-ISSN 2576-1048 Published by Centre for Research on Islamic Banking & Finance and Business 28 Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria: Review of Empirical Studies Emmanuel Okokondem Okon 1 1 Department of Economics, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria Correspondence: Department of Economics, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria, E-mail: tonydom57@yahoo.com. Tel: +2348023275716 Received: January 9, 2018 Accepted: January 12, 2018 Online Published: January 16, 2018 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to review empirical studies on the issue of internally displaced persons in Nigeria. The aim is to document the different ways and methods in which researchers have approached this phenomenon in the past and to identify gaps. Thus lessons drawn will help in the effort ofcurbing the menace of this phenomenon.The paper started by giving a literature on the current global trend of displacement followed by the current situation of displacement in Nigeria. Thereafter, a general search was conducted in different online database sources such as Google Scholars, mamma.com, Springer Link, Wiley, Askme.com,Science Direct, JSTOR, Emerald full text, Scopus, and EBSCO HOST, etc., to find out studies that have been carried on internally displaced persons in Nigeria.The empirical literature review shows that studies conducted in Nigeria on internally displacement covered among others issues such: causes and factors which induce internal displacement, internal intervention for IDPs, Psychosocial challenges of IDPs, provision of education for IDPs,inclusive electoral process for IDPs in Nigeria. However, no study has been conducted to analyze how the arrival of displaced individuals affects the provision of public goods of local residents. This unexplored impact may have important implications for the welfare of receiving locations given the large magnitude of displacement experienced in some parts of Nigeria.Studies have also not been conducted to examine how those displaced are affected in terms of employment and welfare losses. Most importantly, research should be geared towards mitigating this phenomenon. Keywords: Internally Displaced Persons, Nigeria, Empirical Studies 1. Introduction According to the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, IDPs are “persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized state border” (OCHA, n.d.). There were 59.5 million forcibly displaced people worldwide at the end of 2014, the highest level since World War II: 19.5 million were refugees, 1.8 million asylum seekers and 38.2 million internally displaced persons, according to UNHCR (2015). Internal displacement in Nigeria is a recurring and large-scale phenomenon and has affected most of the country’s 36 states. Africa’s largest populated country has seen many waves of displacement, both small and large scale, caused essentially by conflict, generalized violence, natural disasters and human rights violations (Nigeriabar, 2015). It is against this background that this paper seeks to review existing empirical research on the issues raised by the presence of internally displaced people (IDPs) in Nigeria. The lessons drawn will help in overcoming the challenges of displacement in Nigeria. The subsequent two sections correspond to literature pertaining to the global trend of displacement (section 2), and reports on internally displaced persons in Nigeria (section 3). Section presents the methodology of the study as well https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee#Asylum_seekers https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internally_displaced_persons www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/aijssr American International Journal of Social Science Research Vol. 2, No. 1; 2018 29 as the empirical review result. Section 4 highlights the limitations of the existing literature and suggest a range of areas for further research.Section 5 concludes. 2. Global Trend War, violence and persecution left one in every 122 humans on the planet a refugee, internally displaced or seeking asylum at the end of 2014, according to a stark UN report that warns the world is failing the victims of an “age of unprecedented mass displacement”. The annual global trends study by the UN’s refugee agency, UNHCR, finds that the level of worldwide displacement is higher than ever before, with a record 59.5 million people living exiled from their homes at the end of 2014 (Theguardian, 2016). UNHCR estimates that an average of 42,500 men, women and children became refugees, asylum seekers or internally displaced people every day last in 2014 - a four-fold increase in just four years. By the end of 2014, there were 19.5 million refugees – more than half of them children – 38.2 million internally displaced people and 1.8 million asylum-seekers (Theguardian, 2016).Were the 59.5 million to be counted as the population of a single country, it would be the 24th largest in the world and one with about the same number of people as Italy. Figure 1: 21 st Century Displacement Source: UNHCR The numbers are up 16% in 2013 – when the total stood at 51.2 million – and up 59% on a decade ago, when 37.5 million people were forced to flee their homes. UNHCR says the four-year war in Syria is the single largest driver of displacement: by the end of 2014, the conflict had forced 3.88 million Syrians to live as refugees in the Middle East and beyond, and left 7.6 million more internally displaced. In blunter terms, one in every five displaced persons worldwide last year was Syrian. The report also notes that the wealthy countries are relying overwhelmingly on poorer states to take in those who have been forced to abandon their homelands: in 2014, 86% of refugees were in regions or countries deemed economically less developed.Twenty years ago, developing regions hosted about 70% of the world’s refugees; last year, countries ranked least developed by the UN were home to 3.6 million refugees – or 25% of the global total. At the end of 2014, 53% of all refugees under UNHCR’s responsibility came from just three countries: Syria (3.88 million), Afghanistan (2.59 million), and Somalia(1.11 million). A further 5.1 million refugees were registered by UNRWA, the UN agency for Palestinian refugees. http://unhcr.org/556725e69.html http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home http://www.theguardian.com/world/refugees http://www.theguardian.com/world/italy http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/jun/18/59m-people-displaced-war-violence-persecution-says-un#img-2 http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/jun/18/59m-people-displaced-war-violence-persecution-says-un#img-2 http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/jun/18/59m-people-displaced-war-violence-persecution-says-un#img-2 http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/jun/18/59m-people-displaced-war-violence-persecution-says-un#img-2 http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/jun/18/59m-people-displaced-war-violence-persecution-says-un#img-2 http://www.theguardian.com/world/syria http://www.theguardian.com/world/afghanistan http://www.theguardian.com/world/somalia www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/aijssr American International Journal of Social Science Research Vol. 2, No. 1; 2018 30 Figure 2: Conflict displacement Photograph: UNHCR/Guardian Source: UNHCR In Iraq, the march of Islamic State saw the number of internally displaced people jump from 1 million to in 2013 to 3.6 million by the end of last year. In Libya, 309,000 people were newly displaced in 2014 (Theguardian, 2016). Over the past five years, at least 15 conflicts have broken out or reignited: eight in Africa (Ivory Coast, Central African Republic, Libya, Mali, northeastern Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Sudanand Burundi); three in the Middle East (Syria, Iraq, and Yemen); one in Europe (Ukraine) and three in Asia (Kyrgyzstan, and in several areas ofBurma and Pakistan). There were 19.2 million new displacements associated with disasters in 113 countries across all regions of the world in 2015, brought on by events such as floods, storms, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, wildfires, landslides and extreme temperatures (GRID, 2016). Disasters triggered by natural hazards caused twice as many new displacements in 2015 as conflict and violence. Over the past eight years, there have been 203.4 million displacements by disasters, a figure comparable to the entire population of Brazil (GRID, 2016). The 2015 figure is lower than the average recorded since 2008 of 25.4 million displacements per year, but similar to the reported global totals for the previous year (see figure 3). The scale and frequency of large-scale disasters account for much of the variance in the total figures from year to year. Such events are less predictable because they are brought on by the most extreme hazards. As in 2014 and 2009, there were no mega-events (defined here as more than three million displacements) in 2015. Figure 3: New Displacements Associated with Disasters by Scale of Events, 2008 to 2015 Source: GRID (2016) http://www.theguardian.com/world/iraq http://www.theguardian.com/world/isis http://www.theguardian.com/world/africa http://www.theguardian.com/world/ivory-coast http://www.theguardian.com/world/central-african-republic http://www.theguardian.com/world/central-african-republic http://www.theguardian.com/world/libya http://www.theguardian.com/world/mali http://www.theguardian.com/world/nigeria http://www.theguardian.com/world/congo http://www.theguardian.com/world/south-sudan http://www.theguardian.com/world/burundi http://www.theguardian.com/world/yemen http://www.theguardian.com/world/ukraine http://www.theguardian.com/world/kyrgyzstan http://www.theguardian.com/world/burma http://www.theguardian.com/world/pakistan www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/aijssr American International Journal of Social Science Research Vol. 2, No. 1; 2018 31 3. Nigeria Nigeria has 3.3 million persons displaced by conflict – the highest number in Africa. This information is contained in a report ‘Global Overview 2014: people internally displaced by conflict and violence’ released by the Internal Displaced Monitoring Centre (IDMC) and the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) (naij.com, n.d.). Figure 4: There were 12.5 million IDPs in the 21 sub-Saharan countries. Credit: Global Overview 2014 Source:naij.com (n.d.). According to the report, there are 3.3 million IDPs in Nigeria and 470,500 individuals were displaced in 2013 alone (naij.com, n.d.). On a global scale, Nigeria is only ranked behind Syria with 6.5 million IDPs and Colombia with 5.7 million IDPs (naij.com, n.d.).The report explains the unprecedented rise in IDPs in Nigeria last year by the increased number of Boko Haram attacks, heavy-handed counter insurgency operations, and ongoing inter-communal violence. After Boko Haram insurgents were pushed out of major towns in the north-east following the declaration of a state of emergency in Borno, Yobe, and Adamawa states in May 2013, they focused their attacks with increased brutality on towns and villages close to Nigeria’s borders with Cameroon, Niger and Chad. Figure 5: Smoke rises after a bomb blast at a bus terminal in Jos, Nigeria, Tuesday, May 20, 2014. The blasts could be heard miles away and clouds of black smoke rose above the city as firefighters and rescue workers struggled to reach the area as thousands of people fled. Source: nydailynews (2014) The increasing deadly attacks on border communities and the destruction of properties, businesses and farmlands forced many inhabitants to flee to nearby towns and villages as well as into neighbouring Cameroon and Niger. In 2014, the Islamist sect killed about 2,000 people and more than half of those killed were civilians. According to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance (UNOCHA), 300,000 people in Borno, Adamawa and Yobe – 70 percent of them women and children – fled their homes since early 2013(naij.com, n.d.). In March, residents of Mafa village in Borno fled their homes after receiving letters from Boko Haram warning them of www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/aijssr American International Journal of Social Science Research Vol. 2, No. 1; 2018 32 impending attacks. When the attack eventually happened there were only the aged and those too weak to flee. Besides, reprisal attacks on communities accused of sheltering Boko Haram insurgents by the Nigerian armed forces had also added to the number of displaced people in the northeast, the report notes. Communal clash is another factor contributing to the high number of displaced persons in Nigeria. Clashes between farmers and herdsmen over grazing lands in states such as Benue, Taraba, Zamfara and parts of Kaduna left more than 1,000 people dead since December 2014, Human Rights Watch (HRW) said. “The violence has been almost on a daily basis in some places like Benue State and in a few other places you’ve had it almost on a weekly basis,” said MausiSegun, HRW Nigerian Researcher. In April, NEMA set up 11 camps for over 100,000 people displaced in eight local governments in Benue State. More than 300 people in the last 20 months were killed in attacks on villages in Zamfara State, the local government reported(naij.com, n.d.). Also, many of the victims of the 2012 flooding caused by heavy rainfall across Nigeria are yet to be provided permanent place of residence. According to NEMA,the natural disaster in that year alone displaced over two million people. 4. Methodology of the Study This study adopted a content analysis of studies on internally displaced persons in Nigeria from the flow of existing literature. A general search was conducted by the name ofinternally displaced persons in Nigeria in different online database sources such as Google Scholars, Springer Link, Wiley, Science Direct, JSTOR, Emerald full text, Scopus, and EBSCO HOST etc. From this search, a number of journal articles, conference and other types of work were found and studied to determine which articles were empirically good enough to be included in the review of this paper. The empirical studies were broadly divided into two categories: internal studies on IDPs in Nigeria; and comparison with neighbouring countries. After reading thoroughly, the relevant empirical articles were collected and presented in a chronological order on the basis of objectives, methods and findings. 4.1. Results of the Review According to Ocheje (1997) in his work titled “Legalizing Displacement”, he opined that as developments in Nigeria have demonstrated, law and the legal order can be manipulated in order to sustain the state and a section of the society at the expense of the general public. This process was imposed on the people of Nigeria under the guise of promoting development. Although development projects have been elaborately supported by the law, the effect on the welfare of the people has been largely negative. Rather than promoting progress, projects have led to the displacement of vast numbers of Nigerians from their familiar habitat. Law and the legal order have been used by the state to sustain itself at the expense of the people and therefore have had the effect of perpetuating injustice. As this situation makes clear, law can be an agent of both progress and retrogression, depending on whether the state is oriented towards protecting the people in general or in promoting the interests of a particular class. The Nigerian state has clearly had the latter objective in mind. Ibeeanu (1998)examined the causes and other factors which induce internal population displacement in Nigeria. It argues in opposition to traditional explanations that population displacement is a complex problem most often arising when the rights of a group are violated or denied; or when the physical security of members of the group is threatened. The nature of the state is a major causal factor inducing population displacement, especially where it is unable to ensure access for all its citizens or accord them adequate physical security.Ibeanu (2001) in his paper argued that the problem of population displacement in countries like Nigeria is not just to be understood as being of the state’s making, but, more fundamentally, as a problem of state-making. It questions the prevalent explanation of population displacement as a problem of state actions and wrong policy choices by state officials, arguing that such an explanation tends to be subjectivist, legalistic, and reifies the state. By so doing, this explanation pays inadequate attention to the determinant role of social forces in state-making and its consequences for population displacement. Olagunju (2006) examined the management of IDP’s (internally displaced persons) in Nigeria based on the February/May 2000 communal conflict at Kaduna, Northern Nigeria. He structured two sets of questionnaires. One was for IDPs. The other was for government agencies and NGOs. They were based on the United Nations Guidelines on Internal Displacement.The challenges faced by the IDP’s and by the various government agencies and NGOs involved in responding to the needs of the IDPs were assessed, documented, compared and analyzed. Recommendations for better responses to the management of IDP needs were given for the use of relevant governmental and NGO agencies. In the paper “Betting on Displacement: Oil, Violence, and the Switch to Civilian Rule in Nigeria”,Azam (2009) presented an analytic narrative of three decades of oil and violence inNigeria, assuming rational choice by all the actors. It argues that, in the 1980s and 1990s, thegovernment had to choose between spending money on preventing pollution and terrorizingthe population away from the Niger Delta states, where oil extraction is concentrated. Becauseof the uncertain outcome of out-migration, the latter solution seemed more efficient and wasimplemented by http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/search;jsessionid=eam40dgsj3h2l.x-brill-live-03?value1=&option1=all&value2=Paul+D.+Ocheje&option2=author www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/aijssr American International Journal of Social Science Research Vol. 2, No. 1; 2018 33 the military governments. However, xenophobic responses by the populationin destination cities, where a lot of ethnic violence took place, proved out-migration to bemuch less attractive than expected. Niger Delta states’ populations ended up being trapped intheir polluted environment where “oil bunkering” and racketeering oil firms turned out to bethe only viable sources of income for many people. The implied dynamics of violence shedssome light on the switch to civilian rule that occurred in 1999. In 2009, Bamgbose examined separately two different incidents of accidental bomb blast at Ikeja Cantonment, and ethnic conflict between the Yoruba and Hausa at Idi-Araba, Mushin in the suburb of Lagos. These incidents which took place at two different locations at Lagos in Nigeria were fundamental and painful because of the magnitude of displacements caused by these two incidents by rendering thousands of people homeless, sent hundreds to the grave beyond, destroyed many properties including buildings and besides, they called for government attention to give succour to the plight of the affected people. The paper further points out that forced/involuntary migration can be responsible for human displacement without people necessarily crossing international boundary. Also in 2009, Enwereji attempted to assess interventions offered by governmental authorities and organizations to internally displaced persons and to identify gaps in services as well as to identify what needs to be strengthened. The author reviewed relevant published and unpublished documents and collected data by interviews with semi-structured questions. Twenty-five organizations and government and police departments and 55 internally displaced persons were interviewed. The result showed that none of the organizations, including governmental institutions, provided social services or assistance in prevention of HIV/AIDS to internally displaced persons. The main services provided by 17 (68%) organizations to 43 (78.2%) of internally displaced persons were provision of food, clothing and money, but these were provided on an ad hoc basis. Only 3 organizations (12%) included spiritual counseling and resolution of communal conflicts in their services. Durosaro and Ajiboye (2011) investigated the problems and coping strategies of internally displaced adolescents in Jos metropolis. The snowball sampling technique was used to select 200 respondents. A self-designed instrument was used to collect required information. The results showed that educational and emotional problems are most prominent among internally displaced adolescents. The emotional problems are characterized by memory of fearful events and nightmare. The major coping strategy employed by respondents is repression because they often avoid thinking about their present condition. Respondents were different in their problems and coping strategies on the basis of gender. On the other hand, they were similar in terms of their problems and coping strategies based on age and educational status. Based on the findings, it was alternative educational activities should be provided for internally displaced adolescents. Also, trauma counseling should be adequately and readily available for displaced adolescents. In 2013, Ogwo carried out a study to determine the role played by sex differences in the manifestation of aggression among the internally displaced male and female children. Participants (N=445) aged 10-15 years and drawn from two communities in Nasarawa State, Nigeria, namely, Bassa and Igbirray. Aggression in children was measured by a 19-item questionnaire developed by the researchers to test the hypothesis that there will be no statistically significant difference in the manifestation of aggression between internally displaced male children and their female counterparts. A 3-way between groups ANOVA was used to establish the differences. Results indicate that Nigerian children did not show significant difference in their manifestation of aggression based on gender. t=0.74, df=443, p=.46 The findings seem to suggest that armed conflict and its consequences, like internal displacement is a threat to children’s general well-being because of the disruption of the environment in which they are socialized. Oduwole and Fadeyi (2013) evaluated the state of internally displaced persons in Nigeria. The study elicits its information gathering using an ethnographic approach, a semi-unstructured interview was purposefully conducted on some of the survivors of bomb attack on UN building at Abuja who are resident of Lagos, victims of displaced persons that experienced devastating floods that destroyed their homes and properties, relations of some of slain youth corps members that equally reside in Lagos were interviewed. The study heavily relies on authoritative and valid secondary sources of data – National dailies (Nigeria Tabloids), journals, articles etc. on the desk type of research. The major findings of the study revealed neglects on the part of the State apparatus (government) in ensuring better, effective and functional policies. Its magnitude is capable of threatening national cohesion of the country and endangering high rate of internally displaced persons across the country. The study concludes that given the magnitude and complexity of crises of internal displacement, these are inimical toward the discourse “Development”. This affects the country from achieving Millennium Development Goals – goal number eight (8): rights to safety of lives and properties as equally enshrined in other international treaties – choices to healthy, creative life and to enjoy a decent standard of living, freedom, dignity and self-respect and the respect of others. Olukolajo et al (2014) examined the effects of crisis induced internal displacement of persons in Nigeria on real estate investment decision among the displaced. Samples of the displaced persons were drawn from Ekiti, Ogun, https://sites.tufts.edu/jha/archives/category/j-adele-bamgbose www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/aijssr American International Journal of Social Science Research Vol. 2, No. 1; 2018 34 Ondo, and Oyo states in the South-Western zone of the country through snowballing process and data collected were analysed descriptively and inferentially. Findings indicate that 78.03% of respondents no longer consider it worthwhile, the investment/re-investment in the crisis zones for fear of losing their investment. The paper recommends among others that governments at all levels should intensify efforts towards curbing the menace of crisis in the country. This may be made possible through integration of local communities in providing security in their domains. In 2014, Okoli and Iortyer explored the humanitarian impact of terrorism in Nigeria from the standpoint of Boko Haram insurgency. By way of scholarly exegesis and empirical evidence, predicated on secondary sources, the paper posits that the Boko Haram insurgency has resulted in dire humanitarian situation as evident in human casualties, human right abuses, population displacement and refugee debacle, livelihood crisis, and public insecurity. The paper submits that this scenario portends negatively for the sustenance of national security in Nigeria. The paper recommends a strategic paradigm shift from anti-terrorism to counter-terrorism as a strategy for containing the crisis. Mirth (2014) adopted a mixed method to source for data in the analysis of the experiences of internally displaced persons in Bama and GwozaDurumi, Abuja, Nigeria. Primary data was collected through qualitative interviews that gave an indepth narrative on ground situation from the minds of interviewees. The secondary source of data was also used for this research that consisted of academic publications, research papers and policy documents. From the empirical fieldwork, it was concluded that the IDPs in Abuja Area one Durunmi camps are not faced with the absence of the state policy, but rather, by the irresponsive state; the state that withholds its assistance deliberately because it wants the IDPs moved away to another place. That is, the IDPs are faced by “the politics of policy application.” The government pays little or no attention to this group of people and their plight. Measures taken to address the deplorable conditions in which they live are very, very inadequate, if any. In his paper, Isokon (2014) examined displacement status and welfare of Bakassi settlers in Cross River State against the backdrop of the 1980 UN policy on resettlement programmes and its implications for resettlement planning as well as success of a resettlement scheme. The study is predicated on the apriori that the state of Bakassi settlers is akin to status depreciation, impoverishment, loss of sources of livelihood, stigmatization, discrimination, inhuman treatment and infringement of fundamental human rights. In the light of these observations, it is suggested among others that vigorous education campaigns should be carried out among settlers and neigbouring communities around the resettlement area. The campaigns should emphasize attitudinal change, accommodation, cooperation, peace and unity amongst the settlers and the neigbouring communities. The study also suggests that government should take a strategic sustainable development approach to address the challenges confronting displaced persons, including economic empowerment, provision of employment opportunities, infrastructural development and ensure functional participation of settlers in the decision making framework, planning and operations of the resettlement. Amadi and Mac Ogonor (2015) examined climate change, environmental security and displacement in Nigera. It deployed a participatory methodology through focused group discussion (FGDs), questionnaires and oral interview guide as primary data sources. The sampling technique was largely purposive due in part to the sensitivity of the issues investigated. Two open-ended questionnaires were used to elicit two types of information on coastal flood, environmental security and displacement within the purposively selected areas of study namely: Bayelsa, Delta and Rivers States. The findings suggested that the 2012 flooding negatively affected the region with evidence of displacement, out migration, impoverishment, food production decline, etc. The paper made some policy recommendations on mitigation of climate change vulnerability. Ajiboye et al (2015) investigated the psychosocial challenges that confront disaster-induced internally displaced women in official camps in Lagos State. The descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The purposive sampling technique was used to select 200 respondents. A well-structured questionnaire titled, “Psychosocial Challenges of Disaster-induced Internally Displaced Women Questionnaire” (PCDIDWQ) was used for gathering data for the study. The findings revealed that family disintegration is the major psychosocial challenge of disaster-induced internally displaced women. It was equally revealed that there were no significant differences in the psychosocial challenges of respondents based on marriage type and number of children. Based on the findings of the study it was recommended that professional counselors be actively involved in the provision of services such as trauma counseling, career counseling, and family counseling to disaster-induced internally displaced women. In an exposition on the growing challenge of internal population displacement in Nigeria sincethe birth of the Fourth Republic, Adesote and Peters (2015) interrogated the challenge of various cases of violence on internal population displacement during three successive administrations of Chief Olusegun Obasanjo, Late Alhaji Musa Yar’Adua and Dr. Goodluck Jonathan. It argues that the major cause of this great human tragedy which has not only led to the disruption of human lives and property but also constituted a major threat to national peace and security is violence. The paper contends that the root causes of violence which could be ethno-religious, inter-ethnic, political and inter- www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/aijssr American International Journal of Social Science Research Vol. 2, No. 1; 2018 35 communal are hinged on a decade of poor governance, underdevelopment of peripheral areas populated by ethnic minorities, mismanagement of identity conflicts, chronic abuse of power resulting in egregious violations of human rights, gross inequities in the shaping and sharing of power, national wealth and so on. It concludes that there is need for adequate management of various conflicts, ensuring equitable resource allocation, the practice of true federalism, the promotion of good governance, and national security. Ibeanu (2015) in his work titled ‘Between Refuge and Rights: Internally Displaced Persons and Inclusive Electoral Process in Nigeria’ was of the view that some people expressed concerns about the introduction of IDP voting. Among their concerns was the possibility of abuse, if not in 2015, in the future. This is especially plausible if you do not have the right type of institutional checks. A second concern raised was whether what was introduced was really inclusive considering that it was limited to three states and hundreds of IDPs are scattered across the country. These are legitimate concerns, but we had to start somewhere. Not starting at all would have been a terrible travesty considering for instance that the total number of IDPs, who potentially could have been disenfranchised in Borno State, was 561,999. If you also consider that the total number of voters who were credited for the Presidential and National Assembly elections on 28th March in Borno State was 544, 75912, then you see the magnitude of potential disenfranchisement. The challenge however remains to continue to expand the walls of inclusiveness by ensuring that other IDPs and indeed other excluded groups are given the opportunity to exercise their fundamental democratic rights. The main objective of Isah’s study in 2015 was is to examine reproductive health challenges among internally displaced women in Abuja, Nigeria. The study utilized primary data which is design from questionnaires and focus on women aged (15-49). The study was conducted in Newkuchigoro IDPs camp. Primary data was used to collect via self-administered structured questionnaires to assess women reproductive health life in IDPs camp in Abuja, Nigeria. In the study, women married or not married aged (15-49) in the study area was considered as a source population and the required sample size was drawn from this population of 250 Questionnaires. Bradshaw (2004, p.31) mentions the psychological influence of natural disasters on women, the finding show majority of the sample population age groups of the respondents indicate that the majority are from age group 15-24 (35.3%) and 25-35 (27%), respectively. It was recommended that government should make available, the highest attainable standard of health care services, which includes, access to Reproductive health care services within the camps or the area, antenatal care Sheikh et al (2015) examined the correlates of depression among internally displaced persons after post-election violence in Kaduna, North Western Nigeria. Cross-sectional systematic random sampling was used to select 258 adults IDPs. We used the Hopkins symptom checklist to diagnose probable depression, composite international diagnostic interview for diagnosis of definite depression and communal trauma event inventory to determine exposure to psycho-trauma. They assessed social adjustment using social provision scale and Harvard trauma questionnaire to diagnose “symptomatic PTSD”. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine independent predictors of depression. The conclusion was that IDPs living in Hajj camp in Kaduna, northern Nigeria developed post-conflict probable depression and definite depression. Female gender, experienced beating and comorbid diagnosis of PTSD were independent predictors of probable depression among the IDPs, while IDPs that were unemployed or retired had more of definitive depression. In February 2008 a unique community library and information centre was established in Ikang - a rural area designated as a camp for persons displaced by the ceding of Bakassi, Ntui (2015) summarized and analyzed sources and trends of funds ensued to the centre and provided suggestions on ways of sustaining the funds. There has been a decline in frequency of funds ensued to the centre over the years and government funding has been precarious. The centre is tapping into all areas of private funding sources ranging from endowment, NGOs, donation, gifts to fund raising activities. The latter has have become a mainstay in the budget mix of the centre. Through these integrated creative approach the centre has been able to provide superior services to its community of users Emmanuelar (2015) set out to analyse the impact of Boko Haram insurgency on humanitarian crises in Northern Nigeria with Borno, Yobe and Adamawa states in focus. It further establishes how the increase in the activities of Boko Haram, continues to generate dire humanitarian consequences to the North East region, the Nigerian society and neighbouring nations at large. This paper adopted the State Fragility theoretical framework as well as the survey method involving the use of questionnaires (the regression technique) and in-depth interview (index matrix and table technique) which focuses on three internally displaced Camps in the region for analysis. The empirical findings indicate that, there is a significant relationship between Boko Haram insurgency and humanitarian crises, when variables such as impact on human casualties (IHC), food insecurity (FI) and internally displaced persons (IDP’s) are held constant, while no significant relationship exists when the variables such as loss of livelihood (LoL) and government response(GR) are held constant. By way of recommendation, the paper advocates the need for the javascript:void(0); www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/aijssr American International Journal of Social Science Research Vol. 2, No. 1; 2018 36 Nigerian government to focus more on reducing human casualties, loss of livelihood, food insecurity and more focus on the rehabilitation of internally displaced persons back to the society, in order to nip the threats emanating from the humanitarian crises and Boko Haram insurgency in the bud in the region. In examining the inclusion, teachers, curriculum and education policy in managing multicultural education programmes for rehabilitating Boko Haram internally displaced persons in refugee camps of North Eastern Nigeria,Badau and Ndagana (2016) found among others that most of the children of Boko Haram internally displaced persons had no inclusion in multicultural education programmes, teachers were not provided for multicultural education programmes, curriculum was not supported and education policy was not coordinated by Governments, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs),international and donor agencies for rehabilitating Boko Haram internally displaced persons in refugee Camps of North Eastern Nigeria. Recommendations of the study, among others included that Federal, State and local governments, NGOS, donor and international agencies should make multicultural education programmes inclusive for rehabilitating Boko Haram internally displaced persons in refugee camps of North Eastern Nigeria. Adamu and Rasheed (2016) examined the insecurity situation in the Northern Nigeria and its effects on the IDPs. It is evident from the beginning of the paper that insecurity situation in contemporary Nigeria has forced large number of Nigerians to be vulnerable and susceptible to all forms of exploitation, abuse, neglect and many rendered homeless in the northern part of the country. The current figure or number of the IDPs camps across the country shows that the federal, states, local governments and the host communities are all suffering from the effect of insecurity in the north. As recommended in the paper, there is need for intelligence gathering and surveillance so that law enforcement agents could be proactive and reasonably predict potential crime with near perfect accuracy rather than being reactive. Eweka and Olusegun (2016) comparatively interrogated the management of internal displacement in Africa with focus on Nigeria and neighbouring Cameroon. The study adopted the quantitative research design, employs survey method for data collection, and simple percentage as well as content analyses techniques for data analysis. With much focus on (dis)similarities in managerial stakeholders and their number, challenges, and degree of success recorded by both countries, it is summed that no one country is more successful than the other in IDPs management, rather both countries have a lot to learn from each other, and there is an urgent need to improve on the management of IDPs in both countries. 5. Limitations of the Existing Literature The empirical literature review shows that studies conducted in Nigeria on internally displacement covered among others issues such: causes and factors which induce internal displacement, internal intervention for IDPs, Psychosocial challenges of IDPs, provision of education for IDPs,inclusive electoral process for IDPs in Nigeria. However, no study has been conducted to analyze how the arrival of displaced individuals affects the provisionof public goods of local residents. This unexplored impact may have important implications for the welfare of receiving locations given the large magnitude of displacement experienced in some parts of Nigeria.Studies have also not been conducted to examine how those displaced are affected in terms of employment and welfare losses. 5.1. 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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) javascript:void(0); javascript:void(0); javascript:void(0); javascript:void(0); javascript:void(0); javascript:void(0); http://unhcr.org/556725e69.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displaced_person