Copyright © CC-BY-NC 2020, CRIBFB | AIJSSR American International Journal of Social Science Research; Vol. 5, No. 1; 2020 ISSN 2576-103X E-ISSN 2576-1048 Published by Centre for Research on Islamic Banking & Finance and Business, USA 22 Present Scenario of Waste Management in India Pradip Kumar Das PhD Associate Professor & Head of the Department Commerce Unit (Morning), J.K. College, Purulia Affiliation under S.K.B. University, Purulia, India E-mail: pradip57.prl@rediffmail.com Abstract In India, approach towards waste management is unscientific. Even today, large portion of solid waste is dumped indiscriminately on outskirts of places without any prior treatment leading to groundwater contamination and increase in air pollution. Resource recovery from waste and safe disposal of residual in scientifically designed landfills are grossly neglected. The present system is focused on collection and transportation of largely mixed unsegregated waste for sustainable solid waste management, but the capacity to plan and manage the system and ensure the enforcement of rules is a major challenge. This study analyses current scenario of waste management in India. Besides presenting few mitigation choices to respond to the growing challenge, it also suggests mechanisms for ensuring integrated waste management systems. Keywords: Landfills, Waste Generation, Disposal, Waste Management. 1. Introduction Generation of waste is a natural phenomenon. Despite social, economic and environmental development, there is a long way to implement an effective solid waste management (SWM) practice. A substantial amount of municipal waste and industrial waste is extremely dangerous to the living organisms (Misra & Pandey, 2005). SW is expected to increase significantly in near future as India strives to attain an industrialized nation status (Sharma & Shah, 2005). Therefore, there is an urgent need to move to more sustainable SWM with new management systems and facilities. Developed countries manage their wastes with advanced facilities, competent government institutions and bureaucracies. Developing countries like India are still in the transition towards better waste management (WM). Current SWM systems having negative impact on public health, environment and economy need clear government policies and competent bureaucracies especially in countries having rapid population growth. This paper comprehensively reviews current status of WM in India and makes an attempt to track various issues concerning waste streams as on date. 2. Objectives of the Paper The prime objectives of the study are to- ▪ Present the current status of WM in India ▪ Carry out analysis showing the reasons of improper WM ▪ Offer suggestions to overcome the same. 3. Data and Research Methodology The study basically depends on secondary data. The researcher, being an external analyst, has to depend mainly on current literature available on the issue in the form of books, journals, articles, research studies, websites, etc. for the examination of current status of WM. Editing, classification and tabulation of data collected from these sources have been done as per requirement of the study. Different statistical techniques and tools have also been applied for the purpose of the analysis. 4. Literature Survey Sharholy et al., (2007) in their report over municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in Indian cities discussed about the different aspects of disposals and treatment of MSW. They suggested to work towards further improvement of the present system. Talyan et al., (2008) observed the policies and initiatives of the Government and Municipal Corporation of Delhi and suggested to improve the existing MSWM system. Kumar & Goel, (2009) examined MSWM practices with various parameters. They proposed integrated SWM plan and augmentation in labor and vehicle inventory for better treatment and disposal facilities. Narayan (2008) in his report on landfills, incineration and composting practices in India from MSWM identified the most economical and best option possible to combat the waste disposal problem. Unnikrishnan & Singh (2010) focused on mailto:pradip57.prl@rediffmail.com Copyright © CC-BY-NC 2020, CRIBFB | AIJSSR www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/aijssr American International Journal of Social Science Research Vol. 5, No. 1; 2020 23 clean development mechanism (CDM) projects and the CDM opportunities in India and revealed in comparative study between Brazil and India that India does not have well designed sanitary landfills. India should make conscious efforts towards developing more scientific landfills, capture methane and take carbon credits. Vij (2012) in the report on SWM assessed the current practices of SW and the problems associated with it and suggested measures to conduct this waste in healthy and environment friendly manner to prove resource instead of waste. 5.Waste Management (Or Wm) - Concept ‘Waste Management’ collectively means management of waste from its inception to its final disposal. Thus, WM includes collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste along with its monitoring and regulation. All kinds of wastes, right from municipal waste to agricultural waste to hazardous residues and special wastes such as sludge, health care wastes come under one umbrella. Industrialization along with rapid urbanization witnesses building up of waste. Efficient WM implies full exploration for final disposal of waste. 6. Indian Scenario 6.1 Magnitude of Problem India is suffering from acute increase in waste generation. Collection efficiency is not much developed. Crude dumping is practiced everywhere. Sound waste management can tackle waste production scientifically. Types of SW depend on its source, composition, phase, treatment, etc. (Table-1). Table 1. Type of SW Source Waste Generators Type of Solid Waste Residential Household activities Food, paper, plastics, wood, metals, electronic items, etc. Industrial Manufacturing units, power plants, process industries, etc. Housekeeping wastes, hazardous wastes, ashes, etc. Commercial & Institutional Hotel, restaurant, market, office, school, hospital, prison, etc. Biomedical, food, glass, metals, plastic, paper, etc. Construction and Demolition New construction, road repair, demolition of structures, etc. Wood, steel, concrete, dust, etc. Municipal Services Street cleaning, parks, water treatment plants, landscaping, water, recreational areas, etc. Tree trimmings, usual wastes, sludge, etc. Agriculture Crops, orchards, farm, dairies, etc. Agricultural & Hazardous waste, etc. Mining Open-cast mining, underground mining, etc. Basically, inert materials like ash, etc. Source: Author’s own elaboration 6.2 Composition, Characteristic, Generation, etc. of SW Composition, characteristic, generation, etc. of SW vary from place to place in India (Figure 1 &Table-2,3). Figure 1. Composition of Municipal Solid Waste in India Source: Task Force on Waste to Energy, Planning Commission 51% 10% 7% 32% Biodegradble Plastic Paper Others Copyright © CC-BY-NC 2020, CRIBFB | AIJSSR www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/aijssr American International Journal of Social Science Research Vol. 5, No. 1; 2020 24 Table 2. Physical Characteristics of SW in Indian Cities City Paper Textile Leather Plastic Metal Glass Ash, Fine earth, others Compostable matter Ahmedabad 6 1 3 50 40 Banglore 8 5 6 3 6 27 45 Bhopal 10 5 2 2 1 35 45 Mumbai 10 4 1 2 1 44 40 Kolkata 10 3 1 8 3 35 40 Coimbatore 5 9 1 50 35 Delhi 7 4 1 2 3 1 52 32 Hyderabad 7 2 1 50 40 Indore 5 2 1 49 43 Jaipur 6 2 1 2 47 42 Kanpur 5 1 5 2 53 40 Kochi 5 1 36 58 Lucknow 4 2 4 1 49 40 Ludhiana 3 5 3 30 40 Madras 10 5 5 3 33 44 Madurai 5 1 3 46 45 Nagpur 5 7 2 1 1 1 53 30 Patna 4 5 2 6 1 2 35 45 Pune 5 5 10 15 55 Surat 4 5 3 3 45 40 Vadodara 4 7 49 40 Varanasi 3 4 10 35 48 Visakhapatnam 3 2 5 5 50 35 Average 6 4 1 4 2 2 40 42 Source: 1) Municipal Bodies of Different Cities; 2) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), 2012 India has rapid urbanization with physical, climatic, geographical, ecological, social, cultural and linguistic diversity (Table 4). In fact, people still throw household waste without following proper WM channel; few industries dump its wastes illegally and lack of awareness is still there. Besides, nuclear waste is important for its adverse environmental impact. Table 3. Estimates for SW Generation Year Source Annual Generation (million tons) 2017 Our Estimate- 1 based on 450 gm per capita daily generation and urban population of 440 million* 72 2017 Our Estimate- 2 based on 400 gm per capita daily generation and urban population of 440 million* 64 2014-15 Central Pollution Control Board 52 2014-15 Ministry of Urban Development 52 2013-14 Task Force on Waste to Energy, Planning Commission 62 Source: CPCB, Ministry of Urban Development and Planning Commission Population growth increases waste much in India. Mega cities have dynamic economic growth and high waste generation per capita (Table 4). Copyright © CC-BY-NC 2020, CRIBFB | AIJSSR www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/aijssr American International Journal of Social Science Research Vol. 5, No. 1; 2020 25 Table 4. Major Cities in India and Waste Generation Data City Population(Million) Waste Generated(TPD) Waste Generation (2011 Cencus) Waste Generated(TPD) (TPD) Waste Generation (kg per capita per day) Ahmadabad 6.3 2300 0.36 Hyderabad 7.7 4200 0.54 Bangalore 8.4 3700 0.44 Chennai 8.6 4500 0.52 Kolkata 14.1 3670 0.26 Delhi 16.3 5800 0.41 Mumbai 18.4 6500 0.35 Source: CPCB Report, 2012 6.3 Statistics on Waste Generation and Waste Characterization Estimating and forecasting of waste generation and its characteristics is fundamental to successful WM planning. India generates a large amount of SW per day; but collection and treatment is not enough. SW generation per capita in India ranges from about 0.17 kg per person per day in small towns to about 0.62 kg per person per day in cities (Kumar & Goel, 2009). Waste generation depends on population density, economic status, commercial activity, culture and region. 6.4 Waste Characterization Data Waste composition has a significant impact on WM practices. Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rule governs MSW which contains hazardous wastes, compostable organics waste, healthcare waste, etc. Households and inert waste from construction, demolition and road sweeping generate organic waste. Waste samples collected from different cities shows varied MSW composition. Average (%by weight) composition of MSW in Indian metro cities is found to be compostable (41), inert (40), paper (6), plastic (4), glass (2), metals (2), textile (4) and leather (1) respectively (Sharholy et al., 2007). Rag-pickers and recyclers of neighborhood in processing waste reduces waste headed to landfill and prevents rag-pickers from having to rummage through waste. Onus lies with the citizens. The citizens have to follow few basic steps in disposing waste such as collection, segregation, dumping, composting, drainage, treatment of effluents before discharge, etc. 7. Waste Management in India Less than 60% of waste is collected from households and only 15% of urban India’s waste is processed in the country (PIB, 2016). Collection vs. dumped position is exhibited in Figure 2). Figure 2. Collection vs. Dumped Statistics in Million MTp.a. Copyright © CC-BY-NC 2020, CRIBFB | AIJSSR www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/aijssr American International Journal of Social Science Research Vol. 5, No. 1; 2020 26 7.1 Prediction on Future Waste Growth Asia shares about one-third of expected world waste with major contributions from China and India by 2050. Waste in urban areas increase due to population and lifestyle. In 2011, urban India generated 47.30 million tons of waste and by 2036, it is predicted to be 131.2 million tons, a fivefold increase (Table 5). Table 5. Predicted Population Growth and Impact on Waste Generation Year Population (Million) Waste Generation (Kg per capita per day) Waste Generation (Million tons per year) 2011 260.1 0.498 47.30 2021 342.8 0.569 71.15 2031 451.8 0.649 107.01 2036 518.6 0.693 131.2 Source: Annepu, RK, 2012 7.2 Scenario of Waste Collection and Transportation Of late, Waste Management Rules under the Environment Protection Act has changed the atmosphere. Ministry of Environment and Forests (2015) and updated published draft Rules have re-issued to ensure sound WM in India. Municipal authorities implement these rules and develop infrastructure for collection and waste disposal methods. Integration of the methods increases collection efficiency (Talyan et al., 2008). Many states like Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Tripura with local bodies and NGOs have taken initiatives to increase collection efficiently while states like Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland are yet to comply with the MSW Rules and unscientific methods. Table-8 exhibits waste collection of different states of India. Table 6 shows state-wise waste collection of India. Table 6. State-Wise Waste Collection State Quantity Generation (TPD) Collection (TPD) State Quantity Generation (TPD) Collection (TPD) Andaman& Nicobar 50 43 Lakshadweep 21 21 Andhra Pradesh 11500 10655 Madhya Pradesh 4500 2700 Arunachal Pradesh 94 NA Maharashtra 19204 19204 Assam 1146 807 Manipur 113 93 Bihar 1670 1670 Meghalaya 285 238 Chandigarh 380 370 Mizoram 4742 3122 Chhattisgarh 1167 1069 Nagaland 188 140 Daman Diu& Dadra 28+13=41 NA Orissa 2239 1837 Delhi 7384 6796 Pondicherry 380 NA Goa 193 NA Punjab 2794 NA Gujarat 7379 6744 Rajasthan 5037 NA Haryana 537 NA Sikkim 40(capital) 32 Himachal Pradesh 304 275 Tamil Nadu 12504 11626 Jammu & Kashmir 1792 1322 Tripura 360 246 Jharkhand 1710 869 Uttar Pradesh 11585 10563 Karnataka 6500 2100 Uttrakhand 752 NA Kerala 8338 1739 West Bengal 12557 5054 34 States 127486 893 Source: CPCB, 2012 7.3 Role of Informal Sector Informal sector is an integral part of WM system. Waste pickers, in India, mostly depend on it for income. Table-7 & 8 show collection efficiency, estimation of MSW collection and segregation at source in selected Indian cities. Copyright © CC-BY-NC 2020, CRIBFB | AIJSSR www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/aijssr American International Journal of Social Science Research Vol. 5, No. 1; 2020 27 Table- 7. Collection Efficiency of Indian Cities Name of the City Collection Efficiency (%) Name of the City Collection Efficiency (%) Bombay 97 Madurai 52 Madras 90 Pune 70 Banglore 68 Baroda 60 Coimbatore 65 Bhopal 94 Ahmedabad 90 Salem 19 Kanpur 70 Lucknow 83 Indore 83 Source: Gupta et al., 1998; Khan, 1994 Table-8. MSW Collection and Segregation at Source in Selected Cities City State Population (million) Door-to-door Collection from Households(%) Segregation at Source(%) Large Cities Mumbai Maharashtra 20 80 - Delhi - 19 39 - Bengaluru Karnataka 10 71 50 Chennai Tamil Nadu 10 80 - Hyderabad Telangana 9 73 - Ahmedabad Gujarat 8 95 - Surat Gujarat 6 60 12 Pune Maharashtra 6 50 52 Mid-size Cities Indore Madhya Pradesh 3 90 53 Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 2 100 na Ludhiana Punjab 2 25 - Chandigarh - 1 95 - Mysuru Karnataka 1 95 55 Small Cities Warangal Telangana 1 90 na Tirunelveli Tamil Nadu 1 100 100 Alappuzha Kerala 0.2 100 76 Suryapet Telangana 0.1 100 NA Gangtok Sikkim 0.1 90 30 Panaji Goa 0.1 100 90 Note: Large cities-Population greater than 5 million, Mid-sized-1 million to 5 million and small cities-Less than 1 million. Data for Kolkata are unavailable. Source: Municipal Bodies of Different Cities 7.4 Waste Disposal Options Waste disposal is at critical stage in India. Well-engineered waste disposal saves public health and preserves key environmental resources. Important disposal options available are: i) Non-engineered Disposal- In many Indian cities, poorly managed and commonly practiced dumping give birth to acute environmental degradation and public health. Above 90% of SW in cities and towns are directly disposed on land in an unsatisfactory manner (Sharholy et al., 2008). ii) Sanitary Land filling- Sanitary land filling option avoids harmful effects of uncontrolled dumping, minimizes surface water and gas escaping from waste. Engineered landfill allows safe disposal of residual and reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and slope instability issues. However, land filling is the most widely adopted practice in India to ensure sanitary land filling (Kansal, 2002). iii) Composting: Many large- scale compost plants have been set up in major cities and towns. Compost has very high agricultural value (Tchobanoglous et al., Copyright © CC-BY-NC 2020, CRIBFB | AIJSSR www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/aijssr American International Journal of Social Science Research Vol. 5, No. 1; 2020 28 1977). iv) Incineration: In India, incineration is usually limited to hospital and other biological wastes for high organic material, moisture contact and low calorific value (Kansal, 2002; Bhide & Shekdar, 1998). v)Vermicomposting Municipal Solid Waste: In this method, earthworms feeding on organic matters in SW convert into casting rich in plant nutrients. vi) Reuse and Recycling of Waste materials: Reuse and recycling minimize waste by converting discarded materials into useful products. Hierarchical Process having 3R’s, namely, Reduce, Reuse and Recycle is the cornerstone of WM strategies. The basic principle lying is that all the generated residues are utilized to maximum while only a minimal amount of waste is left for resourcefully reusing through other viable channels (Table 9). Table 9. Land Allocated for Developing Landfills City No. of landfills sites Area (acre) City No. of landfills sites Area (acre) Chennai 2 1150.3 Jaipur 3 77.6 Coimbatore 2 721.5 Kolkata 1 61.0 Surat 1 494.2 Chandigarh 1 44.5 Mumbai 3 345.9 Ranchi 1 37.1 Hyderabad 1 300.2 Dehradun 1 11.1 Ahmedabad 1 207.6 Jamshedpur 2 10.1 Delhi 3 164.1 Faridabad 3 5.9 Jabalpur 1 150.7 Asansol 1 4.9 Indore 1 147.0 Varanasi 1 4.9 Madurai 1 120.1 Agra 1 3.7 Bengaluru 2 100.6 Lucknow 1 3.5 Vishakhapatnam 1 100.1 Rajkot 2 3.0 Ludhiana 1 99.8 Shimla 1 1.5 Nasik 1 85.0 Source: CPCB,2011 8. Government Policy and Legislation The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) with the Central and State Pollution Control Board takes care of the WM issues. The Technology Advisory Group under the direction of High Court submits its report from time to time relating to the scope of improvement and implementation of new technologies. The Government has also passed Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 and E-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 to solve the issue. Article 48-A of the Indian Constitution advises each state to recycle and reuse its waste. Final SW is disposed in landfills to minimize adverse environmental impact to reduce toxicity and its final volume (Misra & Pandey, 2005). The state governments have taken initiative to ban plastic carry bags and electronic goods for better disposal. Unlike European countries, Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) concept has not become successful in India. Vehicle management has become a challenge to tackle the issue. CPCB (2012) has published ‘Guidelines for Environmentally Sound Management of ‘End-of-Life Vehicles’ (ELV)” to solve adverse impact of vehicles on environment. Table 10 shows benchmark set by the Government. Table 10. Benchmark set by the Government of India Activity Percentage (%) Activity Percentage (%) Collection Efficiency 100% Cost Recovery 100% Segregation 100% Redressal of Complaints 80% Recovery/Recycling Efficiency 80% Collection of User Charge 90% Cost Recovery 100% Treatment of MSW 100% Source: Ministry of Urban Development 9. Current Scenario India having vast population with growing economy cannot afford to effective WM. Policy framework is available on paper; but ground reality is alarming. The Government has taken initiatives; still there is a long journey to travel to achieve desired results. ‘Swachchh Bharat Abhiyan’ also known as ‘Clean India Mission’ is a bold step to awaken citizens about the importance of WM Copyright © CC-BY-NC 2020, CRIBFB | AIJSSR www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/aijssr American International Journal of Social Science Research Vol. 5, No. 1; 2020 29 approach. The Government has also opened its doors for private sector. Public-Private-Partnership (PPP)Model can help generating revenues and eventually competency level for effective SWM. However, lacking finance, public support and institutional deficiency create obstacles. India has adopted the following legislations to strengthen her hands of administration about major waste streams (Table-11). Table 11. Major Waste Streams Legislation in India Type of waste Applicable Legislation Impact Hazardous Waste Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Tran boundary Movement) Rules, 2016 Pollution; Fire hazard; Food; Climate; Food; Health; Habitat loss; Bio-magnification, soil fertility, etc. Bio-medical Waste Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016 Infection; Pollution; Climate; Food; Health; Habitat loss; Flora/Fauna, etc. Plastic Waste Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 Sewerage; Drainage; Digestion; Food; Health; Flora, etc. Lead Acid Battery Waste The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001 Pollution; Lead poisoning; Habitat loss; Health, Food,; Resource, etc. Construction and Demolition Waste Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016 Pollution; Sewerage, Drainage; Health; Habitat loss; Bio- magnification, Soil fertility, etc. Municipal Solid Waste Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 Pollution; Sewerage; Drainage; Climate; Fauna; Food; Material corrosion; Bio-magnification; Infection, etc. Radioactive Waste Atomic Energy (Safe Disposal of Radioactive Wastes) Rules, 1987 Health; Pollution; Resource depletion; Flora/Fauna, etc. Fly Ash Fly Ash Notification , 1999 Health; Pollution; Resource depletion, Flora/Fauna, etc. Source: CPCB, 2012 9.1 Rapid Urbanization Unplanned urbanization increases pollution level and environmental degradation. Reverse flow of money encourages residents generating more trash and also making dumping a more popular option to recycling or composting. Thus, all stakeholders need to be incentivized to maximize collection, minimize dumping and maximize composting and recycling operations. India needs a paradigm shift from dumping based approach to efficient utilization of construction and demolition (C & D) waste. C & D waste recycled to replace natural building material is beneficial for environment and also saves substantial costs and resources. About 30% of C & D waste in India contains bricks masonry while 35% constitutes soil, sand and gravel (GIZ, 2016). Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016 contain the functions of C & D waste generator. Further, CPCB, (2012) has published guidelines on Environmental Management in the matter. 9.2. Challenges in India Collection, segregation, insufficient land, dumping, unawareness, etc. are key issues and challenges in India. Simple dumping cannot mobilize financial resources for expensive technology. A closer look at the scenario reveals that waste needs to be treated holistically. Urban migration and density of population can make WM a difficult issue in future. Although there have been a variety of policy responses to the its problem, sustainable solutions to either organic or inorganic waste still remain unattended. Recycling is the most economically viable option for employment opportunity to the urban poor. Critical issues like industry responsibility, sustainable recycling and catalyzing waste reduction have not been touched upon sufficiently. Every kind of material used for packaging cannot be recycled in the low-end technology. Besides, safety provisions of the waste-pickers and workers are very poor. Modern technology can deal with urban waste problem. Developed countries are doing away with incinerators because of high costs. But developing countries have become potential markets for dumping such technologies. Copyright © CC-BY-NC 2020, CRIBFB | AIJSSR www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/aijssr American International Journal of Social Science Research Vol. 5, No. 1; 2020 30 10. Suggestions for Future Improvement Table-12 outlines major waste stream, its block and offers recommendations for sound WM: Table 12. Interventions Concerning Major Waste Stream Type of Waste Bottleneck Recommendation Hazardous Waste Shortage of staff; Absence of Treatment and Disposal Facilities, Distance between generator and treatment/disposal sites, etc. Increase number of staff; Establish TSDF, etc. Biomedical Waste Shortage of staff; Undone tracking of plastic stream from bio-medical waste; No mechanism to cross check quantity of waste generated. Increase number of staff; Track the plastic stream; Annual publication of consumption of medical consumables by concerned department Plastic Waste Shortage of staff Increase number of staff Lead Acid Battery Waste Shortage of staff Increase number of staff Construction and Demolition Waste Shortage of staff & recycling facility; Unawareness among people; etc Increase number of staff; Create awareness through various mass communication media; Encourage recycling facilities under PPP model at the outskirts of local bodies; Encourage prefabricated building. Municipal Solid Waste Shortage of staff & processing facility; Unawareness among stakeholders; Difficulty in adopting ‘Polluter Pay’ principle, etc. Increase number of staff; Create awareness through various mass communication media; Encourage recycling facilities under PPP model at the outskirts of each local bodies,; Collect SWM; High levy on hazardous/ infectious waste generators. E-Waste Shortage of staff; Unawareness among people; Entry of End-of-life mercury bearing lamps, etc. Increase number of staff; Create awareness through various mass communication media; Phase out mercury bearing lamps Radioactive Waste Cremation of people underwent radiotherapy might release residual radioactive substance into environment. Shift the crematorium away from city limits; Train people in crematorium about hazardous involved; Monitor emissions and ash from crematoriums. Fly Ash Lack of research with respect to utilization of ash in ash pond. Encourage research with respect to utilization of bottom ash. End-of-Life Vehicle No exclusive legislation or provision in the existing legislation; Mostly dismantled end- of-life vehicles sent for recycling by informal sector; No formal tracking of end of vehicles and its status, etc. Incorporate provisions with respect to disposal of end-of-life vehicles in existing rules; Introduce EPR, Track end of life vehicles. Food Waste No exclusive legislation or provision in the existing legislation; No formal tracking of food waste, etc. Incorporate provisions to reduce, reuse, recycle and disposal of food waste in existing rules; Quantify and track food waste. Slaughter House Waste No exclusive legislation or provisions in the existing legislation; No formal tracking of slaughter house waste, etc. Incorporate provision for proper disposal of slaughter house waste in existing rules; Introduce EPR, etc. Bottom Ash No exclusive legislation or provisions in the existing legislation; Lack of research for utilization of bottom ash, etc. Incorporate bottom ash in existing rules; Encourage research regarding utilization of bottom ash Copyright © CC-BY-NC 2020, CRIBFB | AIJSSR www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/aijssr American International Journal of Social Science Research Vol. 5, No. 1; 2020 31 Disaster Waste No exclusive legislation or provision in the existing legislation; No estimation of waste envisaged in each local body at different possible calamity, etc. Incorporate provisions for disaster waste in existing rules; Estimate and publish waste envisaged in each local body for different possible calamity Author’s own elaboration 10.1 Further Suggestions ▪ Technical aspects should make strategy for planning and its implementation according to situation of the country. ▪ Wastes need to be increasingly sorted at the source to separate recycled materials and to reduce the magnitude of wastes. ▪ Changes in the habits of segregation, littering can alter the approach. A mechanism to generate revenue from the citizens should also be developed. ▪ Separate parallel decentralized schemes by the Government can facilitate right impetus for the development of WM method. ▪ Integration of informal sector can help achieve sustainable SWM on the one hand and improving their living standards on the other. ▪ Scenario based on socio-economic, environmental and health considerations should fulfill the basic goal of recycling the maximum waste generated, creating maximum employment without reducing potential health hazards. ▪ Self-Employed Women’s Association improves the living standard of women paper-pickers by organizing them into cooperatives. ▪ A flawless flow sheet matching financial support, discipline and attitudinal change in all concerned is obviously the key to success of WM. ▪ In India, authorities practicing landfill do declare that they assiduously implement requirements for recommended landfill to assuage citizen concern. ▪ Recycling and reuse of plastics with new techniques can minimize pollution level. ▪ The Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation, as well as Agriculture, should develop market for compost and provide subsidies for compost manure-first. ▪ Planning and its implementation should start from general public level followed by block level, district level and state level. ▪ India needs integrating waste policy with migration, industrialization, education, housing, tourism and transportation. ▪ The state governments with banning of plastic carry bags should also put an end to electronic goods to ensure better disposal of e-waste. ▪ Awareness among the young generation can alter public apathy by building campaigns and educational measures. ▪ Research efforts should concentrate on biological methods of waste treatment. In the modern hi-tech age, problem of USWM is to be addressed in broader dimension. ▪ A well-defined strategic SM plan and its strong implementation prevents epidemic and makes each city healthy. ▪ Sensitization of the community helps achieve the objectives as every city in India is already a hotbed of many contagious diseases. ▪ Working on a holistic approach by NGOs and private sectors helps developing responsible citizens who will treat waste as resource opportunity. 11. Conclusion Time has come to encourage technology-based entrepreneurship for effective WM. Authorities must protect fundamental rights of citizens and citizens also must perform their fundamental duties to their best practices. Most of the populated areas show the picture of sadly managed and uncontrolled dumpsites. Lackadaisical attitude of the common people has compounded the problem and have left the entire responsibility to the civic authorities. Environmental degradation has led to unregulated use of environment and its wide spread. Absence of complete market makes use of alternative method essential to find solution for the environmental issues. In fact, implementation of environment laws is yet to impact on ecosystem and, therefore, on the health and living conditions of the citizens. 12. Concluding Remarks Waste generation basically depends on population, climate, urbanization, socio-economic criteria, etc. The Government should simplify the rules and encourage all the citizens to practice the same in their households and may arrange for reward to the best WM practitioner. Methods like vermicomposting, energy generation from solar cells and e-wastes using recycled water for household practices can be easily preached to the common people. This enhances the fertility of our soil, reduces environmental Copyright © CC-BY-NC 2020, CRIBFB | AIJSSR www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/aijssr American International Journal of Social Science Research Vol. 5, No. 1; 2020 32 pollution, increases ground water level ultimately making our environment a safe haven to live. This will be the real legacy we have to leave behind for the forthcoming generation. Acknowledgement This paper is devoted to ALMIGHTY GOD who shows HIS blessings in all walks of my life. References Annepu, R. K. (2012). Report on sustainable solid waste management in India. Waste-to-Energy Research and Technology Council (WTERT), 1-189. Bhide, A. D., & Shekdar, A. V. (1998). Solid waste management in Indian urban centers. International Solid Waste Association Times (ISWA), 1(1), 26-28. CPCB. (2012) & Planning Commission, Government of India. (2014). Report of the task Force on waste to energy (Volume I) in the context of integrated municipal solid waste management. http:// planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/rep_ wte1205.pdf, (accessed 1 July 2015). GIZ. (July 2016). Gesellschaftfür internationale zusammenarbeit construction and demolition waste utilisation for recycled products in Bangalore: challenges and prospects. Gupta, S., Mohan, K., Prasad, R., Gupta, S., & Kansal, A. (1998). Solid waste management in India: options and opportunities. Resources, conservation and recycling, 24(2), 137-154. Kansal, A. (2002). Solid waste management strategies for India. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 22(4), 444-448. Khan, R. R. (1994). Environmental management of municipal solid wastes. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 14(1), 26-30. Kumar, K. N., & Goel, S. (2009). Characterization of municipal solid waste (MSW) and a proposed management plan for Kharagpur, West Bengal, India. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 53(3), 166-174. Ministry of Environment and Forests. (2015). The Gazette of India. municipal solid waste (management and handling) rules, New Delhi, India. Misra, V., & Pandey, S. D. (2005). Hazardous waste, impact on health and environment for development of better waste management strategies in future in India. Environment international, 31(3), 417-431. Narayana, T. (2009). Municipal solid waste management in India: From waste disposal to recovery of resources?. Waste management, 29(3), 1163-1166. PIB. (2016). Solid Waste Management Rules Revised After 16 Years; Rules now extend to urban and industrial areas. Press Information Bureau, Government of India. Sharholy, M., Ahmad, K., Vaishya, R. C., & Gupta, R. D. (2007). Municipal solid waste characteristics and management in Allahabad, India. Waste management, 27(4), 490-496. Sharholy, M., Ahmad, K., Mahmood, G., & Trivedi, R. C. (2008). Municipal solid waste management in Indian cities–A review. Waste management, 28(2), 459-467. Sharma, S., & Shah, K. W. (2005). Generation and disposal of solid waste in Hoshangabad. In Book of proceedings of the second International Congress of Chemistry and Environment, Indore, India (pp. 749-751). Talyan, V., Dahiya, R. P., & Sreekrishnan, T. R. (2008). State of municipal solid waste management in Delhi, the capital of India. Waste management, 28(7), 1276-1287. Tchobanoglous, G., Eliassen, R., & Theisen, H. (1977). Solid wastes; engineering principles and management issues. McGraw- Hill. Unnikrishnan, S., & Singh, A. (2010). Energy recovery in solid waste management through CDM in India and other countries. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 54(10), 630-640. Vij, D. (2012). Urbanization and solid waste management in India: present practices and future challenges. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 37, 437-447. Copyrights Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).