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American Journal of  Agricultural Science, 
Engineering, and Technology (AJASET)

The Role of  Innovations in the Activities of  Tomorka Farms in Samarkand Region
Shukrullo Muratov1*

Volume 6 Issue 3, Year 2022
ISSN: 2158-8104 (Online), 2164-0920 (Print)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajaset.v6i3.965
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Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: November 18, 2022

Accepted: November 19, 2022

Published: December 03, 2022

In this scientific research, the role and importance of  using innovations in the income from 
tomorka farm activities in rural areas is studied. Also, the “The Innovation use index” is 
developed using factor analysis to assess the impact of  the use of  innovations on the income 
from tomorka farm activities. The analysis based on the data of  1428 respondents who took 
part in a social survey conducted in the rural areas of  Samarkand region. The influence of  
the innovation index on the income from tomorka farm activities is determined to be 
statistically significant at 1 percent (p<.01). Particularly, it is based that, a 1% increase in 
the index of  the use of  innovations to increase the income from tomorka farm activities by 
32.9%. Based on the results of  the analysis, proposals were made to increase income from 
tomorka farm activities in rural areas and to introduce opportunities for using innovations.

Keywords
Tomorka Farm, Non-Farm, 
Innovation Use Index, Factor 
Analysis, VIF Test

1 Tashkent Institute of  Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers National Research University, Uzbekistan
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: shukrullo.muratov@yahoo.com

INTRODUCTION
Before the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a focus on 
ending hunger and malnutrition on Earth by 2030(Banik, 
2019). However, the pandemic period had a significant 
impact on the economic sphere of  all countries, including 
agricultural activities and  the food production network. 
These impacts have led to major changes in storage, 
processing, delivery, and population consumption 
which are related with production. As a result, hunger 
and malnutrition among the population increased from 
8.4 percent to 9.9 percent in one year (UNICEF, 2021). 
In particular, in 2020 compared to 2019, more than 57 
million people suffered from famine in Asian countries.  
Populations suffering from hunger or malnutrition, with 
low or no income from their labor, can have a significant 
impact. Whereas, for the normal growth and development 
of  the population, to live an active and healthy life, it is 
necessary to provide enough food products(Pelletier et 
al., 2016). However, 45 percent of  the world’s population 
lives in rural areas, and most of  them rely on income 
from agricultural activities. In this regard, diversification 
of  risks in agricultural activities, seasonal income changes 
and financing of  production resources are important for 
the sustainable development of  production efficiency. 
Also(Müller and Campos, 2021), attracting innovations 
to the agricultural sector and financial support from the 
government will have a positive effect on the increase in 
the quantity and quality of  the products obtained from 
the activity. However, the involvement of  innovations 
in agricultural activities affects the employment of  
the population in agriculture. In particular, the use 
of  innovations in the labor-intensive work process, 
which requires a lot of  manual labor in agriculture, the 
implementation of  agrotechnical measures, the harvesting 
of  cultivated crops or the use of  resources, has an impact 

on the reduction of  labor costs. The influence of  such 
factors leads to the decision of  the population to be 
engaged in non-farm activities from agricultural activities. 
While(Hasanov and Sanaev, 2018), the decision to engage 
in non-farm activities and the income coming from it 
affects agricultural activities. At the same time, although 
families grow agricultural products in their household for 
their own consumption and for the market, in families 
with a large number of  family members, they rely on 
income from non-farm activities to meet their food and 
non-food needs (Lanjouw P., 2001).    
However, the growth of  non-farm sectors in rural areas 
also affects agricultural activities. That is, according to the 
results of  a scientific study conducted by E. Giannakis 
and others (Giannakis, Efstratoglou and Antoniades, 
2018) in households of  the rural area of  Cyprus, they 
found out that there is an inverse relationship between 
the arable land in farmers’ or peasant farms and the 
probability of  participation in non-agricultural activities. 
Also, according to the results of  scientific research by S. 
Haggblade and others (Haggblade, Hazell and Reardon, 
2010), in rural areas, households with less than 0.5 hectares 
of  income from non-agricultural activities make up to 
30-90 percent, and households with little or no arable 
land rely on sources of  income from non-agricultural 
activities. However, agricultural activity includes the 
production of  agricultural products (crops, livestock) 
in the course of  agricultural activities using production 
factors (natural resources)(Reardon, Berdegué and 
Escobar, 2001). However, innovations introduced into 
agricultural activities (Ermakova, 2021) have an impact 
on the increase in income from activities.
The share of  tomarka farms in the production of  
agricultural products in Uzbekistan is 70.1%, which plays 
an important role in the country’s economy. Today, the 

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number of  homesteads is more than 5 million, 1.5 times 
more than in 2000. The land area used for agriculture 
in Uzbekistan(Agricultural statistics, 2021) is 3686.7 
thousand hectares, 13.0% of  which is arable land used 
by homesteads. 
Tomorka farming(Law of  the Republic of  Uzbekistan. 
About the farm(tomarka), 2021) is a labor activity related 
to agricultural production on private homestead land plots 
for family economic activity, cultivation (processing) for 
sale on the market. Tomorka farming is not considered 
an entrepreneurial activity; it is not required to be state 
registered. However, a person may receive the status of  
a self-employed person in accordance with the legislation 
on employment. However, 26.9% of  the working-age 
population in Uzbekistan is engaged in agricultural 
activities, and in 2020, compared to 2017, employment 
decreased by 3.1%. The decrease in the employment of  
the population in agricultural activities is related to the 
decrease in the size of  agricultural arable land, which has 
decreased by 3.3% over the last 4 years.  Although it is 
observed that the agricultural arable land has decreased, 
the volume of  agricultural products and their value have 
increased over the years (2017-2020). The increase in the 
volume of  agricultural products is related to the attraction 
of  innovations in the field. In particular, in 2017, 66.7 
percent of  technological innovations were involved 
in agricultural activities by agricultural entities, and in 
2020, this figure was 90.4 percent. Basically, innovations 
introduced by agricultural subjects are agricultural 
machinery, technologies related to the implementation 
of  agrotechnical activities, innovative technologies 
related to crop irrigation. However, the involvement of  

such innovative technologies in agricultural activities are 
carried out by farm or agro cluster entities. 
However, the owners of  farm land in Uzbekistan are 
small farm subjects that grow agricultural products. It 
is important to introduce innovations in agricultural 
activities, which are the use of  innovations by the owners 
of  the agricultural land, such as irrigation of  crops, fruitful 
new varieties of  fruits and vegetables and potatoes, and 
cultivation of  plant products from cultivated fields in all 
seasons. Also, the use of  livestock with high productivity 
in livestock farming activities by the landowners can 
have a positive effect on the increase in the volume of  
products obtained from the activity.
The purpose of  the scientific research work is to make an 
economic assessment of  the impact of  the innovations 
used by the estate owners on the income from the estate 
business and to make scientifically based proposals.
The scientific research work was based on survey data 
obtained from 1428 homestead land owners who operate 
in rural areas of  Samarkand region.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The object of  study of  the scientific research work 
is homestead farms operating in the rural areas of  
the Samarkand region, the center of  the Republic of  
Uzbekistan. Samarkand region is located in the middle 
part of  the Zarafshan river basin and is one of  the largest 
and ancient irrigated regions in Central Asia. There are 
14 districts and 2 large cities in Samarkand region. The 
Zarafshan river divides into two rivers around the city of  
Samarkand - Akdarya and Karadarya, and merges again 
near Khatirchi district of  Navoi region. (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Location map of  Samarkand regional districts
Pastdargom, Payarik, Narpai and Kattakurgan districts 
are the largest districts in the region in terms of  the size 
of  irrigated cropland. But, in the region, the cultivation 
of  vegetable products on homestead farms is more 
due to the contribution of  Jomboy, Taylak, Urgut and 
Samarkand districts.
This valley, located around the Zarafshan River, is 2000-
3000 meters above sea level, and in some lowlands 
it is 980-1400 meters above sea level, and the annual 

rainfall is 320-360 mm. The climate of  the region is 
sharply continental, the sun shines on about 300 days 
of  the year, summer days are up to 15 hours long. In 
general, the climate conditions in the territory of  the 
region correspond to the generally accepted soil-climate 
classification. According to agroclimate, the irrigated 
area is divided into 2 parts: the larger part of  the area 
corresponds to the region of  typical gray soils, and the 
smaller part corresponds to the region of  pale gray soils. 

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Irrigated gray soils are located in the temperate-hot 
thermal zone, the annual effective temperature is 2140-
2300 C0, the length of  the vegetation period is 208-212 
days.
A social survey was conducted to study the activities 
of  tomorka farms. The survey was conducted from 
March 10 to August 24, 2021, and a total of  1428 
respondents from 14 districts of  Samarkand region 
participated. In this case, a questionnaire was conducted 
among the landowners located in the district, but not 
included in the neighborhood of  the central city of  the 
district(Saydullaeva, 2021). The agricultural products 
grown on homesteads in the research object, especially 
the crops obtained from plant growing, are grown for the 
consumption of  family members. However, the needs of  
family members for agricultural products are met at the 
expense of  vegetable, potato, fruit and grape products 
grown on homesteads. Surplus of  consumption of  family 
members is sold for income. However, family members 

are engaged in agricultural activities, the main income 
of  families is income from agricultural activities. That is, 
tomorka farm land owners grow commodity products 
for sale in 1 or 2 types of  markets on arable land. 
Nevertheless, a certain part of  the goods is used by the 
family members to meet the needs of  the family. In this 
process, agricultural products used for sale and for family 
needs were taken to determine the income from tomorka 
farm activities. In this case, the agricultural products used 
for family needs in homesteads, which are vegetables, 
potatoes, fruit and grape products, were expressed at 
the market price. According to the approach, when 
agricultural products are not grown on the cultivated area 
of  the tomorka farm, how many soums will be spent for 
the needs of  family members. In total, the incomes from 
household activities of  1428 respondents were taken 
in the value index, and their average income is 14,531 
thousand soums (Table 1). 
Innovations used by tomorka farm land owners, which 

Table 1: Descriptive Statistics of  tomorka farms activities
 Variable  Obs  Mean  Std. Dev.  Min  Max
 Income 1428 14.531 5.458 3.3 37.5
 Inn_irrigation 1428 .344 .475 0 1
 Inn_veg_var 1428 .548 .498 0 1
 Inn_fruit_var 1428 .506 .5 0 1
 Inn_greenhouse 1428 .297 .457 0 1
 Inn_ped_cattle 1428 .2 .4 0 1
 Age 1428 48.1 6.87 27 60
 Male 1428 .832 .374 0 1
 Education 1428 1.926 .685 1 3
 Non-farm 1428 .543 .498 0 1
 Cropland 1428 7.323 2.438 3 18
 Family_members 1428 5.588 1.229 2 11
 3_year_members 1428 .272 .445 0 1
 log_Income 1428 2.598 .413 1.194 3.624

are the use of  modern technologies in crop irrigation, 
high-yielding varieties of  vegetables and fruits, and 
the presence of  closed space and productive livestock 
in tomorka farms, were taken as dummy variables. In 
particular, 34.4 percent of  1,428 respondents used 
modern technologies to irrigate agricultural crops grown 
on tomorka farms. Also, 54.8% of  the respondents used 
high-yielding vegetable crops in their homesteads, and 
50.6% of  respondents have high-yielding fruit trees in 
their homesteads. However, 29.7 percent of  homesteads 
have a closed area and 20.0 percent have productive 
livestock. The average arable land in homesteads is 
7,323 hectares, which can limit the possibility of  raising 
productive livestock breeds. The age, gender, education 
and number of  family members(Pardaev, 2021) of  the 
owners of  the estate are important for the change of  the 
income from the tomorka farm activities(Muratov, 2021). 
However, the average age of  the respondents is 48.1 
years, and they are at working age. Similarly, 83.2% of  the 
landowners are men, 27.2% of  the family members have 
children under 3 years of  age, and the average number 

of  family members in the household is about 6 people. 
However, 54.3 percent of  homestead land owners living 
in rural areas are mainly engaged in non-farm activities
In scientific research, the standard deviation of  different 
values of  the independent variable or the variation 
of  the relationship between them causes the problem 
of  heteroskedasticity and multicollinearity(Daoud, 
2018). In order to partially eliminate the problem 
of  heteroskedasticity, we introduce a new variable, 
innovations used by landowners, which use dummy 
indicators. This new variable represents the index of  
the use of  innovations in household activities of  1428 
respondents. Factor analysis(Rummel, 1988) was used to 
create the index of  the use of  these innovations.
First, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO=0.568) test(Kaiser, 
1974) was conducted to determine the suitability of  
factor analysis for the variables used in agricultural 
activities, which represent innovations. In this case, the 
statistic is a measure of  the ratio of  variance between 
variables that may be the total variance. Also, according 
to the results of  Bartlett’s test(Bartlett, 1937), H0: the fact 

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that the variables are not related to each other is explained 
by the condition that p value is less than 10%, 5%, and 
1%. According to the result of  Barlett’s test, the variables 
representing the use of  innovations in agricultural activities 
are not related (p=0.0000). Determinant of  the correlation 
matrix(Bartlett, 1951) is explained by multicollinearity 
between variables greater than 0.0000001. However, the 

multicollinearity between the variables representing the 
innovations used in tomorka farm activities explains 0.890.
According to the results of  the 3 tests conducted, using 
factor analysis, it is possible to express the innovation use 
index by means of  the variables that represent the use of  
innovation. Factor 1 explains 27.5% of  the innovations 
used in homesteads as a variable (Table 2).                    

Table 2: Value of  interpretation of  variables in factors
Factor analysis/correlation Number of  obs                = 1,428
Method: principal-component factor Retained factors              = 2
Rotation: (unrotated) Number of  params          = 9
Factor Eigenvalue Difference                  Proportion Cumulative
Factor1 1.37979 0.24770                  0.2760 0.2760
Factor2 1.13209 0.27211                  0.2264 0.5024
Factor3 0.85998 0.04324                  0.1720 0.6744
Factor4 0.81674 0.00535                  0.1633 0.8377
Factor5 0.81139                  0.1623 1.0000

LR test: independent vs. saturated: chi2(10) = 165.75   Prob>chi2 = 0.0000
However, in 5 factors, their eigenvalue is greater than 
1(Larsen and Warne, 2010), Factor1 and Factor2 explain 
the variables expressed in the use of  innovations by the 
landowners. In particular, Factor2 explains 22.6 percent 
of  5 independent variables.
Existing innovations in the activities of  homesteads 
(Figure 2), which means that fruit trees were planted in 
homesteads 1 year ago or many years ago, and are present 
in homesteads for years. On the other hand, the price 
of  fruit seedlings set in the markets or by the growers 
of  fruitful fruit seedlings shows that the farm is suitable 

for the consumption of  the landowners. The variables 
representing innovation were explained by Factor1 and 
Factor2 and indexed by Bartlett’s method(Bartlett, 1937) 
(Table 3).

Figure 2: Loadings of  variables representing innovations 
in farm activities

Figure 3. Graphic representation of  the relationship 
between income from tomorka farm activities and the 
index of  use of  innovations

index is 350, and the standard deviation is 244.
In the object of  scientific research, it is expressed that there 
is a relationship between the income from tomorka farm 
activity and the index of  use of  innovations (Figure 3).

Table 3: Descriptive Statistics of  Inn_index
 Variable  Obs  Mean  Std. Dev.  Min  Max
 Inn_
index

1,428 .3504802 .2449325 -5.40e-17 1

In this case, according to the statistical description of  the 
index of  use of  innovations, 1428 estate owners, which 
represented the innovations used in estates, were indexed 
between 0 and 1. The average value of  the innovation use 

In this case, the relationship between the dependent 
variable, the income from household activities, and 
the independent variable, the innovation use index, is 
positive. Innovations introduced into real estate activities, 
which are variables representing the index of  innovation 
use, have a positive effect on the increase in income from 
real estate activities.

Table 4: Variance inflation factor
Variable VIF 1/VIF
Income_tf 1.34 .746
Education 1.312 .762
Age 1.17 .855
3_year_members 1.112 .899
Male 1.086 .92
Cropland 1.075 .93
Inn_index 1.048 .954
Family_members 1.016 .984
Mean VIF 1.145 .

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The presence of  variable correlation in the variables 
indicates multicollinearity, that is, the independent 
variables are statistically insignificant. When determining 
such a situation, a diagnostic test was conducted to ensure 
the robustness of  our results (Table 4).
VIF (Variance inflation factor) test was conducted for 
independent variables to determine multicollinearity. The 
VIF test(Wichers, 1975) is a measure of  the amount of  
multicollinearity in a set of  multiple regressor variables. 
Mathematically, the VIF for a variable in a regression model 
is the ratio of  the total model variance to the variance of  
the model containing only one independent variable. This 
ratio is calculated for each independent variable. A high 
VIF indicates that the dependent independent variable is 
correlated with other variables in the model. However, 
according to the VIF test result, its mean value is 1.145, 
indicating that there is no multicollinearity between the 
variables.
The results were obtained in the STATA-16 program 
package using the multivariate linear regression model in 
the economic evaluation of  the influence of  independent 
variables on the income from household activities. The 
“robust” command was used in the STATA-16 program 
package in order to strengthen the variables and eliminate 
multicollinearity when obtaining the results. Here, the 
marginal effect of  the index of  use of  innovations on the 
income from household activities was determined. 

RESULTS 
According to the results of  the analysis (Table 5), 
independent variables explain 50.7 percent of  the 
changes in the dependent variable (R-squared=0.507). 
The functional equation is statistically significant (Prob 
> F 0.000) and at least 1 of  the independent variables 
affects the dependent variable. However, the change of  
the income from tomorka farm activities is influenced 
by the use of  innovation index, tomorka farm area, 
employment of  the owner of  the tomorka farm land in 
non-farm activities, education, gender, age, number of  

family members and family members under 3 years of  age 
1 percent (p<.01) is statistically significant. In this case, 
the influence of  independent variables on the dependent 
variable is statistically significant.
However, the presence of  children under the age of  
3 in the family members has a negative effect on the 
increase in income from household activities. That is, 
the presence of  3-year-old children in the family has a 
statistical significance of  1 percent (p<.01) on the income 
from household activities, and it reduces the income 
from household activities by 7.9 percent. In this case, it 
is possible to limit the labor costs of  family members in 
the homestead or the expenses spent on the homestead. 
However, the busyness of  working-age family members 
with raising children up to the age of  3 limits the labor 
consumption in the cultivation of  agricultural products 
in homesteads. However, sending children older than 3 
years to kindergarten, which can have a positive effect 
on the increase in income from household activities. An 
increase in cultivated area by 1 hectare in tomorka farms 
increases the income from the activity by 8.3 percent. 
However, there is no possibility to increase the cultivated 
area due to the limited amount of  cultivated land in the 
regions. However, in order to reduce poverty in the rural 
areas, to increase the employment of  the population and 
their well-being, the government is allocating 15 hectares 
of  arable land for long-term use, but not exceeding 10 
years.
Use of  resources, in which the limitation of  land resources 
forces the intensive use of  arable land. However, the 
intensive use of  open spaces is related to the innovative 
technologies involved in the activity. In particular, a 1% 
increase in the index of  the use of  innovations by the 
landowners increases the income from the estate by 
32.9%. However, the use of  innovations by homestead 
land owners depends on the level of  education and 
income of  family members. In particular, an increase in 
the level of  education of  tomorka farm land owners by 
1 unit increases the income from tomorka farm activities 

Table 5: Economic assessment of  the impact of  variables on the income from farm activities
 log_income  Coef.  St.Err.  t-value  p-value  [95% Conf  Interval]  Sig
Inn_index .329 .032 10.23 0 .266 .392 ***
Cropland .083 .003 23.95 0 .076 .09 ***
Non-farm .168 .018 9.20 0 .132 .203 ***
Education .221 .012 18.03 0 .197 .245 ***
Male .083 .022 3.71 0 .039 .127 ***
Age .004 .001 3.22 .001 .002 .006 ***
Family_
members

.025 .006 4.07 0 .013 .037 ***

3_year_
members

-.079 .019 -4.17 0 -.116 -.042 ***

Constant .984 .078 12.67 0 .831 1.136 ***

Mean dependent var 2.598 SD dependent var 0.413
R-squared 0.507 Number of  obs  1428
F-test  168.270 Prob > F 0.000
Akaike crit. (AIC) 532.252 Bayesian crit. (BIC) 579.628

*** p<.01, ** p<.05, * p<.1

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by 22.1 percent. In this case, it is required to increase the 
literacy of  the landowners in the field of  agriculture and 
livestock.
In homesteads, the employment of  the head of  the 
family in non-farm activities increases the income from 
homestead activities by 16.8%. However, the head of  
the family’s employment in non-farm activities depends 
on the number of  family members. In particular, the 
limitation of  labor costs in farm activities, which the 
heads of  families focus on the income from non-farm 
activities. However, an increase in the number of  family 
members by 1 person increases the income from tomorka 
farm activities by 2.5%. 
Innovations used in farm activities or the innovation 
index have a positive effect on the increase in income 
from tomorka farms (Figure 4).
However, we cannot say that homestead landowners 
have effectively used innovations such as crop irrigation, 
high-yielding vegetable and fruit varieties, greenhouses, 
and productive livestock. Based on the results of  the 
analysis, the innovation use index has a significant impact 
on the increase in income from household activities. In 
particular, the relative marginal effect of  the index of  use 
of  innovations on the income from household activities 
confirms this. 

Figure 4: The relative marginal effect of  the index of  use 
of  innovations on the income received from household 
activities

CONCLUSION
In the economy of  Uzbekistan, agriculture is important 
in supplying industry with raw materials, meeting the 
population’s demand for food products, and providing 
employment for rural residents. In particular, the 
agricultural products grown in the homestead economy, 
which, in addition to meeting the demand for food 
products of  the family, are their source of  income.
In the economic analysis of  the impact of  innovation 
on the income from tomorka farm activities, the data 
of  the rural areas in Samarkand region was analyzed. 
1428 respondents or landowners took part in the social 
survey. The results of  the analysis showed that there is an 
opportunity to increase the income from tomorka farm 
activities in the rural areas of  Samarkand region.     
The size of  tomorka farm land is important in increasing 

the income of  the residents of  rural areas from tomorka 
farm activities. However, the limited amount of  arable 
land in tomorka farms, the use of  innovations in activities 
is important. In this case, the homestead requires the use 
of  new technologies by the landowners, which include 
crop irrigation, high-yielding vegetable and fruit varieties, 
greenhouses, productive livestock and other innovations. 
However, the effect of  the use of  innovation index on the 
income from farm activities is statistically significant at 1 
percent (p<.01), and an increase in the use of  innovation 
index by 1 percent increases the income from the activity 
by 32.9 percent. Also, the increase of  the income from 
tomorka farm activities is statistically significant in 1 
percent (p<.01) of  tomorka farm area, occupation of  the 
tomorka farm land owner in non-agricultural activities, 
education, gender, age, and number of  family members. 
Although the presence of  members under 3 years of  
age in the family household is statistically significant at 1 
percent (p<.01), it has a negative effect on the increase in 
income from household activities.    
Nowadays, the reforms carried out by the government, 
which reduce poverty in rural areas and provide long-
term arable land to the population, are important for 
improving the welfare of  the population. However, it is 
necessary to develop a system to support or encourage 
the use of  innovations in homestead tomorka farms and 
arable land allocated to them for a long time. 

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Ermakova, A. M. (2021), Features of  introduction 
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Giannakis, E., Efstratoglou, S. and Antoniades, A. (2018). 
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