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     American Journal of Agricultural Science, Engineering and Technology 
 

 
 

 ISSN: 2158-8104 (Online), 2164-0920 (Print), 2021, Vol. 5, Issue.2 
http://journals.e-palli.org 

 



     American Journal of Agricultural Science, Engineering and Technology 
 

 
 

 ISSN: 2158-8104 (Online), 2164-0920 (Print), 2021, Vol. 5, Issue.2 
http://journals.e-palli.org 

The American Journal of Agricultural Science, Engineering and Technology (AJASET) is 
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     American Journal of Agricultural Science, Engineering and Technology 
 

 
 

 ISSN: 2158-8104 (Online), 2164-0920 (Print), 2021, Vol. 5, Issue.2 
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EDITORIAL BOARD 

 

Chief Editor 

Dr Mamun-Or-Rashid 

Professor, Dhaka University, Bangladesh 

 

Board Members  

Dr. Sumit Garg, IL, USA 

Professor Dr. James J. Riley, The University of Arizona, USA 

Dr. Ekkehard KÜRSCHNER, Agriculture Development Consultant, Germany 

Professor Dr. Rodriguez Hilda, USA 

Professor Dr. Michael D. Whitt, USA 

Professor Dr. Wael Al-aghbari, Yemen 

Professor Dr. Muhammad Farhad Howladar, Bangladesh 

Dr. Clement Kiprotich Kiptum, University of Eldoret, Kenya 

Professor Dr M Shamim Kaiser, Professor, Jahangirnagar University, Bangladesh 

Professor Dr Mohammad Shahadat Hossain, Chittagong University, Bangladesh 

 

Managing Editor 

Md. Roshidul Hasan 

Professor, Department of Computer Science and Information Technology,  
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Bangladesh



     American Journal of Agricultural Science, Engineering and Technology 
 

 
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ADAPTABILITY OF SEVEN MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) VARIETIES IN HIGH HUMID 

RAINFOREST ZONE OF NIGERIA 

ESANG, D. M1*,  Akata, O.R2  and IKEH, A.O3    

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5448898  

ABSTRACT 

Field experiment was conducted at National Cereals Research Institute (NCRI) Uyo-Out 

station in 2015 and 2016 cropping seasons. The aim  was  to evaluate the yields of seven 

maize varieties in humid rainforest of Uyo, Southeastern Nigeria in view of recommending 

high yield varieties. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design, 

replicated three times. The treatments were seven maize varieties viz- : Uwep (local). FARZ 

32, Oba super 2, Oba 98 and suwan-I-SR, Quality protein maize (QPM) and extra-early. 

Growth and yield data were subjected to analysis of variance. Significant mean were 

compared using least significant difference at p<0.05. The result showed significant 

difference(p<0.05) plant height. FAR 32 was the tallest at 9WAP (159.37 and 163.33 cm in 

2015 and 2016 cropping seasons, respectively) The shortest variety, 121.12 and 122.61 cm, 

respectively at 9WAP was recorded in QPM. The weight of grains varied significantly 

different. FARZ 32 had the heaviest 100 grain weight, 42.60 g and 41.30 g in 2015 and 2016, 

respectively. The least weight of 100 seeds 31.09 g and 32.99 g, respectively was recorded 

from Extra Early maize. Comparing the maize grain yield, the result indicated significant 

difference (p<0.05) in both cropping seasons. FARZ 32 had the highest grain yield, 4.37 and 

4.30 tonnes per hectare in 2015 and 2016 in both cropping seasons. Oba super 2 had 4.30 and 

4.20 tonnes per hectare in 2015 and 2016. The local cultivar Uweb had 2.49 and 2.59 tonnes 

per hectare grain yield in both years. The least grain yield, 2.32 and 2.45 tonnes per hectare, 

respectively was from Extra early maize. Oba, Farz -32, Oba super 2 and Oba 98 were 

recommended to farmers in the study area. 

Keywords: Maize, Varieties and yield 

1 Department of Crop Production, College of Agronomy, Federal University of Agriculture 
Makurdi Benue State Nigeria 
2 Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Akwa Ibom State University Obio 
Akpa Campus.  
3 Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Uyo,Uyo Akwa Ibom 
State, Nigeria 
* Corresponding Author’s email:esangdemben@gmail.com/iykeh2007@yahoo.com 

 



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INTRODUCTION 

Maize (Zea mays L.) is ranked third after wheat and rice in the world food grain production. 

It is grown extensively in both tropical and temperate parts of world. In 2017, maize 

production for Nigeria was 10.4 million tonnes. Though Nigeria maize production fluctuated 

substantially in recent years, it tended to increase through 1968 - 2017 period ending at 10.4 

million tonnes in 2017 (FAO,2018). According to Statista’s world corn production by country 

2016/17, Nigeria only produces 7.2 million metric tons of Maize, a good chunk of Africa’s 

corn production but considerably small when compared to USA’s corn production which 

stands at 384 million metric units. Maize has different planting seasons depending on location 

and takes an average of 2 – 4 months to reach harvest. Maize is usually planted in well-

loosed, well-drained soil with compost added to the planting area before planting begins. 

Maize is a good source of vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber. Especially since a lot of 

small-scale farmers are involved in maize farming, it makes it an affordable source of 

vitamins and minerals for people living in rural areas. 

Grains crop produce in Nigeria ranges from; maize, rice, cowpea, soybean,  sorghum  

including millet  (Adekunle and Nabinta,2000).  Food and  Agricultural Organization  (2009)  

data  indicated  increase  in  maize  production  in Nigeria,  in  part  because  of  the  plant  

ability  to  strive  in  different ecological zone within the country. Maize is one of the most 

important grains in the world. The crop is consumed as staple food in Nigeria, accounting for 

about 43% calorie in the diet of an average Nigerian (Nweke,2004). Several studies on maize 

production has pointed out the crop increased across all agro ecological zones of the country. 

The crop has been utilized by food processing industries, pharmaceutical, herbal including 

medicinal sectors. The crop was report- ed by Ayeni (1991) to be used as local ‘cash crop’, 

indicating that 30%  of  land  has  been  devoted  to  maize  cultivation. Increase in maize  

production  to  1-3  hectares  in  any  farming  system  was reported  by  Ogunsumi  et  al 

(2005)  to  be  able  to  combat  hunger  in household,  in addition  to  increase  food  

production  especially  in Africa. Increase in maize production from 612 thousand tonnes to 

70195  thousand  tonnes  has  been  reported  by  Alabi  and Esobhawan  (2006),  

representing 1000%  increase.   About 561397.29 hectares of arable land in Nigeria has been 

put into maize production with increase in the crop price, pointing to the importance of maize 

in the country’s economy. 



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Maize is usually been intercropped, especially among the subsistence farmers in semi 

intensive system of farming. Survey by Eneh and Onwubuja (1992) presented maize mixed 

cropping as a means of better utilization of land and increase in annual crop output, when 

compared to maize monocropping. The large hectares of land been devoted to maize 

production indicates  the  potentials  of  the  crop  in  fighting  global  food  shortages. Report 

by IITA (2014) indicated maize production at 8 million tons in  Nigeria.  Annual  production  

of  maize  in  Nigeria  accounts  to  a value  of  5.6  million  tons (CBN,1992).  Hartmans 

(1985)  findings  revealed that  maize  is  cultivation  to  1  million  hectares  in  Nigeria  ,  

out of the  9  million  hectares  cultivated  in  Africa,  presenting  Nigeria  as one  of  the  

exporter  of  maize  and  the  largest  African  producer  of maize,  contributing  to  increase  

production  of  crops  to  feed  the fast growing human population, especially in developing 

countries like Nigeria. 

Inspite of the fact that maize is cultivated virtually in every village and hamlet in Nigeria, the 

production of the crop for human consumption, livestock feeds and other multifarious 

industrial uses, is absolutely inadequate in Nigeria and other countries in Africa. This could 

be as a result of increased in domestic and industries use of maize. Increase in human 

population could be another factor while pest /diseases, poor soil fertility and unavailability 

of improved cultivars that could perform in different agro-ecology were among the major 

challenges of maize production. There is therefore an urgent need to double the national 

annual maize production through expansion of land under cultivation by selecting appropriate 

maize variety (ies) suitable to high humid agro ecological zone.  

 

MATERIAL AND METHODS 

The study was conducted at the National Cereals Research Institute (NCRI), Uyo Out-

Station, Akwa Ibom state, during the early and late planting season of 2017 between the 

months of March and December. The experimental site is situated between latitude 04o58' N 

and longitude 07o56'E and about 67 m above sea level. The area which lies within the humid 

tropical rainforest zone of southeastern Nigeria has average annual rainfall of about 2500 mm 

and mean monthly sunshine of about 3.14 hours. The mean annual temperature range is 

26°C- 28°C. Uyo has an annual mean relative humidity of 79% and evaporation rate of 2.6 

cm2. The rainfall pattern of Uyo is bimodal. Rain usually starts in mid- March and ends in 

Mid-November, with a short period of relative moisture stress in August traditionally referred 



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to as “August Break” (Peters et al., 1989). Temperatures are generally highest in the months 

of February through April (Peters et al., 1989).The soil has been described as a typical acid 

soil. The experiment was carried out on a plot that had been cultivated continuously by other 

researchers and prior to the experiment; cassava was harvested on the experimental plot in 

November, 2014, while garden egg was harvested in July 2015 before  planting in March, 

2015 and 2016. 

The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design and replicated three 

times. The treatments were namely: Uwep (local). FARZ 32, Oba super 2, Oba 98, Quality 

protein maize (QPM), extra-early and suwan-I-SR. The local variety was obtained locally 

while Oba super, suwan-I-SR, FARZ 32, Quality protein maize (QPM), extra-early and Oba 

98 were obtained from National Seed Service Umudike, Umuahia Abia State. 

The experimental area measured 26m x 19m. Each replicate contained 5 plots, each 

measuring 5m x 4m. Each plot and each replicate were separated by a path of 1.0 m. The 

maize seeds were planted on April 30, 2015 and 2016 at a planting distance of 75 cm x 30 cm 

with three seeds per hole which were later thinned to one stand per hole, giving a plant 

population of about 44444.44 stands of maize per hectare. Inorganic fertilizer was obtained 

from the procurement and distribution unit of Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Agriculture and 

Natural Resources. The fertilizer brand obtained was NPK-15:15:15. The method of 

application was ring method at the rate of 400kg/ha. Fertilizer application was done three 

weeks after planting (WAP). Application of fertilizer was done 5 cm away from plant roots to 

avoid wilting of crops. Weeding was done manually, twice, during the growing period of 

crop at three and six weeks after planting (3 WAP and 6 WAP).  There was no serious pest 

attack. However, minor pests observed were leaf eating beetles and grasshoppers which were 

picked manually. 

 

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS   

The evaluation of the growth parameters of crop planted was done at three weeks interval 

from planting till tasseling stage. Five crops were tagged per plot and used for sampling. The 

growth parameters measured were:  maize plants were measured from the base to the tip and 

the means calculated. Maize leaves were measured from base to tip using a metre rule. This 

was determined by measuring the width of leaves at three different points (distal, middle and 

proximate points) and finding the mean.  This was determined on functional leaves of tagged 



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plants, using the length –width portions method and then subjected same to a correction 

factor of 0.75 (Singh and Saxena, 1965) using a correction factor of 0.75 

L x W x 0.75 = Leaf Area 

Where L = length of leaf 

W = width of leaf (widest portion) 

Number of kernels per row was done by counting the total number of kernels in each row. 

Number of kernels per cob was determined by counting the total number of kernels in a 

dehusked cob. The weight of 100 dry kernels was taken using a measuring scale. 

This was determined by taking the weight of maize grains and the mean expressed in tonnes 

per hectare. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance and means that showed 

significant difference were separated using least significant difference (LSD) at 5% 

probability level. 

 

RESULTS  

The result showed that all the maize varieties were significantly different in plant height (P ≤ 

0.05) at 3, 6 and 9 WAP in both cropping seasons, with FAR 32 was the tallest at 9WAP, 

159.37 and 163.33 cm in 2015 and 2016 cropping seasons, respectively. oba super 2 had the 

least height (192.60cm). Suwan-1-SR was 157.35 cm and 153.13 cm tall at 9 WAP, in both 

cropping seasons. The shortest variety, 121.12 and 122.61 cm, respectively at 9WAP was 

recorded in QPM. The local adaptable variety Uweb was 131.70 cm and 135.29 cm tall in 

2015 and 2016, respectively at 9WAP. 

The number of maize leaves per plant as influenced by varieties showed no significant 

different (p>0.05) in both cropping seasons (Table 2).   The result showed that all the maize 

varieties were significantly different for leaf area (p ≤ 0.05) at 3, 6 and 9 WAP. FARZ 32 had 

the largest leaf area; 97.70, 498.20 and 762.48 cm2 at 3, 6 and 9 AWP, respectively in 2015. 

In 2016 cropping season, the corresponding leaf area values were recorded; 96.60, 512.01 

and 779.40 cm2, respectively. This was followed by 78.62, 481.70 and 741.18 cm2, 

respectively in 2015 recorded from Oba super 2 variety. In 2016, Oba super 2 had 72.33, 

477.64 and 749.69 cm2 leaf area, respectively.  Suwan-1-SR had 699.80 cm2 and 695.95 cm2 

leaf area at 9WAP in 2015 and 2016 cropping seasons, respectively. Uweb the local variety 



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had the least leaf area at 3, 6 and 9 WAP in both cropping seasons (Table 3). The leaf area 

recorded from Uweb was 57.30, 325.10 and 469.55 cm2 at 3, 6 and 9 WAP in 2015. In 2016, 

the leaf area of 62.33, 341.44 and 485.98 cm2 at 3, 6 and 9 WAP, respectively was recorded 

from Uweb. 

Yield components of maize as influenced by varieties is presented in Table 5. The result 

indicated significant difference (p<0.05) in number of kernel rows per cob. Oba super 2 had 

the highest number of kernel row per cob, 16.33 and 15.20  in 2015 and 2016 cropping 

seasons, respectively. This was followed by 15.83 and 15.18 rows per cob, respectively 

recorded from FARZ 32. Uweb, the local variety had 11.30 and 11.25 rows per cob in both 

cropping seasons. 

Number of kernels per plant as influenced by varieties varied significantly in bothcropping 

seasons (Table 5). Oba 98 had the highest number of kernel per row, 27.31 and 27.30 in 2015 

and 2016, respectively. This was followed by 26.31 and 27.30 kernels per row. The least 

number of kernels per cob 19.49 and 18.34, respectively was recorded from Uweb. Weight of 

100 seeds of maize grain as influenced by varieties is presented in table 6. The weight of 

grains varied significantly different. FARZ 32 had the heaviest 100 grain weight, 42.60 g and 

41.30 g in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Oba 98 had 38.60 and 37.99 100 grain weight in 

2015 and 2016 cropping seasons, respectively. Oba super 2 had 36.60 and 36.78 g 100 seeds 

weight, respectively. The least weight of 100 seeds 31.09 g and 32.99 g, respectively was 

recorded from Extra Early maize. 

Comparing the maize grain yield, the result indicated significant difference (p<0.05) in both 

cropping seasons (Table 6). FARZ 32 had the highest grain yield, 4.37 and 4.30 tonnes per 

hectare in 2015 and 2016 cropping seasons, respectively. Oba super 2 produced 4.30 and 4.20 

tonnes per hectare in 2015 and 2016 cropping seasons, respectively. Oba 98 had 4.00 and 

3.70 tonnes per hectare of grain yield in both cropping seasons while Suwan-1-SR produced 

3.90 and 3.84 tonnes per hectare in both cropping seasons. The local cultivar Uweb had 2.49 

and 2.59 tonnes per hectare grain yield in 2015 and 2016 cropping seasons, respectively. The 

least grain yield, 2.32 and 2.45 tonnes per hectare, respectively was from Extal early maize 

variety.  

 

 



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DISCUSSION  

The result indicated that the growing of the hybrid maize types Oba 98, Oba super 2, Farz 32 

gave the highest level of output than the local landrace Uweb and Extral Early maize. This 

result agrees with (Monday, 2018) who noted that the use of hybrid maize varieties for 

propagation leads to greater productivity. The result also indicated that out of the hybrid 

maize varieties FARZ 32 performed best (4.32tonnes/ha). This is in line with Udoh and Ndon 

(2016) who noted that the hybrid varieties of maize yield from 4-6tonnes/ha. It was also 

observed that factors such as genetic makeup influenced the growth and yield of the various 

varieties. An in depth study of the past maize improvement programmes revealed that 

impressive increase in yield of maize grain in the United States of America during the 20th 

century was due mainly to the increase uses of hybrid maize seeds (Eberhant, 1979) therefore 

FARZ 32, Oba super 2, and Oba 98 could be subjected to more field trials and incorporated 

into breeding programmes for selection in Uyo. 

Table 1: Plant height (cm) as influenced by maize  genotypes 

 

Maize 

Varieties 

                   2015 2016 

Weeks   after   planting Weeks   after   planting 

3 6 9   3 6 9 

Oba super 2 33.01 90.15 139.72 31.12 88.66 141.45 

FARZ 32 50.13 101.33 159.37 51.02 112.81 163.33 

Oba 98  35.10 70.70 142.70 32.55 71.11 143.04 

Suwan-I-SR 40.15 99.70 157.35 39.45 101.53 153.13 

QPM 28.55 70.55 121.12 27.61 73.07 122.61 

Extra Early 40.12 94.50 148.30 41.12 97.33 145.67 

Uweb (local) 28.00 77.70 131.70 30.13 60.44 135.29 

LSD (p ≤ 0.05) 3.31 5.35 5.99 3.11 6.01 6.88 

 

 

Table 2: Number of leaves per plant as influenced by maize genotypes 



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Maize 

Varieties 

2015 2016 

Weeks after planting Weeks after planting 

3 6 9 3 6 9 

Oba super 2 7.12 10.55 13.81 7.15 10.75 12.81 

FARZ 32 7.33 11.38 13.56 7.70 11.45 13.33 

Oba 98 6.56 12.13 14.10 7.01 12.74 14.32 

Suwan-I-SR 7.18 11.39 14.90 7.55 11.70 14.50 

QPM 6.23 10.55 12.56 6.13 10.59 12.77 

Extra Early 8.34 12.70 13.77 8.51 12.91 13.81 

Uweb (local) 6.71 11.30 12.56 6.62 11.42 12.51 

LSD (p ≤ 0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS 

  *NS= Not Significant 

Table 3: Leaf area (cm2) as influenced by maize Varieties 

 

Maize Varieties 

2015 2016 

Weeks after planting Weeks after planting 

3 6 9 3 6 9 

Oba super 2 78.62 481.70 741.18 72.33 477.64 749.69 

FARZ 32 97.70 498.20 762.48 96.60 512.01 779.40 

Oba 98 70.50 334.17 525.20 70.55 344.21 562.50 

Suwan-I-SR 70.20 471.10 699.80 71.30 475.55 695.95 

QPM 72.55 399.56 561.40 76.40 403.11 580.22 

Extra Early 77.50 451.33 545.28 78.10 461.73 547.60 

Uweb (local) 57.30 325.10 469.55 62.33 341.44 485.98 

LSD (p ≤ 0.05) 2.69 5.18 7.31 3.01 5.25   6.75 

 

Table 5: Yield components as influenced by maize genotypes 



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2015 2016 

Number of kernel rows 

per cob 

Number of 

kernels per row 

Number of kernel 

rows per cob 

Number of kernels 

per row 

Oba super 2 16.33 26.43 15.20 27.40 

FARZ 32 15.83 26.21 15.18 26.20 

Oba 98 14.16 26.31 13.20 27.30 

Suwan-1-SR 14.45 23.70 13.50 25.70 

QPM 12.55 22.40 12.78 24.89 

Extra Early 13.33 24..77 12.11 23.45 

Uweb(local) 11.30 19.49 11.25 18.34 

LSD(P≤0.05) 1.44 2.24 1.76        2.11 

 

Table 6: Yield of Maize as Influenced by Varieties 

Genotypes 

2015 2016  

Dry weight of 

100 kernels (g) 

Maize Grain 

Yield (t/ha) 

Dry weight of 100 

kernels (g) 

Maize Grain 

Yield (t/ha) 

Oba super 2 36.60 4.30 36.78 4.20 

FARZ 32 42.60 4.37 41.30 4.30 

Oba 98 38.60 4.00 37.99 3.70 

Suwan-1-SR 35.00 3.90 34.20 3.84 

QPM 32.90 2.89 33.78 2.99 

Extra Early 31.09 2.32 32.99 2.45 

Uweb(local) 33.30 2.49 33.00 2.59 

LSD (P ≤ 0.05) 1.55 1.12 1.67 0.02 

 

 



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CONCLUSION 

The study revealed that Farz -32, Oba super 2, and Oba 98 varieties could grantee high maize 

grain yield in high humid region of Nigeria. Farmers in the zone were advised to select the 

three maize varieties above for high grain yield. Adoption of the three varieties could 

enhanced high productivity of maize in the study area. 

 

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