American Journal of Agricultural Science, Engineering and Technology EFFECT OF TEXTILE DYEING WASTEWATER ON GROWTH, YIELD AND NUTRITIONAL QUALITIES OF INDIAN SPINACH Shahjalal Khandaker1, Jahidul Hassan2, Ganesh Chandara Saha3, Mohammad Zia Uddin Kamal4, Anamul Hoque Bhuiyan1 ABSTRACT The present study was conducted on Indian Spinach irrigated by groundwater (control) and seven different types of textile dyeing wastewater to assess the suitability for further utilization in vegetables cultivation. The impact of dyeing wastewater was assessed regarding the growth, yield and nutritional qualities of Indian Spinach. The different types of dyeing wastewater were analyzed for a wide range of parameters and compared with irrigation water quality standard. The results revealed that pH, biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, chloride and color of the mixed wastewater sample (D8) were exceeded the irrigation water quality standards of Department of Environment, Bangladesh while these properties of other wastewater samples were almost within allowable limits. The mixed wastewater was not suitable for irrigation considering the intensity of pollution and yield of Indian Spinach. The average yield of Indian Spinach irrigated with five less polluted wastewater (2 nd wash after scouring and bleaching, enzyme treated wastewater, 2nd wash after dyeing, neutralized wastewater and fixing wastewater) was 58.54 g which was about 28 percent lower than the groundwater irrigated Indian Spinach. However, number of leaves, plant canopy area, stem diameter and plant height did not varied significantly with groundwater treated plant. Nutritional qualities of Indian Spinach irrigated with wastewater were similar to those irrigated by groundwater. The concentration of ascorbic acid in Indian Spinach irrigated with wastewater was found almost identical with groundwater irrigated plants. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b of different wastewater treated plants varied from 0.17 to 0.29 mg and 0.05 to 0.08 mg per gm among the treatments respectively while groundwater irrigated Indian Spinach contained in these range. β carotene in wastewater irrigated Indian Spinach was also higher than the groundwater irrigated plant. From overall assessment, selected wastewater of a dyeing factory could be directly reutilized in irrigation purpose of vegetables cultivation. Key words: wastewater, irrigation, yield and growth, nutritional qualities. 1 Department of Textile Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering &Technology, Gazipur, Bangladesh. E- mail:sk_tex2005@yahoo.com 2 Department of Horticulture, Bangabandu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh. 3 Department of Civil Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering &Technology, Gazipur, Bangladesh. 4 Department of Soil Science, Bangabandu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh. 70AJASET, ISSN: 2158-8104 (Online), 2164-0920 (Print), Vol. 2, Issue. 1 American Journal of Agricultural Science, Engineering and Technology Introduction Bangladesh is an agricultural country where industrialization is taking place in a gradually increasing phase. Water pollution by industrial effluent is one of the vital issues of the environmental concern in Bangladesh (Jolly and Islam, 2009). The important industries are textiles, leather tanning, fertilizer, sugar, chemical, pharmaceutical, oil refining etc. Among these industries, the textile dyeing is considered to be one of the world’s worst polluters because it uses huge amounts of both chemicals and water which after processing becomes wastewater (Khan et al., 2011). To dye 1 kg of cotton goods with reactive dyes, it requires an average of 70-150 L water, 0.6 kg NaCl, 40 gms reactive dyes, alkalis (NaOH) and other pretreatment and dyeing auxiliaries (Allegre et al., 2006). Due to continuous disposal of wastewater into river bodies, the surface water quality is being polluted gradually in an around the industrial zone because of the mixing of various chemical pollutants of the effluent with water. On the other hand, the continuous withdrawal of groundwater is responsible for the depletion of underground water resource and this continuous lowering of the underground water level is threatening our agriculture and environment. It has been reported that the groundwater level of the country is going down gradually due to its large scale yearly extraction for crops production (Jolly and Islam, 2009). The use of industrial wastewater for irrigation purpose can reduce the water pollution and dependency on agricultural use of groundwater. However, it is not possible to circumvent the industrialization for the contributions of textile sector in the economy of Bangladesh. Under this situation, it has become urgent to think of an alternative way to reutilize the industrial wastewater as irrigation aspect for crops production. Ultimately that would be helpful to reduce the environmental pollution of wastewater as well as effluent treatment cost. The use of industrial or municipal wastewater in agriculture is a common practice in many parts of the world (Sharma et al., 2007; WHO, 2006). Rough estimates indicate that at least 20 million hectares in 50 countries are irrigated with raw or partially treated wastewater (Hussain et al., 2001) as this effluent contains various micronutrients essential for plant growth. However, several studies were conducted using wastewater as irrigation for crops and vegetable production where treated wastewater can be used safely for this purpose but untreated wastewater were adversely affected both qualitatively and quantitatively. There are more than 15 steps in knit fabric dyeing process where the wastewaters of all sections are not strongly polluted. In some dyeing process, both chemicals and water are used and some other process only water is used for fabric washing and cleaning after a chemical treatment. Haque (2008) stated that about 50% of wastewater are polluted and needs to be treated and the rest of the water can discharge directly or subjected to very mild treatment. So there is a scope to use such type of wastewater for crops production in Bangladesh. Moreover, as dyeing is a continuous process so it will not hamper to get irrigation water relentlessly. The aim of the present study was to observe the yield, 71AJASET, ISSN: 2158-8104 (Online), 2164-0920 (Print), Vol. 2, Issue. 1 American Journal of Agricultural Science, Engineering and Technology growth and nutritional qualities of Indian Spinach irrigated with less polluted wastewater from the dyeing process comparing with groundwater. Materials and Methods Sample Collection The less polluted wastewater samples were carried in 120 liters plastic container for irrigation of vegetables from dyeing process (D2, D3, D4, D5, D6 and D7) of a knit fabric dyeing factory in Bangladesh (Fig. 1). Mixed effluent sample (D8) was taken from equalization tank of ETP (Effluent treatment plant) and groundwater sample (D1) was collected as control treatment from a tube-well near experimental site. For wastewater characterization, samples were taken in two liters plastic bottles with good stoppers from the plastic container. Bottles were thoroughly washed with 1 (M) HCl and rinsed several times with de-ionized water before sample collection. Sampling was carried out using the grab method except mixed effluent (Stone et al., 2000). Fabric Loading Water +Chemicals Scouring & Bleaching Drain by Rinse water +Acid Hot wash Drain by Rinse Water Cold wash Drain D2 (2 nd wash after scouring and bleaching) Acid +Enzyme Enzyme process Drain D3 (Enzyme treated wastewater) Water Cold wash Drain Chemicals + Color Dyeing Drain by Rinse Water Hot wash Drain by Rinse Water Cold wash Drain D4 (2nd wash after dyeing) Acid +Water Neutralization Drain D5 (Neutralized wastewater) Water+ Chemical soaping Drain by Rinse Water Hot wash Drain by Rinse Water Cold Wash Drain D6(2nd wash after soaping) Water + Chemical Fixing Drain D7 (Fixing wastewater ) 72AJASET, ISSN: 2158-8104 (Online), 2164-0920 (Print), Vol. 2, Issue. 1 American Journal of Agricultural Science, Engineering and Technology Water + Chemical Softening Drain Unload Figure 1: Typical dyeing process and Sample Collection Steps Laboratory Analysis of Wastewater The pH, electrical conductivity and temperature were measured on the spot before acidified according to the standard procedures (APHA, 1998). Colour, nitrate (NO3¯ ), sulphate (SO4 -2), phosphate (PO4 -) were carried out in the laboratory using DR-2800™ Spectrophotometer. Electrical conductivity (EC) was determined by conductivity meter (EC150, HACH). Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) was measured by dilution method (APHA, 1998). Dissolved oxygen (DO) was measured by chemical method and Chemical oxygen demand (COD) was determined by dichromate digestion method. Chloride was determined by Mohr’s method. Total solids (SS) was measured gravimetrically while suspended solids (SS) was obtained by subtracting the TDS from TS. The determinations of heavy metals (nickel, zinc, copper and chromium) were carried out using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (SPECTRA A.A-55B, VARIAN, and Australia) as per standard method. Cultivation of Indian Spinach Pot experiment was conducted at the nursery of Horticulture Department at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh on March-May, 2012. 24 pots were arranged according to the RCBD (Randomized Complete Block Design) with three replications for eight wastewater samples including one groundwater irrigated plants. After rising of plants, thinning and wedding were done properly and each pot was irrigated with equal amount (500 ml) of wastewater from respective drum at one alternate day to keep soil moistured. Harvesting was done 70 days after seed sowing because maximum yield and growth of Indian Spinach was obtained in this period (Rashid, 1993). At least five plants were taken randomly from each replication of treatments to analysis the growth and yield of Indian Spinach. Measurement of Growth and Yield Total Plant height and shoot length were measured by measuring tape. Leaf length and leaf width were also measured in the similar way. Stem diameter was measured in mm by slide calipers in the three position of a plant. Plant weights were measured by using electronic balance precisely. All measurements were taken 5 randomly selected plants from each replication and average value was calculated. Leaves per plant were counted from 5 plants of each replication and average was calculated. Plant canopy area was measured by using the following formula. Canopy area= Leaf expansion at the north-south direction X Leaf expansion at the west- east direction. 73AJASET, ISSN: 2158-8104 (Online), 2164-0920 (Print), Vol. 2, Issue. 1 American Journal of Agricultural Science, Engineering and Technology Nutritional Analysis Fresh leaves were sampled manually for estimations of chlorophyll and β carotene. Chlorophyll and β carotene pigments were extracted in 80% acetone and estimated according to the methods of Maclachlan and Zalik (1963) and Duxbury and Yentsch (1956), respectively. Ascorbic acid was determined by the methods described by Keller and Schwager (1977). Statistical Analysis The data was analyzed using MSTATC statistical software. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done according to Gomez and Gomez (1984). The means were compared by Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) at 5% significance level. Results and Discussions Physiochemical Properties of Wastewater and Groundwater Physicochemical properties of different textile dyeing wastewater and groundwater were compared with irrigation water quality standard suggested by DOE (Department of Environment). The analytical results are shown in Table 1. The highest amount of Colour, TDS, electrical conductivity, sulphate, chloride were detected in mixed effluent (D8) and 2nd wash after bath drop. Chloride, Electrical conductivity of these two samples were exceeded the recommended value of Department of Environment (DOE), Bangladesh. Table 1: Physicochemical properties of textile dying wastewater P aram eters Irrigation std of D O E Treatments D 1 D 2 D 3 D 4 D 5 D 6 D 7 D 8 T ube w ell 2 nd w ash after scouring& bleaching E nzym e T reatm ent 2 nd w ash after B D N eutralization T reatm ent 2 nd w ash after Soaping Fixing T reatm ent M ixed E ffluent from E T P pH 6-9 7.2 9.1 6.1 8.2 7.1 7.4 7.3 9.5 DO ( mgL-1) 4.5-8 6.5 5.85 6.12 4.58 5.0 5.8 4.77 0.58 Color (pt.co- unit) NA 16 97 67 477 367 171 348 1038 TDS ( mgL-1) 2100 300 910 650 2070 1840 470 1290 3320 TSS ( mgL-1) 200 30 40 50 60 66 40 40 310 EC (µs cm-1) 1200 350 850 900 1350 550 480 700 4200 BOD ( mgL-1) 100 1.5 68 28 23 83 143 203 223 74AJASET, ISSN: 2158-8104 (Online), 2164-0920 (Print), Vol. 2, Issue. 1 American Journal of Agricultural Science, Engineering and Technology COD ( mgL-1) 400 4 755 610 98 195 317 393 450 Nitrate(NO3 –) ( mgL-1) 10 1.5 0.8 0 0.6 0 0.3 0.8 0.8 Phosphate(PO4 -) ( mgL-1) NA 0.5 2 0.52 0.81 0.23 0.27 0.19 1.06 0.40 Sulphate(SO4 -2) ( mgL-1) NA 0 9.0 2.5 38.0 0 5.0 8.0 65 Chloride(Cl-) ( mgL-1) 600 31 8 5 2500 58 64 42 2700 Note: n a - not available The wastewater discharge from 2nd wash after scouring and bleaching (D2) and mixed effluent (D8) were strongly alkaline. Dissolved oxygen was the lowest in D8 which indicates the severity of pollution. Very little amount of nitrate and phosphate were found in different wastewater samples. Growth and Yield Characteristics of Indian Spinach Number of Leaves per Plant There was no significant variation found for the total number of leaves per plant among the wastewater and groundwater treated Indian Spinach. The number of leaves in groundwater irrigated plant was 19.11 while in other wastewater treated plants varied from 14.11 to 16.50 statistically (Table 2). Leaf Length The highest leaf length of Indian Spinach was found in D1 (17.83 cm) treated plant while leaf length of different wastewater treated plants ranged from 12.0 to 13.28 cm and statistically similar. Islam et al., (2011) studied that the maximum leaf length was 17.0 cm and minimum leaf length was 10.4 cm in Indian Spinach grown in wastewater irrigated soil which is identical with the present study. Leaf Width Leaf width of Indian Spinach was found the highest in groundwater treated plant (10.78 cm). However; leaf width of different wastewater irrigated plant was within the same group ranged from 6.78 to 8.39 cm and has no statistical variation each among. Plant Canopy Area There was no significant variation observed in plant canopy area of different wastewater irrigated plants with groundwater irrigated plant. The highest plant canopy area was seen in D3 (745.00 cm2) while the lowest value was found in D8 (581.30 cm2) (Table2). Higher Plant canopy area enhances the exchange of gases and photosynthesis process. Iersel and Lee (2008) found that leaves area of plants decreased with the increasing of salinity of soil for irrigation. Salinity not only decreases the area of individual leaves, but also the total leaf area of plants (Brugnoli and Lauteri, 1991; Romero-Ara-nda 75AJASET, ISSN: 2158-8104 (Online), 2164-0920 (Print), Vol. 2, Issue. 1 American Journal of Agricultural Science, Engineering and Technology et al., 2001). The concentration of chloride (Cl-) in D8 and D4 was the highest. Therefore, the canopy area of those treatments were seems to lower. Stem Diameter No significant variation was found in stem diameter among the wastewater and groundwater treated plants. The highest stem diameter was found in D1 (10.47 mm) closely followed by D3 (10.35 mm) and D5 (10. 17 mm). The lowest stem diameter was measured in D8 (8.597 mm). Plant Height Statistically there was no significant difference observed in the plant height of Indian Spinach. The maximum plant height was recorded from D1 (60.34 cm) while it was the minimum in D6 (35.76 cm).The height of other treatments (D2, D3, D4, D5, D7 and D8) were varied from 38.23 to 51.51 cm (Table 2). As D2, D4, D7 and D8 wastewater contained higher amount of nitrate (NO3 -) therefore, it seems that the plant height was also higher than the other wastewater treated plants. Rop et al., (2012) stated that the height of a plant depends on plant vigor and growth habit. Indian Spinach is a vigorous growing plant and nitrogen had a significant effect on the length of stem. Nitrogen is essential for plant cell division especially during early vegetative growth in plant (Salisbury and Ross, 1986). This implies that timing and application of nitrogen levels is crucial in production of leafy vegetables. Table 2: Growth and Yield of Indian Spinach Irrigated by Textile Dyeing Wastewater Treatments Number of leaves per plant* Leaf length (cm) Leaf width (cm) Plant Canopy area (cm2)* Stem Diameter (mm)* Plant height (cm) Plant weight (g) (Yield) D1 19.11a 17.83a 10.78a 654.00a 10.47a 60.34a 81.33a D2 16.50a 13.28ab 8.39ab 740.00a 9.28a 45.28a 60.67ab D3 15.55a 12.83b 7.22b 745.00a 10.35a 42.26a 58.00ab D4 14.67a 12.00b 7.97b 602.00a 9.80a 40.38a 49.00ab D5 15.44a 13.22ab 7.44b 631.30a 10.17a 38.23a 57.33ab D6 14.11a 12.22b 6.78b 617.30a 9.16a 35.76a 45.33b D7 15.56a 12.78b 7.22b 619.00a 9.13a 51.51a 67.67ab D8 14.89a 12.56b 7.11b 581.30 a 8.60a 45.07a 45.33b CV% 21.48 19.57 19.44 27.36 20.54 39.85 31.65 LSD value 5.92 4.57 2.67 312.00 3.46 31.30 31.98 * In the same column followed by common letters are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of probability by DMRT. 76AJASET, ISSN: 2158-8104 (Online), 2164-0920 (Print), Vol. 2, Issue. 1 American Journal of Agricultural Science, Engineering and Technology Plant Weight (Yield) The yield (fresh weight) of groundwater irrigated Indian Spinach was 81.33 g while the yield varied from 45.33 to 67.67 g in different wastewater irrigated plants. According to the MSTAT-C software analysis, the yield of D2, D3, D4, D5 and D7 were within the same group and the average yield was 58.54 g. The yield of D6 and D8 were significantly varied with groundwater (D1) irrigated plat. Solaimalai and Saravanakumar (2004) stated that excess TDS within the plant root zone has a deleterious effect on plant growth primarily because; it increases the energy that must be expended to acquire water from the soil of the root zone and to make biochemical adjustments necessary to survive under stress. In this Study, mixed wastewater (D8) contained the huge amount of TDS (3320 mg L-1) which may be hampered the yield of D8 wastewater treated plant. Nutritional Qualities of Indian Spinach Ascorbic Acid There was no significant variation observed in ascorbic acid (vitamin C) of Indian Spinach among the treatments irrigated with wastewater comparing with groundwater. Ascorbic acid was varied from 4.25 to 5.13 mg in Indian Spinach per 100 g while groundwater irrigated plants contained 5.13 mg (Figure 2 a). (a) Ascorbic Acid (b) β carotene Figure 2: (a) Ascorbic Acid and (b) β carotene in Indian Spinach β Carotene 77AJASET, ISSN: 2158-8104 (Online), 2164-0920 (Print), Vol. 2, Issue. 1 American Journal of Agricultural Science, Engineering and Technology The highest amount of ß carotene in Indian Spinach was found in D5 followed by D3 and D2 with the amount of 0.54, 0.43 and 0.30 mg per 100 g respectively (Figure 2 b). These amounts of ß carotene were much higher than the groundwater irrigated plant. Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b The amount of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b of different wastewater treated plants were very close with the amount of groundwater (D1) treated Indian Spinach. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b was varied from 0.17 to 0.29 mg and 0.05 to 0.08 mg per gm among the treatments respectively while groundwater irrigated Indian Spinach contained in these range (Figure 3). Figure 3: Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b Indian Spinach Conclusion The physicochemical properties of studied dyeing wastewater were not uniform and mixed wastewater were strongly polluted considering pH, DO, TDS, TSS, BOD and COD according to the water quality standard of DOE (Department of Environment) for using in irrigation. Therefore, the mixed wastewater was not suitable for irrigation considering the intensity of pollution. The average yield of Indian Spinach irrigated with five less polluted wastewater (D2, D3, D4, D5 and D7) was 58.54 g and this amount was about 28 percent lower than the groundwater irrigated Indian Spinach. However, number of leaves, plant canopy area, stem diameter and plant height did not varied significantly with groundwater treated plant. Moreover, nutritional qualities of this vegetable were not affected for irrigation with these less polluted dyeing wastewater. There was no significant variation was observed in the concentration of ascorbic acid, ß carotene chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b of Indian Spinach cultivated with dyeing wastewater irrigation comparing with groundwater. From the overall aspects of the study, Selected these five less polluted dyeing wastewater (without treated) can be considered as suitable alternate for irrigation of vegetables where groundwater is not available on 78AJASET, ISSN: 2158-8104 (Online), 2164-0920 (Print), Vol. 2, Issue. 1 American Journal of Agricultural Science, Engineering and Technology the condition of monitoring the long-term effect on soils which can reduce the effluent treatment cost, groundwater dependency for irrigation, ultimately save the environment. Acknowledgements Authors are grateful to the higher education and qualities enhancement project (HEQEP) of University Grant Commission of Bangladesh for financial grant and Tex Euro Bd ltd. for giving permission to collect wastewater samples for the present investigation. The authors also thankful to the Dhaka University of Engineering &Technology (DUET), Gazipur, and Bangabandu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMAU), Gazipur for providing lab facilities. References Allègre, C., Moulin, P., Maisseu, M., Charbit, F. (2006). Treatment and reuse of reactive dyeing effluents, Journal of Membrane Science, 269: 15-34. APHA, AWWA and WEF (1998). Standard Method for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20 th Edition; American Public Health Association (APHA)/ American water works Association (AWWA)/ Water Environment Federation (WEF). Washington, USA. Brugnoli, E. & Lauteri, M. (1991). 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