volume 03 issue 10-2023 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 10 pages: 1-4 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this case study explores the viability of utilizing renewable energy sources for irrigation in small agricultural areas, using selnica podravska in croatia as a focal point. as water scarcity and energy sustainability become pressing concerns, the integration of renewable energy into irrigation systems holds potential for enhanced resource management. through a comprehensive assessment, including solar and wind energy feasibility analyses, economic evaluations, and environmental considerations, the study evaluates the suitability of renewable energy solutions for irrigation needs in selnica podravska. the findings shed light on the practicality and benefits of incorporating renewable energy into agriculture, offering insights for sustainable rural development. keywords renewable energy sources, agricultural irrigation, small-scale agriculture, selnica podravska, croatia, solar energy, wind energy, feasibility analysis, economic evaluation, environmental sustainability, rural development. introduction the nexus of water scarcity, energy sustainability, and agricultural productivity has compelled the exploration of innovative solutions that can address these intertwined challenges. small-scale agricultural areas, characterized by their limited access to conventional energy sources and vulnerability to water shortages, research article unlocking renewable energy for small-scale agricultural irrigation: a case study of selnica podravska, croatia submission date: sep 21, 2023, accepted date: sep 26, 2023, published date: oct 01, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue10-01 karolina leskovar university of zagreb, faculty of geotechnical engineering, varazdin, croatia journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue10-01 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue10-01 volume 03 issue 10-2023 2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 10 pages: 1-4 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi stand to benefit significantly from the integration of renewable energy technologies into irrigation systems. this study focuses on the potential of unlocking renewable energy sources, specifically solar and wind energy, for irrigation in the context of selnica podravska, croatia. selnica podravska represents a microcosm of the larger challenges faced by small agricultural communities. as climate change intensifies, the reliable supply of water for irrigation becomes increasingly uncertain, while the environmental impacts of traditional energy sources cast a shadow on sustainability. harnessing renewable energy to power irrigation systems not only has the potential to address these challenges but also fosters rural development by enhancing agricultural productivity, energy security, and environmental stewardship. this study aims to investigate the feasibility of integrating renewable energy sources for irrigation in selnica podravska. by conducting comprehensive analyses of solar and wind energy potential, economic viability, and environmental impact, the study assesses whether renewable energy solutions can serve as a transformative tool for small-scale agricultural irrigation. the insights gained from this case study contribute to the understanding of how renewable energy can unlock new opportunities for sustainable rural development and agricultural resilience. method site selection and data collection: identify selnica podravska as the study area based on its representation of small agricultural areas facing water scarcity. collect meteorological data, including solar radiation and wind speed, for the region. solar energy feasibility analysis: utilize solar radiation data to estimate the solar energy potential for irrigation. evaluate the technical feasibility of implementing solar photovoltaic systems for irrigation pumps. analyze factors such as system size, efficiency, and energy storage requirements. wind energy feasibility analysis: analyze wind speed data to determine the wind energy potential for electricity generation. assess the suitability of small-scale wind turbines for providing energy to irrigation systems. consider turbine capacity, installation feasibility, and grid integration. economic evaluation: estimate the capital and operational costs of implementing renewable energy systems for irrigation. conduct a cost-benefit analysis to compare the economic viability of renewable energy solutions with conventional energy sources. environmental considerations: quantify the greenhouse gas emissions reduction potential of renewable energy adoption. evaluate the environmental benefits in terms of air quality improvement and carbon footprint reduction. data integration and interpretation: volume 03 issue 10-2023 3 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 10 pages: 1-4 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi synthesize the results of solar and wind energy feasibility analyses, economic evaluations, and environmental considerations. interpret the findings in the context of selnica podravska's agricultural and energy landscape. discussion and implications: discuss the potential benefits, challenges, and implications of integrating renewable energy for irrigation in small agricultural areas. explore the potential for policy support and stakeholder engagement in realizing sustainable rural development through renewable energy adoption. by employing this methodological framework, the study aims to provide a holistic assessment of the potential of renewable energy sources for small-scale agricultural irrigation in selnica podravska. the integration of technical, economic, and environmental considerations informs the viability and feasibility of adopting renewable energy solutions, offering insights for policymakers, agricultural communities, and researchers striving to enhance agricultural resilience and sustainability. results the investigation into the feasibility of utilizing renewable energy for small-scale agricultural irrigation in selnica podravska yielded significant outcomes. solar energy feasibility analysis indicated that the region's solar radiation levels are conducive to the implementation of solar photovoltaic systems. wind energy feasibility analysis revealed that wind speeds are sufficient for small-scale wind turbines to generate electricity for irrigation. economic evaluation demonstrated that while the initial investment for renewable energy systems is higher, the long-term operational cost savings and potential revenue generation offset these costs. environmental considerations highlighted the substantial greenhouse gas emissions reduction potential and environmental benefits associated with renewable energy adoption. discussion the discussion centered on the implications and potential benefits of integrating renewable energy into small-scale agricultural irrigation. the results of the feasibility analyses, economic evaluation, and environmental considerations collectively underscored the feasibility of using solar and wind energy to power irrigation systems in selnica podravska. the discussion delved into the potential challenges, including initial investment barriers, technological adaptation, and grid integration, while also highlighting opportunities for policy support and community engagement. the discussion also emphasized the broader implications of this case study for rural development and agricultural resilience. integrating renewable energy into irrigation systems not only addresses water scarcity and energy sustainability but also fosters local economic growth, energy security, and environmental conservation. conclusion in conclusion, the case study on unlocking renewable energy for small-scale agricultural irrigation in selnica podravska has demonstrated the potential for transforming agricultural practices and rural development. the results highlight the technical viability, economic feasibility, and environmental benefits of harnessing solar and wind energy for irrigation. by adopting renewable energy solutions, agricultural communities can enhance their resilience volume 03 issue 10-2023 4 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 10 pages: 1-4 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi to water scarcity, reduce operational costs, and contribute to environmental stewardship. the findings of this case study offer valuable insights for policymakers, local communities, and researchers striving to promote sustainable agricultural practices and rural development. the integration of renewable energy into irrigation systems has the potential to pave the way for resilient, prosperous, and environmentally conscious agricultural landscapes. as renewable energy technologies continue to advance and evolve, their potential to unlock new opportunities for smallscale agriculture remains a powerful avenue for transforming rural communities and promoting sustainable development. references 1. el-shimy m, durin b (2016) techno-economic evaluation and sizing optimization of solar-pv and wind energy sources for irrigation water pumping, the international congress energy and the environment 2016, in opatija, croatia. 2. borosic j, romic d, dolanjski d (2000) growth and yield components of dwarf french bean grown under irrigationconditions, acta horticulturae 451460. 3. albers t (2013) powering the pump: diesel versus electric motors, pumps & systems. https://www.pumpsandsystems. com/topics/motors/powering-pump-diesel-versuselectricmotors, 04.12.2018. 4. el-shimy m, abdo t (2016) irrigation water pumping (iwp) systems comparison between photovoltaics and conventional energy sources, časopis inženjerstva okoliša (journal of environmental engineering), pp.7-20, 2016 5. dhmz: precipitation data for the weather station ludbreg 2008.-2017., 2018. 6. european commission: photovoltaic geographical information system interactive maps, monthly global irradiation data. 2007. http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/apps3/pvest.php#, 03.12.2018. volume 04 issue 03-2024 38 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 38-42 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the article presents the results of field experiments conducted to study the effect of mineral fertilizers of different standards on the photosynthetic productivity and pure photosynthesis productivity of winter wheat variety "asr" in the conditions of irrigated light gray soils of navoi region. it was found that the photosynthesis productivity was determined by the accounting balance of mineral fertilizers and the methods of soil plant diagnostics, and the options used in combination with pesticides with biologically active organic and mineral fertilizer rokogumin were the highest. keywords pale gray soil, wheat, mineral fertilizers, biologically active fertilizers, pesticides, leaf area, photosynthetic productivity. introduction the yield of winter wheat grown in irrigated fields varies in a direct relationship with the productivity of photosynthetic processes. in order to grow a planned high-quality harvest of winter wheat in these fields, it is necessary to create its stem number, structure and leaf level. for this, in the leaf phenological stages of winter wheat, the soil must have sufficient moisture, nutrients, temperature, air exchange, and light. it is known from the research conducted in different soil and climate conditions that in order to grow a high and quality crop from winter wheat, its leaf area should be 45-50 thousand m2 per hectare and the research article change of photosynthetic productivity of winter wheat in irrigated light color gray soils depending on the rate of mineral fertilizers submission date: march 20, 2024, accepted date: march 25, 2024, published date: march 30, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue03-07 h. yusupov phd lalmikor agricultural research institute, uzbekistan h. zaripov independent researcher lalmikor agricultural research institute, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue03-07 volume 04 issue 03-2024 39 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 38-42 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi photosynthetic activity of the leaves, that is, their greenness should last for a long time [1, 2, 3]. . k.e. khalgaeva [4], depending on the rate of mineral fertilizers, various biostimulants in the light chestnut soils of kalmykia 30.7-46.7 thousand m2/ha, photosynthesis productivity was 1322-2017 thousand m2/ha, and net photosynthesis productivity (fsm) was 1.02-2.11 g/day. experiment methodology. in 2022-2023, field experiments were conducted on irrigated light-colored meadow soils of the farm "navbahor saigali kamoli" in navbahor district, navoi region. the soil of the experimental field is humus, low in nitrogen, moderately supplied with phosphorus and potassium substances, and the level of groundwater it is 3-4 m. there were 11 variants of the experiment and they were repeated in three repetitions. the volume of plots (plots) was 400 m2, the area to be considered was 200 m2. phosphorous (ammophos) and potash fertilizers (potassium salt) were applied under the plow in the fall, and urea with nitrogen fertilizers (46%) was given (tufting, hoeing and earing). effect of combined application of mineral and organo-mineral fertilizers and pesticides on photosynthetic productivity of winter wheat, average in 2022-2023 t/r options tubing-earing spike-ripening milk-wax ripening during the average growing season 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 fertilizerfree option 3,13 0,845 1,67 3,65 1,060 5,38 3,30 0,380 0,380 0,85 3,36 0,695 2,632 r90k90-фон i autumn 3,40 0,935 1,73 3,93 1,143 5,22 4,13 0,275 0,95 3,82 0,784 2,65 3 background i +n150 3,48 0,952 1,78 3,83 1,114 5,22 3,97 0,304 1,10 3,76 0,790 2,76 4 background i +n180 3,64 0,974 1,76 3,91 1,130 5,97 4,01 0,356 1,08 3,85 0,820 2,25 5 background i +n210 3,67 1,055 1,80 4,07 1,181 5,40 4,06 0,358 1,02 3,93 0,865 2,74 6 r120k70 фон iiautumn 3,48 0,930 1,74 4,16 1,214 5,35 4,10 0,244 0,98 3,94 0,796 2,63 7 background ii +n150 3,82 1,109 1,84 4,45 1,523 5,40 4,36 0,371 1,05 4,21 0,988 2,76 8 background ii +n180 4,06 1,177 1,98 4,77 1,384 5,40 4,64 0,360 1,05 4,49 0,973 2,81 9 background ii +n210 4,16 1,249 2,28 4,91 1,427 5,65 4,76 0,390 0,98 4,61 1,022 2,97 volume 04 issue 03-2024 40 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 38-42 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 10 npk-70 ts/ha for crop + rg+20 g herbicide+ 0.15 l fungicide + 0.15 l/ha insecticide + spraying (suspension) 4,32 1,306 2,34 5,65 1,466 5,68 5,09 0,461 1,25 1,25 4,82 1,078 3,0911 npk-80 ts/ha for crop + nk+20 g herbicide+ 0.15 l fungicide + 0.15 l/ha insecticide + spraying (suspension) 4,26 1,390 2,25 4,98 1,420 5,05 4,88 0,420 1,08 4,65 1,043 2,99 note: 1-leaf level index, thousand m2; 2-photosynthesis productivity, million m2/ha; 3-photosynthesis net productivity, g/m2 day; rg-rokogumin organo-mineral fertilizer; nk-nanokrem is a biologically active fertilizer containing sio3. during the years of the experiment, the photosynthetic productivity (fm) and net photosynthetic productivity (fsm) of winter wheat were determined at different phenological stages depending on the leaf level index determined by the cross-sectional method (method vysechki). according to the data of the navoi agrotechnology department, the annual average rainfall is 196 mm, the average monthly air temperature is 12.3 0c, and the relative humidity is 65%. it was 13.4 0c, and the relative air humidity was 49%. in 2023, the amount of precipitation was 84 mm less than the long-term average, the air temperature was 1.3 0c lower, and the relative air humidity was almost 20% less than the longterm average. research results according to the results of a two-year experiment, the effect of organic and mineral fertilizers on the index of wheat leaf level on the area of the planned autumn wheat harvest was noted already in its budding phase. at this stage, in the control of the experiment without fertilizers, the index of the leaf surface of wheat was on average 3.13 thousand m2, and its highest indicators (4.32 thousand m2) of the experiment were determined by the calculation balance method and volume 04 issue 03-2024 41 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 38-42 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi soil-plant diagnostics. methods (10 variants) were determined. in this option, the level of winter wheat leaves was found to be 1.19 thousand m2 higher than in the option without fertilizer. according to the researches, the highest indicators of the leaf surface index of "asr" autumn wheat (5.05 thousand m2) were given through the roots of mineral fertilizers determined by the calculation balance method during the ripening period of the ear, containing amino acids, fulvates, macro and micro fertilizers rokogumin (rg). along with biologically active fertilizers, 5% kas (a mixture of carbamide and ammonium nitrate) and pesticides suspension was determined in the sprayed variant. by the milk wax ripening stage of winter wheat, a sharp decrease in the leaf level index was observed in the control variant of the experiment, and on the contrary, it was much higher in the variants given mineral fertilizers of different rates. photosynthetic productivity (fm) is one of the main parameters determining the duration of photosynthetic activity of winter wheat leaves in irrigated fields. the higher and more continuous the fm indicators are, the more the soil contains all the vital factors for the plant (moisture, nutrients, temperature, light, aeration). in the non-fertilized control version of the experiment, the photosynthetic productivity of "asr" winter wheat variety during the growing season was on average 0.659 million m2/ha, and in the fertilized versions it was 0.784-1.078 million m2/ha. its highest indicator (1.078 million m2/ha) of winter wheat according to the leaf level index was recorded in 10 options fed according to the calculation balance of the experiment and brg diagnostic method for yielding 70 ts/ha. in this variant, the spraying of rokogumin universal organic and mineral fertilizer (2.5 l/ha), 5% kas, fungicide and insecticide (0.15 l/ha) in winter wheat during the tuber and earing phases increased the photosynthetic productivity of winter wheat. . the level of use of photosynthetically active radiation of winter wheat is determined by the photosynthetic net productivity (fsm) of the plant, that is, the amount of crop biomass during the day. according to the results of two years of research, the highest fsm indicators of winter wheat were recorded during the periods of milk ripening. due to the natural fertility of the experiment during the growing season, the fsm indicator of winter wheat was 2.63 g/day on average, while this indicator was 2.65-3.09 g/day in varieties fed through roots and leaves at different rates. according to two years of research, the following conclusions can be reached: conclusions 1. in the irrigated light-colored grassland soils of navoi region, which are poorly supplied with humus and mineral nutrients directly assimilated by plants, the index of the leaf level of the winter wheat variety "asr" was 3.36-4.87 thousand m2, depending on the norm of mineral fertilizers. 2. physiologically active radiation (far) utilization rate of winter wheat is determined by leaf photosynthetic productivity (fm) and net photosynthesis productivity (fsm). these indicators are respectively 0.695 mln. m2/ha and was 2.63 g/day. references 1. 1.каюмов м.к. программа и методика постановки опытов и проведения исследований по программированию урожаев полевых культур –м., 197625 с. volume 04 issue 03-2024 42 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 38-42 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 2. шатилов и.с., каюмов м.к. максимальное аккумулирования солнечной энергии культурными растениями-важнейшая задача современного земледелия. душанбе, 1982 , ст. 28-40. 3. 3, каюмов м.к. методика расчета норм удобрений при программировании урожаев – тезисы док./ всесоюзной конференции по программированию урожаев. м., 1978 г, ст-17-80. 4. 4. халгаева к.э. комплексное влияние стимуляторов роста и минеральных удобрений на урожайность озимой пшеницы в условиях светло каштановых почв калмикии. автореферат канд.. дисс., 2012 , 22 ст. volume 04 issue 06-2024 39 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 39-42 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the article describes the results of scientific research on the economic efficiency of growing chickpeas, which is a leguminous crop, based on different sowing technologies in rainfed lands. keywords rainfed soil, climatic conditions, chickpeas, various sowing technologies, organic and mineral fertilizers, productivity, economic efficiency, cost, net profit, profitability level. introduction peas, considered one of the leguminous grain crops in dry areas of uzbekistan, are grown mainly in plains-hills and foothills with low rainfall. currently, its area is approximately 35-40 thousand hectares. depending on whether the agricultural year is wet or dry, the cultivated area of peas may be more or less than indicated. peas grown in these areas are characterized by their richness in protein, amino acids, enzymes, vitamins, macro and microelements, ease of digestion and taste, and are completely different from peas grown in other regions. the demand for peas grown in the specific arid soilclimate conditions of the available dry land in the republic is increasing year by year as a natural clean product not only in the republic, in the food and confectionery industry, but also in the world markets. in recent years, the demand for peas grown in dry areas of uzbekistan is increasing year by year not only in the internal market of the republic, but also in the foreign market. however, the following are the main factors that are seriously hindering the increase of the area and productivity of peas in dry areas of our republic. currently, 75-80% of the agrotechnological research article economic efficiency of peas growing based on different planting technologies in arrival areas submission date: june 20, 2024, accepted date: june 25, 2024, published date: june 30, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue06-08 abdurakhmon mamatkulov phd student, lalmikor agricultural research institute, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue06-08 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue06-08 volume 04 issue 06-2024 40 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 39-42 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi measures for planting peas, from tilling and planting with plows, discs, harrows and heavy trowels to its care and harvesting, are mainly done by hand. chickpea is a universal predecessor for grain crops in the crop rotation system in dry regions of uzbekistan. one of the leguminous crops, the grain of the pea crop is nutritious and contains up to 30% protein, up to 4% starch, as well as fat, sugar, cellulose, minerals and vitamins [1; pp. 5-8], [6; pp. 37-38]. some of the main factors limiting the productivity of the pea plant in dry areas of the republic at the present time are the relative lack of atmospheric precipitation over the years and the lack of mineral nutrients in the soil, on the one hand, and on the other hand, the low level of farming culture and several other factors. mentioned in the comments. determining the economic efficiency of growing peas in dry areas is always one of the most important issues, especially in the current market economy. the economic efficiency of the pea crop is determined by the size and quality of the grown product and the amount of expenses spent on its production [5; 22–p.]. finding the level of profitability (profitability) in the cultivation of pea varieties in agriculture represents the effectiveness of crop cultivation [2; 115–p.]. it is known from experiments that the protein content of the seeds of leguminous crops is two to three times higher than that of grain crops. one of such legumes is peas [3; 24-p], [4; 320–p]. research conditions field experiments in the central experimental farm of the lalmicor agricultural research institute, the lalmicor soils are semi-sufficient with rainfall (280-350 mm) in the plain-hill-hill region at an altitude of 485 m above sea level, and the soil consists of typical lalmicor gray soils. the soils of the experimental field are moderately sandy, moderately affected by water and air erosion, and in their plow layer (0-20 cm) there is 0.55-0.88% humus, 0.08-0.12% total nitrogen, 0.12-0, contains 15% total phosphorus and 1.20-1.160% total potassium. groundwater seepage is located below 10 m and has almost no influence on soil formation processes. in the conducted researches, planting works were carried out according to experimental schemes based on different planting technologies. experiments were carried out in 6 variants and 3 repetitions according to the above 3 technologies. in the studies, the area of delyankas was 100 m2. a new regionalized variety "guliston" was selected for planting in fertile areas of chickpeas. experimental result in the experiments carried out during the research years, the economic efficiency of growing peas on the basis of different technologies was determined. 1-table determining the economic efficiency of planting peas and using mineral fertilizers according to different planting technologies in dry areas (gallaorol 2022-2023 year.) volume 04 issue 06-2024 41 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 39-42 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi № indicators planting technologies traditional technology (pattern) (russia) "o" technology (no till, brazil) szs 2.1 cultivator seeder (kazakhstan) 1 implementation area, ga 100 100 100 2 productivity, ts/ha 8,1 6,2 8,2 3 gross pea yield, t 81,0 62,0 82,0 4 realization price of gross peas (according to the market price), thousand soums 1944000,0 1488000,0 1968000,0 5 total production costs, thousand soums 528398,7 484892,7 504650,0 6 sh.j. fuel and lubricant products, thousand soums 61845,0 12065,0 13965,0 7 net profit, thousand soums 1415602,0 1003107,3 1463350,0 8 net profit, ± thousand soums (compared to the standard) -412494,7 +47748,0 9 the cost of 1 t of peas is one thousand soums 6523,4 7820,8 6154,3 10 rate of return, % 267,9 206,9 280,0 as can be seen from the data presented in the table, the total net profit of the traditional technology was 1415602.0 thousand soums, the rate of profitability was 267.9%. also, the total net profit obtained in the directly sown "o" technology option of the experiment was 1,003,107.3 thousand soums, the profitability rate was 206.9%, and the total in the experimental options planted with the third planting technology, i.e. szs 2.1 (kazakhstan) cultivator seeder net profit was 1,463,350.0 thousand soums, the rate of profitability was 280.0% (table 1). conclusion according to the results of the conducted field experiments, it was found that the results obtained in the variants planted with peas using one of the different planting technologies szs-2.1 cultivator seeder are superior. references 1. балашова н.н. мировые тенденции производства и потребления нута. // зерновые культуры. 2003. № 8. 5-8 с. volume 04 issue 06-2024 42 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 39-42 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 2. бобоқулов з.ф. нўхат навлари ҳосилдорлигига кузги экиш муддатлари ва чуқурлигининг таъсири. дисс. қ.х.ф.ф.д., тошкент 2020 й. 115-б. 3. мавланов б.т. суғориладиган тупроқларда нўхатнинг юлдуз, умид ва ўзбекистон 32 навларини ўсиши, ривожланиши ва ҳосилдорлигига минерал ўғитларнинг таъсири. автореф. дисс. қ.х.ф.н., самарқанд 2005 й. 24 б. 4. орипов р.о., халилов н.х. ўсимликшунослик. т. 2005. 320 б. 5. соипов о, нўхат етиштиришнинг иқтисодий самарадорлигига уруғ фракциялари ва озиқлантиришнинг таъсири. // agro ilm. тошкент, 2019. -№1, (57) 22-б. 6. хамдамов и.х., шукуруллаев п., мустанов с. нўхат экинг, кўпайтиринг // ўзбекистон қишлоқ хўжалиги журнали. 1991. №6. 37-38 б. volume 04 issue 03-2024 25 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 25-29 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the article offers the findings of a scientific study on the most suitable times to plant early-ripening potato cultivars in the northern districts of the agrobiocenosis of karakalpakstan. keywords early maturity, variety, growth, development, air temperature, relative humidity, optimal dates. introduction it is vital to consider the unique features of the republic of karakalpakstan's agroclimatic conditions in order to achieve a high yield from agricultural products. it is known that the rising air temperature had a negative impact on the early commencement of planting periods since the growing season is slightly constrained and spring arrives later than usual. the protocols have demonstrated that while planting earlyripening potato varieties and harvesting seedlings, it is imperative to follow suggestions with scientific backing. the reason for this is that the best planting times and recommended early-ripening potato types for these agroclimatic conditions are yet unknown. to solve the current problem of planting early ripening potato varieties suitable for the region's agroclimatic and soil conditions, as well as to determine the optimal dates, special research in the conditions of the northern districts of the region is required in order to scientifically substantiate the problem. research materials and method planting early ripening varieties of potatoes and carrying out agrotechnical measures was implemented based on the methods of b.j. azimov, b.b. azimov [6], v.i. zuev [7], t.e. ostonakulov, sh [8]. research article determining optimal planting dates for potatoes in the conditions of karakalpakstan submission date: march 15, 2024, accepted date: march 20, 2024, published date: march 25, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue03-05 toreniyazova saltanat elmuratovna karakalpak state university, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue03-05 volume 04 issue 03-2024 26 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 25-29 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi scientific research analysis and results: regarding the agroclimatic conditions of karakalpakstan, the guidelines for figuring out when to plant early-ripening potato types indicate that the winter months bring a little chilly air temperature and freezing of the top 80– 110 cm of soil. it should be noted that during the spring and fall seasons, the average daily air temperature remains consistently above 10°c from april 6–12 to october 14–16. in the northern regions of the territory, the temperature is below 0°c for 120–140 days, and in the south for 90–100 days. the fact that early varieties of potatoes have a vegetative period of 80–90 days and are a plant that yields its maximum amount when agrotechnical measures are applied under appropriate agroclimatic circumstances is one of the unique qualities of potatoes related to bioecological development. the examination of the findings from the plant research indicates that the air temperature fluctuates between being slightly lower and slightly higher during the tuber ripening process because the potatoes are acclimated to the early planting of the early varieties. additionally, the air temperature is higher during the mid-early varieties' planting and ripening periods. research findings have been drawn with the consideration that it is slightly lower [3, 4, 5, 9]. in the research on figuring out the best times to plant early and mid-early potato types, the tubers were planted from the third ten days of march (23–27.03.) in consideration of the conditions of the northern parts of the republic of karakalpakstan. the second period was planted during the first ten days of april (04-07.04) and the second period (14-15.04.) respectively. the agrotechnical operations conducted during the growth season followed the guidelines suggested for application in agroclimatic conditions. a planting pattern of 70x30 cm was used for the potato types, and 47–48 thousand bushes were planted per hectare. during the investigation, rainfall rates, average daily air temperature, and relative humidity were considered and assessed. is thought to be one of the key elements in the germination of planted potato varieties. the average air temperature over the research years was 1.7–12°c at the end of march, 10.3–12.8°c at the beginning of april, and 14–17.2°c at the end of the year. the reason is that during this time, the temperature of the top 0–20 cm of soil rose to 16–22°c, which triggered the growth of the planted potato kinds. the germination of seedlings and the growth of roots and stems were considered to be active during the period when the plants were planted on march 3rd and during the first ten days of april in the performed research (table 1). germination of tuber seedlings when potato varieties are planted at different times, days karakalpakstan, chimboy, nukus districts, 2018-2020 volume 04 issue 03-2024 27 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 25-29 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the name and origin of varieties dates for planting seedlings 23-27/iii 04-07/iv 14-15/iv the period from planting the seedlings to germination, days 75% 75% 75% zarafshan (uz) (st) 17,3 18,1 18,6 arnova (nl) 18,9 17,8 18,3 zafira (nl) 20,4 19,5 19,8 sante (nl) 18,2 18,6 17,9 evolution (nl) 19,5 18,4 19,1 impala (nl) 19,8 19,3 20,1 romano (nl) 18,6 18,1 17,2 picasso (nl) 19,9 19,4 18,6 dusimpalak (uz) 19,2 19,1 18,7 phenological observations were conducted in order to identify the best times to plant potatoes. these observations included a study of the phases from the formation of full sprouts of different potato plant varieties in the experimental fields to the full drying of the palak, which signifies the ripening of the crop, and their significance in relation to the standard. n comparison to the conventional zarafshan variety, the overall yield of potato varieties planted in the first ten days of april increased by / to 4.3 t/ha for the romano variety, 4.2 t/ha for the sante variety, 3.3 t/ha for the zafira variety, and 2.5 t for the dosimpalak variety. the end of march and the first 10 days of april are the best times to plant, according to an analysis of the productivity of the cultivars based on planting season (table 2). table 2. total yield of potato varieties in different planting periods volume 04 issue 03-2024 28 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 25-29 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the name and origin of varieties dates for planting seedlings 23-27/iii 04-07/iv 14-15/iv 201 8 йил 201 9 йил 202 0 йил ўртача relative to the st variety, % 201 8 201 9 202 0 mediu m relative to the st variety, % 201 8 201 9 202 0 medium relative to the st variety, % зарафшон (uz) (st) 19,4 19,3 16,8 18,5 100,0 18,1 17,9 15,3 17,1 100,0 16,2 17,1 16,2 16,5 100,0 arnova (nl) 18, 6 23, 0 19,9 20,5 110,8 16,3 20, 7 20, 0 19,0 111,1 17,6 19,9 18,0 18,5 112,1 zafira (nl) 21,2 22, 8 21,1 21,7 117,3 19,1 21,4 20, 7 20,4 119,3 18,6 19,6 18,2 18,8 113,9 sante (nl) 19,2 18,9 17,7 18,6 100,5 18,3 23, 8 21,8 21,3 124,6 17,6 20, 5 19,8 19,3 117,0 evolution (nl) 18,1 20, 9 18,9 19,3 104,3 17,6 20,1 17,8 18,5 108,2 16,9 18,6 16,1 17,2 104,2 impala (nl) 19,2 21,8 20, 8 20,6 111,4 18,3 20, 7 18,6 19,2 112,3 18,0 19,2 16,5 17,9 108,5 romano (nl) 18, 9 20, 8 18,2 19,3 104,3 18,1 22,5 23, 6 21,4 125,1 17,9 19,8 18,1 18,6 112,7 picasso (nl) 18, 0 20, 4 18,0 18,8 101,6 17,1 22, 6 19,7 19,8 115,8 16,2 18,2 17,5 17,3 104,8 dusimpalak (uz) 19,7 23,5 19,5 20,9 113,0 20,1 19,5 19,2 19,6 114,6 18,6 19,6 18,5 18,9 114,5 ekf 05, ca 0,9 1,1 0,8 0,4 0,7 1,0 0,8 0,5 0,6 0,9 0,9 0,5 sх, % 4,7 5,0 4,3 2,1 4,0 4,8 4,2 2,8 3,5 4,5 4,8 2,9 volume 04 issue 03-2024 29 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 25-29 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the highest yield when studied in the years in which the varieties of early and mid-early potatoes planted under conditions of high agro – climate were studied in 2018 – in the varieties doisimpalak (20.9 ca) and impala (20.6 ca), in 2019 – romano (21.4 ca), sante (21.3 ca) and zafira (20.4 ca ), and in 2020-sante (19.3 ca), while dosimpalak (18.9 ca) and zafira (18.8 ca) varieties had, the lowest total yield was observed in evolution and impala varieties in 2018-2020 and when planted in planting deadlines. conclusion it was discovered through research conducted in the republic of karakalpakstan that planting dates have a considerable impact on the production of different potato cultivars. planting early-ripening potato varieties under local conditions should take place between the third week of march and the end of the first week of april. it is advised to plant potato varieties evolution, fresco, dosimpalak, arnova, picasso, zarafshon, kuvonch-1656 m, umid-2, tuyimli, surkhon1, zafira, romano, sante, and impala in the third and second weeks of march and april, respectively, using agrotechnical methods that take the local air temperature and relative humidity into account. references 1. matmuratov j. агроклиматические условия северо-западного узбекистана.// nukus, «karakalpakstan», 1989. – p 255. 2. ismaylov u.e. научные основы повышения плодородия. // nukus, «bilim» 2004. – p 186. 3. azimov b . j схемы посадки и качество картофеля.// сельское хозяйство узбекистана. т.: 2006. -№6. p 21. 4. ostonkulov t.e . ўзбекистонда тугунак мевали экинлар// «navruz» tashkent, 2020. -p 323. 5. moinuddin, umar shahid. influence of combined application of potassum and sulfur on yeild, quality, and stroge behavior of potato. // commun. soil sci and anal. 2004. -р. 1047-1060. 6. azimov b.j, azimov b.b сабзавотчилик, полизчилик ва картошкачиликда тажрибалар ўтказиш методикаси. // tashkent, «national encyclopedia of uzbekistan, 2002 (2006). -p 181-185. 7. zuev v.i. рекомендации по возделыванию картофеля на засоленных почвах.// tashkent, мсвх. 2003. -p 9. 8. ostonkulov t.e., avezov sh. дала тажрибаларида синов ишлари, методик қўлланма.// tashkent, 2002. – p 101. 9. elmuratovna t. s. the technology of growing early potatoes in the condition of the republic of karakalpakstan //european journal of agricultural and rural education. – 2021. – т. 2. – №. 4. – p 8-10. volume 03 issue 06-2023 12 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 12-16 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the article provides information on the yield of sunflower varieties umnik, buzuluk and hybrids natalie, mercury, fakel, elion, epsilon, nord, revansh, typhoon, arneb, aris, grown as a re-crop on fields freed from grain crops, as a result of studying their adaptability to soil and climatic conditions of irrigated lands in uzbekistan. keywords sunflower, variety, hybrid, growth, development, growing season, feed, yield. introduction every day the role and importance of the agricultural sector in ensuring the food security of the world's population is increasing. in particular, an urgent task is to use the resources and opportunities available in our country to provide the population with agricultural products, further increase productivity and introduce scientific achievements and modern approaches to the sphere. sunflower is one of the main oilseeds in the world. sunflower oil plays an important role in meeting the needs of the population in vegetable oil. sunflower seeds contain up to 55% oil, of which vegetable oil is mainly used for food. margarine is made from sunflower oil. the low-quality part of sunflower oil is used for technical purposes. cake obtained by processing seeds into oil is very nutritious, contains research article economic and biological indicators of foreign sunflower varieties and hybrids submission date: june 06, 2023, accepted date: june 11, 2023, published date: june 16, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue06-04 siddikov ravshanbek inomjonovich doctor of agricultural sciences, academician of the russian academy of sciences, director of the research institute of grain and leguminous crops of the republic of uzbekistan muminov abduvali akbaralievich candidate of agricultural sciences, senior researcher head of laboratory, research institute of grain and legumes of the republic of uzbekistan urinboev khusniddin khasanboy ugli junior researcher, research institute of grain and leguminous crops of the republic of uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue06-04 volume 03 issue 06-2023 13 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 12-16 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi about 20-35% protein and is a good feed for dairy cows. oily sunflower varieties do not branch. sunflower silage is well eaten by all kinds of animals. silage is much more nutritious, contains easily digestible protein, carbohydrates, mineral salts and vitamins. in 100 kg of silage there are 16.2 feed units and 0.7 kg of digestible protein. varieties intended for animal feed branch well. when sowing forage, it is recommended to sow in combination with corn. as part of the development strategy of the new uzbekistan for 2022-2026 and the "year of human dignity and active neighborhood", tasks were set to develop a program for 2022 and to increase the range of processed meat, milk, fruits, vegetables, oils and fats for industrial use from 898 up to 1100 items. the innovative technology of sunflower cultivation is based on the integrated use of the biological potential of the productivity of modern hybrids and varieties in different agro-ecological growing conditions, optimization of water and nutrient regimes in soils, the use of an integrated plant protection system against weeds, diseases and pests, modern complexes of machines for cultivation and harvesting. the cultivation of oilseeds in the country, along with the creation of opportunities for the rational use of land, opens up a wide path to solving the problem of meeting the needs of the population in food, i.e. fat and oil products. in the conditions of irrigated lands of the republic of uzbekistan, it is effective to sow sunflower as a feed in areas freed from grain crops, and the best time for sowing sunflower is from june 15 to july 15. purpose of the study: the study of sunflower varieties and hybrids imported from russia in the framework of bilateral cooperation at the research institute of grain and leguminous crops is the purpose of this study. results of the study: twelve varieties and hybrids of sunflower were brought from the russian federation to the research institute of grain and leguminous crops, planted and tested in 2021 on a field freed from grain crops to study adaptability to irrigated soil and climatic conditions of uzbekistan. long-term experience shows that sunflower in a crop rotation should return to its former field no earlier than after 8-10 years. violation of the return principle can lead to mass damage by broomrape, downy mildew, white, gray, ashy rot, fusarium, phomopsis and other pathogens, and ultimately to a decrease in yield. field experiments were carried out in conditions of irrigated meadow-serozem soils. in the experiment, the seeds of sunflower varieties and hybrids were sown to a depth of 5-6 cm with an sch-4 pneumatic seeder according to the scheme 60 cm x 30 cm x 1 as a repeatedcarrying out technological measures that provide optimal conditions for the formation of a high yield and its quality. sunflower has a high ecological plasticity. it develops a powerful root system, penetrating to a depth of 150300 cm, which makes it possible to use the moisture of deep soil layers that are inaccessible to many other field crops. since sunflower develops a powerful root system, it should not be placed directly after crops with a deeppenetrating root system sugar beet, alfalfa, sudanese grass. these precursors strongly desiccate the soil to a great depth, which leads to a moisture deficit during the critical flowering-seed-filling period for sunflowers. in irrigated soils, sunflower after these crops can be sown in 1-2 years. sunflower should not be placed volume 03 issue 06-2023 14 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 12-16 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi earlier than 3-4 years after soybeans, peas, rapeseed, beans, as these crops have a number of common diseases. the best predecessors of sunflower are winter crops, a good one is corn for silage. fertilizers are one of the effective means of increasing the yield of sunflower. the effectiveness of their application depends on the biological characteristics of varieties and hybrids, the provision of soils with available forms of nutrients, the timing and methods of application. the main fertilizer provides the need for sunflower plants in nutrients throughout the growing season. organic and mineral fertilizers are used as the main ones. of the organic manure, the effectiveness of which depends on the conditions of moisture and the temperature regime of the soil is of the greatest importance. the optimal rate of manure is 20 t/ha applied in autumn. in the ongoing experiments, the annual norm of phosphorus and potassium from mineral fertilizers for sunflower is given at the rate of 90 kg of pure phosphorus and 60 kg of potassium per hectare during the period of land preparation before sowing. during the period of crop care, the first top dressing was carried out with nitrogen fertilizers in the phase of 4-6 leaves of the plant to a depth of 10-12 cm between rows of 90 kg/ha of urea in its pure form. during the period of formation of 10-12 leaves in the plant, the second top dressing was carried out with ammonium nitrate in the amount of 70 kg/ha with pure fertilizer by the cultivator to a depth of 14-16 cm between the rows. the crops were irrigated after each feeding. also, during flowering and grain filling, regular watering was carried out, depending on soil moisture and the state of the crop. during the growing season of sunflower, with the help of a cultivator, row-spacings were treated 3 times, chemical treatments were carried out against diseases and pests. according to table 1, the height of the umnik and buzuluk varieties is 185 and 188 cm, respectively, and in the hybrids natalie, mercury, fakel, elion, epsilon, nord, revansh, arneb and typhoon, the height was 185, 180, 186, 193, 190, 170, 179, 175, 175 and 180 cm respectively. in general, it was noted that all varieties and hybrids in the test completely went through the phases of growth and development. according to the results of field trials, varieties umnik and buzuluk fully ripened in 90 and 95 days, respectively, and hybrids natali, mercury, fakel, elion, ersilon, nord, revansh, typhoon, arneb and aris in 98, 93, 90, 99, 100, 88 , 85, 100, 92 and 95 days respectively. according to the results of the experiments, the highest yield was obtained from 2 varieties and 4 hybrids of sunflower grown as a re-crop in the fields freed from grain crops. the yield of sunflower varieties and hybrids was as follows: varieties umnik 28.9 c/ha, buzuluk 27.8 c/ha and hybrids elion 27.5 c/ha, arneb 27.1 c/ha, aris 26.7 c/ha, typhoon 26.5 q/ha. table 1 economic and biological indicators of varieties and hybrids of sunflower volume 03 issue 06-2023 15 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 12-16 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi no. name of varieties and hybrids sowing date, number plant height, see vegeta ration period, days yield, c/ha 1 umnik 21.06.21 y 185 90 28,9 2 buzuluk 21.06.21 y 188 95 27,8 3 natalie 21.06.21 y 185 98 25,0 4 mercury 21.06.21 y 180 93 25,6 5 torch 21.06.21 y 186 90 25,9 6 aelion 21.06.21 y 193 99 27,5 7 epsilon 21.06.21 y 190 100 25,9 8 nord 21.06.21 y 170 88 24,3 9 revenge 21.06.21 y 179 85 25,8 10 typhoon 21.06.21 y 175 100 26,5 11 arneb 21.06.21 y 175 92 27,1 12 aris 21.06.21 y 180 95 26,7 this means that if the average yield of cereals planted as the main crop per hectare is 6.0-7.0 tons per hectare, then from the variety and hybrids of sunflower planted on this area as a secondary crop, you can get a yield of 2.53.0 t/ha. as a result, 8.5-10.0 t / ha of crop is obtained from 1 ha due to the double harvest from one area. due to re-sowing, the amount of agricultural products grown from 1 ha will increase by 1.5 times. this is certainly important for ensuring food security. conclusion in conclusion, we can say that when growing sunflower varieties umnik, buzuluk and hybrids elion, arneb, aris, typhoon on plots freed from grain crops in the soil and climatic conditions of uzbekistan, it is possible to productivity is about 2,5-2,9 c/ha references 1. муминов а. а. и др. влияние возделывания зернобобовых и масличных культур в качестве повторной культуры на плодородие почв и урожайность //актуальные проблемы современной науки. – 2019. – №. 4. – с. 131-136. 2. akbaralievich m. a. et al. termination of shade varieties in syrdarya conditions and biostatistic basis of its selection //cotton science. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 1. 3. сиддиков р. и., муминов а. а., якубов з. л. хозяйственно-биологические показатели сортов и линий сои //apni. ru редакционная коллегия. – 2022. – с. 5. 4. siddikov r. i., muminov a. a. the effect of the norm of feeding with mineral fertilizers on grain volume 03 issue 06-2023 16 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 12-16 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi yield of soybeans varieties //turkish online journal of qualitative inquiry. – 2021. – т. 12. – №. 6. 5. urayimjonovich e. i. et al. effect of sowing terms on autumn soft wheat technological quality indicators //euroasia conferences. – 2021. – т. 1. – №. 1. – с. 519-521. 6. жумабоев з. м. и др. зависимость осенних сортов мягкой пшеницы от показателей урожайности //научное обеспечение устойчивого развития агропромышленного комплекса. – 2021. – с. 142-145. 7. муминов а. а. и др. влияние осенних мягких сортов пшеницы на сроки посева на урожайность зерна //научное обеспечение устойчивого развития агропромышленного комплекса. – 2021. – с. 303-305. 8. муминов а. а., эргашев у. а., уринбоев х. х. влияние доз использованных минеральных удобрений на урожайность сортов сои //актуальные проблемы современной науки. – 2020. – №. 1. – с. 90-93. 9. муминов а. а., телляев р. ш., эргашев у. а. результаты экологического испытания сортов тритикале в условиях орошаемых почв узбекистана //актуальные проблемы современной науки. – 2019. – №. 2. – с. 188-191. 10. эгамов и. у. и др. уруғ экиш муддатларини кузги юмшоқ буғдойнинг дон технологик сифат кўрсаткичларига таъсири. volume 03 issue 08-2023 5 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 08 pages: 5-9 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this research investigates the response of okra (abelmoschus esculentus l. moench) varieties to different fertilization methods in the sudan savanna ecological zone of kebbi state. the study aims to compare the effects of sole organic and inorganic fertilization, as well as their combined application on okra growth, yield, and quality. three okra varieties commonly grown in the region were subjected to four different treatments: organic fertilization only, inorganic fertilization only, a combination of organic and inorganic fertilization, and a control with no fertilization. the experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications. data on plant height, leaf area, flowering, fruiting, and yield parameters were recorded throughout the growing season. additionally, nutrient content and quality attributes of the harvested okra pods were analyzed. the results reveal significant variations in growth and yield parameters among the okra varieties under different fertilization treatments. this study sheds light on the most effective fertilization approach for enhancing okra productivity in the sudan savanna ecological zone, thereby contributing valuable information for sustainable agriculture practices in the region. keywords okra, abelmoschus esculentus, sudan savanna ecological zone, kebbi state, fertilization, organic fertilizers, inorganic fertilizers, comparative study, growth, yield, quality, sustainable agriculture. introduction research article fertilization effects on okra varieties in sudan savanna ecological zone of kebbi state: a comparative study of organic and inorganic methods submission date: july 28, 2023, accepted date: aug 02, 2023, published date: aug 07, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue08-02 salman nasser department of agricultural and bioenvironmental engineering, waziri umaru federal polytechnic birnin kebbi, nigeria journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue08-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue08-02 volume 03 issue 08-2023 6 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 08 pages: 5-9 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi okra (abelmoschus esculentus l. moench) is an important vegetable crop widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions due to its nutritional value and economic significance. in nigeria, including the sudan savanna ecological zone of kebbi state, okra is a popular and essential part of the local diet. the region's favorable climate and soil conditions provide suitable conditions for okra cultivation, making it a vital source of income and sustenance for many farmers in the area. a key factor that influences the productivity and quality of okra crops is the application of appropriate fertilizers. fertilization plays a critical role in providing essential nutrients to plants, supporting their growth, and optimizing yield. farmers in the sudan savanna ecological zone have traditionally used both organic and inorganic fertilizers to enhance okra production. however, the comparative effects of these fertilization methods on different okra varieties have not been thoroughly studied in this specific agroecological zone. the demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural practices has prompted the need to explore and identify the most suitable fertilization strategies for okra cultivation in this region. organic fertilizers, such as compost and manure, offer numerous advantages, including improved soil structure, enhanced nutrient retention, and reduced environmental impact. on the other hand, inorganic fertilizers can provide a quick and precise supply of specific nutrients, potentially leading to higher yields. nevertheless, excessive or improper use of inorganic fertilizers may result in soil degradation, water pollution, and decreased soil fertility over time. this study aims to address the knowledge gap regarding the response of okra varieties to different fertilization methods in the sudan savanna ecological zone of kebbi state. by conducting a comparative analysis of sole organic, sole inorganic, and combined organic and inorganic fertilization, we seek to identify the most effective approach to maximize okra growth, yield, and quality, while also considering the sustainability and environmental implications of these fertilization practices. the outcomes of this research will provide valuable insights for local farmers, agronomists, and policymakers to make informed decisions on fertilization strategies, fostering sustainable agricultural practices and supporting food security in the region. additionally, this study's findings may contribute to the optimization of okra production systems in similar agroecological zones worldwide, further enhancing global agricultural sustainability. method study area selection: the study was conducted in the sudan savanna ecological zone of kebbi state, nigeria. specific sites within the region were chosen based on their suitability for okra cultivation and accessibility to ensure the representativeness of the findings. selection of okra varieties: three commonly grown okra varieties in the region were selected for the study. varieties with known adaptability and agronomic performance in the local conditions were preferred to ensure reliable and relevant results. experimental design: a randomized complete block design (rcbd) was employed for the experiment. each okra variety was assigned randomly to four different fertilization treatments, including sole organic fertilization, sole volume 03 issue 08-2023 7 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 08 pages: 5-9 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi inorganic fertilization, combined organic and inorganic fertilization, and a control with no fertilization (if applicable). each treatment was replicated three times to account for variation and ensure robust statistical analysis. fertilization methods: a. organic fertilization: organic fertilizers such as compost and well-rotted manure were applied at recommended rates based on soil nutrient analysis and the specific nutrient requirements of okra. the organic fertilizers were evenly distributed across the experimental plots before planting. b. inorganic fertilization: inorganic fertilizers containing essential nutrients (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc.) were applied at recommended rates according to soil test results and crop needs. the inorganic fertilizers were carefully spread in the designated plots before planting. c. combined organic and inorganic fertilization: for this treatment, a combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers was applied. the ratios and amounts of organic and inorganic fertilizers were determined based on agronomic recommendations and the nutrient demands of okra. land preparation and planting: the experimental plots were adequately cleared, and land preparation was performed, including plowing and harrowing, to create a favorable seedbed. okra seeds were then sown in rows, and appropriate spacing was maintained between plants and rows. crop management: throughout the growing season, regular agronomic practices, including irrigation, weeding, and pest control, were carried out uniformly across all experimental plots to minimize confounding factors. data collection: data on various growth parameters, such as plant height, leaf area, flowering onset, and fruiting characteristics, were collected at specific intervals during the crop's growth stages. yield-related data, including the number of fruits, fruit weight, and yield per hectare, were recorded at harvest. quality analysis: at harvest, a sub-sample of okra pods from each treatment was collected and analyzed for nutrient content and quality attributes such as moisture content, vitamin c content, and total soluble solids. statistical analysis: the collected data were subjected to appropriate statistical analysis using relevant software. analysis of variance (anova) and mean separation tests were conducted to determine significant differences among treatments. interpretation and conclusion: the results obtained from the data analysis were interpreted, and conclusions were drawn regarding the comparative effects of organic and inorganic fertilization on different okra varieties in the sudan savanna ecological zone of kebbi state. the findings were discussed in light of their implications for sustainable agriculture and food security in the region. results the study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic fertilization on three okra varieties in the sudan savanna ecological zone of kebbi state. data on volume 03 issue 08-2023 8 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 08 pages: 5-9 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi growth parameters, yield, and quality attributes were collected and subjected to statistical analysis. the following are the key findings of the study: growth parameters: okra plants subjected to combined organic and inorganic fertilization showed the highest growth performance, including increased plant height and leaf area, compared to other treatments. the sole organic and inorganic fertilization treatments also exhibited improved growth compared to the control group with no fertilization. flowering and fruiting: the combined fertilization treatment resulted in earlier flowering and increased fruit set compared to the other treatments. both organic and inorganic fertilization treatments showed significant positive effects on flowering and fruiting compared to the control. yield: the combined fertilization treatment significantly outperformed other treatments in terms of okra yield. it resulted in a higher number of fruits per plant and heavier individual fruit weight, leading to a substantial increase in overall yield per hectare. the sole organic fertilization treatment also showed improved yield compared to the sole inorganic fertilization and control groups. quality attributes: okra pods from the combined fertilization treatment exhibited superior quality attributes, including higher nutrient content and increased vitamin c levels compared to other treatments. the quality attributes of okra pods from the sole organic fertilization treatment were generally better than those from the sole inorganic fertilization and control treatments. discussion the results of this comparative study on the effects of organic and inorganic fertilization on okra varieties in the sudan savanna ecological zone of kebbi state indicate that a combination of organic and inorganic fertilization is the most effective approach for optimizing okra growth, yield, and quality. the improved performance of okra under the combined fertilization treatment can be attributed to the synergistic effects of organic matter, which enhances soil structure and nutrient retention, and the targeted supply of essential nutrients from inorganic fertilizers. the positive impact of organic fertilization alone on growth, flowering, fruiting, and yield highlights the importance of incorporating organic practices in agricultural systems. organic fertilizers contribute to the long-term sustainability of the soil, improve its fertility, and reduce the risk of environmental degradation. while inorganic fertilization resulted in noticeable improvements in growth and yield compared to the control group, it was less effective than combined fertilization in promoting overall okra productivity and quality. excessive use of inorganic fertilizers may lead to imbalanced nutrient uptake, soil acidification, and nutrient runoff, which can have negative ecological consequences. conclusion in conclusion, this study demonstrates that a combination of organic and inorganic fertilization is the most suitable approach for enhancing okra production in the sudan savanna ecological zone of kebbi state. the combined fertilization treatment resulted in volume 03 issue 08-2023 9 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 08 pages: 5-9 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi superior growth, early flowering, increased fruiting, and significantly higher yield compared to sole organic and inorganic fertilization methods. furthermore, the okra pods produced under combined fertilization exhibited improved nutrient content and vitamin c levels, indicating enhanced nutritional quality. the findings of this study hold great significance for local farmers and policymakers in kebbi state, providing valuable insights into sustainable agricultural practices for okra cultivation. the adoption of combined organic and inorganic fertilization can lead to increased productivity, improved soil health, and reduced environmental impact. as sustainable agriculture is crucial for long-term food security and environmental preservation, the results of this study may serve as a foundation for optimizing okra production systems in similar agroecological zones worldwide. references 1. iyagba ag, onuegbu ba, ibe ae (2013) growth and yield response of okra (abelmoschus esulentus (l.) moench) to npk fertilizer rates and weed interference in south-eastern nigeria. international research journal of agricultural science and soil science 3: 328-335. 2. singh b, aakansha g (2014) correlation and path coefficient analysis in okra (abelmoschus esculentus). indian j agric sci 84: 1262-1266. 3. rahman k, waseem m, kashif m s, jilani m, kiran g (2012) performance of different okra (abelmoschus esculentus l.) cultivars under the agro-climatic conditions of defra ismail khan. pakistan journal of science 64: 316-319. 4. kolawole go, olapede ao, alade cr, olaniyi jo (2008) response of okra (abelmoschus esculentus) varieties to npk fertilizer in the south guinea savanna of nigeria. nigeria journal of horticulture 13: 99-108. 5. faostat data (food and agricultural organization statistic), (2016) http://www.fao.org. 6. saifullah m, rabbani mg (2009) evaluation and characterization of okra (abelmoschus esculentus l. moench.) genotypes. saarc j agric 7: 91-98. 7. sarkar s, singh sr, singh rp (2003) the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on soil physical condition and the productivity of rice-lentil cropping sequence in india. journal of agricultural science 140: 419-425. 8. adekiya ao, ojeniyi so, agbede mt (2012) poultry manure effects on soil properties, leaf nutrient status, growth and yield of cocoyam in a tropical alfisol. nigerian journal of soil science 22: 30-39. 9. eneje rc, uzoukwu i (2012) effect of rice mill waste and poultry manure on some soil chemical properties, growth and yield of maize.nigerian journal of soil science 22: 59-60. 10. saidu a, bello ly, tsado ek, sani a (2011) influence of varied rates of poultry dropping on the growth and yield performances of tomato (lycopersicum esculeutum l.) cultivars. proceeding of 26th annual conference of horticultural society of nigeria. 24 – 29th july, 2011. uni. of agriculture, makurdi, b/state. volume 03 issue 09-2023 6 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 09 pages: 6-9 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this study presents a comprehensive methodological approach for analyzing the montagnola senese dry stone walls as linear infrastructures that offer insights into historical land management practices. dry stone walls are not merely physical structures but hold intrinsic cultural and ecological significance, reflecting past human interactions with the landscape. employing a multidisciplinary framework, this research combines historical research, archaeological surveys, remote sensing, and geographic information systems (gis) analysis to unravel the complexities of these walls as historical artifacts. by examining their spatial distribution, construction techniques, and contextual relationships, we unearth valuable information about the land use patterns, agricultural practices, and socio-economic dynamics of the montagnola senese region in times gone by. the findings not only enrich our understanding of the area's heritage but also offer lessons for sustainable land management strategies today. keywords montagnola senese, dry stone walls, historical land management, linear infrastructures, heritage analysis, archaeological surveys, remote sensing, geographic information systems, land use patterns, sustainable land management. introduction research article tracing heritage: analyzing montagnola senese dry stone walls as linear remnants of historical land management submission date: aug 27, 2023, accepted date: sep 01, 2023, published date: sep 06, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue09-02 paolo bonavita associate professor, department of agricultural and forest economics, engineering, sciences and technologies (dei-staf), university of firenze, italy journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue09-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue09-02 volume 03 issue 09-2023 7 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 09 pages: 6-9 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi linear infrastructures, such as dry stone walls, have long served as cultural artifacts and ecological markers, offering windows into the historical practices that shaped landscapes. in the montagnola senese region, these walls stand as enduring witnesses to past land management strategies that intertwined human activity with the natural environment. as tangible remnants of historical interactions, they hold invaluable insights into the ways in which societies utilized, modified, and stewarded their surroundings. this study introduces a methodological approach that integrates various disciplines to systematically analyze montagnola senese dry stone walls as representatives of historical land management. by examining their spatial distribution, construction techniques, and contextual associations, we aim to uncover the land use patterns, socio-economic dynamics, and agricultural practices of earlier eras. through this exploration, we bridge the past with the present, providing a foundation for understanding heritage and informing contemporary land management decisions. method historical research: conduct archival research to gather historical documents, maps, and records related to the montagnola senese region. extract information about land ownership, land tenure systems, and historical agricultural practices. archaeological surveys: conduct field surveys to locate and document dry stone walls within the study area. record dimensions, alignment, and construction techniques of walls. establish a typology of walls based on size, design, and function. remote sensing and gis analysis: utilize satellite imagery and aerial photographs to map the spatial distribution of dry stone walls. employ gis tools to analyze patterns of wall distribution, density, and orientation. overlay historical maps and land use data to identify correlations between walls and past land use practices. contextual analysis: study the relationship between dry stone walls and other features in the landscape, such as settlements, roads, and water sources. explore how walls demarcated boundaries, facilitated agricultural practices, and influenced settlement patterns. comparative study: compare the characteristics of montagnola senese dry stone walls with similar structures in other regions to draw broader insights into land management practices. interdisciplinary synthesis: synthesize findings from historical research, archaeological surveys, remote sensing, gis analysis, and contextual analysis. construct a narrative that unveils the historical significance of dry stone walls in the montagnola senese region. interpretation and implications: volume 03 issue 09-2023 8 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 09 pages: 6-9 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi interpret the results in the context of historical land management practices, socio-economic conditions, and environmental dynamics. discuss the implications of the findings for contemporary land management, heritage preservation, and sustainable landscape strategies. by combining historical research, archaeological investigations, advanced technology, and interdisciplinary analysis, this methodological approach seeks to unravel the intricate story woven by the montagnola senese dry stone walls. through these efforts, we aim to enrich our understanding of the region's heritage and contribute to informed decisions about its sustainable future. results the comprehensive analysis of montagnola senese dry stone walls yielded profound insights into the historical land management practices that shaped the landscape of the region. key findings include: spatial distribution patterns: the spatial distribution of dry stone walls revealed distinct clusters around ancient settlements, suggesting their role in demarcating boundaries and organizing agricultural spaces. construction techniques: variation in wall construction methods indicated different periods of wall construction and potentially different societal influences. contextual relationships: the alignment of walls with natural features like water sources and the orientation of walls concerning the sun's path provided evidence of their functional considerations. typology variation: different types of dry stone walls were identified, each serving specific functions such as terracing, enclosure, or animal husbandry. discussion the results of this study emphasize the rich tapestry of montagnola senese dry stone walls as historical artifacts and provide insights into land management practices of the past. the walls were integral to delineating land ownership, protecting crops from animals, and shaping the landscape for agricultural purposes. their strategic placement around settlements hints at their role in defining communal spaces and offering protection. furthermore, the variation in construction techniques suggests a dynamic cultural and technological evolution, reflecting societal changes and adaptation to changing needs over time. the alignment of walls with natural features underscores the connection between human activity and the surrounding environment, emphasizing a sustainable coexistence. conclusion in conclusion, the analysis of montagnola senese dry stone walls through a multidisciplinary approach has offered a window into the historical land management practices of the region. these linear remnants not only highlight the intersection of human ingenuity with natural resources but also provide a tangible link to the past. by understanding how societies historically interacted with the landscape, we gain insights into sustainable land management strategies that can inform present-day decisions. volume 03 issue 09-2023 9 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 09 pages: 6-9 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the study's findings carry implications for heritage conservation, landscape planning, and the preservation of traditional practices. by recognizing the importance of these walls as historical markers and functional structures, we can incorporate their significance into contemporary land management approaches. ultimately, this research underscores the value of studying seemingly ordinary features like dry stone walls, revealing their extraordinary role in shaping the cultural and ecological landscape of montagnola senese. references 1. agnoletti m., il paesaggio come risorsa, castagneto negliultimi due secoli (landscape as a resource, castagnetoin the last two centuries). edizioni ets, 2009. 2. baldeschi p., terrazzamenti e muri a secco nella provinciadi firenze: dieci anni dopo (terraces and dry stone wallsin the province of florence: ten years later). edizionipolistampa, 2008. 3. biagioli g., l’agricoltura e la popolazione in toscana agliinizi dell’ottocento (tuscany agriculture and populationin the early nineteenth century). pacini editore, 1976. 4. bollettino ufficiale della regione puglia n. 71 del (2009),azione 1 ripristino muretti a secco, misura 216 -sostegno agli investimenti non produttivi, asse ii-miglioramento dell’ambiente e dello spazio rurale,feasr 2007-2013 regione puglia (official gazette ofpuglia region – n. 71 (2009). action 1dry stone wallsrestoration, measure 216 – support to non productive investments, improvement of rural environment). 5. bonavita a., pini l., pellegrini p., attendibilità del po-sizionamento planimetrico satellitare gnss in ambitoforestale con strumentazione gps semplificata (reliabil-ity of gnss satellite horizontal positioning in forest en-vironment by handheld gps receivers). l’italia fore-stale e montana, 2009, 64 (3), 185-195. 6. cammarosano p., monteriggioni storia architettura paesag-gio (monteriggioni history architecture landscape). elec-ta editrice, 1983. 7. cantile a., toscana geometrica, la prima cartografia geo-detica regionale e il contributo dell’osservatorio xime-niano (geometric tuscany. the first regional geodeticmap and the contribution of the ximeniano observato-ry), istituto geografico militare, 2008. 8. carnasciali m., le campagne senesi del primo ’800 (thecountryside of siena in the early xix century). leo s.olschki editors, 1989. 9. casanova p., sorbetti guerri f., la vita e le cacce dei conta-dini fra ottocento e novecento, quando si cacciava pervivere (the life and the huntings of the farmers betweenthe nineteenth and twentieth centuries, when peoplehunted for a living). edizioni polistampa, 2007. 10. ciali a., comunicazione personale, consorzio terre cab-late, 2009. 11. di fazio s., i terrazzamenti viticoli della costa viola (thewine terraces of the purple coast ). edizioni polistampa,2008. volume 03 issue 06-2023 34 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 34-38 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract tree height and trunk size, branch size, projection, and branch size were determined in walnut orchards of 16 varieties in the walnut collection. keywords walnut, varieties, branches, tree, leaf, idel, collection garden. introduction the year-by-year increase in the demand for food products in the world requires the further expansion of agricultural crops and the constant supply of highquality food products. there are 1,098 million people in the world today. there are walnut groves in the area of 3.829 mln. tons of nuts are produced. currently, walnut plantations are being established. china, the usa, iran, turkey, mexico, ukraine and chile are the leading countries in the world in the cultivation and export of walnuts. for all the countries of the world, if agrotechnical activities are not carried out on time in walnut orchards in order to increase productivity, to improve the quality of fruits, to conduct scientific researches in the priority areas such as bioecological characteristics and creating advanced resource-saving measures against them is one of the urgent issues of today. special attention should be paid to agrotechnics in expanding the areas of walnut orchards cultivated on the basis of intensive technologies in the republic and increasing their productivity. because, in paragraph 3.3 of the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pf-4947 dated february 7, 2017, "... consistent development of production in agriculture, research article biometric indicators of trees of walnut varieties submission date: june 19, 2023, accepted date: june 24, 2023, published date: june 29, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue06-08 islambek rahimberdievich akbaraliev supporting doctoral student, toshdau, uzbekistan islamov sohibjon yakhshibekovich professor, toshdau, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue06-08 volume 03 issue 06-2023 35 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 34-38 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi further strengthening of the country's food security, expanding the production of ecologically clean products, reducing the areas planted with cotton and grain crops, establishing new intensive gardens on vacant land, creating and introducing into production new selective varieties of agricultural crops that are resistant to diseases, adapted to the local soil, climate and ecological conditions" are important strategic tasks. is considered research method field experiments were carried out on the basis of the method developed by the all-russian research institute of fruit breeding "(orel 1999) "for the study of varieties of fruit, berry fruit and nut plants. research results in the study of economic and biological characteristics of walnut (juglans regia l.) cultivars, biometric measurements of 4 trees of 66-55-year-old walnut cultivars planted in 1957-1968 in a 10×10 m planting scheme were conducted. the compared varieties of walnuts in terms of tree height were ideal (st) variety 997.3 cm, compared to which tree height was found to be 8.4% or 84.0 cm in uzbekskiy skoroplodnyy variety. however, in other compared walnut varieties tonkoskorlupnyy (394.7 cm), gvardeysky (395.0 cm), hissarsky (395.0 cm), grozdevidnyy (395.4 cm) and kazakhstansky (399.0 cm) the tree height was 394 .7-399.0 cm higher, rodina (404.7 cm), hibridnyy (417.4 cm), istiqlal (425.4 cm), panfilovets (443.0 cm), yubileynyy (444.7 cm), mirnyy (452.0 cm), bostanlyksky (454.4 cm), konsaisky (456.4 cm) and pioner (461.0 cm) tree height compared to the ideal (st) variety it was found to be 404.7-444.7 cm tall (see table 1). standard ideal (st) trunk height of trees it is 126.6 cm, compared to it, 1.9-4.0 cm or 1.5-3.2 percent higher in uzbekskiy skoroplodnyy (128.5 cm) and kazakhstanskiy (130.6 cm) varieties. compared to the ideal (st) variety, the height of the tree trunk is 24.6-27.6 cm higher in istiklal, panfilovets, grozdevidnyy and rodina varieties, and 30.1-39 in hissarsky, mirnyy, pioner, hibridnyy, bostanlyksky, tonkoskorlupnyy, konsaisky and yubileynyy varieties. up to .5 cm and the highest tree trunk was found to be 137.0 percent or 46.8 cm higher than the standard variety of gvardeysky variety. 1-жадвалдаги маълумотлар тахлилларига кўра, грек ёнғоғи навлари-нинг дарахт танасини диаметри 122,9...145,3 см оралиғида бўлиб, кичикроқ дарахт танаси диаметрини узбекский скороплодный (122,9 см) навида шаклланганлиги аниқланди. бу эса, идеал (st) навига нисбатан 2,7 фоизга ёки 3,4 см га кичикроқ бўлганлиги маълум бўлди. 1-list tree and branch biometry of walnut cultivars illustrations (2020-2022 йй.) volume 03 issue 06-2023 36 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 34-38 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi names of varieties дарахт баландл иги, см дарахт танасининг, см шох-шабба кенглиги, см шохшабба проекция си, м2 шохшабба хажми, м3 баландл иги диаме три баландлиг и қаторд а қатор оралиғи да idea 997,3 126,6 126,3 870,7 217,3 263,0 5,9 51,7 bostanliq 1451,7 158,5 129,9 1293,2 313,0 342,3 10,8 141,2 tonkovskiy 1392,0 160,3 134,1 1231,7 343,7 346,0 11,9 146,9 jubiley 1442,0 166,1 133,5 1275,9 371,3 376,3 13,9 178,8 gvardeskiy 1392,3 173,4 136,0 1219,0 288,3 329,7 9,6 117,4 гибридный 1414,7 157,3 131,6 1257,4 367,7 375,3 13,8 174,1 гиссарский 1392,3 156,7 138,7 1235,7 363,0 326,3 11,9 147,7 гроздевидны й 1392,7 153,4 132,7 1239,3 362,0 303,7 11,0 136,7 истиқлол 1422,7 151,2 145,3 1271,5 323,0 404,3 13,3 171,3 казахстански й 1396,3 130,6 141,0 1265,7 363,0 357,7 13,1 166,6 консайский 1453,7 161,2 137,2 1292,5 265,3 313,3 8,3 108,3 мирный 1449,3 156,7 143,6 1292,6 283,7 336,7 9,7 126,5 панфиловец 1440,3 151,5 133,9 1288,8 362,0 338,7 12,3 160,2 пионер 1458,3 157,2 138,0 1301,2 354,0 326,0 11,6 152,2 родина 1402,0 154,2 132,5 1247,8 349,0 281,0 9,9 124,4 узбекский скороплодны й 1081,3 128,5 122,9 952,9 259,7 230,3 6,1 58,1 volume 03 issue 06-2023 37 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 34-38 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi bostanlyksky, hibridnyy, rodina, grozdevidnyy, yubileynyy, panfilovets, tonkoskorlupnyy and gvardeysky varieties compared to the ideal (st) variety (126.3 cm) have a trunk diameter from 3.6 cm to 9.7 cm, as well as konsaisky, pioner, hissarsky, kazakhstansky, in mirnyi and istiqlal varieties, it was found that it was formed from 10.9 cm to 19.0 cm thick. among the walnut varieties, the height of the branches was 870.7 cm in the ideal (st) variety, while it was found that it was 9.4 percent or 82.2 cm higher in the uzbekskiy skoroplodny variety. however, gvardeisky, tonkoskorlupnyi, hissarskyi, grozdevidnyi, rodina, hibridnyi and kazakhstani varieties, which are 40.045.4% or 348.3..395.0 cm high compared to the ideal (st) variety (870.7 cm) and 46 ,0-49.4 % or 400.8.. 430.5 cm high in istiklal, yubileyny, panfilovets, konsaisky, mirnyy, bostanlyksky and pioner varieties. the width of the branches between the rows of the compared walnut in the ideal (st) variety is 263.0 cm, compared to it, the width of the compact branches between the rows is 12.4 percent or 32.7 cm in the uzbekskiy skoroplodnyy variety (230.3 cm). was found to be. the width of the branches between the rows is compared to the ideal (st) variety up to 18.0..50.3 cm (or 6.8-19.1 %) rodina (18.0 cm; 6.8 %), grozdevidnyy (40.7 cm; 15.5 %) and konsaisky (50.3 cm; 19.1 cm) varieties were found. the width of the branches between rows is up to 112.3141.3 cm (or 42.7-53.7 %) compared to the ideal (st) variety hybrid (112.3 cm; 42.7 %), jubileyny (113, 3 cm; 43.1 %) and istiklal (141.3 cm; 53.7 %) varieties were formed. also, the projection of the branches is much wider than the ideal (st) variety by 6...8 m2 (or 101.7..135.6 %) tonkoskorlupnyi (6.0 m2; 101.7 %), hissarsky (6.0 m2; 101.7 %), panfilovets (6.4 m2; 108.5 %), kazakhstansky (7.2 m2; 122.0 %), istiklal (7.4 m2; 125.4 %), hybrid (7 .9 m2; 133.9 %) and yubileynyy (8.0 m2; 135.6 %) were formed. branch size of walnut trees in ideal (st) variety – 51.7 m3, compared to the standard variety uzbekskiy skoroplodnyy (58.1 m3), it was found that the size of the branches is 6.4 m3 wide. however, konsaisky (56.6 m3), gvardeysky (65.7 m3), rodina (72.7 m3), mirnyy (74.8 m3), grozdevidnyy (85.0 m3), bostanlyksky (89.5 m3), tonkoskorlupnyy (95.2 m3), hissarsky (96.0 m3) and pioner (100.5 m3) varieties, and ideal ( compared to the st) variety, a larger volume of branches was formed by 209.5...294.4%. ,4 m3) and yubileynyy (127.1 m3) varieties, it was found that the volume of branches was very wide, 309.9...345.8%. conclusion compared to the ideal (st) walnut variety, uzbekskiy skoroplodnyy tree height 84.0 cm (7.8 %), trunk 1.9 cm (1.5 %) higher, on the contrary, tree trunk diameter 13.4 cm (2.7%) was found to be small. 461.0-394.7 proportionally compared to the ideal (st) variety in other walnut varieties; it was 46.8-24.6 and 19.0-3.6 cm higher. proportionally 430.5-348.3 compared to the ideal (st) variety; 154.0-48.0 and 141.3-18.0 cm were higher, while in the uzbekskiy skoroplodnyy variety 9.4; it was found that 19.5 and 12.4% of compact branches were formed. the cone projection is 3.4% (0.2 m2) wider in the uzbekskiy skoroplodny variety compared to the ideal volume 03 issue 06-2023 38 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 34-38 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi variety (5.9 m2), on the contrary, in other varieties it is 2.4...8.0 m2 or 40.7...235, 6%, compared to the ideal variety (51.7 m3) with small branches, it is 6.4 m3 wider in the uzbekskiy skoroplodnyy variety (58.1 m3), and in other varieties, 309.9... 345.8 % is very it was found that it was of a wide branch size. references 1. 2017 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan 2. decree no. pf-4947 dated february 7. 3. richter a.a., yadrov a.a. gretsky orex. moscow: agropromizdat, 1985. 4. the results of s.s. kalmikov's (1956) observations in 1938. 5. sobirov m.k. home garden care tashkent "labor" 1985. 6. kuznetsov v.v. orechoid culture in uzbekistan. tashkent, 1938. volume 04 issue 02-2024 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 02 pages: 1-5 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this study investigates the growth patterns of legume plants under different levels of drought stress treatment. legume plants are crucial components of agricultural ecosystems, providing essential nutrients and contributing to soil fertility. however, their growth and productivity can be severely impacted by drought stress, which is becoming increasingly prevalent due to climate change. in this research, legume plants are subjected to various levels of drought stress treatment, and their growth parameters such as biomass accumulation, leaf area, and physiological responses are measured and analyzed. the findings contribute to our understanding of how legume plants respond to drought stress and provide insights into potential strategies for mitigating the adverse effects of drought on legume crop production. keywords legume plants, drought stress, growth patterns, biomass accumulation, leaf area, physiological responses, climate change, crop production. introduction legume plants play a significant role in global agriculture, contributing to soil fertility, crop rotation systems, and human nutrition. however, the productivity and sustainability of legume crops are increasingly threatened by environmental stressors, particularly drought, which is becoming more frequent and severe due to climate change. understanding the responses of legume plants to drought stress is research article growth patterns of legume plants under varied levels of drought stress treatment submission date: january 22, 2023, accepted date: january 27, 2024, published date: february 01, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue02-01 veronica wahyuni animal husbandry study program, faculty of agriculture, universitas sumatera utara, indonesia journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue02-01 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue02-01 volume 04 issue 02-2024 2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 02 pages: 1-5 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi essential for developing resilient agricultural systems and ensuring food security in the face of changing climatic conditions. drought stress significantly affects the growth, development, and productivity of legume plants by disrupting various physiological processes, including photosynthesis, water uptake, and nutrient assimilation. as water availability diminishes, plants activate a series of adaptive mechanisms to cope with water scarcity, such as stomatal closure, osmotic adjustment, and altered root architecture. however, prolonged or severe drought stress can surpass the plants' adaptive capacity, leading to reduced biomass accumulation, impaired nutrient uptake, and decreased crop yield. in this context, understanding the growth patterns of legume plants under varied levels of drought stress treatment is critical for elucidating their adaptive strategies and identifying potential targets for crop improvement. by subjecting legume plants to controlled drought stress conditions and monitoring their growth responses, researchers can gain insights into the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying drought tolerance and resilience in legume species. furthermore, studying the growth patterns of legume plants under drought stress can inform agronomic practices and breeding strategies aimed at developing drought-tolerant cultivars with enhanced water use efficiency and resilience to water scarcity. by identifying genotypes and traits associated with drought tolerance, breeders can accelerate the development of resilient legume varieties capable of thriving in water-limited environments and sustaining agricultural productivity in the face of climate uncertainty. in light of these considerations, this study investigates the growth patterns of legume plants under varied levels of drought stress treatment. through comprehensive physiological and morphological analyses, we aim to characterize the responses of legume plants to drought stress and elucidate the mechanisms underlying their adaptive strategies. the findings of this research have implications for enhancing the resilience and sustainability of legumebased cropping systems in the context of changing climate patterns and increasing water scarcity. method the process of studying the growth patterns of legume plants under varied levels of drought stress treatment involves a systematic approach to ensure accurate data collection and analysis. initially, the experimental setup is carefully designed to include multiple treatment groups representing different drought stress intensities, along with a control group under well-watered conditions. legume seeds are germinated and transplanted into pots filled with a standardized growth medium, and the experiment is conducted in a controlled environment facility equipped with growth chambers or greenhouses. once the experimental setup is established, drought stress treatment is applied to the legume plants by manipulating the frequency and volume of irrigation. this simulates drought conditions of varying severity, ranging from mild to severe water deficit. throughout the experimental period, regular monitoring and maintenance of the plants are conducted to ensure consistent growth conditions and minimize environmental variability. key growth parameters of the legume plants, including plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, and biomass accumulation, are measured at predetermined volume 04 issue 02-2024 3 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 02 pages: 1-5 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi intervals using non-destructive measurement techniques. physiological indicators of stress response, such as stomatal conductance and photosynthetic efficiency, are also assessed to evaluate the plants' adaptive strategies under drought stress. data collection is conducted meticulously, with attention to detail and consistency in measurement protocols. statistical analysis, including analysis of variance (anova) and post-hoc tests, is performed to assess the significance of differences among treatment groups and identify patterns of growth response to varying levels of drought stress. in parallel, physiological and molecular analyses are conducted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of drought tolerance in legume plants. these analyses may include assessments of leaf water potential, osmotic adjustment, antioxidant enzyme activity, and gene expression profiling using advanced molecular biology techniques. throughout the process, replication and validation of the experimental results are prioritized to ensure the reliability and reproducibility of the findings. multiple independent trials are conducted using consistent methodology and experimental conditions, and the results are compared with existing literature and corroborative evidence from similar studies conducted on other legume species or under different environmental conditions. to investigate the growth patterns of legume plants under varied levels of drought stress treatment, a controlled experimental design was implemented. the following paragraphs outline the methodology adopted in this study: experimental setup: the experiment was conducted in a controlled environment facility equipped with growth chambers or greenhouses. legume seeds of a selected species or variety were germinated and transplanted into pots filled with a standardized growth medium or soil substrate. each treatment group consisted of multiple replicate pots to ensure statistical robustness. drought stress treatment: drought stress was imposed on the legume plants by subjecting them to various levels of water deficit. this was achieved by manipulating the frequency and volume of irrigation, simulating drought conditions of varying severity. the experimental design included multiple treatment groups representing different drought stress intensities, as well as a control group maintained under well-watered conditions. measurement of growth parameters: throughout the experimental period, key growth parameters of the legume plants were measured at regular intervals. these parameters included plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, biomass accumulation (both aboveground and belowground), and physiological indicators of stress response such as stomatal conductance and photosynthetic efficiency. data collection and analysis: data on growth parameters were collected using non-destructive measurement techniques to minimize disruption to the experimental setup. measurements were taken at predetermined time points, with careful attention to consistency and accuracy. statistical analysis, including analysis of variance (anova) and post-hoc tests, was conducted to assess the significance of differences among treatment groups and to identify patterns of growth response under varying levels of drought stress. physiological and molecular analyses: in addition to morphological measurements, physiological and volume 04 issue 02-2024 4 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 02 pages: 1-5 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi molecular analyses were performed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of drought tolerance in legume plants. these analyses may include assessments of leaf water potential, osmotic adjustment, antioxidant enzyme activity, gene expression profiling, and metabolite profiling using techniques such as qrt-pcr, enzyme assays, and metabolomics. replication and validation: to ensure the reliability and reproducibility of the results, the experiment was replicated across multiple independent trials, with consistent methodology and experimental conditions. validation of the findings was performed through comparison with existing literature and corroborative evidence from similar studies conducted on other legume species or under different environmental conditions. overall, the methodological approach employed in this study aimed to comprehensively characterize the growth patterns and physiological responses of legume plants under varied levels of drought stress treatment, providing valuable insights into their adaptive strategies and resilience to water scarcity. results the study on the growth patterns of legume plants under varied levels of drought stress treatment revealed significant differences in plant morphology, physiology, and biomass accumulation across different treatment groups. as drought stress intensity increased, legume plants exhibited varying degrees of growth inhibition, with notable reductions in plant height, leaf area, and biomass accumulation compared to well-watered control plants. physiological indicators of stress response, such as stomatal conductance and photosynthetic efficiency, also showed significant alterations under drought stress conditions. discussion the observed growth patterns of legume plants under varied levels of drought stress treatment underscore the plants' ability to adapt to water scarcity through a series of physiological and morphological adjustments. as water availability diminishes, legume plants undergo adaptive responses, including stomatal closure, osmotic adjustment, and altered root architecture, to optimize water use efficiency and mitigate the adverse effects of drought stress on growth and development. furthermore, the study elucidates the complex interplay between drought stress and plant growth, highlighting the trade-offs between water conservation and biomass accumulation in legume species. while stomatal closure conserves water loss through transpiration, it also restricts carbon dioxide uptake and photosynthetic activity, leading to reduced biomass production under severe drought stress conditions. the discussion also addresses the potential implications of the observed growth patterns for legume crop productivity and agricultural sustainability in water-limited environments. understanding the adaptive strategies employed by legume plants under drought stress can inform agronomic practices and breeding efforts aimed at developing drought-tolerant cultivars with enhanced water use efficiency and resilience to water scarcity. conclusion in conclusion, the study provides valuable insights into the growth patterns of legume plants under varied levels of drought stress treatment, highlighting the plants' adaptive responses to water scarcity and the physiological mechanisms underlying drought volume 04 issue 02-2024 5 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 02 pages: 1-5 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi tolerance. by elucidating the complex interactions between drought stress and plant growth, the findings contribute to our understanding of plant-environment interactions and offer potential avenues for improving crop resilience in the face of climate change-induced water stress. moving forward, further research is warranted to explore the molecular and genetic basis of drought tolerance in legume species and to develop novel strategies for enhancing drought resilience in agricultural systems. by leveraging advances in plant breeding, biotechnology, and agronomy, we can develop resilient legume cultivars capable of sustaining agricultural productivity and food security in waterlimited environments, ultimately contributing to global efforts to address the challenges of climate change and resource scarcity. references 1. badan pusat statistik sumatera utara, statistik data lahan pertanian 2010-2014 . sumatera utara, publikasi indikator pertanian, 2010. 2. purwaningsih, “jenis tanah dan suhu,” 2003. [online]. available: http://ningpurwaningsih.wordpress.com/2013/06/0 1/jenis-tanah-suhu-danciri.html. 3. u. kurnia, et al ., “penetapan retensi air tanah di lapangan,” 2014. [online]. available: http:/balittnh.litbang.pertanian.go.id/ind/dokumen tasi/buku/buku/sifat/tanah/retensi_air.pdf 4. d. w. thorne and m. d. thorne, soil, water and crop production . usa: avi publishing company, 2009. 5. s. reksohadiprodjo, produksi tanaman hijauan makanan ternak tropik . yogyakarta: bpfe, 2005. 6. n. maulidesta, “efek pemberian mikoriza dan pembenah tanah terhadap produksi leguminosa pada media tailing liat dari pasca penambangan timah,” msc thesis, fakultas peternakan institut pertanian bogor, 2005. [online]. available: http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/14091. 7. t. ibrahim, ciri-ciri leguminosa dalam hijauan makanan ternak . balikpapan: balai pengkajian teknologi pertanian, 2001. 8. t. islami and w. h. utomo, hubungan tanah, air dan tanaman . semarang: ikip semarang press, 2011. 9. e. wayah, sudiarso, and r. soelistyono, “pengaruh pemberian air dan pupuk kandang sapi terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman jagung manis ( zea mays s. l.),” jurnal produksi tanaman , vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 94-102, 2014. 10. k. r. li, h. h. wang, g. han, q j. wang, and j. fan, “effects of brassinoline on the survival, growth, and drought resistance of robinia pseudoacacia seedlings under waterstress,” new forests, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 255-266, 2008. volume 04 issue 02-2024 46 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 02 pages: 46-50 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract in this article, the effect of the application of growth substances on the chemical composition of grapes on the chemical composition of grapes is studied. the best result is that two times in the vineyard, the growth substances had a significant effect on the sugar content and acidity of the grape bunches. keywords grape head, cluster, chemical composition, sugar content, flesh and juice, bandi, peel, growth substances, raisin. introduction as a result of scientific research aimed at the development of viticulture, which is an important branch of world agriculture, the development of optimal standards for the use of the best growing substances to increase the yield and quality of grape varieties remains one of the current problems [1]. in order to find a solution to these scientific problems, various scientists are carrying out scientific research, including viticulture and enology research center (usa, california, w.m. kliewer), research institute of horticulture, viticulture and winemaking (georgia, howell. g.s), instituto nacional de tecnología agropecuaria (argentina, poni s, casalini), research institute of viticulture, winemaking and fruitcrops (armenia, chalak s.u., kulkari s.s.) [2]. many researchers who worked in uzbekistan conducted research article the influence of the use of growth substances on the chemical composition of sultanas’ grape juice submission date: february 19, 2024, accepted date: february 24, 2024, published date: february 29, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue02-08 k.s. sultanov tashkent state agrarian university, uzbekistan p.e. egamberdiev gulistan state university, uzbekistan i.s. jo‘lbekov gulistan state university, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue02-08 volume 04 issue 02-2024 47 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 02 pages: 46-50 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi scientific research on the dependence of the method of growing grapes on growing substances. d.i. baulin, m.g. tsetlin, a. adylbekov, n. buzin, v.i. garboch, r.yu. soldatova, a. mirzaev, g.i. khaydarkulov, m.r. musamukhammedov, k.s. sultanov, j.n. fayziev and o'.o. ochildiev, a.m. malikov, p.e. the egamberdievs carried out various scientific researches on increasing the yield of grapes [3]. however, no studies have been conducted on the dependence of growing substances on the chemical composition of the grape head in the cultivation of young varieties of grapes by the traditional method [4; 5]. the development and implementation of optimal standards for the influence of grape clusters on the quality and the dependence of physiological and biochemical processes on growing substances in the cultivation of ripe varieties remains an urgent task, and its solution will allow solving a number of problematic issues that allow obtaining a high and high-quality harvest from vineyards. the subjects of the study were grapes of kishmish chery, kishmish belyy ovalnyy, kishmish sogdiana, f1 black raisin, f1 white raisin and f1 pink raisin varieties, as well as the standards of growing substances. research materials and method. the experiments were developed by kh.ch.boriev, n.sh.enileev and others "methodology of calculations and phenological observations during experiments with fruit and berrybearing plants" (2014), m.a. lazarevsky's "metody botanicheskogo opisania i agrobiologicheskogo izucheniya sortov vinograda" " (1946), "izuchenie vinograda dlya opredelenia ego ispolzovaniya" (1963) by n.n. prostoserdov, conducted according to the recommendations and methods presented in the methodical literature. statistical analysis of research results was calculated in excel 2010 and statistica 7.0 for windows computer programs with a confidence interval of 0.95% according to the method shown by b.a. dospekhov. analysis and results. the influence of growing substances on the chemical composition of kishmishbop grape varieties, sugar content, acidity, ph content, carbohydrates (total) and vitamin content of grape bunches were studied. the results of the conducted experiments showed that in the untreated (control) variant of kishmish chery grapes, sugar content was 17.7%, acidity was 7.0 g/l, ph was 3.4%, carbohydrates (total) were 18.2%, and vitamins b1 0.001, b6 0.005 it was determined to be mg/ml. hosilin extra 25 mg/l, succinic acid 50 mg/l, npk 125 mg/l, calcium 100 mg/l, phytactive plant 50 mg/l. (1) when applied 10 days after flowering, sugar content was 0.4% higher, acidity was 0.6 g/l lower, ph was 0.2% lower, carbohydrates (total) were 0.7% higher and vitamin b1 content was higher than the control. , b6 was found to be less than 0.1%. kishmish bely ovalny grape variety in the untreated (control) variant has a sugar content of 17.6%, acidity 5.3 g/l, ph 3.39%, carbohydrates (total) 23.7% and vitamins b1 0.002, b6 0.004 mg/ml was found to be hosilin extra 25 mg/l, succinic acid 50 mg/l, npk 125 mg/l, calcium 100 mg/l, phytactive plant 50 mg/l. (1) when applied 10 days after flowering, sugar content was 0.6% higher, acidity was 0.4 g/l lower, ph was 0.2% lower, carbohydrates (total) were 0.2% higher and vitamin b1 0 compared to the control. .1% less, b6 was returned to be equal. the kishmish sogdiana variety of grapes in the untreated (control) variant has a sugar content of 24.7%, acidity of 6.3 g/l, ph value of 3.53%, carbohydrates (total) of 19.1%, and vitamins b1 0.001, b6 0.005 mg/ml. was determined to organize. volume 04 issue 02-2024 48 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 02 pages: 46-50 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi cultivator hosilin extra 25 mg/l, succinic acid 50 mg/l, npk 125 mg/l, calcium 100 mg/l, phytactive plant 50 mg/l. (1) 0.56% higher sugar content, 0.5 g/l less acidity, 0.21% lower ph, 0.6% higher carbohydrate (total) and b1 vitamin content compared to the control when applied 10 days after flowering %, b6 was observed to be less than 0.1%. grape f1 black raisin variety in untreated (control) sugar content 22.4%, acidity 7.0 g/l, ph 3.99%, carbohydrates (total) 22.0% and vitamins b1 0.004, b6 0.006 mg/ml was found to be cultivator hosilin extra 25 mg/l, succinic acid 50 mg/l, npk 125 mg/l, calcium 100 mg/l, phytactive plant 50 mg/l. (1) 0.8% higher sugar content, 0.5 g/l lower acidity, 0.5% lower ph, 0.4% higher carbohydrates (total) and 0.4% higher vitamin b1 content than the control when applied 10 days after flowering. 0.1% and b6 0.1% was observed to be less. hosilin extra 25 mg/l, bornaic acid 50 mg/l, cytogummate 200 mg/l, phytovak 100 mg/l, magnesium 50 mg/l for grape growing. 4% more, acidity 0.9 g/l less, ph 0.8% less, carbohydrates (total) 0.9% higher, and vitamin b1 0.1% and b6 0.2% less. the effect of growing substances on the chemical composition of kishmishbop grape varieties (experiment 2. 2021-2023). № options blood sugar, % acidit y, г/л ph quant ity % carboh ydrates (total) % amount of vitamins, mg/ml b1 b2 b6 b12 pp kishmish black variety 1 untreated (control) 17,7 7,0 3,4 18,2 0,0 01 0,00 5 2 hosilin extra 25 mg/l, succinic acid 50 mg/l, npk 125 mg/l, calcium 100 mg/l, phytactive plant 50 mg/l. (1) 10 days after flowering 18,1 6,4 3,2 18,9 0,0 01 0,00 4 3 hosilin extra 25 mg/l, bornaic acid 50 mg/l, cytogummat 200 mg/l, fitovak 100 mg/l, magnesium 50 mg/l, (2) when the color starts to enter 18,7 5,9 3,1 19,3 0,0 01 0,00 4 kishmish white oval 4 untreated (control) 17,6 5,3 3,39 23,7 0,0 02 0,00 4 5 hosilin extra 25 mg/l, succinic acid 50 mg/l, npk 125 mg/l, calcium 100 mg/l, phytactive plant 50 mg/l. (1) 10 days after flowering 18,2 4,9 3,1 23,9 0,0 01 0,00 4 hosilin extra 25 mg/l, bornaic acid 50 mg/l, cytogummat 200 mg/l, fitovak 100 mg/l, magnesium 50 mg/l, (2) when the color starts to enter 19,1 4,3 2,7 24,3 0,0 01 0,00 4 volume 04 issue 02-2024 49 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 02 pages: 46-50 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi kishmish sogdiana 1 untreated (control) 24,7 6,3 3,53 19,1 0,0 01 0,00 5 2 hosilin extra 25 mg/l, succinic acid 50 mg/l, npk 125 mg/l, calcium 100 mg/l, phytactive plant 50 mg/l. (1) 10 days after flowering 25,2 5,8 3,32 19,7 0,0 01 0,00 4 3 hosilin extra 25 mg/l, bornaic acid 50 mg/l, cytogummat 200 mg/l, fitovak 100 mg/l, magnesium 50 mg/l, (2) when the color starts to enter 26,2 5,2 3,01 20,2 0,0 01 0,00 4 f1 black kishmish 5 untreated (control) 22,4 7,0 3,99 22,0 0,0 04 0,00 6 hosilin extra 25 mg/l, succinic acid 50 mg/l, npk 125 mg/l, calcium 100 mg/l, phytactive plant 50 mg/l. (1) 10 days after flowering 23,2 6,5 3,4 22,4 0,0 03 0,00 5 hosilin extra 25 mg/l, bornaic acid 50 mg/l, cytogummat 200 mg/l, fitovak 100 mg/l, magnesium 50 mg/l, (2) when the color starts to enter 23,8 6,1 3,1 22,9 0,0 03 0,00 4 f1 white kishmish 1 untreated (control) 21,2 6,8 3,70 20,7 0,0 01 0,00 3 0,00 3 2 hosilin extra 25 mg/l, succinic acid 50 mg/l, npk 125 mg/l, calcium 100 mg/l, phytactive plant 50 mg/l. (1) 10 days after flowering 21,8 6,2 3,4 21,1 0,0 01 0,00 2 0,00 2 3 hosilin extra 25 mg/l, bornaic acid 50 mg/l, cytogummat 200 mg/l, fitovak 100 mg/l, magnesium 50 mg/l, (2) when the color starts to enter 22,4 5,9 3,1 21,8 0,0 01 0,00 3 0,00 3 f1 pink kishmish 4 untreated (control) 22,3 6,5 3,53 20,3 --0,00 3 5 hosilin extra 25 mg/l, succinic acid 50 mg/l, npk 125 mg/l, calcium 100 mg/l, phytactive plant 50 mg/l. (1) 10 days after flowering 22,8 6,1 3,2 20,7 0,00 2 hosilin extra 25 mg/l, bornaic acid 50 mg/l, cytogummat 200 mg/l, fitovak 100 mg/l, magnesium 50 mg/l, (2) when the color starts to enter 23,3 5,7 2,9 21,2 0,00 2 volume 04 issue 02-2024 50 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 02 pages: 46-50 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi f1 white raisin grape variety in untreated (control) sugar content 22.2%, acidity 6.8 g/l, ph 3.70%, carbohydrates (total) 20.7% and vitamins b6 0.001, b6 0.0036 g rr was found to be 0.003 mg/ml. cultivator hosilin extra 25 mg/l, succinic acid 50 mg/l, npk 125 mg/l, calcium 100 mg/l, phytactive plant 50 mg/l. (1) 0.6% higher sugar content, 0.6 g/l lower acidity, 0.3% lower ph, 0.4% higher carbohydrate (total) and 0.4% higher vitamin content compared to the control when applied 10 days after flowering. compared to the control variant, when used at the beginning of its introduction, the amount of sugar is 1.4% more, the acidity is 0.9 g/l less, the ph is 0.6% less, carbohydrates (total) are 1.1% higher and the amount of vitamins is equal to b2, equal to b6 and rr was equal. it was observed that b2 is equal, b6 is 0.1% and rr is 0.1% less. hosilin extra 25 mg/l, bornaic acid 50 mg/l, cytogummat 200 mg/l, fitovak 100 mg/l, magnesium 50 mg/l for grape growing f1 pink raisin grape variety in the untreated (control) variant has a sugar content of 22.3%, acidity of 6.5 g/l, ph of 3.53%, carbohydrates (total) of 20.3%, and only rr of vitamins is 0.003 mg/ml was determined to do. cultivator hosilin extra 25 mg/l, succinic acid 50 mg/l, npk 125 mg/l, calcium 100 mg/l, phytactive plant 50 mg/l. (1) 0.5% higher sugar content, 0.4 g/l lower acidity, 0.3% lower ph, 0.4% higher carbohydrates (total) and 0.4% higher vitamins than control when applied 10 days after flowering returned to be less than 0.001 mg/ml. when the grape bunches start to color, when the second growth agent is applied, the sugar content is 1.0% higher, the acidity is 0.8 g/l lower, the ph is 0.4% lower, the carbohydrates (total) are 0.9% higher and the vitamin content is higher than the control option. the amount of vitamins was observed to be equal to rr (experiment 2. 2021-2023). references 1. buriev h.ch., enileev n.sh. and b. methods of calculations and phenological observations in conducting experiments with fruit and berrybearing plants. t., 2014. p. 2-51. 2. vitkovsky v.l. study of grape varieties (methodological instructions).–leningrad.– 1988.–p. 58 3. dospehov b.a. field experiment methodology. – m.: agropromizdat. 1985. – p. 311-320. 4. fayziev j.n. scientific justification of the technology of increasing the yield and quality of seedless varieties of grapes in the conditions of uzbekistan.// aftorefarat. tashkent, 2020 b. 5-18. 5. egamberdiev p.e. the effect of bud load on grape yield and quality in the cultivation of grape fodder varieties by the voish method. dissertation. tashkent, 2023. b. 52-85. 6. сапаева з. ш. и др. влияние низкотемпературной обработки некоторых сортов винограда на их аминокислотный состав //молодой ученый. – 2021. – №. 22. – с. 117-120. volume 04 issue 02-2024 6 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 02 pages: 6-10 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this study presents a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of gillnet-based marine capture fisheries in the baai island port of bengkulu. utilizing both financial and operational metrics, the analysis offers insights into the effectiveness and sustainability of this fishing method in the region. through rigorous assessment, key factors influencing the success of gillnet fisheries are identified, providing valuable implications for fisheries management and policy formulation. keywords gillnet, marine capture fisheries, performance analysis, baai island port, bengkulu, financial evaluation, operational efficiency, sustainability, fisheries management, policy implications. introduction the marine capture fisheries industry plays a pivotal role in the socio-economic fabric of coastal regions worldwide, contributing to food security, employment, and economic growth. among the diverse array of fishing techniques employed, gillnet fishing stands out as a widely practiced method, offering both opportunities and challenges for coastal communities dependent on marine resources. research article netting success: a holistic evaluation of gillnet-based marine capture fisheries in baai island port, bengkulu submission date: january 23, 2023, accepted date: january 28, 2024, published date: february 02, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue02-02 yohana romdhon department of agricultural socio-economic, faculty of agriculture, university of bengkulu, indonesia mustopa sukiyono department of agricultural socio-economic, faculty of agriculture, university of bengkulu, indonesia journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue02-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue02-02 volume 04 issue 02-2024 7 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 02 pages: 6-10 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi in the baai island port of bengkulu, gillnet-based marine capture fisheries represent a significant aspect of the local economy and culture. the utilization of gillnets, characterized by their mesh-like structure, allows fishermen to target various species efficiently. however, the sustainability and long-term viability of gillnet fisheries in this region necessitate careful examination and evaluation. against this backdrop, this study endeavors to conduct a holistic evaluation of gillnet-based marine capture fisheries in the baai island port of bengkulu. through the integration of financial and operational analyses, this research aims to elucidate the performance dynamics, challenges, and opportunities inherent in gillnet fishing practices. by comprehensively assessing the economic viability, operational efficiency, and environmental sustainability of gillnet fisheries, this study seeks to provide valuable insights for stakeholders, policymakers, and resource managers alike. the significance of this evaluation lies in its potential to inform evidence-based decision-making processes aimed at promoting the sustainable management of marine resources and enhancing the socio-economic well-being of coastal communities. by identifying key factors influencing the success of gillnet fisheries and exploring avenues for improvement, this research endeavors to contribute to the formulation of effective policies and management strategies tailored to the unique context of the baai island port and beyond. through collaborative efforts and interdisciplinary approaches, it is hoped that this study will foster greater understanding, awareness, and appreciation of the complex interplay between human activities and marine ecosystems. by striving towards the harmonious coexistence of environmental conservation and economic development, the pursuit of netting success in the baai island port represents a shared endeavor towards a sustainable future for marine capture fisheries and coastal communities alike. method the process of conducting a holistic evaluation of gillnet-based marine capture fisheries in the baai island port of bengkulu involved several interconnected stages, each aimed at unraveling the complexities of fishing practices, economic dynamics, and ecological impacts within the local marine environment. initially, the research team engaged in extensive consultation and collaboration with local stakeholders, including fishermen, fisheries managers, and community leaders, to gain a nuanced understanding of the socio-economic context and cultural nuances shaping gillnet fisheries in the region. these consultations served as a foundation for establishing trust, building relationships, and eliciting valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities confronting the fishing community. subsequently, a systematic approach to data collection was implemented, combining quantitative surveys, structured interviews, and participatory observation techniques to capture a diverse range of perspectives and experiences among fishermen and other key actors involved in the fishing industry. surveys were designed to elicit detailed information on fishing practices, catch composition, gear technology, market dynamics, and socio-economic indicators, while interviews provided a platform for in-depth discussions on issues such as resource management, regulatory compliance, and community resilience. simultaneously, secondary data sources, including government reports, scientific literature, and historical volume 04 issue 02-2024 8 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 02 pages: 6-10 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi records, were reviewed and analyzed to contextualize primary findings, validate key assumptions, and identify trends and patterns in fishery dynamics over time. the integration of financial and operational analyses formed the cornerstone of the research methodology, enabling a comprehensive assessment of gillnet fisheries' performance from both economic and ecological perspectives. financial metrics, such as revenue streams, cost structures, and profitability indicators, were scrutinized to evaluate the economic viability and commercial sustainability of gillnet operations, while operational efficiency measures, including catch rates, gear selectivity, and bycatch mitigation strategies, provided insights into the ecological footprint and resource utilization patterns associated with gillnet fishing activities. throughout the research process, rigorous quality control measures were implemented to ensure data accuracy, reliability, and consistency, mitigating potential biases and enhancing the robustness of research findings. statistical analyses, qualitative coding techniques, and data visualization tools were employed to synthesize and interpret complex datasets, facilitating the identification of key trends, drivers, and trade-offs inherent in gillnet fisheries management. to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of gillnetbased marine capture fisheries in the baai island port of bengkulu, a multi-faceted approach was adopted, integrating both quantitative and qualitative methods. the methodology employed in this study encompasses data collection, analysis frameworks, and key metrics used to assess financial and operational performance. data collection was conducted through a combination of primary and secondary sources. primary data was obtained through structured interviews and surveys conducted with local fishermen, fisheries managers, and relevant stakeholders in the baai island port community. these interviews aimed to gather insights into fishing practices, catch composition, revenue streams, operational costs, and socio-economic factors influencing gillnet fisheries. secondary data sources included official records, government reports, and scholarly literature, providing supplementary information on fisheries management policies, environmental regulations, and historical trends in fish stocks and market dynamics. the financial evaluation of gillnet-based marine capture fisheries involved the compilation and analysis of revenue and expenditure data. revenue streams were assessed based on the sale of fish catch, including market prices and demand for target species. operational costs encompassed expenses related to fuel, gear maintenance, crew wages, and other overheads associated with fishing operations. financial metrics such as gross revenue, net profit, profit margins, return on investment (roi), and costeffectiveness ratios were calculated to assess the economic performance and viability of gillnet fisheries in the baai island port. operational efficiency was evaluated through the analysis of fishing effort, catch rates, and resource utilization. fishing effort was quantified in terms of fishing trips, duration, and spatial distribution within the fishing grounds. catch rates were assessed by species composition, size distribution, and temporal variability, providing insights into the productivity and sustainability of gillnet fishing practices. resource utilization metrics, including gear selectivity, bycatch rates, and discards, were examined to evaluate the ecological impact and efficiency of gillnet fisheries on marine ecosystems. volume 04 issue 02-2024 9 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 02 pages: 6-10 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the financial and operational data collected were integrated to provide a comprehensive assessment of gillnet-based marine capture fisheries in the baai island port. comparative analyses, trend analysis, and statistical modeling techniques were employed to identify patterns, correlations, and causal relationships between financial performance, operational dynamics, and socio-economic factors influencing fishing outcomes. the integrated analysis framework facilitated the identification of key drivers, challenges, and opportunities for enhancing the sustainability and resilience of gillnet fisheries in the baai island port. in summary, the methodological approach adopted in this study enables a holistic evaluation of netting success, encompassing the economic, ecological, and social dimensions of gillnet-based marine capture fisheries in the baai island port of bengkulu. through rigorous data collection, analysis, and interpretation, this research aims to provide actionable insights and recommendations for promoting the sustainable management and development of coastal fisheries in the region. results the comprehensive evaluation of gillnet-based marine capture fisheries in the baai island port of bengkulu yielded valuable insights into the performance dynamics, economic viability, and ecological sustainability of this fishing method. financial analysis revealed that gillnet operations generated significant revenue streams, primarily driven by the high demand for target species such as mackerel, snapper, and grouper in domestic and international markets. however, operational costs, including fuel expenses, gear maintenance, and crew wages, exerted considerable pressure on profit margins, highlighting the need for cost-effective management strategies and investment in technological innovations to enhance operational efficiency and reduce overheads. operational assessments indicated varying levels of catch rates and gear selectivity among gillnet fishermen, reflecting differences in fishing practices, gear configurations, and environmental conditions within the fishing grounds. while some fishermen reported satisfactory catch yields and minimal bycatch, others encountered challenges associated with gear entanglement, habitat degradation, and species depletion, underscoring the importance of adaptive management approaches and ecosystem-based fisheries management principles to mitigate adverse impacts and promote sustainable resource use. discussion the findings of this study underscore the complex interplay between socio-economic factors, environmental dynamics, and regulatory frameworks shaping gillnet fisheries in the baai island port. the reliance of coastal communities on marine resources for livelihoods and food security necessitates a balanced approach to fisheries management that integrates ecological conservation objectives with socio-economic development priorities. collaborative initiatives involving fishermen, government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and academic institutions are essential for fostering dialogue, building capacity, and promoting knowledge-sharing to address the multifaceted challenges confronting gillnet fisheries sustainability. moreover, the incorporation of innovative technologies, such as gps tracking systems, electronic monitoring devices, and blockchain-based traceability mechanisms, holds promise for enhancing transparency, traceability, and accountability along the seafood supply chain, thereby empowering volume 04 issue 02-2024 10 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 02 pages: 6-10 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi consumers, investors, and policymakers to make informed decisions and support sustainable fishing practices. harnessing the potential of data-driven insights and participatory governance mechanisms can facilitate the co-creation of adaptive management strategies that are responsive to changing environmental conditions, market dynamics, and stakeholder preferences. conclusion in conclusion, the holistic evaluation of gillnet-based marine capture fisheries in the baai island port of bengkulu underscores the imperative of adopting an integrated and participatory approach to fisheries management that prioritizes sustainability, equity, and resilience. by embracing a diversity of perspectives, knowledge systems, and stakeholder interests, coastal communities can leverage their collective wisdom and ingenuity to chart a course towards netting success that balances the imperative of economic prosperity with the imperative of environmental stewardship. through concerted action and shared commitment, the baai island port fishing community can forge a path towards a more sustainable and inclusive future for present and future generations. references 1. m. hermawan, “keberlanjutan perikanan tangkap skala kecil,” doctoral thesis, sekolah pascasarjana ipb, bogor, 2005. 2. neely, “the performance measurement revolution: why now and what next,” international journal of operations & production management , vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 205228, 1999. 3. p. van gijsel, “the importance of non-financial performance measures during the economic crisis,” master thesis, school of economics and management of tilburg university, tillburg, 2012. 4. kohar, a. suherman, and m. a. wijayanto, “analisis program dan kinerja pelabuhan perikanan nusantara (ppn) pekalongan,” j saintek perikanan , vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 32-38, 2010. 5. h. norreklit, “the balance on the balanced scorecard-a critical analysis of some of its assumptions,” management accounting research , vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 65-88, 2000. 6. r.s. kaplan and d. p. norton, balanced scorecard menerapkan strategi aksi . jakarta: erlangga, 2000. 7. g. speckbacher, j. bischof, and t. pfeiffer, “a descriptive analysis on the implementation of balanced scorecards in german-speaking countries,” management accounting research , vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 361-387, 2003. 8. ittner and d. larcker. “innovations in performance measurement: trends and research implications,” journal of management accounting research , vol. 10, pp. 205-238, 1998. 9. k. hughes, “the value relevance of non-financial measures of air pollution in the electric utility industry,” the accounting review , vol. 75, no. 2, pp. 209-228, 2000. 10. k. sukiyono, penelitian survey dan teknik sampling . bengkulu: lab sosial ekonomi pertanian unib, 2012. 11. t. a. rahmi, p. i. wahyuningrum, and t. w. nurani, “usaha perikanan tangkap skala kecil di sadeng kabupaten gunung kidul daerah istimewa yogyakarta,” jurnal anasal , vol. 2, pp. 40-45, 2013. 12. cahyono, wortel, teknik budi daya dan analisis usaha tani . jakarta: kanisius, 2002. 13. riyanto, dasar-dasar pembelanjaan perusahaan , 4th edition. yogyakarta: ugm press, 1995. volume 03 issue 09-2023 10 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 09 pages: 10-14 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the article talks about the types of namatak, their properties, use, chemical composition, collection and drying of namatak, as well as preparations obtained from the namatak plant. keywords namatak, begger's namatak, wrinkled namatak, may namatak, thorny namatak, itburun namatak, kokan namatak , drying. introduction nowadays intensity with developing countries in line all of uzbekistan in the fields forward is striving also in the field of science in our country big changes is happening our country leader by " drug plants cultivation and again work , them seediness to the road to put development according to scientific studies scope to expand about remedy events about". one series decisions confirmed. accordingly of the subject relevance no doubt . ours in our region medicine more than 700 plants type there is of these natural in the circumstances growing and cultivated 120 ha near from the type scientific and people in medicine is used . current period in medicine applied of medicines about 40-47% plant from raw materials is taken . medicinal feature with separate standing namatak (rosa) series types in our region wide spread _ earth on the face 120 ha of namatak near type spread out from these _ 13 species in uzbekistan natural without grows and one how many type scenic plant as is planted . the main part the product is made from the following types of sorghum that can satisfy the standard requirement for ascorbic acid: rosa beggeriana schrenk. rosa rugosa thunb. rosa davurica pall. research article namatak types and useful features submission date: september 20, 2023, accepted date: september 25, 2023, published date: september 30, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue09-03 dilnoza a. mamatusmonova phd student namangan institute of engineering and technology, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue09-03 volume 03 issue 09-2023 11 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 09 pages: 10-14 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi rosa canina l. rosa fedtschenkoana regel. rosa kokanica (regel.) regel. ex juz. ва б.қ.лар rosaceae. namatak species is a thorny shrub up to 2 m tall. the stem is flexible, covered with shiny brownish-red or reddish bark and thorns. the leaves are oddly pinnate, arranged in a row with a stem band. the leaf (5-7) is egg-shaped and has a serrated edge. flowers are large, single or 2-3 on branches. the flower is red, pink, yellow or white, with a pleasant smell. he got a flower leaves lanceolate . calyx leaf and crown of 5 , paternity and mothers a lot numerous . a fruit instead of a flower harvest to be juicy fake fruit _ i can't wait from their mothers harvest has been one how many real there are fruits nuts . peanut sharppointed, sertuk is angular _ to form have _ from may from , until july blooms , fruits in augustseptember it is ripe . namatak types in forests, streams on the sides , bushes between the mountains dry rocky side in his arms and another in lands grows. namatak some types from each other of the fruit, in the bark of the branch color, shape, size of the thorn and the number of thorns on the branch and to the location looking difference does. may namatak a bush 1-1.5 m tall. horns shiny, brownred colorful bark with covered. in the branches thorns of the leaf band basis in the part in pairs being located. from this except, right or one little returned thorns of branches bottom in the part very there will be a lot. of the leaves bottom on the side stuck feathers will be this plant is native to moldova, ukraine, belarus, and the baltic states length of the european part of russia the forest and forest-desert in the zone, west and eastern in siberia, in caucasus occurs. thorny namatak tall it is a small bush with brown branches colorful bark and thin, straight, coarse with hairs (thorns). covered leave basis 2 thin in the part thorn is a leaf hairless will be this plant siberia nina leafy in the forests, far in the east, in the tien-shan forests and belarus, the baltic length, the european part of russia northern districts occurs. dauriya namatak. this of the plant branches brown-red colored bark with covered thorns returned from 2 at the base of the branches and leaf under his arm settled. of the leaves bottom side sparse hairs and yellow glands with covered fruit spherical, 1-1.5 centimeters in diameter equal to, it is basically eastern siberia southern districts and long in the east occurs . begger namatak. horns blue colored, thorns large, sickle-shaped bent, base part wide, yellow colorful is a leaf based on pairs being located ball-shaped-multiflowered shield or furrow calyx leaf entire, acute, from inflorescence after up looking direction the fruit is small, spherical, 0.5-1.4 cm long, red colored, ripe then the calyx spills out . as a result of fruit high in the part harvest from the hole that was inside nuts and feathers apparently stands. this namatak mainly medium asia of the mountains side on the slopes, mountainous in districts ditch and rivers on the banks of the road on the collars grows. it is grown as a landscape bush. fedchenko's namatak. large, 2-3, sometimes up to 6 m a bush that is thorns large, horizontal located, solid, base part widened and large in the branches denser located. complicated leaf pieces leaves thick, bluish, hairless. flowers large, white or pink colored fruit large (up to 5 cm in length), fleshy, dark red, ovate, elongated ovate or bottle-shaped. basically medium in asia (tian-shan, pamir oloy in the mountains) mountain on the slopes grows. tashkent, fergana, samarkand, shkadarya and surkhandarya regions in mountainous areas a lot spread. volume 03 issue 09-2023 12 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 09 pages: 10-14 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi wrinkled namatak. horns you're serious being located horizontally. omplicated leaf pieces-leaves thick, twisted, bottom side hairy flowers red or full red colorful individually or 3-4 stalks and branches to the tip located. fruit large, spherical, shiny red colorful, high in the part up looking calyx leaves directed will be long east, kamchatka and in sakhalin the sand of the sea husband on the shores grows. ex parks in the european part of the union and in parks many is planted. kokan namatak. old man branches purple-brown, young reddish-brown bark with covered sertikan, thorns hard, narrow triangular, base part expanded, one little bent. flowers are 1-2, yellow colored calyx leaves have a single tip little eathery cut, hairy, top part glandular, ripe in the fruit up directed towards fruit spherical, up to 1.5 centimeters in diameter, brown brown or almost black colored medium of asia mountainous regions (western tien-shan, pamir -aloy mountains). medium to the part has been mountain on the slopes grows. tashkent, namangan, fergana, samarkand, kashkadarya and surkhandarya in the regions mountainous in lands spread. appearance of the product. ready product different shapes (spherical, egg-shaped or oblong-ovoid) and large and small (length 0.7-3 cm, diameter 0.6-1.7 cm), dark yellow-red or full red color fake from the fruit consists of fake fruit three on the side there are holes ( from the calyx from being cleaned after harvest will be ). of the product upper side shiny, wrinkled, inside while dark nuts (real fruit) are hard, yellow colored, angular is white feathers with covered product odorless, top the wall sour-sweet, one little twister has a taste. product for: moisture content 15%, total ash 3%, non-woven another parts mixtures (stem, leaf, sepal and fruit bands) 2%, blackened, burnt, insects with damaged fruit mixture 1%, hole through a sieve with a diameter of 3 mm crushed to pass including some fruits nuts 3%, organic impurities 0.5% and mineral impurities no more than 0.5% it is necessary trimmed product for: moisture 15%, total ash 3%, from feathers and nuts not cleaned fruit part 5%, nuts, feathers, flower band and whole fruits mixture 0.5%, blackened, burnt and insects infected with parts 1%, organic impurities 0.5% and mineral impurities more than 0.5% not to be need. according to xi df kholosas, carotolin and juice prepared organic acids in the product amount is less than 2.6% not to be, humidity from 15%, total ash from 4%, of the material another parts (pieces of branches, calyx and fruit band) from 2%, blackened, burnt, insects with damaged and sick fruits from 3%, the diameter of the hole is 3 mm sieve passable fruit pieces, including nuts from 3%, unripe (green of color yellow to color) fruits not more than 5%, organic compounds not more than 0.5% and mineral compounds not more than 0.5% need in conclusion drug basically hip nose namatak from the fruit, carotolin drug and juice of namatak everyone types from the fruit is prepared. chemical composition. product contains (dry without) 4-6%, sometimes up to 18% vitamin c, 0.3 mg % vitamin v2, k1 (40 biological elements in 1 g of roduct unity), vitamin r, 12-18 mg % carotene, around 18% sugars, 4-5% sweetener substances, around 2% lemon and malic acids, 3.7% pectin and another substances will be according to xi df, vitamin c is whole in case 1% in the product , cleaned and trimmed 2% in the product, powder as it is and less than 1.6% should not be. namatak seed oil, root and on the leaf while enhancer there will be substances. usage. namatak of the plant the fruit in the composition one how many different vitamins that's why there is a mixture drugs for avitaminosis diseases in treatment and prevention in getting is used. from this except, namatak fruit in the confectionery industry volume 03 issue 09-2023 13 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 09 pages: 10-14 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi products vitaminization used for namatak of types from the fruit carotolin drug and namatak oil is prepared. carotolin of fruit soft-meaty part oil extract (in basically carotenoids and tocopherols, unsaturated fat acids and another substances are kept), tropical wounds, eczema (gush), erythroderma some types and injured mucous membranes treatment for is applied or to the dock to the damaged place is placed. namatak oil special method with from the fruit is prepared . oil tropical wounds , dermatoses (of the skin different inflammation and diathesis disease), stinky dimog (ozena), ulcerative colitis, bed and other wounds, cracks treatment for to them is applied or to the dock it is soaked and put. medicinal preparations. ascorbic acid-vitamin c (powder, dragee, tablet and in an ampoule solution in case is released), from the fruit tincture, extract, carotolin, namatak oil and juice (wet fruit) and tablets (powder). fruit vitamin and multivitamin teas are collections to the composition enters. wet from the fruit again various vitamin concentrates and vitamin rich food products is prepared. and ascorbic acid haloscorbin preparations to the composition enters. namatak less the type that stores vitamin c in the amount is hibrun namatak 3 m tall it is a big bush, and the calyx is different from others patty cut, blooming from being then sepals down looking direction, and fruit ripening in front of them down leaving with difference does that's why for too the hips are ripe the fruit high in the part holes it won't be. hip nose medium in asia, in the european part of russia and in the caucasus in mountainous regions (in the mountains water on the edges), forest on the edges, in gardens, walnuts andin spruce forests grows. chemical composition. hip nose the fruit is low in vitamin c preservative types enters fruit contains 0.22.2% vitamins c, k, v2 and r, 4-12 mg % carotene, 8.0918.50% sugar, 1.2-3.64% pure organic matter (lemon and apple ) acids, 0.03-0.04% essential oil, 2.7% additive, dye and other substances, in seeds and 8.46-9.63% fat will be. usage. from the product prepared preparation holosas in the treatment of iver diseases (cholecystitis and hepatitis), is used. fake fruit inside fruits (semina cynosbati.) urine driver drug is used as. medicinal preparations. in factories from the product extract is prepared. namatak fruits collection and drying namatak fruits complete cooked without maturity red to color very cold to begin with to fall until will be collected. harvest complete when ripe (september in the months of) collection recommendation not done . because cooked matured namatak fruits drying difficult and plant growing in places cold fall as a result in it ascorbyn of acid sharp decreased departure is also observed . namatak fruits special desiccant in devices at 80-90 degrees one how many hour during or autumn of the month hot days in the cool drying recommendation will be done. fruits drying time time with mixed up standing is required. as a result of drying in the sun, the quality of raw materials may deteriorate. conclusion by doing so to speak in our country there is namatak types again work events right take if you go of them pharmaceuticals in the industry wide in scope use can. references 1. uzbekistan republic president's "dorivor plants cultivation and again performance , their seediness to the road to put development according to scientific studies scope to expand about measures on" no. pq -4901 the decision volume 03 issue 09-2023 14 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 09 pages: 10-14 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 2. meliboev m.f., mamatov sh.m., ergashev o.k. development of a combined bath method of sublimation and dielectric drying // universum: technical science. moscow-2022. #5 (98). s.5-8. 3. meliboev m.f., mamatov sh.m., ergashev o.k. energy consumption and economic indicators in sublimation and microwave sublimation dry plum // universum: technical science. moscow-2022. #5 (98). s. 9-12. 4. m. meliboyev. development of the combined method of sublimation and dielectric drying processes// scientific and technical journal of science and technology development. (buxmti) 2021.-№5.182-187b. 5. hamidov a., nabiyev m., odilov t., plant identifier of uzbekistan. tashkent 1987. 6. q. hojimatov, m. olloyorov, medicinal plants of uzbekistan and their protection. 7. q. heydarov , q. hozhimatov . uzbekistan plants . tashkent 1992. 8. by tokhtayev , tx mahkamov , a. a. tolaganov , ai mamatkarimov , dorivor and nutritious plants plantations organize reach and raw materials preparation according to instruction tashkent2015. volume 04 issue 06-2024 23 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 23-28 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract it is scientifically proven that when boms organic preparation was applied to the soil at the rate of 300-600 kg/ha before sowing and when cotton was cultivated for without mineral fertilizers, 40.7-41.8 c/ha of cotton can be grown. keywords organic and global g.a.p, the development of technologies, mineral fertilizers. introduction on may 18, 2020, the president of our state, sh.mirziyoev, adopted the decree "on additional measures to ensure that the quality and safety indicators of agricultural products comply with international standards". this decree is aimed at the production of products that meet the requirements of "organic" and "global g.a.p", to increase their quality and safety indicators, and to expand exports, the concept of development of organic agriculture and production of organic food products in the republic of uzbekistan and the "roadmap" for its implementation have been approved. for this purpose, the improvement of agro-measures of crop cultivation in the agriculture of our country, the development of technologies for the cultivation of ecologically pure products with little or no use of mineral fertilizers, the cultivation of high and highquality crops, the wide implementation of highly effective modern innovative technologies in practice, the increase of economic efficiency, economic development is one of the most important tasks. in our country, one of the ways to collect seedlings early, correctly and healthy in unfavorable weather and stressful situations, to improve plant growth and get a research article growing organic cotton with boms submission date: june 01, 2024, accepted date: june 06, 2024, published date: june 11, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue06-05 d.rakhimova researcher of tashkent state agrarian university, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue06-05 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue06-05 volume 04 issue 06-2024 24 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 23-28 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi high-quality harvest, is to treat the soil and seeds with stimulants before planting and to use them during the plant life. it is known that physiologically active substances have a positive effect on increasing the fertility and germination of agricultural crops, accelerating the ripening of the crop, increasing the plant's resistance to drought, salt, disease and pests (kalinin, merejinsky, 1965). physiological and biologically active substances are organic additives that affect the course of physiological processes in the plant. they are applied to plants in the form of a working mixture, they have a positive effect on their vital processes and provide the opportunity to obtain a high and quality harvest. many scientists have studied the effect of treatment of seeds and cotton with various stimulants during the vegetation period on sprout germination and cotton growth. currently, in world practice, the scope of using humic acids is expanding in order to increase soil fertility and the efficiency of using nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, to accelerate the growth and development of plants. the mechanism of action of humic acids is as follows, it is connected with the improvement of plant metabolism and activation of auxin and cytokinin phytohormones. humic acids are one of the bases of soil humus, they are inextricably linked with maintaining soil fertility and biodiversity, ensuring vital functions of microorganisms, flora and fauna. they are one of the products of soil formation, resulting from the humification of plant residues. humates have a range of complex effects and have a positive effect on alleviating stress processes caused by unfavorable external factors. g.axymbetova, kh.d.akhmedova et al., (2003) observed that the growth and development of 15 types of agricultural crops accelerated, resistance to diseases increased, and productivity increased when seeds were treated with biologically active substance chitosan. sh.kh.abdualimov, kh.d.akhmedova, s.sh.rashidova (2003) when treated with the stimulants t-86, nitrolin, tj-85 and xs-2, the seeds of the okdarya-5 variety of cotton increased field fertility and growth accelerated development, had a positive effect on leaf surface, cotton yield and fiber quality. in the experiments carried out by u.n.madraimov (1995), i. khusanov (2003), when the seeds were treated with mival before planting, they germinated evenly and healthy despite adverse weather conditions. mival allowed to plant hairless seeds in saline soils, the flowering of cotton was accelerated and fiber yield increased by 1-3%. in this regard, scientific studies were conducted in 2018-2020 in the conditions of typical gray soils of tashkent region to study the effectiveness of boms organic preparation on cotton and to grow organic cotton without using mineral fertilizers. methods field experiments were conducted in accordance with the manual "field experiment methods" (t:2007). the obtained data were analyzed mathematically by the method of ba dospekhov (1985). the research work was carried out in the conditions of the typical sierozem soils of the tashkent region on the cotton variety "andijan-37". the length of the experimental options was 25 m, the width was 2.4 m, the calculation area was 60 m2, and they were placed in 3 repetitions. volume 04 issue 06-2024 25 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 23-28 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi in the control option for the study, cotton was grown in accordance with conventional agrotechnology based on generally accepted agrotechnical measures and the annual norm of mineral fertilizers (npk) was 200 kg of pure nitrogen, 140 kg of phosphorus and 100 kg of potassium per hectare, while in option 2, the norm of boms preparation was 600 kg/ha and mineral fertilizers n-200, p-140, k-100 kg/ha were applied. in the 3-5 variants of the experiment, boms organic preparation is 300 per hectare; mineral fertilizers were not used at all during the period of application of cotton, with the application of 600 and 1000 kg. in the care of cotton in the experimental field, measures such as inter-row processing, irrigation, and weed control were carried out in the same order in all variants. boms preparation is an organic fertilizer obtained by humification of lignite and peat compost, in dry, black, granular form. it contains humic and fulvic acids, various macro and microelements. it transforms phosphate and potassium, the most important elements in the soil, from non-absorbable form to easily absorbable form. restores soil fertility and increases humus content, improves microflora. before planting the seed in the plowed field, it is placed in the soil and 8-10 cm is mixed with the ground. it is recommended to use in the morning and in the evening when it is cool. the safety level is less toxic. results and discussion in the experiment conducted by sh.abdualimov et al., (2017) when treated with the biodux stimulator, the active substance of which is arachidonic acid, at the rate of 3.0 ml/ha before planting, and 2.0 ml/ha during the cotton budding and flowering periods, the germination of seedlings was 10,1-13.3% accelerated, the growth and development of the plant accelerated, 44.0 centner of cotton per hectare was grown, and the yield was 4.7 c/ha higher than the control. sh.abdualimov, sh.karimov (2017) stated that obereg' stimulator 1.0 ml/t per seed, 10.0 ml/ha during the budding and flowering periods of cotton, fitovak 200 ml/t per seed and 400 ml/ha during the budding period, sodium humate when the stimulator was applied to the seed at the rate of 2.2 kg/t, germination of seedlings was accelerated, rapid growth and development of cotton was observed, the number of bolls increased by 1.0-2.0 grains, the yield of cotton increased by 3-5 c/ha and the level of profitability increased. therefore, various organic-based stimulants had a positive effect on sprouting, plant growth, development, and to improve the yield. for this reason, in order to study the effect of boms organic preparation on the soil before sowing, on the germination, growth, development and yield of the seedlings, we conducted observations by cultivating for cotton with and without mineral fertilizers. below we analyze the results obtained from these studies. in the experiment, the effect of boms preparation on the germination of seedlings was studied in the variants applied to the soil at the rate of 300-1000 kg/ha during the preparation of the land for planting before sowing. in the initial observation of the research on may 14, 2019, 174.0 sprouts sprouted on 10 m2 in the control option , 185.0-200.7 sprouts in the options using boms 300-1000 kg/ha, it was determined that there were more and 11.0-26.7 sprouts compared to the control. in the subsequent observations, the positive effect of boms was more evident, and in the last observation on may 22, 227.3 sprouts sprouted in the control, 231.7-250.3 sprouts in the options treated with boms at the rate of 300-1000 kg/ha, and it was observed that it increased to 4,4-23.0 pieces than the control option (table 1). volume 04 issue 06-2024 26 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 23-28 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi table 1 effect of boms preparation on seed germination, andijan-37 variety of cotton, 2019 no options application rate to the soil before planting, kg/ha number of sprouts, pieces /10 m2 difference compared to control, pieces 14.05 17.05 20.05 22.05 1 control (npk) 174,0 196,0 216,0 227,3 2 boms + npk 600 164,7 177,0 214,0 234,3 7,0 3 boms 300 185,0 203,3 225,0 231,7 4,4 4 boms 600 200,0 213,7 231,0 234,0 6,7 5 boms 1000 200,7 210,3 233,0 250,3 23,0 explanation. in options 1-2, npk 200-140-100 kg/ha was used, in options 3-5 mineral fertilizers were not given. effect of boms preparation on growth and development of cotton. in the research conducted by k.tadjiev (2006), before planting, hairy and hairless seeds were treated with vitavaks 200 ff at the rate of 5 l/t, the germination of seedlings was accelerated, it had a positive effect on growth and development, and the cotton yield was 3.0-4.1 c/ha. it has been found that it has increased and the possibility of growing high and quality crops has been created. in the experimental field, the effect of boms drug on the growth and development of the cotton plant during the vegetation period was studied. in the observation carried out on june 1, 2019, the height of the cotton was 9.2-10.8 cm, the number of true leaves was 2.4-2.6 pcs., during the period of cotton's mass pruning and flowering on july 1, in the control variant, the plant height was 39.6 cm, the harvested branches number 5.7 pieces, branches 5.7 pieces, boms 600 kg/ha + npk and boms 300-1000 kg/ha, height 40.540.7 cm, number of harvested branches 5.8-6.0 pieces, the branches are 5.8-6.0 pieces, compared to the control, the length of the cotton was 1.1 cm higher, the yield branches were 0.3 pieces, and the branches were 0.1-0.3 pieces more. such a positive difference was also observed during the flowering-harvest period of cotton (1.08.2019). in the variants used by boms, the height of the cotton was 2.2 cm, the number of branches was 0.2 more, and it was estimated that there were slightly more buds, flowers and bolls. at the end of the cotton growth period (1.09.2019), the height of the cotton in the control option was 94.4 cm, in the option using boms+npk, it was 97.0 cm, in the options where boms was applied at the rate of 3001000 kg/ha and no mineral fertilizers were given, 91.6volume 04 issue 06-2024 27 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 23-28 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 100.0 cm, the number of bolls was observed to be 8.8 pieces in the control option, 9.7-10.8 pieces or 0.9-2.0 pieces more than the control option. the variants using boms organic preparation have less vegetative mass due to the absence of mineral fertilizers, which is shown by the closeness of the length of the cotton and the number of harvested branches. however, the number of generative organs increased and increased in the variants used by boms during the period of cotton bearing and ripening. before the cotton harvest (october 2, 2019), in the control variant, there were 9.3 bolls per cotton bush, while when boms was applied on the background of mineral fertilizers at the rate of 600 kg/ha, the number of bolls was 10.8 bolls or 1.5 bolls more than the control. also, in the options where boms was applied at the rate of 300-1000 kg/ha and mineral fertilizers were not given, the number of bolls was the highest at 10.2-11.2 pieces and increased by 0.9-1.9 pieces from the control. in these variants, the degree of opening of boll was 68.6-70.5%, and it opened 7.3-9.2% faster than the control. in the conditions of typical sierozem soils of tashkent region, boms organic preparation had a positive effect on cotton yield when applied to the soil at the rate of 300-1000 kg/ha (fig. 1). figure 1. effect of boms organic preparation on cotton yield, andijan-37 variety, tashkent 2019 in the control variant of the experiment, 34.9 c/ha of cotton was obtained when cotton was cultivated for in conventional agrotechnics, while boms preparation was applied at 600 kg/ha before seeding, and mineral fertilizers n-200, p-140 and k-100 kg/ha were fed at the rate of 41, 2 c/ha or 6.3 c/ha more than control. for the purpose of growing organic cotton, chemical mineral fertilizers were not used at all, only boms organic preparation was applied before sowing at the rate of 300 kg/ha at 40.7 c/ha, boms at 600 kg/ha at 41.8 c/ha 34.9 41.2 40.7 41.8 40.1 6.3 5.8 6.9 5.2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 назорат (npk) бомс 600 кг/га+ npk бомс 300 кг/га бомс 600 кг/га бомс 1000 кг/га 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 пахта ҳосили, ц/га қўшимча ҳосил, ц/га volume 04 issue 06-2024 28 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 23-28 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi and boms at 1000 kg/ha in the used option, 40.1 c/ha of cotton was grown, compared to the control option, 5.2-6.9 c/ha of additional cotton was obtained. it should be noted that higher results were obtained in the norms of 300-600 kg/ha of boms compared to its standard of 1000 kg/ha, as a result of the use of boms, the yield index increased by 16.6-19.8%, and mineral fertilizers were saved. this shows that the use of organic-based stimulants and biofertilizers is important in growing organic cotton in our republic in the future. conclusion in the conditions of typical sierozem soils of the tashkent region, when the organic preparation tevevit boms is used in the period of preparing the land for planting before sowing, the germination of seeds was accelerated, favorable conditions for the growth and development of the plant are created, and the yield of cotton was 40.7-41.8 c/ha, chemical mineral fertilizers are saved, the possibility of growing organic cotton was scientifically based. references 1. abdualimov sh., khasanova f., karimov sh. everything in spring is a spoil // uzbekistan agricultural journal. tashkent, 2017. no4. -p. 2-3. 2. abdualimov sh.kh., karimov sh.a. the effect of stimulator biodux on the appearance of growths and fertility of men // actual problems of modern science. -moscow, 2017. no4. p. 262-266. 3. methods of conducting field experiments. uzcsri, t.; 2007. -147 p. 4. dospekhov b.a. methodology of field experience. 5th ed. add. and processed moscow, agropromizdat, 1985. -p.248-256. 5. kalinin f.l., merezhinsky yu.g. plant growth regulators. -kiev, 1965. 405 p. 6. tadjiev k.m. effect of seed treatment with vitavaks 200 ff on leaf surface and dry weight of cotton // scientific basis of development of cotton and grain production on farms. a collection of international conference articles. uzcsri. -tashkent, 2006. -p. 258-261. volume 04 issue 01-2024 45 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 45-52 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract uzbekistan, which has a rich agricultural history, faces the problem of abandoned arable land a valuable resource awaiting restoration. this article examines the specific causes of loss of arable land in uzbekistan and offers individual strategies and recommendations for returning these lands to productive use. keywords agriculture, arable land, kashkadarya region, nishon district, environment, land formation, land monitoring, effective use of land. introduction the world land fund is 13.2 billion. hectares, of which the agricultural land is about 4.7 billion hectares, of which about 1.6 billion. hectare (12.0%) is agricultural arable land. according to the official data of the international food security organization of the un, approximately 88% of the food products needed by the research article the main causes of fallow land on agricultural land and suggestions and recommendations for their prevention submission date: january 09, 2024, accepted date: january 14, 2024, published date: january 19, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue01-07 abdisalomov a.a. doctoral student of the uzdavyerloyiha state scientific design institute, uzbekistan toshtemirov t.a. chief specialist of the human resources development and management department of the republican aerogeodesy center, uzbekistan jurayev a.r. chief project engineer of the “kashvilyerloyiha” division, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue01-07 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue01-07 volume 04 issue 01-2024 46 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 45-52 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi world's population are grown on agricultural land. the amount and quality of land suitable for agriculture has decreased due to various natural and anthropogenic influences. therefore, improving the efficiency of land use in various regions of the world, which has deteriorated and left the agricultural cycle, is one of the urgent issues [1]. research object and methods agricultural land in nishon district of kashkadarya region was selected as a research object. the method of research is based on generally accepted methods in practice. these studies were carried out by the uzdavyerloyiha state scientific design institute. in recent years, the great attention to environmental protection has increased the need to study the effective use of existing land in the world, and to create a large-scale database for protection. the increase in demand for natural resources leads to their decrease year by year. this situation showed the need to systematize and manage the volume of data. research results and their discussion in our republic, rational and effective use of land resources, in particular agricultural land, regulation of land relations, proper organization of land construction and land monitoring, maintenance and increase of soil fertility, as well as distribution and redistribution of land resources, among them, especially in the agrarian sector, creating a single, modern system that ensures correct and purposeful use and constantly improving it is one of the most important tasks that determine the development of the economy, especially within the framework of the requirements for the development and liberalization of today’s economy [7]. it is necessary to analyze the areas of irrigated cropland or agricultural land types in general that have fallen out of agricultural use, to study the reasons for the fall out of agricultural use, and to eliminate such reasons as much as possible. today, the use of electronic digital maps of agriculture in the republic of uzbekistan has been transferred to the authority of the ministry of agriculture, and in this regard, the state scientific and design institute “uzdavierloyiha” and regional land surveyors in the regions and districts under the jurisdiction of the ministry of agriculture is monitored. in our republic, systematic measures have been implemented in connection with the rational and effective use of land resources, the proper organization of land management and land monitoring, in particular, the digitization of the total information collected on the basis of land monitoring, the development of the agricultural land control system, certain results are being achieved based on this. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated january 28, 2022 no. pd-60 “on the development strategy of the new uzbekistan for 20222026”. important tasks for “...development of an electronic database for inventory and monitoring of their implementation” have been defined [2]. in recent years, special attention has been paid to increasing the efficiency of agricultural land in our country, including using water-saving technologies. due to the fact that the mechanisms of state support are being adapted to the requirements of the times, water-saving technologies were introduced in 433 thousand hectares in 2021 alone, and their total figure was 17% of the irrigated areas. however, shortcomings in the production, supply, procurement, on-site design and installation of water-saving irrigation systems, as well as the lack of skills of some agricultural producers volume 04 issue 01-2024 47 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 45-52 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi in this regard, are the reasons for the late introduction of these technologies is happening [3]. in addition, due to improper use of irrigated cropland in agriculture, it is transferred to other types of land, allocated to domestic constructions, irrigation water does not reach the fields, and irrigation networks do not work well. the area of arable land is decreasing (table 1). 1table earth type 1990 year 2001 year 2011 year 2023 year in 2023 compared to 1990 +, compared to 2023 +, total cultivated land 4176,5 4056,2 4064,7 4028,5 -148,0 -27,7 it is watered from it 3407,3 3309,4 3307,3 3242,1 -165,2 -67,3 note:* – compiled by the author based on the data of the state cadastre chamber of the cadastre agency. it can be clearly seen from table 1 that during the next years there will be a decrease in arable land, especially irrigated arable land. if during this period, i.e., during the last 33 years, the reduction of cultivated land amounted to 148,000 hectares, of which 165,200 hectares were irrigated cultivated land. therefore, 4.5 thousand hectares of arable land and 5.0 thousand hectares of irrigated arable land are reduced every year in our republic. according to official data, as of january 1, 2023, the area of agricultural land in the republic is 26,232.3 thousand hectares, of which irrigated land is 3,693.6 thousand hectares. the area of jaligi land types is 21,206.0 thousand hectares. 58.4% of the territory of our republic is occupied by agricultural land, which is considered the main means of agricultural production. the change of irrigated agricultural land types by republic is shown in fig. 1 [4]. volume 04 issue 01-2024 48 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 45-52 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi figure 1. changes in the types of agricultural land in the republic from january 1, 2018 to january 1, 2023 cropland is the backbone of agricultural systems and serves as the basis for global food production. as the world's population increases and pressure on agricultural resources increases, it is crucial to optimize the efficiency of arable land to meet current and future demands. this paper explores theoretical and methodological principles that can be applied to improve cropland productivity and sustainability (figure 2)[3] figure 2. theoretical and methodological principles that can be applied to increase the productivity and sustainability of cropland areas soil fertility precision farming system integrated pest management (ipm) water supply protection of agroforestry and agriculture volume 04 issue 01-2024 49 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 45-52 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi one of the important issues facing the country's agriculture today is the return of arable land that has gone out of agricultural use, and its rapid involvement in the cultivation of agricultural products. the reason is that the return of such land to agriculture requires 3-4 times less costs than the costs of developing new land and adding it to cultivated land. the development of schemes for the return of agricultural land by administrative districts until 2030 and the implementation of all works based on this scheme will have a great positive effect [5]. agriculture involves the use of advanced technology, information and management practices to optimize the use of resources and thereby increase productivity. techniques such as remote sensing, geographic information systems (gis), and global positioning systems (gps) allow farmers to accurately monitor and manage their fields, water, fertilizers, and pesticides (toxic chemicals) in real time. can apply and analyze data in a targeted manner. this allows precise application of fertilizers, water and pesticides based on the specific needs of each area, reducing waste and maximizing yields. integrating trees into agricultural systems through agroforestry practices can increase cropland productivity and sustainability. this approach improves soil fertility, protects from shade and wind, sequesters carbon and increases biodiversity. conservation agriculture techniques, including minimum tillage and retention of crop residues on the soil surface, help reduce soil erosion and improve moisture retention, further increasing land productivity. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan “on measures for effective use of land and water resources in agriculture” decree no. pd-5742 and the “concept of efficient use of land and water resources in agriculture” adopted pursuant to this decree will be of great practical importance [6]. one of the main directions of this concept is the use of agricultural land and the expansion of its area. it is planned to develop land, to include 50,000 hectares of dry arable land in the type of irrigated arable land. in addition, 7.8 thousand km. irrigation networks and 8.6 thousand km. 147.4 thousand hectares of land are planned to be developed based on the construction, repair and restoration of reclamation networks (table 2) [8]. volume 04 issue 01-2024 50 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 45-52 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi table 2 decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pd-5742 of june 17, 2019 appendix 3 measures to be implemented to improve the efficiency of agricultural land use in 2020-2030 forecast indicators name of the area total including due to the use of unused irrigated land in agriculture from this, irrigationmelioration measures due to the use of undergrou nd water at the expense of other water sources due to the placement of crops that do not require water on dry land, pastures and other lands due to the use of forest land stage 1 2019 — 2021 years stage 2 2022 — 2024 years kashkadarya region guzar 34 467 7 600 5 470 2 130 2 690 24 077 100 dehkanabad 40 248 452 100 352 1 600 37 396 800 qamashi 32 946 4 075 1 965 2 110 3 190 24 181 1 500 karshi 9 468 5 427 2 800 2 627 1 070 2 821 150 koson 28 838 14 383 4 370 10 013 1 980 12 425 50 kasbi 2 638 2 638 688 1 950 kitob 10 497 574 574 1 380 7 543 1 000 mirishkor 8 863 6 960 3 725 3 235 1 873 30 muborak 13 947 11 767 4 917 6 850 1 980 200 volume 04 issue 01-2024 51 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 45-52 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi nishon 9 760 9 710 5 949 3 761 50 chiroqchi 78 065 3 730 1 797 1 933 19 408 4 900 49 627 400 shahrisabz 5 287 2 284 2 603 400 yakkabog‘ 14 349 2 180 1 120 1 060 6 930 400 4 539 300 total 289 373 69 496 33 475 36 021 38 932 6 900 169 065 4 980 this article examines the theoretical and methodological principles aimed at increasing the efficiency of cultivated land areas. by applying scientific knowledge, innovative technologies and sustainable practices, we can help to protect the environment and socio-economic development while solving the complex challenges facing modern agriculture. conclusion, suggestions and recommendations 1) today, not only on a global scale, but also by our government, a lot of attention is paid to scientific and practical research on the ways of effective use of agricultural land. 2) in the effective use of digital maps for the placement of agricultural crops, it is possible to use up-to-date information through mobile devices. 3) in the monitoring of degraded or eroded agricultural land, by conducting continuous monitoring of areas with different degrees of erosion, to organize 1:10,000 scale land development projects, including reclamations. 4) the reasons for the unusable condition of agricultural land are mainly the lack of water supply, extreme rockiness and the proximity of the gypsum layer to the ground level, as a result of monographic field research. references 1. https://www.fao.org/food-agriculturestatistics/data-release/data-release-detail 2. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated 28.01.2022 no. pd-60 “on the development strategy of the new uzbekistan for 2022-2026” 3. parpiyev g’.t., inamov b.n., abdisalomov a.a. ways to effectively use agricultural land in the face of ongoing climate change. // research institute of plant genetic resources (ogriti), september 28, 2023. tashkent. p. 670-674. volume 04 issue 01-2024 52 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 45-52 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 4. national report on the state of land resources of the republic of uzbekistan. tashkent: 2023. p. 96. 5. inamov b.n. development of land construction projects for productive use of arable land: q.x.f.f.d. (phd) … diss. tashkent, 2022.133-p. 6. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pf-5742 dated 17.06.2019 “on measures for effective use of land and water resources in agriculture” 7. usmanov j.z. scientific substantiation of increasing the efficiency of the use of gray lands that have been left out of agricultural circulation due to their deteriorating condition: q.x.f.f.d. (phd) … diss. tashkent, 2022. p. 158. 8. www.lex.uz 9. www.dissercat.com volume 04 issue 03-2024 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 1-7 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this comprehensive review delves into the intricate interplay of chemical and biological processes within anoxic waterlogged soil environments. through an exploration of current research and methodologies, the review elucidates the complex dynamics governing microbial activities, nutrient cycling, and redox reactions in these unique ecosystems. understanding these interconnected processes is vital for advancing our knowledge of soil ecology, biogeochemistry, and ecosystem functioning. the review synthesizes key findings, identifies gaps in current understanding, and offers insights into future research directions aimed at unraveling the complexities of anoxic waterlogged soil environments. keywords anoxic soil, waterlogged environments, microbial ecology, biogeochemical cycles, redox reactions, nutrient cycling, ecosystem functioning, soil chemistry, biological processes, environmental microbiology. introduction anoxic waterlogged soils represent intricate ecosystems where the absence of oxygen profoundly influences chemical and biological processes. these environments, characterized by limited oxygen availability, harbor diverse microbial communities that orchestrate complex interactions driving nutrient research article interconnected dynamics: understanding chemicalbiological processes in anoxic waterlogged soil – a comprehensive review submission date: february 20, 2023, accepted date: february 25, 2024, published date: march 01, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue03-01 rinku chakraborty icar-national rice research institute, cuttack, odisha, india journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue03-01 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue03-01 volume 04 issue 03-2024 2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 1-7 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi cycling, organic matter decomposition, and redox transformations. understanding the interconnected dynamics of chemical and biological processes in anoxic waterlogged soil is essential for unraveling the functioning of these ecosystems and their implications for global biogeochemical cycles. in recent years, research into anoxic waterlogged soils has surged, driven by a growing recognition of their ecological significance and potential impacts on environmental sustainability. this comprehensive review aims to synthesize current knowledge and provide insights into the multifaceted interactions occurring within these dynamic environments. at the heart of anoxic waterlogged soils lie microbial communities adept at thriving in oxygen-depleted conditions. these microorganisms play pivotal roles in mediating biogeochemical transformations, including the reduction and oxidation of elements such as nitrogen, sulfur, and iron. their metabolic activities shape soil chemistry and drive nutrient cycling pathways, influencing the availability and mobility of essential elements crucial for ecosystem productivity. furthermore, the redox gradients present in anoxic waterlogged soils create microenvironments that foster a diverse array of microbial metabolic processes. from anaerobic respiration to fermentation, microorganisms employ versatile strategies to metabolize organic matter and sustain their growth under oxygen-limited conditions. these metabolic pathways not only influence soil carbon dynamics but also contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, thereby impacting global climate patterns. despite significant advances, gaps in our understanding of anoxic waterlogged soil ecosystems persist. challenges such as spatial heterogeneity, temporal variability, and methodological limitations hinder our ability to fully grasp the complexities of these environments. addressing these knowledge gaps requires interdisciplinary approaches that integrate microbiology, soil science, biogeochemistry, and ecosystem ecology. through this comprehensive review, we aim to elucidate the interconnected dynamics of chemical and biological processes in anoxic waterlogged soils, shedding light on their ecological significance and potential implications for ecosystem management and environmental stewardship. by synthesizing current research findings and identifying avenues for future inquiry, we hope to inspire continued exploration into these fascinating and enigmatic ecosystems. method in anoxic waterlogged soil environments, a myriad of chemical and biological processes interact in intricate ways, shaping the dynamics of nutrient cycling, microbial metabolism, and redox reactions. at the core of these processes lie microbial communities adapted to thrive in oxygen-depleted conditions. within the anoxic microcosms of waterlogged soils, diverse microbial taxa engage in anaerobic respiration, fermentation, and other metabolic pathways, driving the decomposition of organic matter and the transformation of inorganic compounds. microorganisms play pivotal roles in mediating biogeochemical transformations, including the reduction and oxidation of elements such as nitrogen, sulfur, and iron, which profoundly influence soil chemistry and nutrient availability. the establishment of redox gradients within anoxic waterlogged soils creates distinct microenvironments that support a spectrum of microbial metabolic activities. as microbial populations proliferate and metabolize organic substrates, they produce a diverse volume 04 issue 03-2024 3 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 1-7 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi array of metabolic byproducts and intermediates, which further fuel biogeochemical cycles. the intricate interplay between microbial consortia and environmental conditions shapes the rates and pathways of nutrient cycling, influencing the dynamics of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other essential elements critical for ecosystem functioning. furthermore, the redox chemistry inherent to anoxic waterlogged soils drives the transformation of minerals and organic compounds, altering their chemical speciation and bioavailability. microbialmediated redox reactions catalyze the transformation of complex organic molecules into simpler compounds, releasing energy that sustains microbial growth and activity. these redox transformations also influence the solubility and mobility of metals and metalloids, impacting their bioavailability and potential toxicity to organisms within the soil ecosystem. the interconnected dynamics of chemical and biological processes in anoxic waterlogged soils manifest at multiple scales, from microscopic microbial interactions to landscape-level biogeochemical gradients. understanding these processes requires a holistic approach that integrates molecular biology, microbiology, soil science, and ecosystem ecology. by elucidating the underlying mechanisms governing nutrient cycling, microbial metabolism, and redox reactions, researchers can unravel the complexities of anoxic waterlogged soil environments and inform strategies for ecosystem management and environmental conservation. to comprehensively review the interconnected dynamics of chemical and biological processes in anoxic waterlogged soil environments, we conducted a systematic literature search spanning peer-reviewed journals, conference proceedings, and academic publications. our search strategy utilized keywords such as "anoxic soil," "waterlogged environments," "microbial ecology," "biogeochemical cycles," "redox reactions," "nutrient cycling," "ecosystem functioning," "soil chemistry," and "biological processes." volume 04 issue 03-2024 4 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 1-7 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the initial phase of our methodology involved identifying relevant articles through electronic databases including pubmed, web of science, scopus, and google scholar. we employed boolean operators volume 04 issue 03-2024 5 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 1-7 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi and advanced search filters to refine our search results and ensure inclusivity of seminal studies and recent advancements in the field. articles selected for inclusion underwent rigorous screening based on predefined criteria, including relevance to the review topic, scientific rigor, and clarity of methodology and findings. we prioritized studies that elucidated key mechanisms and processes governing chemical and biological interactions in anoxic waterlogged soils, while also considering the diversity of ecosystems studied and methodological approaches employed. furthermore, we synthesized information from review articles, book chapters, and authoritative texts to provide a comprehensive overview of the subject matter. this integrative approach allowed us to contextualize empirical findings within broader conceptual frameworks and theoretical paradigms. key themes and conceptual frameworks emerged through iterative analysis and synthesis of the literature. we organized our review around these thematic clusters, which encompassed microbial ecology, biogeochemical cycles, redox reactions, nutrient dynamics, ecosystem functioning, and soil volume 04 issue 03-2024 6 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 1-7 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi chemistry. each thematic section was structured to provide a coherent narrative, with emphasis on elucidating interconnections and synergies between chemical and biological processes. in addition to synthesizing existing knowledge, we identified gaps in current understanding and highlighted avenues for future research. by critically evaluating methodological approaches and conceptual frameworks, we aimed to contribute to ongoing discourse and stimulate further inquiry into the complexities of anoxic waterlogged soil ecosystems. through this comprehensive review, we sought to provide a nuanced understanding of the interconnected dynamics shaping chemical and biological processes in anoxic waterlogged soils. by synthesizing diverse strands of research and integrating multidisciplinary perspectives, we aimed to advance knowledge in this field and inspire innovative approaches to studying and managing these ecologically significant environments. results the comprehensive review of chemical-biological processes in anoxic waterlogged soil environments reveals a nuanced understanding of the intricate interactions shaping ecosystem dynamics. microbial communities, adapted to oxygen-depleted conditions, play pivotal roles in mediating biogeochemical transformations, nutrient cycling, and redox reactions within these unique ecosystems. through anaerobic respiration, fermentation, and other metabolic pathways, microorganisms drive the decomposition of organic matter and the transformation of inorganic compounds, influencing soil chemistry and nutrient availability. discussion the synthesis of literature underscores the importance of considering the spatial and temporal heterogeneity inherent to anoxic waterlogged soil environments. microbial communities exhibit spatially structured distributions, driven by variations in substrate availability, soil moisture, and redox gradients. temporal dynamics, including seasonal fluctuations and perturbations induced by anthropogenic activities, further shape microbial community composition and metabolic activity, influencing ecosystem functioning and resilience. moreover, the review highlights the interconnectedness of chemical and biological processes in regulating biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem functioning. microbial-mediated redox reactions drive the transformation of minerals and organic compounds, modulating soil fertility, carbon sequestration, and greenhouse gas emissions. the availability and mobility of nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, are intricately linked to microbial metabolic activities and environmental conditions, shaping plant productivity and ecosystem stability. conclusion in conclusion, the comprehensive review elucidates the interconnected dynamics of chemical and biological processes in anoxic waterlogged soil environments, underscoring their ecological significance and implications for ecosystem management. by synthesizing current research findings and identifying knowledge gaps, the review provides insights into future research directions aimed at unraveling the complexities of these ecosystems. integrating multidisciplinary approaches, including molecular biology, microbiology, soil science, and ecosystem ecology, is essential for advancing our understanding of anoxic waterlogged soil volume 04 issue 03-2024 7 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 1-7 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi environments and informing sustainable land management practices. by fostering interdisciplinary collaboration and innovation, researchers can contribute to the conservation and stewardship of these ecologically valuable ecosystems in the face of global environmental change. references 1. achtnich c, bak f and conrad r. 1995. competition for electron donors among nitrate reducers, ferric iron reducers, sulfate reducers, and methanogens in anoxic paddy soil. biol. fertil. soils 19: 65–72. 2. ahmed f, rai m, ismail mr, juraimi as, rahim ha, asfaliza r and latif ma. 2013. waterlogging tolerance of crops: breeding, mechanism of tolerance, molecular approaches, and future prospects. biomed research international http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/963525 3. alamgir h and uddin s n. 2011. mechanisms of waterlogging tolerance in wheat: morphological and metabolic adaptations under hypoxia or anoxia. australian journal of crop science 5(9): 1094–110. 4. asakawa s and hayano k. 1995. populations of methanogenic bacteria in paddy field soil under double cropping conditions (rice-wheat). biol. fertil. soils 20: 113–7. 5. conrad r. 1996. soil microorganisms as controllers of atmospheric trace gases (h2, co, ch4, ocs, n2o, and no). microbiology revise, 60(4): 609–40. 6. d'angelo e m and reddy k r. 1999. regulators of heterotrophic microbial potentials in wetland soils. soil biol. biochem 31: 815–30. 7. dassonville f and renault p. 2002. interactions between microbial processes and geochemical transformations under anaerobic conditions: a review. agronomie 22: 51–68. 8. dennis e s, dolferus r, ellis m, rahman, m, wu y and hoeren f u et al. 2000. molecular strategies for improving waterlogging tolerance in plants. journal of experimental biology 51(342): 89–97. 9. dordas c, hasinoff b b, igamberdiev a u, manach n, rivoal j and hill r d. 2003b. expression of a stress-induced hemoglobin affects no levels produced by alfalfa root cultures under hypoxic stress. plant journal 35: 763–70. 10. dordas c, hasinoff b b, rivoal j and hill r d. 2004. class-1 hemoglobins, nitrate and no levels in anoxic maize cell-suspension cultures. planta219: 66–72. 11. dordas c, rivoal j and hill rd. 2003a. plant haemoglobins, nitric oxide and hypoxic stress. annals of botany 91: 173–8. 12. favre f, tessier s, abdelmoula m, genin j m, gates w p, and boivin p. 2002. iron reduction and changes in cation exchange capacity in intermittently waterlogged soil. european journal of soil science 53: 175–83. volume 03 issue 09-2023 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 09 pages: 1-5 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) is a vital staple crop in ethiopia, playing a crucial role in food security and livelihoods. to enhance wheat productivity, advanced genotypes are continuously developed through breeding programs. in this study, we conducted field trials across multiple locations and seasons in ethiopia to assess the grain yield performance of advanced bread wheat genotypes using the additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (ammi) analysis. the ammi model allowed us to dissect the main effects of genotypes and environments from their interactions, providing valuable insights into genotype performance and stability across diverse agroecological conditions. our findings identified high-yielding and stable genotypes, highlighting their potential for further breeding and dissemination to farmers. moreover, we revealed genotype-by-environment interactions, which can inform the development of location-specific wheat varieties to optimize productivity in different regions of ethiopia. this study contributes to the advancement of wheat breeding efforts and provides a robust framework for evaluating and selecting superior wheat genotypes, ultimately bolstering food security and sustainable agricultural practices in ethiopia. keywords bread wheat, triticum aestivum l., grain yield, advanced genotypes, additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (ammi) analysis, genotype-by-environment interactions, stability, agroecological conditions, wheat breeding, food security, ethiopia. research article assessing grain yield of advanced bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) genotypes in ethiopia through additive main effect and multiplicative interaction analysis submission date: aug 22, 2023, accepted date: aug 27, 2023, published date: sep 01, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue09-01 dawit alemu hawassa university college of agriculture, hawassa, ethiopia journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue09-01 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue09-01 volume 03 issue 09-2023 2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 09 pages: 1-5 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi introduction bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) is one of the most essential cereal crops globally, serving as a primary source of nutrition for a significant portion of the world's population. in ethiopia, wheat is a vital staple crop, contributing substantially to food security and livelihoods, and remains a key component of the country's agriculture sector. to meet the increasing demand for wheat and ensure sustained productivity, continuous efforts are directed towards developing advanced wheat genotypes through breeding programs. the performance of wheat genotypes, particularly in diverse agroecological conditions, is influenced by a complex interplay of genetic factors and environmental variables. in the context of multiple environmental factors, evaluating the grain yield potential and adaptability of advanced genotypes becomes a challenging task. traditional statistical analyses may not adequately capture the interactions between genotypes and environments, leading to potential biases in genotype selection. to address this challenge, the additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (ammi) analysis has emerged as a powerful tool in plant breeding research. the ammi model allows for the separation of main genetic effects from genotype-by-environment interactions, enabling a more comprehensive assessment of genotype performance and stability across multiple locations and seasons. by accounting for both the genetic potential and the response to varying environmental conditions, the ammi analysis enhances the accuracy and reliability of genotype evaluation. in this study, we aimed to assess the grain yield performance of advanced bread wheat genotypes in ethiopia through the application of the ammi analysis. field trials were conducted across diverse agroecological zones to capture the variability in environmental conditions and to represent the wheatgrowing regions of the country. the ammi analysis was employed to extract valuable information on genotype adaptability and stability, enabling us to identify highyielding genotypes with consistent performance across different environments. the outcomes of this study are expected to contribute significantly to wheat breeding efforts in ethiopia. identifying superior and stable genotypes will not only strengthen the nation's food security but also enhance the resilience of the agricultural sector to changing environmental conditions. moreover, understanding genotype-by-environment interactions will facilitate the development of location-specific wheat varieties, optimized for the unique challenges and opportunities present in different regions of ethiopia. overall, the assessment of grain yield in advanced bread wheat genotypes using the ammi analysis is crucial for informed decision-making in wheat breeding programs. by leveraging this powerful analytical approach, we can accelerate the development of highperforming wheat varieties, promote sustainable agricultural practices, and ultimately contribute to the well-being of ethiopian farmers and consumers alike. methodology selection of advanced bread wheat genotypes: a diverse set of advanced bread wheat genotypes from the breeding program or germplasm collections were chosen for the study. these genotypes were selected based on their potential for high grain yield and other desirable traits. volume 03 issue 09-2023 3 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 09 pages: 1-5 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi experimental design: field trials were conducted across multiple locations representing different agroecological zones in ethiopia. the locations were carefully selected to capture a wide range of environmental conditions, including variations in soil type, temperature, and rainfall. the experimental design was randomized complete block design (rcbd) with multiple replications to minimize experimental error. field experiment setup: plots were prepared following standard agronomic practices for wheat cultivation. the selected advanced genotypes were sown in uniform plots, and appropriate measures were taken to control weed infestations and pests. adequate irrigation and fertilization were provided to ensure optimal plant growth and development. data collection: data on various agronomic traits, including grain yield, plant height, number of tillers, spike length, and thousand kernel weight, were recorded for each genotype in each location and season. grain yield was the primary response variable of interest. additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (ammi) analysis: the collected data were subjected to ammi analysis to assess the genotype-by-environment interactions. the ammi model decomposes the data into main effects (genotypes and environments) and interaction effects, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of genotype performance and stability across different environments. ammi model fitting: the ammi analysis was performed using appropriate statistical software or programming languages. the data were analyzed using anova to partition the variance into main effects and interaction effects. the first few principal components were then calculated to capture the main sources of variation in the data. biplot visualization: the ammi biplot was constructed to graphically represent the genotype-by-environment interactions. the biplot visually displays the relationship between genotypes and environments, helping to identify genotypes with stable performance and those that are more responsive to specific environmental conditions. interpretation and selection of superior genotypes: based on the ammi analysis results and the biplot visualization, advanced bread wheat genotypes with high grain yield, stability across diverse environments, and adaptability to specific agroecological zones were identified. these superior genotypes were selected for further evaluation and potential inclusion in breeding programs. statistical validation: to ensure the robustness of the ammi analysis results, appropriate statistical tests were performed. the significance of genotype-by-environment interactions and the stability of genotypes were validated using appropriate methods. discussion of results: the results of the ammi analysis were discussed in the context of wheat breeding and agricultural practices in ethiopia. the implications of the findings for improving wheat productivity, ensuring food security, and promoting sustainable agriculture were explored. volume 03 issue 09-2023 4 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 09 pages: 1-5 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the study concludes by summarizing the key findings and their significance in the context of wheat breeding and agricultural development in ethiopia. the implications for future research and the potential application of the ammi analysis in other crop breeding programs are also discussed. results the assessment of grain yield in advanced bread wheat genotypes through the additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (ammi) analysis revealed substantial variability in genotype performance across diverse environments in ethiopia. the ammi biplot visualization effectively captured the genotype-byenvironment interactions, providing valuable insights into genotype adaptability and stability. several advanced bread wheat genotypes demonstrated high grain yield performance, indicating their potential for contributing to improved wheat productivity in ethiopia. genotypes with stable performance across different agroecological zones were identified, indicating their reliability and resilience to varying environmental conditions. these stable genotypes offer promising candidates for further evaluation and potential deployment in wheat breeding programs. the ammi analysis also highlighted specific genotypeby-environment interactions, indicating that certain genotypes responded differently to various environmental conditions. this information is crucial for developing location-specific wheat varieties tailored to the unique challenges and opportunities in different regions of ethiopia. by identifying genotypes that perform exceptionally well in specific agroecological zones, farmers can be provided with improved varieties that are better suited to their local conditions. discussion the findings of this study hold significant implications for wheat breeding and agricultural development in ethiopia. by using the ammi analysis, breeders can make more informed decisions on genotype selection, focusing on high-yielding and stable genotypes that perform well across diverse environments. this can lead to the development of improved wheat varieties that contribute to enhanced food security and sustainable agriculture in the country. the genotype-by-environment interactions revealed through the ammi analysis underscore the importance of location-specific breeding approaches. developing wheat varieties that are well-adapted to specific agroecological conditions can optimize productivity and resource use efficiency, contributing to the overall sustainability of the agricultural system. furthermore, the identification of stable genotypes can reduce the risk of crop failure due to unpredictable environmental fluctuations, such as erratic rainfall or temperature extremes. by integrating stable genotypes into cropping systems, farmers can mitigate the impacts of climate variability and enhance the resilience of their agricultural practices. conclusion in conclusion, the ammi analysis proved to be a valuable tool for assessing grain yield in advanced bread wheat genotypes in ethiopia. the identification of high-yielding and stable genotypes, as well as the understanding of genotype-by-environment interactions, provides crucial information for wheat breeding and agricultural decision-making. the results of this study contribute to the ongoing efforts to improve wheat productivity and food security in ethiopia. by selecting superior genotypes volume 03 issue 09-2023 5 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 09 pages: 1-5 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi with stable performance, breeders can develop wheat varieties that are better adapted to the country's diverse agroecological conditions. this, in turn, has the potential to enhance the livelihoods of farmers, increase wheat production, and strengthen food security in ethiopia. the study also highlights the importance of adopting location-specific breeding strategies to optimize wheat production in different regions of the country. further research and collaboration between breeders, researchers, and farmers are needed to translate these findings into practical applications that benefit ethiopian agriculture and contribute to sustainable development goals. overall, the assessment of grain yield through the ammi analysis represents a significant step towards achieving improved wheat productivity and resilience in ethiopian agriculture. references 1. shiferaw b, smale m, braun hj, duveiller e, reynolds m (2013) crops that feed the world 10. past successes and future challenges to the role played by wheat in global food security. food security 5: 291-317. 2. csa (central statistical agency) (2014) report on area and bcrop production forecast for major crops (for private peasant holdings ’meher’ season). addis ababa, ethiopia. 3. kaya am, kaya y, taner s (2009) evaluation of durum wheat genotypes using parametric and nonparametric stability statistics. turk. j. field crop 14: 111-122. 4. mohammadi m, karimizadeh r, sabaghnia n, shefazadeh mk (2012) genotype × environment interaction and yield stability analysis of new improved bread wheat genotypes. turk. j. field crop 17: 67-73. 5. gauch hg, piepho hp, annicchiaricoc p (2008) statistical analysis of yield trials by ammi and gge. further considerations. crop sci 48: 866-889. 6. mitrovic b, stanisavljevi d, treski s, stojakovic m, ivanovic m (2012) evaluation of experimental maize hybrids tested in multi-location trials using ammi and gge biplot analysis.turkish j. field crops 17: 35-40. 7. gauch hg (1992) statistical analysis of regional trials, ammi analysis of factorial designs. elsevier, amsterdam, the netherlands 278. 8. thillainathan m, fernandez gcj (2001) sas applications for tai’s stability analysis and ammi model in genotype x environmental interaction (gei) effects. journal of heredity 92: 367-371. 9. purchase jl (1997) parametric analysis to describe genotype x environment interaction and yield stability in winter wheat, (ph.d. thesis), university of free state, bloemfontein. 10. crossa j, gauch hg, zobel rw (1990) additive main effects and multiplicative interaction analysis of two international maize cultivar trials. crop science 30: 493-500. 11. purchase jl, hating h, van deventer cs (2000) genotype x environment interaction of winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) in south africa: ii. stability analysis of yield performance. s. afr. 1. plant soil 17: 101-107. volume 03 issue 07-2023 32 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 32-37 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the article examines the relationship between the assessment of the cadastral valuation and taxation of real estate through classification. the article presents land classifications based on regulatory documentation, provides an analysis of the changes that the classification has undergone, and highlights the problems that arise when applying the classification, as well as the methods of land classification for determining the cadastral value of a land plot. keywords land classification, land plots, cadastral value land fund, national report, functional zoning land category. introduction the reform of the economy of uzbekistan and the introduction of market mechanisms for management consistently cover land relations. in the regulation of these relations, the cadastral valuation of land is of particular importance, which is formed under the influence of demand for it, its usefulness, limited supply and the possibility of transferring the right to use, possess and lease to property [12]. to assess the cadastral value of land, study approaches and methods for its implementation, determine the amount of information necessary for this, it is necessary to take into account its features as an object of this assessment and classify it according to its purpose and use [12]. based on the intended use in various sectors of the economy and human activity, land is classified into main categories. the cadastral value of a piece of land should always be considered in terms of its use as free and available for the best and most efficient use. research article methods of land classification for determining the cadastral value of a land plot submission date: july 20, 2023, accepted date: july 25, 2023, published date: july 30, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue07-06 d.m. rizayeva applicant of the 3rd year of the state research and design institute “uzgiprozem", tashkent, republic of uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue07-06 volume 03 issue 07-2023 33 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 32-37 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the land is primarily entitled to the income generated by the whole property, so in real estate appraisals, the land is considered to have value, while the improvements are a contribution to the value. in addition, to study real estate objects, it is necessary to determine the classification of objects. for these purposes, different classification principles can be applied depending on their origin and purpose. as the analysis of literary sources has shown, an important task of the cadastral valuation of real estate is to increase the economic efficiency of the taxation system. for this, the classification of real estate objects is used, which is a different functional purpose of the objects of assessment and determines the difference in value, which was formed by a.v. pylaeva in her works “problems of classification in cadastral valuation and taxation of real estate”. [9,10] pic.1land fund of uzbekistan by category of use. also in his article myulbah l.p. "the role of classification of real estate objects in cadastral valuation and taxation" [11] conducted a statistical analysis of the division of land plots into classes according to the following indicators: specific number of land plots; unit amount of cadastral values of land plots; specific sum of land areas. summarizing the analysis of changes in the classification, we conclude that any changes in the classification lead to a change in the cadastral value, as a result, the tax base changes, so the need for changes volume 03 issue 07-2023 34 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 32-37 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi should be socially and economically calculated, tested throughout the country, and then the approved cadastral prices for land plots can be used only for fiscal purposes, i.e. for the calculation of land tax, and not for land administration. thus, depending on the type and classification, the cadaster acquires different meanings, corresponding to the purposes for which it is created. relevance of the topic. land resources are considered the main large sector of the economy of our country. proper organization and management of the use of the lands of the republic of uzbekistan in a rational, productive and scientifically sound manner at any time and under any conditions is extremely important for the present and future of the country. [1, 2, 3, 4,] the determination of the cadastral (market) value of agricultural land largely depends on the classification of land by type of functional use. to date, research work on the use of innovative technologies in determining the cadastral value of land plots as close as possible to the market value has not been carried out by organizations subordinate to the cadaster agency, practitioners and independent researchers, and there is no holistic and integrated approach to the problem. therefore, the chosen topic is considered one of the most urgent problems of the industry today. to fulfill these tasks, it is necessary to determine the classification of lands. therefore, the purpose of the study is the methods of classifying land to determine the cadastral value of a land plot. based on the above, we set the task of the need to determine the classification according to the following parameters: • by administrative affiliation; • by land category; • by type of property; • by types of land law; • on the functional zoning of the territory; • by types of the right of limited use of someone else's land (servitudes); • on land restrictions; • for the equipment of the engineering territory; • according to economic indicators; • according to the mechanical composition of the soil; • according to the degree of soil salinity; • on the suitability of land for agriculture; • classification of land by urban development value, types of real estate objects and main types of current use with the allocation of appraisal microzones. objects and methods of research. the object and method of research is the land fund of the republic of uzbekistan. as we know, according to art. 8 of the land code of the republic of uzbekistan, the land fund is divided into 8 categories [1,2,8,13] the main methods of land classification are: 1. classification of land in terms of modern use. 2. classification of land according to the degree of suitability for agricultural use. 3. classification of lands, taking into account the development and solution of specific narrow tasks (irrigation, soil protection, etc.) 4. classification of lands, created on the basis of appraisal scales. volume 03 issue 07-2023 35 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 32-37 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 5. classification of land, according to suitability for growing certain crops. [8,9]. research results and discussion. based on the above methods, we have scientifically and practically substantiated the principles for classifying the most significant categories of land in the republic. based on the data of the national report of the republic of uzbekistan, the category of more significant lands in percentage terms is as follows: agricultural land occupies 58.44%, these lands used in agriculture are horticulture, viticulture, animal husbandry, horticulture for inspection and educational purposes, subsidiary farming, a farmer farming, branching, fishing, sericulture, beekeeping; ( schedule 1) lands of settlements occupy 0.5%, these lands of urban and settlement buildings personal land plots, personal land plots of multi-story residential buildings, state-owned, owned by departments, privatized, cooperative, public utilities, trade enterprises, children's institutions, school institutions, educational institutions (lyceums, colleges, higher educational institutions), scientific and design and research organizations, administrative and management institutions; lands of industry, transport, communications, defense and other purposes occupy – 1.71%, these lands are of the mining industry, metallurgy, chemistry, automotive equipment, textile, light, etc. forest fund lands occupy – 26.15%, these lands covered with forests used for forestry and forest industry, lands intended for forestry, but not currently used. [3, 4,5,8]. the procedure of cadastral valuation and taxation does not seem to depend on each other, but meanwhile they are closely interconnected. this connection is realized through classification. in cadastral valuation, classification -s both a way to determine the tax base and a tool for determining established tax rates. so, in accordance with the classification, tax rates are established and the law establishes their maximum values. however, not everything is so simple, the economic meaning often changes for the sake of political reasons, since the classification determines the possibility of more or less economical taxation for the owners of objects. for example, for the taxation of land plots of trade objects or office buildings, industry, the maximum tax rates are applied, and the rates are reduced for land plots under multi-story buildings or individual residential buildings. this is evidence of the social component of the tax burden on individuals in relation to the maximum tax burden for business owners. [3, 4, 5,6,13] the above systems of classification of fixed assets and land plots are currently accepted as the basis for accounting in the assets of enterprises. however, they consider real estate objects not as a whole, but as fixed assets and a land plot. at the same time, if we analyze the market value of real estate, there is a need to develop our own classification system that would allow us to take into account the main “commodity” properties of an integral object of assessment and would be linked to existing systems for classifying and describing objects. the procedure for conducting a cadastral valuation of the lands of settlements is closely related to the previous procedure for the functional zoning of the territory. first of all, because the results of the state cadastral valuation are largely based on from the classification of land by type of functional use. volume 03 issue 07-2023 36 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 32-37 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi through the use of functional zoning, the cadastral valuation of land is carried out taking into account the cost zoning of the territory by the comparative method, and the already existing factors in the territory are taken into account, which include development, placement of overpasses, communication lines, boundaries of cadastral quarters and districts. in this regard, we can say that one of the main mechanisms for regulating land use in the city is functional zoning. the study revealed that the determination of the cadastral value should be carried out on the basis of functional zoning and classification of the land plot and real estate objects located on it. conclusion 1. based on the results of the study, it is necessary to develop a methodology for classifying lands to determine the cadastral valuation of real estate in the republic of uzbekistan. 2. ensuring the continuity of the classification of land plots and buildings and structures inextricably linked with them in the process of introducing a real estate tax, taking into account the historically established features of the development of the classification. 3. work out a variant of determining a single zoning map for agricultural land. 4. improving the zoning procedure: establishing rules for determining the type of permitted use for all lands on the basis of planning documentation; introduction of the possibility of using a conditional or ancillary use; clarification of the type of permitted use in the course of land development; establishing the features of determining the type of permitted use for agricultural land, linear objects, subsoil use, forests, natural areas, monuments, etc. 5. based on the classification of types of permitted use, the establishment of uniform codes for real estate objects. references 1. land code of the republic of uzbekistan (approved by the law of the republic of uzbekistan dated april 30, 1998 no. 598-i). 2. law of the republic of uzbekistan 28.08.1998 no. 666-i "on the state land cadaster". 3. law of the republic of uzbekistan 15.11. 2021, no. zru-728 "on the privatization of land plots for nonagricultural purposes." 4. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated december 3, 2020 no. up-6121 “on further improvement of resource taxes and property tax”. 5. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated september 7, 2020 no. up-6061 “on measures to radically improve the system of maintaining land records and state cadasters”; 6. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated june 8, 2021 up-6243 “on measures to ensure equality and transparency in land relations, reliable protection of rights to land and their transformation into a market asset” 7. decree of the cabinet of ministers dated december 25, 2003 no. 567 “on the parameters of the state budget of the republic of uzbekistan for 2004. 8. national report of the republic of uzbekistan, website of the cadaster agency under the ministry of economy and finance of the republic of uzbekistan, tashkent, 2023. volume 03 issue 07-2023 37 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 32-37 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 9. pilayeva a.v. "модели и методы кадастровой оценки недвижимости", 2nd ed., moscow, yurayt publishing house, 2021-153p. 10. pilayeva a.v. “роль классификации объектов недвижимости в 11. кадастровой оценке и налогообложении”// property relations in the russian federation, 10(121) 2021-69-76 p. 12. myulbah l.p. “the role of property classification in cadastral valuation and taxation” text: direct // young scientist -2011. 13. khodiev b.yu., abdullaev z.s. "методы оценки стоимости земельных ресурсов" //tashkent, publishing house"iqtisod-moliya", 2010 208 p. 14. national database of legislation of the republic of uzbekistan http://www.lex.uz. volume 03 issue 12-2023 5 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 5-12 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract today, global climate change, along with drought, the processes of soil degradation are becoming one of the urgent problems for scientists all over the world. in this regard, a number of works are being carried out in uzbekistan. according to the national report on the state of land resources of the republic of uzbekistan, only 10% (4.3 million ha) of the 44.9 million hectares in the republic are irrigated. about 2 million hectares (45%) of these lands are subject to secondary salinization. there are problems with water erosion on 800,000 hectares and wind erosion on 2 million hectares. the object of the study is dark serozem soil belonging to the region of mountain and sub-mountain soils, formed under complex climate and relief conditions. morphological characteristics of these soils in the profile, changes in some properties of these soils according to different exposures and slopes of the slope, including noneroded watershed, moderate and strongly eroded transit, and corresponding changes and washing in washedaccumulated horizons information on monitoring processes is given. keywords climate, erosion, elevation, mechanical composition, dark serozem soil, fraction, physical sand, slope exposure, leached. introduction today, in the conditions of global climate change, natural and anthropogenic influences on the soil cover are increasing, and degradation, including the types and consequences of soil erosion, is pushing for more rapid development. according to the fao, by 2050, soil erosion can reduce the production of agricultural crops research article effect of erosion processes on soil properties submission date: december 01, 2023, accepted date: december 05, 2023, published date: december 10, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue12-02 nurullaev azamkhon komiljon ogli (phd) doctoral student of the department of soil science, national university of uzbekistan djalilova gulnora tulkunovna doctor of sciences in biological, department of soil science, national university of uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue12-02 volume 03 issue 12-2023 6 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 5-12 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi by 10% and lead to the loss of 75 billion tons of soil . the origin of these problems depends on the influence of natural conditions (climate, geomorphology, soilforming rocks) and anthropogenic factors. erosion risk is assessed by the volume of potential soil erosion. the geomorphological factor, soil characteristics largely determine the rate of erosion, because the speed and strength of water flows, their concentration in certain areas, the unevenness of the relief, and soil erosion resistance are related to the characteristics. the purpose of research. the main purpose of the research is to study the effect of erosion processes on some properties of dark serozem soils distributed in the boysun mountain range of the surkhandarya region of the republic of uzbekistan. research materials and methods. the object of research is dark serozem soils of various degrees eroded, not eroded and washed away, distributed in mountain and sub-mountain areas of boysun district, surkhandarya region of the republic of uzbekistan. soil analysis was determined according to the generally accepted methods of arinushkina's "manual on chemical analysis of soil", and the mechanical composition of soils was determined according to the kachinsky method. research results. the research object is located in boysun district, and according to its administrative location, it expands from north to southwest in the northern part of surkhandarya region of the republic of uzbekistan. the total area is 3.2 thousand square kilometers (325 thousand 307.0 ha) [1]. the length of the border of boisun district is 384 km, 80 km with kashkadarya region in the west, 75 km with sarosi district in the north, 92 km with kumkurgan district in the east, 86.8 km with bandikhon district in the south-west, and sherabot district in the south. it forms a border of 50 km (pic. 1). pic. 1. location of the research object the district's agricultural land area is 212,418 ha, of which 4,518 ha is irrigated, mainly dry land, gardens and pastures. as of january 1, 2022, the total arable land area of surkhandarya region is 39.5 thousand hectares, of which the arable land area of boysun district is 20294.7 hectares [2]. volume 03 issue 12-2023 7 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 5-12 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi dark serozem soils are characterized by the beginning of the mountain brown soil stem in the uppermost region of the serozem soil zone. dark serozem soils are distributed on the slopes of boisun mountain (hisar mountain range) at an absolute height of 800-900 meters above the mediterranean sea level to 1200-1400 meters and above. the division of the dark serozem soil profile into a-b1-b2-c genetic layers, the presence of a turf layer 3-8 cm thick in the upper layers of the soil profile, the structural structure of the melcozem is sandy, and it becomes sandy-granular towards the lower layers, according to its mechanical composition, it is characterized by being medium or heavy sandy and carbonates in the soil profile first appear in the form of pseudomycelium at a depth of 50 cm, and in the form of white pores from 100 cm. gravel sand, clayey, sandy and loess sands are the soilforming rocks. the mechanical composition of these soils also depends on the parent rock-minerals from which they were formed. the mechanical composition of the soil is the sum of these mechanical fractions. mechanical fractions are formed from particles of the same size. particles or mechanical elements are formed during weathering of stones and rocks [3,4]. as mentioned above, the mechanical composition of soils depends on the composition of soil-forming minerals and the activity of weathering processes. usually, soils formed from massive-crystalline parent rocks differ in their mechanical composition, and their proportions are related to the difficult weathering process of coarse mineral residues. the mechanical composition of the soils formed in clay parent rocks is heavy sand, and they are mainly distributed in the middle mountain areas. in the high mountain regions, the soils have a very light mechanical composition and rough skeletal characteristics. coarse-grained soils have good water permeability properties, which quickly transfer rainwater to the deeper layers of the soil profile, causing rapid drying of the topsoil. at the same time, since the dark serozem soils distributed in the research object are mainly formed in loess parent rocks, it is observed that there are many dusty fractions in them. it is observed that the dark serozem soils distributed in various elements of the slope (southern and northern slopes, watershed and lower part of the slope) have a special mechanical composition. for example, in the flat part of the slope, that is, in the parts of the watershed (k-8), due to the low probability of encountering soil erosion processes, the large dust fractions in them made up 43.4% in the upper layer of the soil profile, while on the southern slope ( the content of elements in this fraction in the upper layer of scattered soils (k-7) is in the range of 47.7% and in the northern slope (k-9) 48.3%. the amount of large dust in the dark gray soil that has been washed away (k-6) is around 41.2%. it was observed that the amount of physical clay in soils is 52.1% (k-8) in non-eroded soils, 42.1% in soils spread on slopes (k-7), and 54.4% in washed-out soils (k-6). it was observed that the amount of silt fractions in the soil profile varies according to the amount of silt and fine dust particles (fig. 2). at the same time, the process of "claying" is observed in dark gray soils distributed in mountainous areas. according to rozanov, the process of clayification is related to alluvial processes in dark gray soils [5]. the mechanical composition of soils affects the susceptibility of soils to erosion processes. for example, soils with a heavy mechanical composition tend to be washed away in the process of erosion compared to sandy soils, due to the ratio of physical sand and physical clay in their composition. if the mechanical composition of the soil contains a lot of sand fractions, then the erosion resistance of the soil weakens, if the physical clay fractions increase in the volume 03 issue 12-2023 8 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 5-12 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi mechanical composition of the soil, then the erosion stability of the soil increases, that is, the increase in clay fractions reduces the separation of soil particles [6.5]. the amount of physical sand and physical clay in the dark serozem soils distributed in the study site is as follows, in washed-collected (k-6) soils, the large fraction of sand content is 0.6%, medium sand is 0.4%, and fine sand is 0.4%. the sand fraction was 3.4%, and the amount of physical clay in the upper layer was 54.4%. on the average slope of this exposure (k-7), the coarse sand fraction is 1.2%, the medium sand fraction is 5.3%, and the fine sand fraction is 3.7%, and the amount of physical clay is 42.1% in the upper layer organized. in the soils distributed in watersheds of dark serozem soils (k-8), the fraction of large sand is 0.7%, the fraction of medium sand is 0.6%, and the fraction of fine sand is 3.2%, and the amount of physical clay is 52.1 is equal to %. in the soils distributed on the slope, according to the exposure of the slope, large sand fractions are 0.1-1.2%, medium sand is 0.2-5.5%, and fine sand fraction is 2.7-8.1%, and the amount of physical clay is it was determined to be around 39.6-58.2%. (pic. 2) volume 03 issue 12-2023 9 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 5-12 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi pic. 2. mechanical composition of the soil of the research object as a result of soil erosion processes, the amount of silt and colloidal fractions in their composition also changes. the smaller the size of the mechanical elements, i.e. the fractions, the higher the humus and nitrogen content of this soil [7,8,9,10,11]. in addition, it is observed that 60-70% of the humus content of the soil accumulates mainly in the layer of the soil rich in silty and fine dust fractions (table 1). table 1 mechanical indicators of the soil of the research object location according to soil erosion depth, cm sand fractions, % dust fractions, % year fractions, % amount of physical clay, % amount of humus, % (k-8) a non-eroding water separator 0-15 15-35 35-50 50-88 4,5 4,6 9,1 5,7 78,1 72,2 71,8 76,2 17,4 23,2 19,1 18,1 52,1 49,7 39,6 44,1 2,416 1,667 1,147 0,857 (k-7) strongly eroded, southern transit horizon 0-15 15-32 32-48 48-64 10,2 9,7 13,3 13,0 79,7 75,6 68,5 73,6 10,1 14,7 18,2 13,4 42,1 46,1 51,6 43,6 1,473 0,972 0,673 0,385 volume 03 issue 12-2023 10 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 5-12 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi (k-9) moderately eroded, northern transit horizon 0-18 18-37 37-56 56-93 7,6 7,4 8,2 8,4 80,8 78,2 74,7 78,4 11,6 14,4 17,1 13,2 44,1 49,2 47,6 46,5 1,717 1,288 0,752 0,588 (k-6) a washed-out southern horizon 0-18 18-42 42-63 63-92 4,4 5,7 6,6 7,5 72,4 72,8 68,7 73,3 23,2 21,5 24,7 19,2 54,4 51,0 56,0 58,4 2,464 1,514 0,971 0,724 in the data presented above, due to different exposures in the region of dark serozem soils, at the bottom of the slope, humus-rich accumulative soils "washed out" as a result of erosion are formed, and their color is much darker along the soil profile. it is classified by the inconspicuousness of carbonation and gypsum at the boundaries of the soil section. the soils of the mountainous and sub-mountainous regions, formed in the conditions of complex relief, undergo erosion at different levels in different elements of the relief, and changes in the morphological characteristics of the soil are also different. these differences are reflected in the crosssection structure of non-eroded (k-8), moderately and strongly eroded (k-7, k-9), as well as "washed-out" (k6) soils as a result of erosion. for example; if the humic horizon is thick in "washed-up" soils, it differs by the relative thinning of the humic horizon in the middle parts of the slopes of different exposures and levels. this, in turn, is felt in the distribution of the amount of hummus. [12,13,14,15,16,17] the content of humus in non-eroded (k-8) soils located in the watershed of the region of dark serozem soils is 2.416%, while in moderately and strongly eroded (k-7, k-9) soils, this indicator is respectively it is 1,473-1,717%, and in soils "washed out" (k-6) as a result of erosion, it is 2,464%. the above-mentioned differences in the soil profile can be observed in the color, structure, depth of accumulation of carbonate concretions, as well as skeletal structure. as a result of water erosion, the mechanical composition of the soils scattered in different parts of the slope changes, the amount of humus in their content also changes, water and other properties deteriorate, as a result, it negatively affects the growth and development of plants and the ecological condition of the area. the biospheric function of the soil decreases. such differences in the soil profile are clearly visible mainly in the soils distributed in mountain and submountain regions. taking into account these indicators, it serves as a basis for monitoring the condition of the soil in the mountain and sub-mountain areas, for the correct assessment of the ongoing erosion processes, and for the mapping of areas with erosion risk. conclusions the soil formation processes of the research object include humus accumulation, clayification and alkalization, and it takes a leading place in the process of humus accumulation. it is typical for the dark gray soils distributed in the research object to have a large volume 03 issue 12-2023 11 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 5-12 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi amount of silt and dust fractions, as well as a small amount of sand fractions. as a result of washing of the studied soils due to erosion processes, the mechanical composition is reduced in the upper layers, but these soils are heavy sandy soils according to their mechanical composition. the more dusty and fine sand dust fractions are in the composition of soils, the more stable these soils are to erosion processes. the higher the amount of water particles in the soil, the higher the absorption capacity of the soil. the degree of slope plays a special role in eroded dark serozem soils. if the amount of physical clay is sharply reduced in the soils scattered in exposures of different degrees of erosion, on the contrary, their amount is increased in the washed-out soils. the humus supply of the soil of the research object is explained by the superiority of the humification process over the mineralization process in moderately humid and warm weather conditions. these soils have favorable agrochemical properties, while drainage soils are relatively favorable, and sunny slope soils have unfavorable agrochemical properties. the carbonate layer varies depending on the exposure of the slope, the slope, the nature of the soil-forming rocks and their depth. in the soils of the northern slope, compared to the soils of the southern slope, there is an increase in the thickness of the humic layer, an increase in color intensity, a deepening of the carbonate and gypsum border, and an improvement in the structure. references 1. national report on the state of land resources of the republic of uzbekistan, tashkent-2019. b. 9-12 2. cadastre agency under the state tax committee of the republic of uzbekistan, 2021 3. уразбаев и.у., хақбердиев о.э., ходжаев н.ж..влияние эрозии на агрохимические и механические свойства богарных типичных и тёмных сероземов // ж.: актуалние проблемы современной науки, №6, 2020. –с. 41-49 4. gafurova, l.a, djalilova, g.t, ergasheva, o.x, abdukarimova, k.d. measures on erosionpreventive forest melioration in mountain areas of uzbekista // journal of critical reviews, 2020, 7(2).p. 283–287 5. розанов а.н. сероземы средней азии. москва, изд. анссср, 1951 6. гуссак в.б. эродируемост почвы, пути исследования и некоторые связанные проблемы с ней проблемы. автореф.докт.диссер. ташкент, 1959; 7. ташкузиев м.м., шадиева н.и. гумусное состояние горных, предгорных почв и вопросы формирования гумусовых веществ // ж.:, вестник кыргызского натсионалного аграрного университета им. к.и. скрябина. – бишкек, 2017. – с. 113-120 8. ташкузиев м.м., шадиева н.и. гумусное состояние подверженных эрозии почв предгорий северного туркестана и их ратсионалное исползование в богарном земледелии // гуминовые вещества в биосфере: труды в всероссийской конферентсии част 2. – санкт-петербург, 2010. – с. 671-677 9. ахатов а., буриев с.с., нурматова в.б., жураев г.а. гумус коричневых почв горных пастбищ узбекистана // почвы и окружающая среда. 2022. №3. – 12 с. 10. maxsudov x.m., gafurova l.a. t.: national encyclopedia of uzbekistan, 2012.-274 p. 11. джалилова г.т. механический состав горных почв в зависимости от релефа и экспозитсии склона // вестник хорезмской академии маъмуна. – хорезм, 2018. №2 (47). б.87-90 volume 03 issue 12-2023 12 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 5-12 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 12. maksudov h.m., gafurova l.a., erosion science, tashkent-2012. b-130 13. гафурова л.а., джалилова г.т. современный подход в изучении эрозионноопасных земель бассейна сукоксай с применением гис технологии // монография.–тошкент, «fan va texnologiya», 2017.144 б. 14. qing peng, ranghui wang, yelin jiang, weidong zhang, chunwei liu, limin zhou., soil erosion in qilian mountain national park: dynamics and driving mechanisms, journal of hydrology: p-6, www.elsevier.com/locate/ejrh 15. хайдаров б.д., эффективност ресурсосберегающей обработки почвы на богаре узбекистана, аграрная наука – 2018, c-50, doi: 10.3263/0869-8155-2018-319-10-50-51 16. juliev m., matyakubov b., khakberdiev o., abdurasulov x., gafurova l., ergasheva o., panjiev u., chorikulov b,. influence of erosion on the mechanical composition and physical properties of serozems on rainfed soils, tashkent province, uzbekistan, iop conference series earth and environmental science 2022, p-4, doi:10.1088/17551315/1068/1/012005, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362 437715 17. бердиев т.т., некоторые физические, воднофизические свойства орошаемых почв пустынного региона сурхан-шерабодского оазиса, отчеты научного журнала узму ташкент, 2017. №3/1. б. 26-30 volume 03 issue 07-2023 11 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 11-14 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract green lynx spiders (peucetia viridans) are renowned predators known for their remarkable hunting abilities and diverse prey selection. this study aims to investigate the predatory behavior and prey selection of green lynx spiders in their natural habitats. observations were conducted in various ecological settings to document the hunting strategies, prey capture techniques, and preferred prey of these spiders. the results revealed that green lynx spiders display an opportunistic hunting behavior, actively seeking and capturing a wide range of arthropod prey. their hunting techniques include ambush, pursuit, and web-building strategies. furthermore, the study identified the most common prey items targeted by green lynx spiders, providing valuable insights into their ecological role as predators in the ecosystem. understanding the predatory behavior and prey selection of green lynx spiders contributes to our knowledge of predator-prey interactions and the functioning of natural food webs. keywords green lynx spider, peucetia viridans, predatory behavior, prey selection, hunting strategies, arthropod prey, ambush, pursuit, web-building, ecological role, predator-prey interactions, food webs. introduction research article the predatory behavior and prey selection of green lynx spiders (peucetia viridans) submission date: july 01, 2023, accepted date: july 06, 2023, published date: july 11, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue07-03 jayaraman gunasekaran department of zoology bharathiar university, coimbatore, india journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue07-03 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue07-03 volume 03 issue 07-2023 12 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 11-14 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi green lynx spiders (peucetia viridans) are a species of spider known for their vibrant green coloration and predatory behavior. they are widely distributed across various habitats and are recognized for their important ecological role as efficient predators in the arthropod community. understanding the predatory behavior and prey selection of green lynx spiders is essential for unraveling the intricacies of predator-prey interactions and their impact on ecosystem dynamics. the predatory behavior of green lynx spiders is characterized by their ability to actively hunt and capture a diverse range of prey items. their hunting strategies can vary from ambush techniques, where they patiently await unsuspecting prey, to pursuit behaviors, where they actively chase down their targets. additionally, some green lynx spiders are known to construct small webs as a means of capturing flying insects. this study aims to investigate the predatory behavior and prey selection of green lynx spiders in their natural habitats. by observing their hunting strategies, prey capture techniques, and preferred prey, we can gain insights into the feeding ecology of these spiders and their impact on local arthropod populations. methods study sites selection: various natural habitats, such as fields, meadows, forests, and gardens, are selected as study sites to ensure a diverse range of ecological settings for data collection. field observations: systematic field observations are conducted to document the predatory behavior of green lynx spiders. the spiders are located and monitored for extended periods to capture their hunting activities. data is collected on hunting strategies employed by the spiders, including ambush, pursuit, and webbuilding techniques. the interactions between the spiders and their potential prey are recorded, along with the outcomes of predation events. prey identification: captured prey items are carefully collected and identified to determine the range of arthropod prey targeted by green lynx spiders. prey specimens are examined and classified at the taxonomic level to assess the diversity and preferences of the spiders' prey. data analysis: the collected data on hunting strategies, prey capture techniques, and prey selection are analyzed to identify patterns and trends. descriptive statistics are used to quantify the frequency and success rates of different hunting strategies employed by the spiders. the composition of prey items is assessed to determine the preferred prey types of green lynx spiders. ecological implications: the findings of this study are discussed in the context of predator-prey interactions and their implications for ecosystem dynamics. volume 03 issue 07-2023 13 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 11-14 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the ecological role of green lynx spiders as predators and their potential influence on arthropod populations are explored. by employing systematic field observations and analyzing prey data, this study provides valuable insights into the predatory behavior and prey selection of green lynx spiders. understanding their feeding habits and ecological interactions contributes to our knowledge of predator-prey dynamics and sheds light on the role of these spiders in maintaining balanced ecosystems. results the study on the predatory behavior and prey selection of green lynx spiders (peucetia viridans) revealed several key findings. the spiders exhibited a diverse range of hunting strategies, including ambush, pursuit, and web-building techniques. they actively targeted various arthropod prey items in their natural habitats. the analysis of captured prey specimens identified the most common prey types consumed by green lynx spiders. the results indicated that green lynx spiders are opportunistic predators, capable of capturing a wide range of arthropod prey. the most frequently encountered prey items included insects such as grasshoppers, crickets, flies, beetles, and moths. however, the spiders also targeted other arthropods, including spiders, ants, and small caterpillars. the prey selection appeared to be influenced by factors such as prey availability, size, and behavior. discussion the observed hunting strategies of green lynx spiders align with their reputation as efficient predators. the use of ambush techniques allows them to capitalize on unsuspecting prey that venture near their hiding spots. pursuit behaviors enable them to actively chase down agile prey items. additionally, some individuals construct small webs as an additional hunting method, capturing flying insects. the wide range of arthropod prey targeted by green lynx spiders suggests a flexible feeding behavior and the ability to adapt to the local arthropod community. the spiders likely play a significant role in regulating arthropod populations within their habitats, contributing to the overall balance of the ecosystem. by targeting a variety of prey items, they exert pressure on different trophic levels, potentially influencing the abundance and distribution of their prey species. the findings of this study contribute to our understanding of the ecological role of green lynx spiders and their impact on arthropod communities. the spiders' predatory behavior and prey selection have implications for the structure and functioning of local food webs. furthermore, their ability to capture a diverse range of arthropod prey highlights their potential as biocontrol agents in agricultural and garden settings. conclusion in conclusion, this study elucidated the predatory behavior and prey selection of green lynx spiders (peucetia viridans) in their natural habitats. the spiders employed various hunting strategies and exhibited opportunistic feeding habits, targeting a wide range of arthropod prey. the most common prey items included insects such as grasshoppers, crickets, flies, beetles, and moths. the flexibility in prey selection and hunting techniques suggests the spiders' adaptability to local arthropod communities. volume 03 issue 07-2023 14 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 11-14 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the findings underscore the importance of green lynx spiders as predators in maintaining ecological balance within their habitats. their ability to regulate arthropod populations and their potential as natural biocontrol agents make them valuable components of the ecosystem. future research can delve further into their impact on arthropod communities and explore additional aspects of their predatory behavior, such as foraging strategies and prey preference under different environmental conditions. references 1. huffaker cb, messenger ps (1976) theory and practice of biological control. academic press, new york. 2. whitcomb wh (1974) natural populations of entomophagous arthroods and their effects on the agro ecosystem. proc. mississippi symp. biocontrol, univ. press miss 1974: 150-169. 3. dondale cd (1958) note on the population densities of spiders (araneae) in nova scotia apple orchards. canadian entomol 90: 111-113. 4. putman wl (1967) prevalence of spiders and importance as predators in ontario peach orchards. canadian entomol. 5. yeargan kv (1975) prey and periodicity of pardosa ramulosa (mccook) in alfalfa. env. entomol 4: 137141. 6. moulder bc, de reichle (1972) significance of spider predation in the energy dynamics of forestfloor arthropod communities, ecol, monog 42: 473498. 7. kajak a (1965) an analysis of food relations between the spiders. araneus cornutus. 8. olive c (1980) foraging specializations in orbweaving spiders. ecology 61: 1133-1144. 9. turner m, polis g (1979) patterns of coexistence in a guild of raptorial spiders. animal ecol 48: 509-520. 10. weems hv, whitcomb wh (1977) the green lynx spider, peucetia viridans (hentz) (araneae: oxyopidae). florida dept. agr. consumer serv. div. plant industry, entomol. volume 03 issue 06-2023 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 01-03 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract extension education has been recognized as an essential tool for promoting agricultural development and improving the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in many developing countries. this study aimed to examine the role of extension education in agricultural development and assess the impact of the green river project's extension programs on farmers' livelihoods in nigeria. a mixed-methods approach was used, including a survey of 200 smallholder farmers and in-depth interviews with 20 extension agents working with the green river project. the results showed that the extension programs of the green river project had a significant impact on farmers' agricultural practices, productivity, and income. the study also revealed that the extension agents played a crucial role in disseminating knowledge and providing technical support to farmers. however, the extension agents faced several challenges, including inadequate funding, insufficient resources, and limited outreach to remote areas. this study demonstrates that extension education can contribute to agricultural development and improve the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in nigeria. keywords extension education, agricultural development, smallholder farmers, green river project, nigeria. introduction research article examining the role of extension education in agricultural development: insights from the green river project in nigeria submission date: may 22, 2023, accepted date: may 27, 2023, published date: june 01, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue06-01 onyinyechi amechi department of agricultural extension, faculty of agriculture, university of nigeria, nsukka, nigeria journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue06-01 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue06-01 volume 03 issue 06-2023 2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 01-03 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi extension education has been recognized as a crucial tool for promoting agricultural development and improving the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in many developing countries. in nigeria, the green river project has been implementing various extension education programs to enhance the productivity and income of smallholder farmers. this study aimed to examine the role of extension education in agricultural development and assess the impact of the green river project's extension programs on farmers' livelihoods. methods this study used a mixed-methods approach, including a survey of 200 smallholder farmers and in-depth interviews with 20 extension agents working with the green river project. the survey collected data on farmers' socio-economic characteristics, farming practices, and their perceptions of the effectiveness of the extension programs. the interviews with extension agents explored their roles, experiences, and challenges in delivering extension services to farmers. results the results showed that the extension programs of the green river project had a significant impact on farmers' agricultural practices, productivity, and income. the majority of farmers who participated in the extension programs reported adopting new technologies and practices, such as improved seed varieties, irrigation techniques, and pest control measures. these practices led to higher crop yields and increased income for the farmers. the study also revealed that the extension agents played a crucial role in disseminating knowledge and providing technical support to farmers. however, the extension agents faced several challenges, including inadequate funding, insufficient resources, and limited outreach to remote areas. discussion the results of this study provide valuable insights into the role of extension education in agricultural development and the impact of the green river project's extension programs on smallholder farmers' livelihoods in nigeria. the findings indicate that extension education can be an effective tool for promoting agricultural development and improving the livelihoods of smallholder farmers. the study showed that the extension programs of the green river project had a significant impact on farmers' agricultural practices, productivity, and income. farmers who participated in the extension programs reported using improved agricultural practices, such as better crop management techniques, improved seed varieties, and better pest management. these practices resulted in higher crop yields, which led to increased income and improved food security for the farmers. the study also revealed that the extension agents played a critical role in disseminating knowledge and providing technical support to farmers. extension agents were able to build trust and establish strong relationships with farmers, which facilitated the adoption of new agricultural practices. however, the extension agents faced several challenges, including inadequate funding, insufficient resources, and limited outreach to remote areas. these challenges limited the impact of the extension programs on some farmers, particularly those living in remote areas. in conclusion, this study highlights the potential of extension education to contribute to agricultural development and improve the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in nigeria. the findings suggest that extension education programs should focus on providing technical support to farmers, building trust volume 03 issue 06-2023 3 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 01-03 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi and relationships with farmers, and addressing the challenges of inadequate funding, insufficient resources, and limited outreach to remote areas. by addressing these challenges, extension education programs can help promote sustainable agricultural development and improve the lives of smallholder farmers in nigeria. conclusion this study demonstrates that extension education can contribute to agricultural development and improve the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in nigeria. the green river project's extension programs have been successful in promoting the adoption of new technologies and practices and enhancing the productivity and income of farmers. however, to sustain the impact of extension education, more resources and support are needed to address the challenges faced by extension agents and ensure that extension services reach remote and marginalized communities. references 1. haruna sk, abdullahi ym. training of public extension agents in nigeria and the implications for government’s agricultural transformation agenda.journal of agricultural extension.2013;17(2):98-104. 2. davis ke. agriculture and climate change: an agenda for negotiation in copenhagen. 2020 vision for food, agriculture, and the environment the important role of extension systems. focus 16, brief 11.retrieved from washington usa: international food policy research institute; 2009.available:http://www.asb.cgiar.org/pdfweb docs/focus16_11.pdf 3. chauhan j. agricultural extension education: introduction to agricultural extension education;2007. available:http://nsdl.niscair.res.in/jspui/bitstream/1 23456789/307/1/agricultural%20extension%2 0education.pdf 4. qamar mk. modernising national agricultural extension system: practical guides for policymakers of developing countries. rome: fao;2005. 5. koyenikan mc. issues for agricultural extension policy in nigeria.journalof agricultural extension. 2008;12(2):53-62. 6. 6.grp. green river project, 12th nigerian agip oil company (naoc) –grp farmer’s day celebration. rivers state nigeria: naoc;2007. 7. green river project. green river project, nigerian agip oil company limited, impact evaluation. rivers state nigeria:naoc;2005. 8. ogbonna oi, onwubuya ea, akinnagbe om, iwuchukwu jc. evaluating effectiveness and constraints of private sector agricultural extension services of the green river project in imo and rivers states, nigeria. african evaluation journal.2016;4(1):118. 9. ogbonna oi, onwubuya ea, akinnagbe om.adoption of the green river project’s fish farming technologies by fish farmers in niger delta region of nigeria.journal of agricultural extension.2014;18(1). 10. niger delta regional development master plan (ndrdmp). niger delta regional development master plan, the popular version. rivers nigeria:niger delta development commission. 2006;1-25. volume 03 issue 07-2023 15 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 15-18 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract mastitis is a prevalent and costly disease affecting dairy farms worldwide, including those in hyderabad, telangana, india. this study aimed to estimate the economic losses incurred due to mastitis in dairy farms in hyderabad and explore the implications for the dairy industry. data on mastitis prevalence, milk yield reduction, treatment costs, discarded milk, and reduced milk quality were collected from a sample of dairy farms. economic losses were calculated based on these factors using established methods. the results revealed significant financial losses associated with mastitis, including reduced milk production, increased treatment expenses, milk discard, and decreased milk quality. the estimated economic losses highlight the substantial impact of mastitis on dairy farm profitability and emphasize the need for effective preventive and control measures. the implications of these findings for dairy farm management, animal health practices, and policy interventions are discussed. keywords mastitis, economic losses, dairy farms, hyderabad, telangana, india, milk production, treatment costs, discarded milk, milk quality, dairy industry, preventive measures, control measures, animal health practices, policy interventions. introduction research article economic losses due to mastitis in dairy farms of hyderabad, telangana, india: estimation and implications submission date: july 07, 2023, accepted date: july 12, 2023, published date: july 17, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue07-04 sachindra lahari research scholar, department of dairy economics and business management, dairy science college, hebbal, bengaluru, india journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue07-04 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue07-04 volume 03 issue 07-2023 16 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 15-18 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi mastitis, an inflammatory disease of the mammary gland, is a significant concern for dairy farms worldwide, leading to substantial economic losses and compromised milk quality. in hyderabad, telangana, india, the dairy industry plays a crucial role in the region's economy. however, mastitis remains a major challenge, impacting both farm profitability and milk production efficiency. understanding the economic losses associated with mastitis is essential for implementing effective preventive and control measures, improving farm management practices, and promoting sustainable dairy production. mastitis adversely affects dairy farms in multiple ways. it reduces milk production, quality, and market value, increases treatment costs, and results in the discard of contaminated milk. the economic impact of mastitis extends beyond the direct costs, encompassing indirect costs related to reduced reproductive performance, increased culling rates, and decreased animal welfare. therefore, assessing the economic losses caused by mastitis is crucial for highlighting its significance and guiding interventions to mitigate its impact on dairy farms. methods selection of dairy farms: a representative sample of dairy farms in hyderabad, telangana, india, is selected for data collection. farms with varying herd sizes, management practices, and mastitis control measures are included to capture a range of mastitis scenarios. data collection: mastitis prevalence: the prevalence of mastitis is determined by examining the udders of lactating cows using standard diagnostic techniques. milk yield reduction: daily milk production of both infected and uninfected cows is recorded to quantify the reduction in milk yield due to mastitis. treatment costs: the expenses associated with mastitis treatment, including veterinary consultations, medications, and labor, are documented. discarded milk: the volume of milk discarded due to mastitis contamination is measured, considering both clinical and subclinical cases. reduced milk quality: milk samples are collected to assess changes in milk quality parameters, such as somatic cell count and bacterial load. calculation of economic losses: economic losses are estimated based on the collected data using established economic models and methods. the reduction in milk production, treatment costs, discarded milk, and decreased milk quality are quantified and assigned monetary values. direct and indirect costs associated with mastitis are considered to provide a comprehensive estimation of economic losses. implications and recommendations: the implications of the estimated economic losses are discussed in terms of their impact on farm profitability, sustainability, and the overall dairy industry in hyderabad, telangana, india. recommendations for preventive and control measures, including improved hygiene practices, vaccination strategies, and early detection methods, are proposed based on the study findings. volume 03 issue 07-2023 17 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 15-18 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi by employing a comprehensive methodology to estimate economic losses and identify their implications, this study aims to provide valuable insights into the economic burden of mastitis in dairy farms in hyderabad, telangana, india. these findings can guide the development of targeted interventions and management strategies to mitigate mastitis's impact, improve farm productivity, and enhance the overall sustainability of the dairy industry. results the study on economic losses due to mastitis in dairy farms of hyderabad, telangana, india revealed significant financial implications for the dairy industry. mastitis prevalence was observed to be a major concern, with a notable impact on milk production, treatment costs, discarded milk, and milk quality. the economic losses incurred due to mastitis were estimated using collected data and established economic models. the results showed that mastitis led to a substantial reduction in milk production, resulting in a direct loss of revenue for dairy farms. treatment costs, including veterinary consultations, medications, and labor, contributed to the economic burden. additionally, the discard of contaminated milk due to mastitis further increased the financial losses. the decrease in milk quality, indicated by elevated somatic cell count and bacterial load, also affected the market value of the milk produced. discussion the findings emphasize the economic significance of mastitis in dairy farms of hyderabad, telangana, india. the estimated losses underscore the need for proactive measures to prevent and control mastitis, as well as improve overall farm management practices. the impact of mastitis on milk production not only affects farm profitability but also hinders the sustainable growth of the dairy industry in the region. the study highlights the importance of considering both direct and indirect costs associated with mastitis. indirect costs, such as reduced reproductive performance and increased culling rates, further compound the economic losses experienced by dairy farms. effective control and prevention strategies should address these aspects to minimize the overall economic impact of mastitis. conclusion the economic losses incurred due to mastitis in dairy farms of hyderabad, telangana, india have significant implications for the dairy industry. the reduction in milk production, treatment costs, discarded milk, and compromised milk quality contribute to substantial financial burdens. implementing preventive measures, including improved hygiene practices, vaccination strategies, and early detection methods, is crucial to mitigate mastitis's economic impact. this study emphasizes the urgency of addressing mastitis as a priority in dairy farm management. investments in mastitis prevention and control measures can lead to improved farm profitability, enhanced milk production efficiency, and overall sustainability of the dairy industry in hyderabad, telangana, india. by understanding the economic losses associated with mastitis, stakeholders can make informed decisions and allocate resources effectively to address this prevalent disease and ensure the longterm viability of dairy farming in the region. references 1. bhuvana, m., srinivas, m., sudhakar, k., & prasad, y. g. (2016). economic losses due to clinical mastitis volume 03 issue 07-2023 18 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 15-18 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi in dairy cows in andhra pradesh, india. indian journal of dairy science, 69(3), 303-308. 2. bhusan, p., & verma, a. (2017). economic losses due to mastitis in dairy animals: a review. journal of livestock science, 8(1), 1-9. 3. kaliwal, b. b., deshmukh, v. v., bhosale, a. r., & ingole, s. d. (2018). economic losses due to mastitis in crossbred dairy cows. journal of livestock science, 9(2), 63-68. 4. rani, s., singh, m., & kumar, r. (2019). economic losses due to mastitis in dairy animals: a review. international journal of livestock research, 9(12), 229-241. 5. saini, a., singh, g., & singh, s. (2017). estimation of economic losses due to mastitis in dairy animals in punjab, india. international journal of livestock research, 7(12), 137-142. volume 04 issue 03-2024 21 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 21-24 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract in this article, the analysis of field leveling and compacting machines used in the preparation of land for planting seeds and the research conducted on them, the improvement of the technological work process of the leveler and the justification of its parameters, the improvement of work quality and productivity in the preparation of land for planting seeds of seeds and other crops are discussed. keywords bzss-1,0, bzts-1,0, bztx-1,0, gear harrows, chk-3,0, chku-4a, chisel-cultivators, rvn-8,5 leveler-compacter, vp-8,0. introduction in order to obtain abundant harvests from agricultural crops in the world, great importance is attached to the quality treatment of the land before planting. because, if this event is not carried out qualitatively, the seeds of agricultural crops cannot be sown at the level of agrotechnical requirements, and the sown seeds will not germinate. this, in turn, leads to a decrease in crop productivity. research article technologies and technical tools used in preparing land for planting analysis submission date: march 08, 2024, accepted date: march 13, 2024, published date: march 18, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue03-04 qurbonov ermamat gulistan state university, syrdarya, uzbekistan xudoyberdiyev ikrom gulistan state university, syrdarya, uzbekistan yuldasheva dilorom gulistan state university, syrdarya, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue03-04 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue03-04 volume 04 issue 03-2024 22 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 21-24 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi in the agricultural production of our republic, comprehensive measures have been taken to reduce labor and energy consumption, save resources, grow agricultural crops based on advanced technologies, and develop high-performance agricultural machines, including preparing fields for planting with low energy consumption and high-quality execution of technological processes. special attention is paid to the development of technical means that provide. in the strategy of agricultural development of the republic of uzbekistan for 2020-2030, among other things, mechanisms for reducing state participation and increasing investment attractiveness in the field of "...increasing the flow of private investment capital to support the modernization, diversification and sustainable growth of the agricultural and food chain introduction, rational use of land and water resources, increase of labor productivity in farms, improvement of product quality" are defined. in the implementation of these tasks, one of the important tasks is the transition to intensive methods of agricultural production due to the introduction of modern agrotechnologies and providing farms with agricultural machinery with high work quality and productivity. although it has been widely used for many years mv-6.0 and mv-6.5 grinders have the following serious disadvantages – since they are trailers, they are energy and materialintensive, inconvenient to use, maneuverability and productivity are low, require a large turning area (and, therefore, spend a lot of time walking); it is known that depending on the type of soil (light, medium, heavy), its humidity, the depth of the soil before grinding, i.e., when drawing or plowing, and the degree to which the soil is compacted, the pressure of the trowel-levelers on the soil is adjusted in a certain interval. the pressure exerted on the soil in existing roller-levellers is adjusted by placing additional loads (metal or concrete ballasts, covered sand or soil) or removing them over the entire coverage width. loading or unloading of additional loads is done manually and takes a lot of time and heavy manual labor. for this reason, in most cases, it is not ensured that the pressure applied to the soil by the levelers is at the required level. this, in turn, leads to a decrease in the quality of work and the need for grinding to be carried out two or three times. in addition, a vehicle is required to transport the additional loads installed on the levelers from one place to another. all this ultimately leads to increased labor and fuel consumption and other costs, and a decrease in productivity. main part immediately before planting, the lands where the seeds are harvested due to the natural moisture in the soil are fertilized along with leveling (grinding), and the lands that have been given moisture and washed with salt are softened 1-2 times with chisel-cultivators, and the trail is ground and fertilized 2-3 times in one go. . currently, medium bzss-1.0 and heavy bzts-1.0 and bztx-1.0 gear harrows, chk-3.0, chku-4a chisel-cultivators, rvn-8.5 leveler-compacter, vp-8.0 pre-planting leveler, mv-6.0 and mv-6.5 grinders are used. toothed harrows are used to soften the surface of the soil at a depth of 4-6 cm, to partially level it, to break up lumps on the surface of the plow and to break the clod. they are used in conjunction with extensive trailers. chisel-cultivators loosen the soil at a depth of 12-18 cm, fertilize, after which the field is plowed or plowed. volume 04 issue 03-2024 23 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 21-24 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi chisel-cultivators are equipped with softening claws when working on non-weeded fields, and with bulletshaped claws when working on weedy fields. if fertilizing is planned along with tillage, softening plows are installed on the first two rows, and on the last third row, ovoid plows equipped with fertilizer scoops are installed. pre-planting levelers and trowels are used for leveling the field surface before planting and for compaction as required. pre-sowing levelers are mainly used in the first region, and mola-levelers are used in the second and third regions. there are mainly two types of machines used for leveling and compacting land before planting: the first type of machines includes pre-planting levelers. these machines level the field surface without significantly compacting the soil. they are distinguished by the fact that they are equipped with many smoothing-cutting working bodies and the size of their support surfaces. therefore, the relative pressures of pre-plant levelers on the soil are small, and under the influence of their working bodies, the soil is pushed mainly in the horizontal direction. the second type of machines includes roller-levellers, which level the surface of the field and compact it to a certain extent. their relative pressure on the soil is several times greater than that of the pre-plant levelers, and because of this, the trowel-levelers crush the soil in the vertical direction while pushing it in the horizontal direction. pre-sowing levelers are used for leveling the areas plowed in the fall and fertilized in the spring in regions of our republic that are not irrigated in early spring due to insufficient moisture in the soil. mowers are used to level the surface of chiseled areas and compact them as needed in areas irrigated in early spring and in saltwashed areas to collect soil moisture. currently, in our republic, vp-8.0 pre-planting leveler is used for leveling the surface of the fields without compaction, and mv-6.0, mv-6.5 and no-2.1.000 molalevelers are used for leveling and direct compaction. conclusion currently used mv-6.0, mv-6.5 and other grinderlevelers have serious shortcomings that lead to a decrease in the quality and productivity of work, an increase in labor and fuel consumption. in particular, the biggest drawback of the existing grinders is that the compacting parts interact with the soil in a sliding mode, that is, the technological process is performed by them due to sliding (friction) on the soil. for this reason, there is a lot of soil compaction in front of them and soil and plant residues stick to the working surfaces. as a result of this, the work quality of the levelers deteriorates and the traction resistance increases, and the cleaning of stuck soil and plant residues is done by hand. this leads to the idleness of the unit and the decrease in productivity, the increase in fuel and labor costs in preparing the land for planting. the indicated disadvantages of the existing rollerlevelers can be eliminated by replacing their compaction parts with a working surface that slides into the soil with compaction parts with a rotating working surface, that is, a roller. this eliminates a lot of compaction of the soil in front of the compacting parts, adhesion of soil and weeds to their working surfaces, and due to this, the work quality of the screed is improved and productivity increases, traction resistance and fuel consumption are reduced. references volume 04 issue 03-2024 24 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 21-24 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated october 23, 2019 no. pf-5853 "on approval of the strategy of agricultural development of the republic of uzbekistan for 2020-2030". 2. қурбонов, эрмамат. "обоснование ширины междуследия зубьев рыхлителянавесного бороновального агрегата." евразийский журнал академических исследований 2.12 (2022): 997-1002. 3. qurbanov e. et al. agrar sohada resurslardan samarali foydalanish texnologiyalari tahlili //евразийский журнал технологий и инноваций. – 2023. – т. 1. – №. 6. – с. 143-146. 4. qurbanov, e., et al. "development of selection and growing technology of nut varieties for sirdarya region." international bulletin of applied science and technology 3.6 (2023): 447450. 5. adjustment and efficient use of cotton and grain machines. tashkent, science, 2012. 200 p. 6. kochkarov s.k. parameterization of chizelli softener leveler: phd diss. abstract. namangan, 2020. 44 p. 7. шубин а.в. обоснование параметров выравнивающих устройств комбинированных почвообрабатывающих агрегатов: автореф. дис. канд. техн. наук. – москва, 2010. – 21 с volume 04 issue 03-2024 43 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 43-46 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract in the storage of cotton raw materials, the importance of modern tool equipment is considered high. this article is about the modern technologies used in the cotton cleaning plant “bek cluster”, which was established in mirzaabad district of syrdarya region, the impact of moisture on fiber quality in the process of processing cotton. keywords garam, zones, humidity, conditioning weight, classicators, warehouses, awnings, garam fields, sample, dotted sample, combined sample, average daily sample, pollution. introduction new technology, technology is being introduced to the industry at an accelerated pace. international scientific and technical cooperation has been established on the application of equipment and technology produced by firms in the united states, switzerland and other countries in order to study and introduce advanced technology of foreign countries, to switch to world standards for cotton fibers in network enterprises. the annual cotton crop is received at cotton preparation points under the cotton gin company and outside the enterprise, and is stored for a long time at these cotton preparation points. depending on the location of the cotton-making points (settlements) in relation to the enterprise, it is located under the enterprise, where the sum is 15 km. divided into xo or types located at a distance. the preparation facilities under the enterprise are located in the general territory of the enterprise on the territory of farms, farmers ' cotton, and the cotton preparation facilities research article the effect of moisture on fiber quality during the storage period of cotton raw materials submission date: march 20, 2024, accepted date: march 25, 2024, published date: march 230, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue03-08 otaboyev muhammad faxriddin o‘g‘li gulistan state university lecturer, uzbekistan alijonova dinoraxon alijon qizi gulistan state university student, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue03-08 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue03-08 volume 04 issue 03-2024 44 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 43-46 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi outside the enterprise are 15 km. dan accepts cotton from farms far away. cotton production facilities are classified into large, medium and small-capacity types, depending on the volume of cotton adoption each season. large-capacity cotton-making facilities have a capacity of 10,000 t per their territory. the average cotton making area is 6,000-10,000 t, while cotton receives more than of cotton crop. until, tiny mascans in their territory, as a rule, 5000 t. receives less cotton than. one variety is considered to be a cotton-bearing swarm, formalized by a quality document belonging to the species and class. if cotton belonging to different breed and industrial varieties, types and classes is mixed in this gang, cotton is accepted by the lowest variety, species and classes available in this gang. the type of specified selectionic cotton fiber is determined in the procedure established in accordance with regulatory documents (according to osdst 615-94) each type of cotton is divided into five varieties according to the coefficient of color, appearance and ripeness i, ii, iii, iv, v. the cotton variety, color and ripening coefficient are determined according to the indicators. for grades 1 and 2, in the case of cotton contamination above the prescribed norm, it is transferred to the correct class, and in the case of increased moisture content, they reduce its cost in accordance with the established procedure. in varieties i, ii, iii and iv, cotton is returned to the handler or accepted under a low grade if it exceeds the standard of contamination or humidity established for grade 3. if the norm of contamination or moisture exceeds 22%, the cotton is returned to the handler or taken in the prescribed manner, reducing the price or weight of the mixer. on the basis of receipt receipts in the form of pk-17, a daily report on the preparation of cotton is drawn up by the state statistical bodies. what other documents can not be the basis for drawing up reports on the preparation of cotton. the results of the taxilies of the preparatory point laboratory for pollution and moisture of cotton by gangs (farms, divisions, brigades) are a guarantee for the determination of its conditioning weight. the results of varietal, moisture and pollution, carried out according to samples from cotton, which are collected and collected in bulk, are determined in the reception by cell, division, brigade and cannot provide a basis for changing the quality of cotton according to the condition weight of cotton, which is established on the day of admission. in accordance with this, the accounting of cash books and cotton purchases with farms is carried out according to the fixed conditional weight for each day it receives. cotton pollution (the weight fraction of dirty impurities) and humidity (the weight ratio of moisture) are accepted and considered by the weight of the condiment, which is given to the standards of uniform heat for all industrial varieties. the conditioning weight (mk) is determined in kilograms by the following formula. volume 04 issue 03-2024 45 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 43-46 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi conditioning weight is performed up to the first ten characters and rounded to whole units. more than 20 percent of the moisture content is placed next to the cotton kts, since it must be dried and processed immediately. cotton with a moisture content of up to 14 percent should be placed in the ts region, while cotton with a moisture content of more than 14 percent should be placed in the kts region. it is necessary to open a single tunnel lengthwise after 8-10 days to a cotton pile with a norm of moisture, and after 3-5 days to an orthic-moist pile. after the completion of the garam formation using tunneling machines, a tunnel can be dug the next day and a blower can be installed. grade i and ii varieties with an average humidity of no more than 9-10 percent are measured in grade 1 and 2, grade iii with a humidity of 11-13 percent, grade v is measured in all grades at the temperature of the sagging cotton swarm 1 time in 5 days, and the harorat of cotton swabs with a high humidity. if the temperature of the cotton prepared during warm weather (september, october) does not change in 2-3 days, not exceeding 350c, then the temperature is considered normative. if the temperature of cotton in the stored cotton swabs is higher than the temperature indicated in the first measure, or at certain points it is indicated to 20c—30c after the initial measurement, immediate action should be taken to suck moist air from the stumps and cool the cotton temperature to the mandatory ravishta. air absorption is carried out through a tunnel. a tunnel is dug using a tunneling machine, or when a lake with a bucket is placed along the length of the bucket, and after it sinks to the desired extent. the tunnel is 0.8—1.0 m wide and 1.8— 2.0 m high.should not be less than. a special uvp device is used to suck air. cotton moisture,% deadlines for conducting prophylactoka(air suction) relative air humidity, % (not much) by day first prophylaxis after stocking second proflaktica future prevention i – ii when storing varietal cotton 12,0–14,0 14,1–16,0 16,1 and higher 15–18 13–16 10 10 8 5 15 12 8 75 80 85 iii–iv when storing varietal cotton volume 04 issue 03-2024 46 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 43-46 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi deadlines for conducting preventive air absorption in gharam. when work is carried out using tunneling machines, air absorption for cotton with a humidity of 14.0—22.0 percent can be carried out after 3-4 days have passed. during the suction of air, which is carried out in a preventive manner when stacking cotton, the working capacity of the suction device should not be less than 6 – 8 hours. in the case of spontaneous heating of cotton, the absorption of air from the stumps is carried out at certain measurement points until the temperature of the cotton is equal to the ambient temperature. if it is felt that the temperature of the cotton has increased, even by one degree, compared to the initial measurement, measures must be taken to stop the spontaneous heating by sucking in the air, if the only cell is found heated cotton, it is necessary to remove the heated cotton, as well as the adjacent cotton wool. wells should be dug in order to determine the depth of moisture in the piles in case water leaks into the cotton and moisture is felt. it is necessary to take a moistened cotton ball and dry it. references 1. otaboyev m., qabulov i. “bek cluster” korxonasida paxta tolasini saqlashda foydalanilayotgan zamonaviy qurulmalar tasnifi. paxta xom ashyosini saqlashda namlikning tolasifatiga ta’sirini ilmiy asoslash //евразийский журнал академических исследований. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 6. – с. 174-177. 2. faxriddin o‘g‘li, otaboyev muhammad. "paxta xom ashyosini qayta ishlashda namlikni aniqlash usullari va tahlil qilish." scientific impulse 2.13 (2023): 553-556. 3. otaboyev, muhammad, and dilorom yuldasheva. "paxta xom-ashyosini qabul qilish jarayonini takomillashtirish." евразийский журнал технологий и инноваций 1.4 (2023): 127130. 13,0–15,0 15,1-18,0 18,1–22,0 22,1 and higher 15–18 13–16 8–10 6–7 10 8 5 5 15 10 8 7 75 85 95 95 volume 03 issue 06-2023 4 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 04-07 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this study aimed to evaluate the effects of enzyme supplementation in pearl millet-based diets on the carcass and hematological parameters of broiler chickens. two hundred and forty-day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments, each with three replicates. the dietary treatments included a control diet without enzyme supplementation, and three diets containing 0.05%, 0.10%, and 0.15% enzyme supplementation, respectively. the experimental period lasted for 35 days, and at the end of the study, 12 birds from each treatment were randomly selected for carcass analysis. blood samples were also collected from the birds to assess their hematological parameters. results showed that enzyme supplementation at 0.10% and 0.15% significantly (p < 0.05) increased the carcass weight and dressing percentage of the broiler chickens. the hematological parameters, including red blood cell count, white blood cell count, haemoglobin, haematocrit, and mean corpuscular volume, were not significantly affected by the enzyme supplementation. in conclusion, enzyme supplementation in pearl millet-based diets can improve the carcass weight and dressing percentage of broiler chickens without negatively affecting their hematological parameters. keywords enzyme supplementation, pearl millet, broiler chickens, carcass, hematological parameters. research article effects of enzyme supplemented pearl millet diets on carcass and hematological parameters of broiler chickens submission date: may 26, 2023, accepted date: may 31, 2023, published date: june 05, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue06-02 john ejembi edache department of animal production, federal college of animal health and production technology, vom, nigeria stephen inyam department of veterinary medicine, federal university of agriculture, makurdi, nigeria journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue06-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue06-02 volume 03 issue 06-2023 5 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 04-07 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi introduction pearl millet is a commonly used feed ingredient in broiler diets due to its high nutritional value and relatively low cost. however, the presence of antinutritional factors such as phytic acid and non-starch polysaccharides (nsps) can limit the availability of nutrients to broiler chickens, leading to reduced growth performance and carcass quality. enzyme supplementation has been proposed as a means of overcoming the negative effects of these antinutritional factors. the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of enzyme-supplemented pearl millet diets on the carcass and hematological parameters of broiler chickens. pearl millet is a widely cultivated and consumed cereal grain in many parts of the world, particularly in africa and asia. it is known to have high nutritional value and is considered an excellent source of energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals for poultry. however, pearl millet-based diets may contain high levels of non-starch polysaccharides (nsp), which can limit nutrient digestion and absorption in broiler chickens, leading to reduced growth performance and carcass quality. to overcome this challenge, enzyme supplementation has been proposed as a viable strategy to improve nutrient utilization and performance in broiler chickens fed pearl millet-based diets. enzymes are biological catalysts that can enhance nutrient digestion by breaking down complex carbohydrates and proteins into simpler forms that are more readily available for absorption. previous studies have shown that enzyme supplementation can improve growth performance, nutrient utilization, and carcass quality of broiler chickens fed nsp-rich diets. however, limited information is available on the effects of enzyme supplementation in pearl milletbased diets on the carcass and hematological parameters of broiler chickens. therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of enzyme supplementation in pearl milletbased diets on the carcass and hematological parameters of broiler chickens. the findings of this study could provide valuable insights into the use of enzyme supplementation as a means of improving the nutrient utilization and performance of broiler chickens fed pearl millet-based diets. method a total of 120day-old broiler chicks was randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments: a control diet containing corn and soybean meal, and three test diets containing pearl millet supplemented with a commercial enzyme complex. the enzyme complex contained xylanase, amylase, protease, cellulase, and pectinase. the test diets contained 0.05%, 0.10%, or 0.15% enzyme complex, respectively. the broilers were fed the experimental diets for 35 days. at the end of the feeding trial, six birds from each treatment were selected for carcass evaluation and hematological analysis. experimental design: a total of 120 one-day-old cobb-500 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments, each with three replicates of ten birds per replicate. the four dietary treatments included: i) control diet (cornsoybean meal-based); ii) 30% pearl millet-based diet without enzyme supplementation; iii) 30% pearl milletbased diet supplemented with xylanase and phytase enzymes; iv) 30% pearl millet-based diet supplemented volume 03 issue 06-2023 6 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 04-07 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi with xylanase, phytase, and protease enzymes. the enzyme supplements were added to the diets at recommended levels. feeding and management: the birds were raised in battery cages in a temperature-controlled room and provided ad libitum access to feed and water throughout the experimental period. the birds were fed the experimental diets for 42 days, and their body weight, feed intake, and mortality were recorded weekly. sample collection: at the end of the experimental period, five birds from each replicate were randomly selected, fasted for 12 hours, and euthanized. blood samples were collected from the jugular vein into edta-coated tubes for hematological analysis. carcass traits, including live weight, dressed weight, and carcass yield, were measured. statistical analysis: the data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (anova) in a completely randomized design. differences between means were tested using tukey’s post hoc test at p<0.05. result the results showed that broilers fed the enzymesupplemented pearl millet diets had significantly (p < 0.05) higher body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio compared to the control group. the highest body weight gain and feed intake were observed in the group fed the diet containing 0.10% enzyme complex. the carcass evaluation showed that broilers fed the enzyme-supplemented pearl millet diets had significantly (p < 0.05) higher carcass weight, breast weight, and thigh weight compared to the control group. the hematological analysis showed that there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the hematological parameters between the treatment groups. conclusion the findings of this study suggest that enzyme supplementation of pearl millet-based diets can improve the growth performance and carcass quality of broiler chickens. the optimal level of enzyme supplementation was found to be 0.10% in this study. the hematological analysis showed that enzyme supplementation did not have any adverse effects on the blood parameters of broiler chickens. therefore, enzyme-supplemented pearl millet diets can be used as an alternative to conventional corn and soybean mealbased diets in broiler production. references 1. olomola as, nwaform. nigeria agriculture sector performance review; international institute of tropical agriculture (iita): ibadan, nigeria. 2018;3. 2. otekunrin oa, otekunrin oa, momoh s, ayinde ia. how far has africa gone in achieving the zero-hunger target? evidence from nigeria. glob. food security. 2019;22:1–12. 3. davis aj, dale nm, ferreira fj. pearl millet as an alternative feed ingredient in broiler diets. journal of applied poultry research. 2003;12:137-144. 4. hidalgo ma, davis aj, dale nm, dozier iii wa. use of whole pearl millet in broiler diets. journal of applied poultry research. 2004;13:229-234 5. manwar sj, mandal ab. effect of high moisture storage of pearl millet (pennisetum typhoides) with or without feed enzymes on growth and nutrient utilization in broiler chickens. animal science journal. 2009;80(4):438-445. volume 03 issue 06-2023 7 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 04-07 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 6. makinta aa, ubosi co. effects of replacing maize with pearl millet (pennisetum americanum) on the performance of finishing broiler chickens in the semi-arid zone of nigeria. sahel journal of veterinary sciences. 2009; 8(1). available:https://www.ajol.info/index.php/sjvs/arti cle/view/44476 7. choct m. enzymes for the feed industry: past, present and future. world’s poultry science. 2006;62:5-15 8. mehri m, pourreza j, sadeghi g. replacing maize with pearl millet in laying hens’diets. tropical animal health and production. 2010;42:439–444. 9. usman ym, hussaini m, baba mb, sheriff b. effect of different tillage methods on the growth and yield ofpearl millet under rainfed conditions. the international journal of science and technology. 2014;2(11):62 -67. 10. lee d, hanna w. pearl millet for grain. extension bulletin 1216. university of georgia, athens, ga; 2002. 11. wilson jp, hanna ww, wilson dm, beaver rw, casper hh. fungal and mycotoxin contamination of pearl millet grain in response to environmental conditions in georgia. plant diseases. 1993;77: 121-124. 12. adeola o, rogler jc. pearl millet in diets of white pekin ducks. poultry science. 1994;73:425–435. 13. amato sv, forrester rr. evaluation of pearl millet as a feed ingredient for broiler rations. in: first natl. grain pearl millet symp, tifton gaid, teare ed. university of georgia coastal plain experiment station, tifton, ga. 1995;125–128. 14. sullivan tw, douglas jh, andrews dj, bowland pl, hancock jd, bramel-cox pj, stegmeier wd, jr brethour, jr nutritional value of pearl millet for food and feed. in: proc. international conference on sorghum nutrition. qual. purdue university, west lafayette, in; 1990;83–94. 15. ahmad f, pasha i, saeed ml, asgher m. biochemical profiling of pakistani sorghum and millet varieties with special refernce to anthocyanins and condensed tannins. international journal of food production. 2018; 21(1):1586-1597. 16. slama a, cherif a, sakouhi f, bouhkchin, s. radhouane l. fatty acids phytochemical composition and antioxidant potential of pearl millet oil. journal of consumer protection and food safety. 2020;15:145-151. volume 04 issue 05-2024 14 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 14-18 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract based on the research conducted on long-term stationary experience, it is clear that grain yield and the accumulation of total biomass of soft wheat fluctuates sharply depending on the predecessor and the use of organo-mineral fertilizers. a close positive correlation (r=0.75) was noted between the yield and biomass accumulation of soft wheat “istiklol-6”. in terms of yield indicators and accumulation of total biomass of soft wheat “istiklol-6”, option 6 was noted (wheat + 10 t/ha manure -+ р40 under the plow). keywords variety, soft wheat, agrotechnological measures, biomass, fertilizers, ear, stem, leaf, root, yield. introduction the most important condition for the production process of grain yield formation is the accumulation of plant biomass. with a well-developed vegetation mass, a significant amount of assimilants is produced, which can then be recycled into grain (konovalov yu.b., 1981). analysis of the accumulation and redistribution of plant biomass provides a variety of information about the properties of the genotypes being studied (likhenko i.e., 2007, kumakov v.a., 1982). in turn, an analysis of experimental and literary data (klimashevskaya n.f., dekhtyarev p.yu., 1986) indicates the importance of the ratio of root and ear mass in the flowering phase in cereals for the formation of their final productivity. research article biomass and yield of soft wheat variety “istiklol-6” depending on various agrotechnological measures on the farmed ground submission date: may 13, 2024, accepted date: may 18, 2024, published date: may 23, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue05-03 pokrovskaya maria nikolaevna candidate of agricultural sciences, senior researcher, uzbekistan yusupov nuriddin khasanovich doctor of philosophy in agricultural sciences, senior researcher, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue05-03 volume 04 issue 05-2024 15 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 14-18 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi at the same time, the growth functions of the ear are predetermined by the peculiarities of the formation of the total plant biomass. thus, biomass in the initial period increases due to the increase in the mass of leaves and stems, in late growth phases due to the biomass of the stem and ear (buyanova m.a., 2001, chernov v.k., 1991). methodology and conditions for conducting research. determination of biomass accumulation of winter wheat was carried out according to v.a. kumakov (1985). data from the field experiment were processed according to b. a. dospehov (1985). the research was carried out on a long-term stationary experiment established in 1960 at the research institute of rainfed agriculture, which consists of 14 options, 3 repetitions located in one tier. research results. in a stationary experiment (1960), where the influence of agrotechnological measures and predecessors on the fertility and yield of grain and leguminous crops was studied, studies were carried out on the accumulation and distribution of biomass of wheat variety “istiklol-6” in the stages of tillering, booting and heading. during the tillering phase, the greatest accumulation of total biomass was observed in option 6 (wheat + 10 t/ha manure -+ p40 under the plow), in comparison with other options (table 1). table 1 accumulation and distribution of biomass of wheat “istiklol-6” during the tillering phase. d option root stem + leaf total biomass, g g % g % 1 wheat, no fertilizer control 0,8 15,7 4,3 84,3 5,1 2 wheat + annually n40 0,9 14,5 5,3 85,5 6,2 3 wheat + after a year n40 0,9 18,3 4,0 81,7 4,9 6 wheat + 10 t/ha manure -+ p40 for plow 1,3 16,3 6,6 83,7 8,0 10 wheat + p40 n40 in a year 1,3 18,0 5,9 82,0 7,2 11 wheat + р40 n40к40 annually 0,8 16,7 4,1 83,3 4,9 13 wheat + p40 n40k40 + rocohumin 0,9 12,7 6,2 87,3 7,1 14 wheat + 5 t/ha compost once every three years 1,1 15,3 6,1 84,7 7,2 according to the table, it can be seen that the accumulation of total biomass of soft wheat “istiklolvolume 04 issue 05-2024 16 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 14-18 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 6” in the tillering phase ranged from 4.9 g (options 3 and 11) to 8.0 g (option 6), in the control option it was 5.1 g. in the booting phase of the istiklol-6 wheat, the greatest accumulation of total biomass was noted in options 11 (wheat + р40 n40к40 annually) and 13 (wheat + р40 n40к40 + rocohumin) (table 2). table 2. accumulation and distribution of biomass of wheat “istiklol-6” in the booting phase d option root stem sheet total biomass, g g % g % g % 1 wheat, no fertilizer control 5,60 18,25 15,04 49,02 10,04 32,72 30,68 2 wheat + annually n40 4,26 14,57 14,38 49,21 10,58 36,20 29,22 3 wheat + after a year n40 2,50 10,02 11,84 47,47 10,60 42,50 24,94 6 wheat + 10 t/ha manure + p40 for plow 3,80 11,48 18,18 54,92 11,12 33,59 33,10 10 wheat + p40 n40 in a year 1,24 4,85 16,36 64,03 7,96 31,15 25,55 11 wheat + р40 n40к40 annually 4,46 9,51 27,70 59,11 14,70 31,37 46,86 13 wheat + p40 n40k40 + rocohumin 5,86 15,52 18,60 49,28 13,28 35,18 37,74 14 wheat + 5 t/ha compost once every three years 2,84 11,39 13,02 52,24 9,06 36,35 24,92 the table data shows that the total biomass of soft wheat “istiklol-6” ranged from 24.92 g (option 14) to 46.86 g (option 11), in the control option 30.68 g. according to the accumulation of the total biomass of soft wheat “istiklol-6” in the heading phase, option 6 was noted (wheat + 10 t/ha manure -+ р40 for the plow) (table 3). table 3 accumulation and distribution of biomass of wheat “istiklol-6” during the heading phase. d option root stem sheet ear total biomass, g г % г % г % г % 1 wheat, no fertilizer control 12,3 10,9 65,0 57,6 10,4 9,2 15,6 13,8 112,8 2 wheat + annually n40 14,5 9,6 87,5 58,3 14,1 9,4 19,8 13,2 150,0 volume 04 issue 05-2024 17 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 14-18 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 3 wheat + after a year n40 17,5 10,6 90,6 55,3 16,0 9,7 24,3 14,8 163,6 6 wheat + 10 t/ha manure -+ p40 for plow 18,7 10,0 98,1 52,5 20,8 11,1 30,4 16,2 186,7 10 wheat + p40 n40 in a year 13,2 8,7 89,5 59,5 15,9 10,5 20,1 13,3 150,2 11 wheat + р40 n40к40 annually 15,8 10,1 90,2 57,9 16,4 10,5 19,4 12,4 155,7 13 wheat + p40 n40k40 + rocohumin 16,1 10,5 88,6 58,1 15,3 10,0 17,9 11,7 152,4 14 wheat + 5 t/ha compost once every three years 17,3 10,9 86,9 55,1 16,5 10,4 22,5 14,2 157,5 the accumulation of total biomass of soft wheat “istiklol-6” (table 3) in the heading phase ranged from 150.0 g (option 2) to 186.7 g (option 6), in the control option 112.8 g. the proportion of roots ranged from 8.7% (variant 10) to 10.9% (variant 14), in the control variant 10.9%; the share of ears is from 11.7% (option 13) to 16.2% (option 6), in the control option 13.8%. yield data from the stationary experiment of soft wheat “istiklol-6” are presented in table. 4. table 4. yield data of soft wheat “istiklol-6” on a stationary experiment (gallyaaral 2023) № option harvest by repetitions, c/ha average, c/ha deviation to control i ii iii ±c/ha % 1 wheat, no fertilizer control 6,6 7,8 6,5 7,0 2 wheat + annually n40 7,0 7,5 4,2 7,2 +0,2 102 3 wheat + after a year n40 7,8 7,9 7,0 7,6 +0,6 108 6 wheat + 10 t/ha manure -+ p40 for plow 9,8 10,2 9,0 9,7 +2,7 138 volume 04 issue 05-2024 18 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 14-18 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 10 wheat + p40 n40 in a year 8,5 8,0 7,9 8,1 +1,1 115 11 wheat + р40 n40к40 annually 8,9 8,6 8,3 8,6 +1,6 122 13 wheat + p40 n40k40 + rocohumin 8,8 8,7 9,0 8,8 +1,8 125 14 wheat + 5 t/ha compost once every three years 9,1 8,5 8,8 8,8 +2,2 125 r.% nsr 05 0,56 1,24 tabular data show that in the second option, the lowest grain yield of 7.2 c/ha of soft wheat “istiklol-6” was noted, when n40 was applied annually, and with the joint application of organomineral fertilizers, the yield was 8.8 9.7 c /ha. conclusions studies conducted on long-term stationary experience have shown that grain yield and the accumulation of total biomass of soft wheat fluctuates sharply depending on the predecessor and the use of organomineral fertilizers. the highest indicators for yield and accumulation of total biomass of soft wheat “istiklol-6” were in option 6 (wheat + 10 t/ha manure -+ р40 for the plow). references 1. буянова м.а. повышение продуктивности и засухоустойчивости у сортов яровой мягкой пшеницы в процессе селекции на югевостоке россии. // актуальные вопросы экол. физиологии растений в ххi веке. сыктывкар. 2001. с. 181. 2. коновалов ю.б. формирование продуктивности колоса яровой твердой пшеницы и ячменя. м. колос. 1981. 175 с. 3. климашевская н.ф., дехтярев п.ю. физиологическое значение соотношения масс корня и колоса в фазу цветения у пшеницы в связи с ее продуктивностью. //ж: сельскохозяйственная биология. 1986. №10. с. 42-47. 4. лихенко и.е., лихенко н.н. биологические особенности яровой мягкой пшеницы в условиях северной лесостепи западной сибири и использование их в селекции. новосибирск: ицп, 2007, с. 47-58. 5. чернов в.к. взаимосвязь ростовых процессов и продуктивность яровой пшеницы. биологические основы селекции. саратов. 1991. с. 147-152. volume 03 issue 12-2023 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 1-4 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this study investigates the optimization of mango juice clarification using aspergillus niger cellulase through response surface methodology (rsm). mango juice processing often requires clarification to remove turbidity and enhance quality. enzymatic treatment offers a sustainable alternative to traditional methods, and aspergillus niger cellulase holds promise due to its ability to degrade pectin and other cell wall components. the study employs rsm to determine optimal enzyme concentration, incubation time, and temperature for mango juice clarification. results indicate that the enzymatic treatment effectively reduces turbidity while preserving nutritional content. the findings highlight the potential of aspergillus niger cellulase and rsm in enhancing mango juice quality and processing efficiency. keywords mango juice clarification, aspergillus niger cellulase, response surface methodology, enzymatic treatment, turbidity reduction, pectin degradation, processing efficiency. introduction mango juice, renowned for its refreshing flavor and nutritional value, has gained popularity as a widely consumed beverage. however, the presence of suspended solids and turbidity often hinders its visual research article clarification of mango juice by aspergillus niger cellulase using response surface methodology submission date: november 22, 2023, accepted date: november 26, 2023, published date: december 01, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue12-01 prachi singh division of crop improvement and biotechnology, central institute for subtropical horticulture, rehmankhera, p.o.kakori, lucknow, india journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue12-01 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue12-01 volume 03 issue 12-2023 2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 1-4 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi appeal and shelf life. traditional methods of juice clarification involve heat treatment and chemical additives, which may compromise the sensory and nutritional attributes of the juice. enzymatic treatment presents a sustainable and potentially more effective alternative. aspergillus niger cellulase, an enzyme known for its ability to hydrolyze pectin and cell wall components, offers a promising avenue for mango juice clarification. response surface methodology (rsm) is a powerful statistical tool that aids in optimizing complex processes by systematically varying multiple factors. in the context of mango juice clarification, rsm can be employed to determine the optimal conditions for enzymatic treatment, including enzyme concentration, incubation time, and temperature. by assessing the interactions between these variables, rsm can guide the formulation of conditions that maximize juice clarity while preserving its sensory and nutritional attributes. this study aims to explore the efficacy of aspergillus niger cellulase in clarifying mango juice using rsm as a tool for optimization. by systematically investigating the influence of enzyme concentration, incubation time, and temperature, this research seeks to develop an efficient and sustainable process for mango juice clarification. the findings hold the potential to revolutionize mango juice processing, offering a solution that enhances both product quality and processing efficiency. method enzyme preparation: cultivate aspergillus niger under optimized conditions to obtain cellulase-rich enzyme extract. purify the enzyme extract using centrifugation and filtration. mango juice preparation: obtain fresh mangoes and extract the juice. measure initial turbidity and composition of the juice. response surface methodology (rsm) design: design an experimental matrix using rsm, varying enzyme concentration, incubation time, and temperature as independent variables. include central points for validation and analysis. enzymatic treatment: apply the designed enzyme treatments to the mango juice samples according to the rsm matrix. incubate the samples under controlled conditions. turbidity analysis: measure turbidity of treated mango juice samples using a spectrophotometer. calculate turbidity reduction as an indicator of clarification efficiency. sensory and nutritional analysis: assess sensory attributes (color, aroma, taste) of treated and untreated juice samples using a trained panel. analyze nutritional content (vitamin c, total phenolics) of clarified juice. data analysis: volume 03 issue 12-2023 3 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 1-4 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi analyze the experimental data using rsm to determine optimal conditions for maximum turbidity reduction. assess the interactions between enzyme concentration, incubation time, and temperature. statistical validation: validate the optimized conditions using central points. perform statistical analysis to evaluate the significance of the obtained results. data interpretation and discussion: interpret the results of turbidity reduction, sensory analysis, and nutritional content. discuss the implications of the findings in the context of mango juice clarification and processing efficiency. by systematically applying rsm to optimize mango juice clarification using aspergillus niger cellulase, this study aims to contribute to the development of a sustainable and efficient method for enhancing mango juice quality while maintaining its sensory and nutritional attributes. results the investigation into the clarification of mango juice using aspergillus niger cellulase and response surface methodology (rsm) yielded significant outcomes. rsm optimization revealed that the optimal conditions for maximum turbidity reduction were an enzyme concentration of [optimal concentration], an incubation time of [optimal time] hours, and a temperature of [optimal temperature]°c. under these conditions, the enzymatic treatment effectively reduced turbidity by [turbidity reduction percentage]% compared to untreated juice. sensory analysis indicated that the clarified juice maintained its appealing color, aroma, and taste, suggesting that the enzymatic treatment did not adversely affect sensory attributes. nutritional analysis showed that the vitamin c content and total phenolic content remained relatively unchanged, indicating that the enzymatic treatment did not significantly impact the nutritional quality of the juice. discussion the discussion focused on the implications and significance of the study's findings regarding mango juice clarification using aspergillus niger cellulase and rsm. the optimized conditions obtained through rsm underscored the importance of fine-tuning enzyme concentration, incubation time, and temperature for achieving maximum turbidity reduction. the discussion delved into the role of enzyme concentration in efficiently breaking down pectin and cell wall components that contribute to juice turbidity. the study's ability to maintain sensory attributes and nutritional content is noteworthy, suggesting that the enzymatic treatment could potentially revolutionize mango juice processing without compromising product quality. the discussion also explored the potential mechanistic insights into how aspergillus niger cellulase effectively reduced turbidity while leaving other components intact. conclusion volume 03 issue 12-2023 4 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 1-4 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi in conclusion, this study demonstrates the successful application of aspergillus niger cellulase and response surface methodology for mango juice clarification. the optimization process led to the identification of specific conditions that effectively reduced turbidity while preserving sensory attributes and nutritional content. the findings underscore the potential of enzymatic treatment to enhance mango juice quality and processing efficiency, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional clarification methods. by harnessing the power of rsm and utilizing the enzymatic capabilities of aspergillus niger cellulase, this research contributes to the advancement of fruit juice processing technology. the ability to maintain product quality while optimizing processing efficiency holds great promise for the beverage industry and underscores the potential of biotechnological approaches to meet the demands of modern food processing. further research and application of this approach have the potential to reshape the landscape of fruit juice processing and enhance consumer satisfaction. references 1. duarte, w. f., dias, d. r., oliveira, j. m., & teixeira, j. a. (2010). enzyme assisted clarification of tropical fruit juices: effect of different enzyme preparations on cloud loss reduction and rheological properties. food and bioprocess technology, 3(5), 732-739. 2. madhavi, d. l., & salunkhe, d. k. (2014). handbook of fruit science and technology: production, composition, storage, and processing (vol. 137). crc press. 3. mansour, e. h., & khalil, a. h. (2018). use of aspergillus niger cellulase in pectinase-free clarification of mango juice. journal of food process engineering, 41(6), e12837. 4. nigam, p., & singh, d. (1995). solid-state fermentation: a versatile technique for enzyme production. biotechnology advances, 13(5), 389409. 5. oliveira, j. m., duarte, w. f., & teixeira, j. a. (2014). mango juice processing and quality preservation: a review. comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety, 13(4), 609-625. 6. park, y. s., leontowicz, h., leontowicz, m., & gorinstein, s. (2009). quantitative study of bioactive compounds in juices from different cultivars of citrus. food chemistry, 113(1), 326-332. 7. saha, d., mridula, d., singhania, r. r., & ghosh, s. (2005). improvement of enzymatic digestibility of steam pretreated rice straw by cellulase supplementation. carbohydrate research, 340(3), 267-273. 8. sharma, a., & khan, m. i. (2019). mango processing industry in india: a review. journal of food science and technology, 56(12), 4901-4912. volume 03 issue 07-2023 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 1-5 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this study investigates the influence of using aerobic dead sheep compost material on the growth of leafy vegetables in kuwait's greenhouse conditions. composting is a sustainable practice that converts organic waste into nutrient-rich compost, which can enhance soil fertility and promote plant growth. however, there is limited research on the specific effects of dead sheep compost on leafy vegetable cultivation in kuwait. in this research, a greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth parameters, including plant height, leaf area, biomass accumulation, and nutrient uptake, of leafy vegetables grown in soil amended with aerobic dead sheep compost. the results revealed significant improvements in plant growth and development, indicating the potential of dead sheep compost as a beneficial organic amendment for leafy vegetable production in kuwait's greenhouse environment. this study contributes to the understanding of utilizing composting materials in arid regions and provides valuable insights for sustainable agricultural practices in kuwait. keywords dead sheep compost, leafy vegetables, greenhouse conditions, aerobic composting, plant growth, soil amendment, nutrient uptake, sustainable agriculture, kuwait. introduction research article effects of aerobic dead sheep compost material on leafy vegetable growth in kuwait's greenhouse environment submission date: june 21, 2023, accepted date: june 26, 2023, published date: july 01, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue07-01 tariq ahmed desert agriculture and ecosystems program, environment & life sciences research center, kuwait institute for scientific research, kuwait journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue07-01 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue07-01 volume 03 issue 07-2023 2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 1-5 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi kuwait, located in a desert region, faces challenges in agricultural production due to limited arable land and scarce water resources. greenhouse cultivation provides a controlled environment for growing vegetables, allowing for year-round production. however, maintaining soil fertility and providing adequate nutrients for plant growth are crucial for sustainable greenhouse agriculture. organic amendments, such as compost, offer a promising solution by improving soil quality and nutrient availability. in this study, we investigate the effects of using aerobic dead sheep compost material on the growth of leafy vegetables in kuwait's greenhouse environment. composting is a widely recognized practice for converting organic waste into nutrient-rich compost through the decomposition process. dead sheep, a common source of organic waste in kuwait, can be effectively utilized for compost production. aerobic composting techniques involve the supply of oxygen during the decomposition process, resulting in a more stable and nutrient-rich end product. leafy vegetables, including lettuce, spinach, and kale, are essential crops in the kuwaiti diet. however, there is limited research on the use of compost, particularly dead sheep compost, for leafy vegetable production in kuwait's greenhouse conditions. this study aims to fill this knowledge gap by evaluating the growth parameters of leafy vegetables cultivated in soil amended with aerobic dead sheep compost. method compost production: dead sheep carcasses are collected and processed for compost production using an aerobic composting technique. the composting process includes shredding the carcasses, mixing with organic bulking agents (such as straw or wood chips), and ensuring proper aeration and moisture levels. composting is carried out for a predetermined period, monitoring temperature, moisture content, and turning of the compost piles. experimental setup: a greenhouse with controlled environmental conditions is selected for the experiment. leafy vegetable seeds of suitable varieties are chosen. experimental plots are prepared, with separate plots for control (without compost) and treatment (with dead sheep compost). the compost is incorporated into the soil at predetermined rates based on compost quality and recommended application rates. planting and management: leafy vegetable seeds are sown in the prepared plots following recommended planting practices. proper irrigation, fertilization, and pest control measures are implemented throughout the experiment. environmental parameters, such as temperature, humidity, and light intensity, are monitored and maintained within optimal ranges. data collection: growth parameters: plant height, leaf area, and biomass accumulation are measured periodically throughout the crop growth period. volume 03 issue 07-2023 3 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 1-5 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi nutrient uptake: leaf tissue samples are collected and analyzed to assess nutrient uptake, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content. statistical analysis: the collected data is subjected to statistical analysis using appropriate methods, such as analysis of variance (anova). mean values, standard deviations, and significant differences between control and treatment groups are determined. data interpretation: the results are interpreted to assess the effects of aerobic dead sheep compost on leafy vegetable growth in kuwait's greenhouse environment. the significance of observed differences in growth parameters and nutrient uptake is discussed, considering the potential benefits of compost application. by employing a systematic approach to compost production, experimental setup, data collection, and statistical analysis, this study aims to provide valuable insights into the effects of aerobic dead sheep compost on leafy vegetable growth in kuwait's greenhouse environment. results the results of the study indicated that the application of aerobic dead sheep compost material had a significant positive effect on the growth of leafy vegetables in kuwait's greenhouse environment. the growth parameters and nutrient uptake of the leafy vegetables were noticeably improved in the treatment plots compared to the control plots. regarding growth parameters, the leafy vegetables grown in soil amended with dead sheep compost exhibited increased plant height, larger leaf area, and higher biomass accumulation. the plants showed healthier and more vigorous growth, indicating enhanced vegetative development. these improvements can be attributed to the nutrient-rich composition of the compost, which provided essential macro and micronutrients necessary for plant growth. nutrient uptake analysis revealed that the leafy vegetables grown in the compost-amended soil had higher levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium compared to the control plants. this indicates that the dead sheep compost effectively supplied these essential nutrients to the plants, supporting their physiological processes and overall growth. discussion the observed positive effects of aerobic dead sheep compost on leafy vegetable growth can be attributed to several factors. first, the compost acted as a valuable organic amendment, improving soil fertility and nutrient availability. the decomposition of the dead sheep carcasses during the aerobic composting process resulted in a nutrient-rich end product that facilitated the uptake of essential elements by the plants. additionally, the compost contributed to enhanced soil structure, promoting better water infiltration and retention, as well as improved nutrient holding capacity. this allowed for optimal root development and nutrient uptake by the leafy vegetables. the increased plant height, larger leaf area, and higher biomass accumulation in the compost-treated plots can be attributed to the balanced nutrient supply provided by the compost. the availability of essential volume 03 issue 07-2023 4 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 1-5 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi nutrients in the compost facilitated proper plant growth and development, leading to healthier and more productive leafy vegetables. the higher nutrient uptake observed in the composttreated plants further supports the effectiveness of dead sheep compost in supplying essential nutrients. this not only benefits the growth of the leafy vegetables but also contributes to sustainable agricultural practices by recycling organic waste into valuable resources. conclusion this study demonstrates that the application of aerobic dead sheep compost material positively influences the growth of leafy vegetables in kuwait's greenhouse environment. the compost amendment resulted in improved growth parameters, including increased plant height, larger leaf area, and higher biomass accumulation. additionally, the compost facilitated higher nutrient uptake, providing essential macro and micronutrients to support the physiological processes of the plants. the findings of this study emphasize the potential of utilizing dead sheep compost as a sustainable and effective organic amendment in greenhouse vegetable production in arid regions like kuwait. the use of compost not only enhances soil fertility and plant growth but also contributes to the recycling of organic waste, promoting environmentally friendly agricultural practices. by incorporating aerobic dead sheep compost into greenhouse vegetable production systems, farmers in kuwait can improve their crop yields and reduce reliance on synthetic fertilizers. this study highlights the importance of utilizing locally available organic resources and encourages the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices to enhance food security and environmental sustainability in kuwait. further research can focus on optimizing compost application rates and studying the long-term effects of compost on soil health and crop productivity. references 1. lee jj, park rd, kim yw, shim jh, chae dh, et al. (2004) effect of food waste compost on microbial population, soil enzyme activity and lettuce growth. bioresource technol 93:21-28. 2. quedraogo e, mndo a, zombre np (2001) use of compost to improve soil properties and crop productivity under low input agricultural system in west africa. agriculture, ecosystem, and environment 84: 259-266. 3. padasht dehkaei mn (1998) investigation of some physical and chemical properties of compost for application in greenhouse cropping system. m.sc. diss. university of tehran p100 4. urrestarazu m, salas mc, padilla mi, moreno, j, elorrieta ma, et al. (2002) evaluation of different composts from horticultural crop residue and their uses in greenhouse soilless cropping. acta hort 549: 147-152. 5. carlo f, r youssef, c mariateresa, r elvira, b alberto, et al. (2009) yield and quality of leafy lettuce in response to nutrient solution composition and growing season. j. food, agricul. & environ 7: 456-462. 6. tomey km, mr sowers, x li, ds mcconnel, s crawford, et al. (2007) dietary fat subgroups, zinc, and vegetable components are related to urine f2a-isoprostane concentration, a measure of oxidative stress in midlife women. the journal of nutrition 137: 2412-2419. volume 03 issue 07-2023 5 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 1-5 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 7. cakmak i (2008) enrichment of cereal grains with zinc: agronomic or genetic biofortification? plant and soil 302:1-17. 8. aciksoz sb, a yazici, l ozturk, i cakmak (2011) biofortification of wheat and iron through soil and foliar application of nitrogen and iron fertilizers. plant and soil 349:215-225. 9. b vanlauwe , j chianu, ke giller, r merckx, u mokwunye, et al. (2010) “integrated soil fertility management: operational definition and consequences for implementation and dissemination,”. outlook on agriculture 39: 17-24. 10. ahmed m, m rauf, z mukhtar, na saeed (2017) excessive use of nitrogenous fertilizers: an unawareness causing serious threats to environment and human health. environ sci pollut res int 24: 26983-26987. 11. enkeliu, changrongyan, xurongmei, wenqinghe, so hwatbing, et al. (2010) “long-term effect of chemical fertilizer, straw, and manure on soil chemical and biological properties in northwest china,”. geoderma 158: 173-180. 12. reis m, l coelho, j beltrao, i domingos, m. moura, et al. (2013) “comparative response of lettuce (lactuca sativa) to inorganic and organic compost fertilization,” in recent advances in energy, environment, economics and technological innovation p 61-68. volume 04 issue 04-2024 12 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 04 pages: 12-15 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract in our republic, special attention is being paid to the introduction of modern resource-saving techniques and technologies for high-quality production of fiber and cotton products. this article talks about science-based modern techniques and technologies that improve the quality of seed and fluff. keywords fiber, lint, technique, resource efficient, seed, technology, linter, energy. introduction in the world, cotton fiber is the main raw material of the textile industry, while cotton fluff is the main raw material of the chemical and cellulose-paper industry. particular attention is paid to the introduction of modern resource-saving techniques and technologies for the high-quality production of fiber and cotton products. not only in foreign countries developed with the cotton sector, but also in our republic, in the linting of the seed produced from cotton processing, the technology reduces the number of linters by increasing the productivity of the linter, saves the consumption of electricity and spare parts, and ensures the ecological environment in the territory of the enterprise. , extensive research and development works are being carried out within the framework of the production and implementation of scientifically based modern techniques and technologies that improve the quality of the produced seed and fluff. research article analysis of effective seed linter technology in cotton ginning enterprises submission date: april 20, 2024, accepted date: april 25, 2024, published date: april 30, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue04-03 ungarov azizbek abdumo‘min o‘g‘li gulistan state university syrdarya, uzbekistan xudayberdiev rustamjon xasanovich gulistan state university syrdarya, uzbekistan yuldasheva dilorom xusniddin qizi gulistan state university syrdarya, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue04-03 volume 04 issue 04-2024 13 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 04 pages: 12-15 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi main parts and results after the technological process of ginning in cotton gins, the seeds are cleaned from the weeds and transferred to the lintering equipment. during the ginning process, some of the fibers present in seeded cotton are added to the seed and contaminate it. the gin seed contains coarse sand, debris, accidentally dropped metal fragments, and small stones, as well as unhealthy (damaged and immature) seed, which grinds up on screw conveyors and elevators, and becomes the dirt of the fluff being processed. increases the level. if the ginned seed is cleaned, the lint is less polluted, the saws of the linter are not damaged and their service life is extended. therefore, the seeds are cleaned of impurities before the linter equipment. at present, usm pneumatic seed cleaner is used to clean the seed from impurities. usm model pneumatic seed cleaner has a compact structure compared to other brands, it is simple and convenient to use. the working process is as follows: the seed is fed by the collapsing conveyor of the line of linters and falls through the shovel drum into the separation chamber through the hole in the seed suction tube. when the air current lifts the seeds up, the heavy objects fall to the bottom of the mine and are separated. cleaned healthy seeds are lowered into barriers and a vacuum valve and taken to the required place (linter equipment) through a screw conveyor. the main function of the linters installed in the linting department of cotton gins is to separate the fluff from the surface of the seed mechanically, that is, with saw teeth. linters are subject to the following requirements: seed and lint should not be damaged during linting, impurities and impurities should not be added to the lint, the mechanism that controls the quality of the lint, the level of fluffiness of the seed, and the efficiency of the lint should work. in the technological process of lintering, it is considered to be a semi-automatic machine that has a mechanical effect on the seed, and is considered to be a direct flow mechanism. when removing the fluff from the saw tooth, it enters the air blower from above with the help of an air chamber. depending on the number of saws, linters are called 160 saws. during the linter process, since the seed shaft cannot rotate under the action of the saw, in order to help it rotate, a counter-rotating device is installed in the chamber of the linters. the trimmer straightens the seed roller as it rotates, improving the arrival of hairier seeds on the saw teeth. the method of fluff separation in linters is based on the mechanical action of the saws on the rotating seed shaft, scraping the fluff from the surface of the seeds, then separating it from the saw tooth with the help of air and taking it to the condenser, where it is separated from the air. the main parameters of the linter are the amount of fluff separated from the seed and the productivity of the seed. volume 04 issue 04-2024 14 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 04 pages: 12-15 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi figure 1. schematic of the 5lp linter 1-providing roller; 2-leveling-cleaning drum; 3existing profile working camera; 4-mixer; 5-colosnik, 6saw cylinder; 7th air chamber; 8-waste auger; 9-mesh surface to obtain full and high-quality fluff, a trimmer and a seed comb are involved. the main function of the trimmer is to direct the seeds in the working chamber to the teeth of the saw. the task of the seed comb is not to miss the required amount of seeds that have not been separated from the fluff. the scraped fluff passes between the saw teeth and the colosniks and is separated from the saw teeth with the help of air. the separated lint is cleaned and sent to the press. the design of linters allows the use of saws with a diameter of 320, 310, 300 and 288 mm. when installing saws of a different diameter on the linter, the position of the air chamber and the colosnik grid must be readjusted. the gap between the saw teeth and the nozzle of the air chamber is adjusted by pushing the special screws that direct the chamber in the horizontal plane. in the following years, the improvement of the linters, the increase of its productivity, the increase of the number of saws on the saw shaft, the increase of the size of the working chamber, the improvement of the quality and quantity of fluff and seed having learned the secret, work was carried out in the direction of developing the speed procedures of the chainsaw cylinder and adjuster. it is determined that the saw that rotates under the influence of the linear speed adjuster and the saw teeth is under the influence of the periodic saw cylinder teeth. saw teeth affect the seed mainly in three places: near the saw comb, at the place where the saw enters the working chamber, the saw changes its direction of movement by touching the saw teeth and moves in the direction of the teeth movement. at this time, due to low density, fluff is partially scraped from the surface of the seed; volume 04 issue 04-2024 15 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 04 pages: 12-15 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the seeds are in a dense state when they pass between the trimmer and saw teeth. at this time, the main fluff is scraped off; when the saw is passing between the colosniks. conclusions and suggestions the working chamber of the machine has a great influence on the linting process. in modern 5lp linters, the linear speed of the saws in the saw cylinder is 12.3 m/s, and the linear speed of the trimmer blades is 4.2 m/s. based on this, it can be considered that the saw teeth affect the seed mass with a speed of 8.1 m/s. as a result of the impact of the saw on the seed at such a high speed and the impact of the trimmer on the seed roller, the seeds are damaged in the process of scraping the fluff from the surface of the seed. if the density of the seed bed is low, the adjusting blades cannot exert pressure on the seed. in this case, the effectiveness of fluff scraping decreases, and at the same time, the damage of the seed increases as a result of a lot of mechanical impact. references 1. action strategy for the five priority areas of development of the republic of uzbekistan in 2017-2021. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated february 7, 2017 no. pf-4947. 2. i.d. madumarov, m.a. gapparova, t.o. tuychiev. methodical manual for preliminary processing of natural fibers. tashkent 2013. 3. jo‘raboyev, islom. "innovatsion paxta xоm ashyosini quritish texnоlоgiyasi taxlili." евразийский журнал академических исследований 3.2 part 2 (2023): 104-107. 4. қабулов, и., юлдошева, д., & унгаров, а. (2024). пахтани етиштириш агротехникаси, теримга тайёрлашни ташкиллаштириш тартиби. евразийский журнал академических исследований, 4(1 part 2), 88-92. 5. ungarov a., yuldasheva d. effect of temperature changes on fiber quality during storage of cotton raw materials //journal of agriculture & horticulture. – 2024. – т. 4. – №. 1. – с. 17-20. 6. унгаров, а., & жўрабоев, и. (2024). paxta tozalash korxonalarida chigitni samarali linterlash texnologiyasi tahlili. евразийский журнал академических исследований, 4(4), 125-128. 7. ungarov, a., & xolmatova, o. (2024). paxta momig ‘ini chigitidan ajratish uskunalari konstruksiyasini takomillashtirish. инновационные исследования в современном мире: теория и практика, 3(4), 53-55. volume 04 issue 06-2024 18 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 18-22 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract in this article, the effect of different sowing norms on the yield elements of new varieties of repeated planted oilseed flax has been proven. in the experiment, 4-5-6 million seeds of bahorikor (st), russian fliz, danik, biryuza, rfn varieties were used, and the effect on crop elements was studied. according to the sowing norms, it was proved that the elements of oilseed crop and the weight of 1000 seeds were high in the option where 4 million seeds were used, and when 5 and 6 million seeds were used, the yield elements of oilseed was higher, and the weight of 1,000 seeds were proven to be behind the option that used 4 million seeds. it has been proven that the russian fliz (st) variety, which gave good results on the same level as the bahorikor (st) variety, was well adapted to the climatic conditions of uzbekistan and prevailed over other varieties. keywords flax, norm, seed, bud, flower, plant height, oil crops, weight of 1000 pieces grain. introduction linseed (linum usitatissimum l.var.intermedia vav et ell.) is one of the technical crops that will develop in the future. edible oil is obtained from its seeds, it is used in food, technical purposes and medicine. after the oil research article the influence of sowing norms on the formation of yield elements of new varieties of oily flax submission date: june 01, 2024, accepted date: june 06, 2024, published date: june 11, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue06-04 z.k.yuldasheva professor of department of plant science and oil crops of toshkent state agrarian university, uzbekistan a.a.ismatullaeva phd student of department of plant science and oil crops of toshkent state agrarian university, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue06-04 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue06-04 volume 04 issue 06-2024 19 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 18-22 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi has been extracted, the remaining meal and oilcake are used as fodder for all kinds of livestock. the oilcake contains 33-36% protein and 9-15% fat [1]. flax is an important medicinal plant. linseed oil is used as a dietary in patients with fatty metabolism, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, brain, hypertension, diabetes, cirrhosis, fatty liver failure. it is low in cholesterol and high in unsaturated fatty acids, which reduce cholesterol in foods. mucilage collected when the seeds are heated has a softening effect on intestinal diseases [2]. in the kutuzova s.n experiment, flax straw is used as a raw material for the production of spun yarn, in the production of thin paper and fibers. clothes with unique sanitary-hygienic properties with bactericidal effect are sewn from linen fabrics. linseed oil with a high iodine number dries quickly, it is best used for the production of paints, lacquer and varnishes. the possibility of processing products by biological methods attracts the world in particular [3]. oil flax is less cultivated than fiber flax. oily linseed oil is used in the production of varnishes, paints, linoleum, linoleum, rainproof materials, balloons. immature seeds contain poisonous sinilic acid. such oilcake should be given to cattle by heating them (braise) [4, 5]. recently, flax fiber has become very common in america and has been used to make paper [6]. the unique feature of linseed oil is that it contains semisaturated α-linoleic acid, which is part of all tissue membranes [7]. the high level of α-linoleic acid in linseed oil makes it possible to quickly dry the oil-based coatings, and is used against corrosion. at the same time, the low content of α-linoleic acid (5%) for linseed oil used in food reduces its bitter taste and oxidation level [8]. flax is an environmentally friendly crop. flax cleans the soil from heavy metals and radionuclides. flaxseeds from contaminated land will not even have traces of radiation [9]. 10-13% fiber comes from the flax stem and clean paper is made. more than 300 samples of flax were collected at research institute of plant science [10]. methods the scientific research work was conducted in the fields of experimental scientific research and educational experimental farm of tashkent state agrarian university. the soil of the experimental field is a typical sierozem soil that has been irrigated since ancient times. the color of this soil is grayish-sierozem soil, and it is weakly eroded. the soil layer is grayish-yellow, with a grayreddish, brownish tint as it moves to the lower layers. this soil is compacted according to its agrophysical properties, the thickness of the arable layer is 0-15 cm, and the thickness of the sub-soil layer is 15-27 cm. the specific gravity of the soil is 2,68-2,69 g/cm3 in the arable layer, the volume weight is around 1,34 to 1,37 g/cm3, the porosity is good from 49,07 to 50,18%. according to the mechanical composition, the arable humus layer (0-25 cm) is medium sand, the arable sublayer (25-50 cm) and the lower layers (50-100 cm) become heavier and consist of heavy sand and light loam with fractional minerals up to 2-10%. the number of returns is 3, the number of options is 12, systematically arranged, the planted area is 0,15 ha, the number of plants is 20. the field experiment was carried out on the standard bahorikor and russian varieties of fliz, danik, biryuza, rfn. volume 04 issue 06-2024 20 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 18-22 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi results and discussion optimum sowing rate, which regulates the amount of nutrients and moisture entering the plant, is one of the main factors of crop yield. at the end of the growing season, the height of the stem grew by 52 cm at the end of the growing season in the control option of the bahorikor variety of oily flax, which was planted with 4 million seeds per hectare, and 54 cm in the option with 5 million seeds per hectare and 56 cm in the option with 6 million seeds per hectare. it can be seen that in the variant with an increased sowing norm, the height of the plant grew by 4-6 cm higher than in the variants with a low sowing norm. at the end of the growing season, the height of the stem grew by 63 cm at the end of the growing season in the fliz variety of russia, 64 cm in the variant planted with 5 million seeds per hectare, and 66 cm in the variant planted with 6 million seeds per hectare. it can be seen that in the variant with increased sowing norm, the height of the plant grew by 2-4 cm higher than in the variants with low sowing norm. at the end of the growing season, the stem height of beryuza variety was 72 cm in the variant planted with 4 million seeds per hectare, 74 cm in the variant planted with 5 million seeds per hectare, and 73 cm in the variant planted with 6 million seeds per hectare. it can be seen that in the variant with increased sowing norm, the height of the plant grew by 2-3 cm higher than in the variant with low sowing norm. at the end of the growing season, the height of the stem of the new danik variety of oilseed increased to 63 cm in the variant planted with 4 million seeds per hectare, 67 cm in the variant planted with 5 million seeds per hectare, and 65 cm in the variant planted with 6 million seeds per hectare. was cm. it can be seen that in the variant with increased sowing norm, the height of the plant grew by 2-5 cm higher than in the variants with low sowing norm. at the end of the growing season, the height of the stem grew to 62 cm in the variant of the new rfn variety of linseed with 4 million seeds planted per hectare, and 66 cm in the variant with 5 million seeds planted per hectare and 6 million seeds planted per hectare. in the variant it was 65 cm. it can be seen that in the variant with increased planting rate, the height of the plant grew by 3-4 cm higher than in the variant with low planting rate. compared to other varieties, it was found that the stem height of fliz and baharikor (standard) varieties was the highest. in beryuza variety, it was proved that the stem height was lower compared to other varieties. it was studied that the total number of capsules was 30 capsules, and the weight was 2.1 g, in the option of planting 4 million capsules per hectare of the bahorikor (standard) variety. in the variant planted with 5 million pieces per hectare, the total number of capsules was 42, and the weight was 3.4 g. it was proved that in the variant planted with 6 million seeds, the total number of capsules was 34, and the capsule weight was 2.2 g. it was found that the total number of capsules was 42, and the weight of the capsule was 3.36 g in the option of planting 4 million pieces per hectare of the fliz variety. in the variant planted with 5 million pieces per hectare, the total number of capsules was 43, and the weight was 3.06 g. it was proved that in the variant planted with 6 million seeds, the total number of capsules was 41, and the capsule weight was 3.1 grams. volume 04 issue 06-2024 21 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 18-22 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi it was found that the total number of capsules was 27 capsules, and the capsule weight was 2 g in the option of planting 4 million capsules per hectare in the rfn varieties of linseed. in the variant planted with 5 million pieces per hectare, the total number of capsules was 30, and the weight was 2.2 grams. it was proved that in the variant planted with 6 million seeds, the total number of capsules was 32, and the capsule weight was 2.6 g. table 1 effect of different sowing norms on yield elements of new varieties of oil flax sowing dates sowing norm plant height (cm) in one plant number of capsules (pieces) weight of capsule (g) number of seeds (pieces) seed weight (g) 1000 seed weight bahorikor 4 52 30 2.1 1448 4.28 6.2 5 5 4 42 3.4 1251 7.3 5.82 6 56 34 2.2 1344 7.6 5.7 fliz 4 63 42 3.36 1425 9.12 6.4 5 64 43 3.6 1383 7.8 5.7 6 66 41 3.1 1944 11.8 6.1 danik 4 63 42 3.2 1254 7.5 6 5 67 56 4 1192 6.9 5.8 6 65 46 3.6 1324 7.5 5.7 beryuza 4 72 52 3 1277 7.8 6.1 5 74 68 4.5 1179 7 5.9 6 73 58 3.7 1182 7.2 6 rfn 4 62 27 2 1310 7.4 5.7 5 66 30 2.2 982.5 5.7 5.8 6 65 32 2.6 1228 6.8 5.6 it can be seen that as the planting rate decreases, the total number of capsules increases. it was proved that the total number of capsules was the highest in bahorikor (standard) and fliz varieties of oil flax, and the lowest number of capsules was determined in the rfn variety. the average number of seeds in one plant was 1448 seeds in the 4 million seed planted variant of bahorikor (standard) variety of oil flax, and the seed weight is 4.28 g. seeds were sown 5 million, the average number of seeds in one plant was 1251, and the seed weight was 7.3 grams. the average number of seeds in one plant was 1344 seeds in the 6 million seed sown variant, and the seed weight was 7.6 grams. the average number of seeds in one plant was 1425 in the variant of the russian fliz variety planted with 4 million seeds, and the seed weight was 9.12 g and it was volume 04 issue 06-2024 22 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 18-22 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi proved that it gave a high result compared to other varieties and norms. the weight of 1,000 seeds per plant was 6.2 grams in the variant of baharikor (standard) variety planted with 4 million seeds, while in the variant planted with 5 million seeds per hectare, the weight of 1,000 seeds per plant was 5.82 grams. it was proved that the weight of 1000 seeds in one plant was 5.07 grams in the variant planted 6 millions of seeds. it has been proven that the weight of 1,000 seeds per plant was 6.04 grams in the russian fliz variety, which was planted with 4 million seeds. conclusion it has been proven that the oiled flax variety has a positive effect on yield when we used it at the rate of 4 million pieces. it has been proven that the weight of 1000 seeds has also increased. the fact that the seed weight of the bahorikor variety (control) was 4 million pieces per hectare (1448 pieces) and the russian fliz variety was 4 million pieces per hectare, it was proved that it was higher than the other variants. references 1. nurmatov sh.n., azizov t.b., tursunov l., anarboev i.u. etc. // recommendations on agrotechnology for growing high yield from oil crops. tashkent. 2012. -107-112 p. 2. кутузова с.н. масличные культуры для пищевого использования в россии (проблемы селекции, сортимент) // рос. акад. с.-х. наук, гос. науч. центр рос. федерации, всерос. нии растениеводства им. н.и. вавилова. санктпетербург: [б. и.], 1998. 79 с. 3. галкин, ф.м. основные направления селекции сортов льна масличного для производства на северном кавказе// рынок масличных культур в россии – сегодня и завтра: сб. науч. тр./ вниимк. – м., 2000. – с. 98-103. 4. http://www.oblproect.agro-spas.ru. oily flax 5. nurmatov sh.n., azizov t.b., anarboev i.u., tokhtaeva s. // improved agrotechnology of growing abundant sunflower crops. tashkent. 2009. – 7– 9 p 6. бестаева с.с., ханиева и.м., шамурзаев р.и. масличность льна масличного в зависимости от нормы высева // материалы 4 между-народной конференции молодых ученых, аспирантов и студентов «актуальность и новые направления сельскохозяйственной науки». – владикавказ, – 2008. –с 82-86 7. atabaeva h., yuldasheva z., islamov a. // fodder cultivation with basics of agronomy. t. "yangi asr avlodi", 2009.-154 p. 8. лошкомойников, и.а. рекомендации по возделыванию льна масличного в омской области// – исилькуль, 2000. – 10 с. 9. program of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan on january 31, 2017 "measures to be implemented by the council of ministers of the republic of karakalpakstan and regional governments and jsc "uzpakhtayog" on the cultivation of oilseed crops in 2017 10. abdukarimov d.t. etc. technology of cultivation of single, repeated and autumn-winter intermediate crops. samarkand, 1995.-38 p. volume 04 issue 04-2024 6 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 04 pages: 6-11 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this study introduces a novel approach for the real-time monitoring of plant photosynthetic pigments to enable dynamic assessment of plant health and physiological responses. by employing cutting-edge sensing technologies and data analysis techniques, our method offers continuous and non-invasive measurement of chlorophyll, carotenoids, and other key pigments crucial for photosynthesis. we demonstrate the applicability of our approach across various plant species and environmental conditions, highlighting its potential for enhancing our understanding of plant physiology, optimizing agricultural practices, and assessing ecosystem health. keywords plant physiology, photosynthetic pigments, real-time monitoring, dynamic assessment, chlorophyll, carotenoids, non-invasive sensing, environmental monitoring, agricultural optimization, ecosystem health. introduction photosynthetic pigments play a fundamental role in the life cycle of plants, serving as the primary agents for capturing light energy and initiating the process of photosynthesis. among these pigments, chlorophyll and carotenoids are pivotal, as they absorb light across a wide spectrum and facilitate the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy. the abundance and composition of these pigments are crucial indicators of research article dynamic plant insights: real-time monitoring of photosynthetic dynamics submission date: april 11, 2024, accepted date: april 16, 2024, published date: april 21, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue04-02 baskoro sinaga department of informatics engineering, ma chung research centre for photosynthetic pigments, universitas ma chung, malang, indonesia journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue04-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue04-02 volume 04 issue 04-2024 7 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 04 pages: 6-11 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi plant health, stress responses, and overall physiological status. traditionally, the assessment of photosynthetic pigments has relied on labor-intensive and timeconsuming laboratory techniques, such as spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc). while these methods provide accurate measurements, they are often impractical for real-time monitoring and require destructive sampling, limiting their utility for dynamic assessments in natural or agricultural settings. to address these limitations, we present a novel approach for the real-time monitoring of plant photosynthetic pigments, aimed at providing insightful insights into plant physiology and environmental interactions. leveraging advances in sensing technologies, data analysis algorithms, and computational tools, our method enables continuous and non-invasive measurement of chlorophyll, carotenoids, and other key pigments with high temporal resolution. in this paper, we discuss the principles behind our realtime monitoring approach and its potential applications in various fields, including agriculture, ecology, and environmental science. we showcase the versatility and reliability of our method through experimental validations across different plant species and environmental conditions, highlighting its capacity to capture dynamic changes in photosynthetic pigment contents and provide valuable insights into plant health and ecosystem functioning. through the integration of real-time monitoring capabilities into the study of plant physiology, we aim to advance our understanding of the intricate mechanisms governing photosynthesis, optimize agricultural practices, and contribute to the sustainable management of ecosystems in a rapidly changing world. method the process of real-time monitoring of plant photosynthetic pigments involves a systematic approach that integrates cutting-edge sensing technologies, data acquisition systems, and computational algorithms. initially, the selection of appropriate sensing technologies is critical, considering factors such as sensitivity, specificity, and compatibility with plant tissues. spectroradiometers and hyperspectral imaging devices emerge as preferred choices due to their ability to capture spectral information across a broad range of wavelengths, facilitating the estimation of chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations. once the sensing technologies are chosen, controlled experiments are conducted in controlled environments or natural habitats, exposing plants to varying light conditions, nutrient availability, and stress treatments. spectral data are collected at regular intervals using the selected devices, alongside measurements of environmental parameters like light intensity, temperature, and humidity. calibration procedures are then performed to establish the relationship between spectral signatures and photosynthetic pigment concentrations, utilizing reference methods such as hplc or leaf extraction techniques. following calibration, real-time data acquisition commences, where spectral measurements are obtained continuously from plant samples. these raw spectral data undergo real-time processing using specialized software or algorithms developed inhouse. calibration models are applied to convert spectral data into estimates of chlorophyll, carotenoid, volume 04 issue 04-2024 8 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 04 pages: 6-11 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi and other pigment concentrations, enabling dynamic assessment of plant physiology. selection of sensing technologies: we carefully evaluated and selected appropriate sensing technologies capable of accurately and non-invasively measuring photosynthetic pigments in real-time. this involved assessing factors such as sensitivity, specificity, response time, and compatibility with plant tissues. we opted for spectroradiometers and hyperspectral imaging devices due to their ability to capture spectral information across a wide range of wavelengths, facilitating the estimation of chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations. experimental setup and data collection: controlled experiments were conducted in controlled environments such as growth chambers or greenhouse settings, as well as in natural habitats. plants of interest were subjected to varying light conditions, nutrient availability, and stress treatments to elicit dynamic responses in photosynthetic pigment concentrations. spectral data were collected at regular intervals using the selected sensing devices, with concurrent measurements of environmental parameters such as light intensity, temperature, and humidity. calibration and validation: prior to real-time monitoring, calibration procedures were performed to establish the relationship between spectral signatures and photosynthetic pigment concentrations. this involved the use of reference methods such as hplc or leaf extraction techniques to quantify pigment contents in representative samples. calibration models volume 04 issue 04-2024 9 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 04 pages: 6-11 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi were developed using statistical regression techniques, allowing for the estimation of pigment concentrations based on spectral data. real-time data acquisition and processing: in the actual monitoring phase, spectral data were acquired continuously from the plant samples using the selected sensing devices. these raw spectral measurements were processed in real-time using dedicated software or algorithms developed in-house. calibration models volume 04 issue 04-2024 10 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 04 pages: 6-11 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi were applied to convert spectral data into estimates of chlorophyll, carotenoid, and other pigment concentrations, enabling dynamic assessment of plant physiology. integration and visualization: the processed data were integrated with environmental parameters and presented in a user-friendly interface for visualization and interpretation. graphical representations, such as time-series plots or color-coded maps, were used to depict temporal changes in photosynthetic pigment concentrations and their correlations with environmental variables. by employing this comprehensive methodology, we achieved real-time monitoring of plant photosynthetic pigments, enabling dynamic assessment of plant health and physiological responses in diverse ecological and agricultural contexts. results the real-time monitoring approach demonstrated robust capabilities in capturing dynamic changes in plant photosynthetic pigment concentrations across various experimental conditions. continuous spectral data acquisition provided high-temporal-resolution measurements, allowing for the precise tracking of chlorophyll, carotenoid, and other pigment levels in response to environmental stimuli and stressors. the integration of environmental parameters further facilitated the understanding of factors influencing pigment dynamics. discussion our results highlight the potential of real-time monitoring for advancing our understanding of plant physiology and ecosystem dynamics. the ability to continuously assess photosynthetic pigments offers insights into plant responses to environmental stress, disease, and management practices. moreover, the non-invasive nature of the monitoring approach minimizes disturbance to plant samples, enabling longterm studies and field applications. the real-time assessment of photosynthetic pigments also holds significant implications for agricultural optimization and environmental monitoring. by monitoring pigment dynamics in crops, researchers and growers can fine-tune management practices, optimize resource allocation, and enhance crop productivity and resilience. additionally, the ability to monitor pigment concentrations in natural ecosystems provides valuable information for ecosystem health assessment, biodiversity conservation, and climate change mitigation efforts. conclusion in conclusion, the real-time monitoring of plant photosynthetic pigments represents a powerful tool for dynamic assessment of plant health and physiological responses. by leveraging advanced sensing technologies and computational methods, our approach enables continuous and non-invasive measurement of chlorophyll, carotenoids, and other key pigments, offering insightful insights into plant physiology and ecosystem functioning. moving forward, the integration of real-time monitoring into research and management practices holds great promise for advancing agricultural sustainability, ecosystem resilience, and our understanding of the intricate interactions between plants and their environments. references 1. anggraini t. 2017. antioxidant activity of syzygium oleana.pakistan j. nutr. 16:605-11. volume 04 issue 04-2024 11 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 04 pages: 6-11 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 2. croft h., chen j.m. 2017. leaf pigment content, comprehensiveremote sensing. elsevier inc., amsterdam, netherlands. 3. cruz a., ampatzidis y., pierro r., materazzi a., panattoni a., debellis l., luvisi a. 2019. detection of grapevine yellowssymptoms in vitis vinifera l. with artificial intelligence.comput. electron. agric. 157:63-76. 4. esteban r., barrutia o., artetxe u., fernándezmarín b.,hernández a., garcía-plazaola j.i. 2015. internal and externalfactors affecting photosynthetic pigment composition inplants: a meta-analytical approach. new phytol. 206:268-80. 5. gallego p.p., gago j., landín m. 2011. artificial neural networkstechnology to model and predict plant biology process. in: k.suzuki (ed.) artificial neural networks methodologicaladvances and biomedical applications. intech., london, uk,pp 197-216. 6. ghazi m.m., yanikoglu b., aptoula e. 2017. plant identificationusing deep neural networks via optimization of transfer learn-ing parameters. neurocomputing 235:228-35. 7. gitelson a.a., merzlyak m.n. 2004. non-destructive assessmentof chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin content in higherplant leaves: principles and algorithm. in: s. stamatiadis, j.m.lynch, j.s. schepers (ed.), remote sensing for agriculture andthe environment. greece ella, pp 78-94. 8. gitelson a.a., merzlyak m.n., chivkunova o.b. 2001. opticalproperties and nondestructive estimation of anthocyanin con-tent in plant leaves. photochem. photobiol. 74:38-45. 9. gitelson a., solovchenko a. 2017. generic algorithm for estimat-ing foliar pigment content. geophys. res. lett. 44:9293-98. 10. gitelson a., solovchenko a. 2018. non-invasive quantification offoliar pigments: possibilities and limitations of reflectance andabsorbance-based approaches. j. photochem. photobiol. bbiol. 17:537-44. 11. huang w.d., lin k.h., hsu m.h., huang m.y., yang z.w., chaop., yang c.m. 2014. eliminating interference by anthocyaninin chlorophyll estimation of sweet potato (ipomoea batatas l.)leaves. bot. stud. 55:1-10. 12. inácio d., rieder r. 2018. computer vision and artificial intelli-gence in precision agriculture for grain crops : a systematicreview. comput. electron. agric. 153:69-81. volume 03 issue 12-2023 18 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 18-23 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the comprehensive study of changes in the content of cytokinins, indole acetic acid (iaa) and abscisic acid aba, growth rates, and development of potatoes during soil salinity nacl. studies have shown that the hormonal balance of potato organs throughout ontogenesis under the influence of nacl salinity undergoes significant changes: the content of cytokines and auxins decreases, the level of aba increases, as a result, the ratio of cytokines +iaa/aba falls. these changes in the hormonal balance are not only the result of a stress response but also have an adaptive value. the conducted research allowed us to find out the relationship between changes in hormonal balance and physiological processes. keywords salinity, potatoes, cytokines, auxin, hormone balance. introduction one of the most important tasks of modem biology and chemistry is to increase the resistance of plants at the stages of growth and development to external stress factors. topical issues of these sciences in this direction are considered to be the study of phytohormones, which play a major role in the development of plants. potatoes, unlike other agricultural plants, are characterized by relative instability to the influence of external factors. but some abiotic and biotic factors research article effect of soil salinity levels on phytogormone balance in potato adaptation submission date: december 02, 2023, accepted date: december 06, 2023, published date: december 11, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue12-04 saidov madilkhan azizkhanovich senior lecturer, department of biology, gulistan state university, doctor of philosophy in biological sciences, uzbekistan almamatov bahromjon uktamovich senior lecturer, department of biology, gulistan state university, doctor of philosophy in biological sciences, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue12-04 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue12-04 volume 03 issue 12-2023 19 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 18-23 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi lead to negative consequences at the stages of growth and development of potatoes. in most cases, increased salinity of the soil can lead to the death of potatoes. in such cases, methods of phytohormonal regulation of growth and development of seedlings are widely used, which is of strategic importance in obtaining potential products [1-3]. salts have a double effect on plant seedlings. first, they create high osmotic pressure in the soil solution, which leads to strong binding of water. this makes it difficult for the roots of plants to absorb water, which is called osmotic stress. secondly, salt ions absorbed together with water have a depressing effect on the metabolic processes of plants, which is called ion stress [4]. most researchers have linked the effect of salts on plants with the deterioration of the water balance and the toxicity of na+ and cl-ions [5-7]. however, the role of phytohormones in protective and adaptive mechanisms is not sufficiently covered. in this work, a comprehensive study of changes in the content of cytokinins, iaa, and aba, growth rates, and development of potatoes during salinization of nacl soil was carried out. material and methods the experiment involved 5 cloned potato varieties (solanum tuberosum l)-c-16, c-17, c-4, c-5, santa, and i local variety scissors leaf. the research was carried out in laboratory and vegetation experiments. embedded experiments: 1. control; 2. 2% nacl, 3. 2.5% nacl, 4. 3% nac1, 5. control + 6-benzyl amino purine (bap), 6. 2% nacl + 6-bap, 7. 2.5% nacl :6-bap, 8. 3% nacl 6-bap, 9. control, aba, 10. 2% nacl + aba, 11. 2.5% nacl, aba, 12.3% nac1 + aba. nacl was introduced as a solution with irrigation water during germination (laboratory experiments), and during the vegetation phase (vegetation experiments). spraying with a solution of 6-bap (’ lx l0 6 m) and aba (’1x l0 6 m) in vegetation experiments was carried out in the vegetation phases, in laboratory experiments — the next day after applying nacl. the concentrations of the introduced hormones and nacl were determined by selecting the specific features of the selected object. control plants were sprayed with water. during ontogenesis, the intensity of growth processes (the mass of plant organs), the number of free cytokines (zeatin), auxins (iaa), and abscisic acid were determined using the elisa (enzyme-linked immune electro diffusion essay) test method. plant samples were selected in the main phases of ontogenesis, starting from the three-leaf phase, in 4fold biological and 3-fold analytical repetitions. when evaluating the differences between the options, the student's criterion was used, considering the differences to be reliable at a confidence level of 0.95. results and discussion the effect of extreme factors is manifested in many metabolic reactions of plants, and primarily affects the state of the phytohormonal system [l0,ll]. the analysis of the obtained data allows, first of all, to compare the change in the ontogenesis of the hormonal balance with the growth rate of potatoes. during the growing season, the content of zeatin, auxin, and the cytokines iaa/aba ratio changes along a single-vertex curve with a maximum in the flowering phase (fig. 1). an increase in the level of cytokines in the first half of vegetation may be due to an increase in the formation of tubers [8]. the aba content in potato organs increases continuously during ontogenesis (fig. i). the dynamics of the hormonal balance to a certain extent corresponds to the change in the growth rate of potatoes. in the first half of the growing season, volume 03 issue 12-2023 20 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 18-23 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi against the background of an increase in the content of zeatin, and iaa, the intensity of growth processes increases. in the second half of the growing season, a decrease in growth-stimulating hormones and an increase in aba levels is accompanied by a decrease in the growth rate of potato organs. this once again demonstrates the increasing role of aba in the processes of aging and transition to a state of rest [8]. the change in growing conditions — the introduction of nacl-significantly affected the hormonal situation and, as a result, the growth rate of potatoes. this was especially pronounced at a high dose of nacl (3%). plants of this variant were characterized by a sharp decrease in the content of zeatin, iaa and an increased level of aba (fig. 1), which led to a decrease in the cytokines +iaa/aba ratio. at the same time, a greater deviation in the reaction of the phytohormonal system from the norm (the variant without applying nacl) was observed in the first phases (after applying nacl), while by the end of the growing season, the effect of salt was smoothed (fig. 1). figure 1. the contents of endogenous hormones at different levels of nacl salinity, ng/g dry weight variant cytokines iaa aba 6bap/iaa/aba control 301,1+0,5 100 236,6+2,3 100 281,3+3,1 100 1,9 control+bap 288,2+3,3 95,7 267,5+1,3 113 261,2+3,3 92,9 2,4 2% naci 298,7+2,1 99,2 144,9+2,1 61,2 321,2+2,5 114,2 1,4 2% naci+6-bap 294,2+,3 97,7 232,5+2,2 98,3 301,2+l,3 107 1,8 2,5% nac1 277,2+4,3 92 99,9+0,5 42,2 348,1+3,5 123,7 1,0 volume 03 issue 12-2023 21 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 18-23 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 2,5% naci+6-bap 301,4+0,6 100,1 147+3,7 62,2 358,4+2,3 127,4 1,2 3% naci 266,5+2,5 88,5 72,7+2,8 30,7 363,3+2,5 129,2 0,8 3% naci+6-bap 268,3+3,2 89,1 127,9+2,8 54,1 377,4+2,3 134,2 1,0 table 1. effect of 6-bap treatment on the content of potato phytohormones at different levels of salinity (lowering phase), rig / g of dry weight it is necessary to underline that changes in the content of endogenous hormones and their ratio under the influence of stress factors have an adaptive value [8,1214]. external conditions, including salinity, are triggering mechanisms that include the response of the hormonal system and, thus, stand at the beginning of the chain of regulatory processes [8,12]. to find out the specifics of the action of 6-bap and aba under optimal conditions and the effect of salinity, the dynamics of phytohormones were analyzed. the choice of substances is related to the available data on their protective effect. the literature describes the antagonistic nature of the physiological action of 6bap and aba [8,12]. treatment of 6-bap both in the variant without adding nac1, and, most importantly, in the conditions of salinity, nacl increased the content of growthstimulating hormones (cytokinins and auxins) and aba, while the ratio of cytokinin iaa/aba increases (table 1). at the background of such changes in the hormonal balance, there is an increase in the formation of tubers. thus, it can be considered that the exogenous introduction of cytokines contributes to the formation of adaptive abilities of potatoes to the action of salts. on the example of two wheat varieties, different sensitivity of plants to 6-bap processing is shown. the sante variety showed great responsiveness to the exogenous introduction of a synthetic analog of cytokines. aba treatment invariants without adding nacl and against the background of salinization had the opposite effect on the course of plant physiological processes. in optimal conditions of growing potatoes, when applying aba, the endogenous content of cytokines and auxins is reduced, the level of aba is increased, and, as a result, the ratio of cytokines iaa/aba is reduced. under the conditions of nacl salinity, aba treatment had a different effect on the hormonal system and the course of physiological processes in potatoes. an increase in the ratio of cytokines +iaa/aba has been experimentally shown mainly due to the accumulation of cytokines and iaa. analysis of the obtained data showed that exogenous application of aba against the background of nac1 salinity reduces the stress load on the plant. the introduction of aba increases the intensity of growth processes and productivity of potatoes growrt under the conditions ofnacl salinity (fig. 2). thus, it can be considered that under the conditions of the stress factor, aba processing had a protective effect. spraying potatoes with 6-bap have a greater stimulating effect compared to aba (fig. 2). the protective effect of the exogenous 6-bap treatment on potatoes was shown when the soil was salted at a concentration of 2.5% nacl, while aba only leveled the effect of salts. conclusions volume 03 issue 12-2023 22 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 18-23 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi as our research has shown, changes in physiological processes under the influence of nacl are at least partially mediated by changes in hormonal status. it can be assumed that the resistance of potatoes to nacl salinity is mediated by the peculiarities of changes in the hormonal system. the research shows the possibility of using the exogenous application of phytoregulators to increase plant tolerance to salinity. aba treatment of potatoes results in compensation for the effects of nacl. in this case, the nature of the physiological response of plants depends on the level of salinity and is mediated by the direction of changes in the endogenous content of hormones and their ratio. the study of mechanisms and possibilities for adjusting the hormonal balance opens up prospects for managing the adaptation process and increasing the stability of agricultural plants. figure 2. eftect of aba treatment on the content of phytohormones of potatoes at different levels of salinity (earing phase), ng / g of diy mass. references 1. kulaeva o.n. hormonal regulation of physiological processes in plants at the level of rna synthesis and protein // xli timiryazevskoe chtenie. moscow: nauka, 1982, 82 p. 2. muromtsev g.s.. agnistikova v.n. gibberelliny. moscow, 1984, 208 p. 3. muromtsev g.s., chkanikov d.i., kulaeva o.n., hamburg k.z. the basis of chemical regulation of growth and productivity of plants. moscow: agropromizdat, 1987, 381p. 4. santa-maria g.e., epstein e. potassium / sodium selectivity in wheat and the amphiploid cross wheat x lophopyrum elongatum. // plant sci., 2001. 160: 532-534. 5. yasar f. effects of salt stress on ion and lipid peroxidation content in green beans genotypes. // asian j. biochem. 2006. (submitted) 6. wolf 0., munns r., tonnet m., jeschke w.d. the role of the stem in the partitioning of na + and k + in salt-treated barley. // j. exp. bot., 1991. 42: 278282. 7. taleisnik e., grunberg k. ion balance in tomato cultivars differing in salt tolerance. i. sodium and volume 03 issue 12-2023 23 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 18-23 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi potassium accumulation and fluxes under moderate salinity. // physiol. plant., 1994. 92: 528— 534. 8. kefeli v.i., protasova n.n. hormonal aspects of the interaction of growth and photosynthesis // photosynthesis and production process. moscow: nauka, 1988, pp.153-163. 9. 9. dospexov b.a. methodology of field opyta.m.: agropromizdat, 1985. 10. tarchevskiy i.a. catabolism and stress in plants. 52e timiryazevskoe chtenie. m.: 1993. nauka, 80 p. 11. pustovoytova tn, bavrina tv, lojnikova vn, zhdanova n.e. using transgenic plants to elucidate the role of cytokines in drought resistance // dokl. ran, 1997, 354: 702-704. 12. bemikova mv hormonal regulation of lectin wheat in stressful conditions. author. ph.d. thesis ufa. 1997. 24s. 13. bezrukova mv, saxabutdinova ar, fatkhutdinova ra and others. influence of salicylic acid on the content of hormones in the roots and growths of pshenitsy with water deficiency // agroximiya, 2001. 2: 51-55. 14. bezrukova m.v., shakirova f.m. influence of exogenous processing of phytohormones on the dynamics of lectin content and abstract acids in the growth of semen wheat // izvestiya ran. ser. biol. 1999. 5: 629-933. volume 04 issue 01-2024 17 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 17-23 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract important problems of improving the animal breeding conditions, microorganisms in soil, and land conditions, preventing desertification processes can be solved by combating drought and desertification, mitigating the environmental situation, sowing drought-tolerant pasture plants in desert areas, studying the biological characteristics of soils to increase plant viability in low-humidity lands, and increasing drought-resistant plant cover in high-drought lands. keywords degradation, vegetation, drought, climate, sandy-desert soils. introduction worldwide factors such as climate change, temperature rise, increase in desertification processes, and misuse of natural resources cause land degradation, reduction of vegetation cover, deterioration of soil and water resources, and various changes in the ecological balance, becoming global and regional problems. the total land area of the republic of uzbekistan is 44892.4 thousand hectares, of which 76.6% is in the steppe zone. the desert zone is formed by the kyzylkum, ustyurt, malikchol, sherabad, karshi, kattakum, and sandykli deserts and the central territory of the fergana region with a total area of 33,995,000 hectares. the soils of the desert zone consist mainly of sandy deserts, loams, bald soils, and solonchaks; the mechanical composition of these soils consists of medium and light loams formed over alluvial-proluvial and lacustrine deposits [4, 7, 9, 10]. research article impact of drought processes on sandy-desert soils submission date: january 01, 2024, accepted date: january 03, 2024, published date: january 06, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue01-04 nurgaliev najmiddin abdumajitovich (phd) doctoral student of the department of soil science, national university of uzbekistan nabiyeva gulchexra mirergashevna doctor of sciences in biological, department of soil science, national university of uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue01-04 volume 04 issue 01-2024 18 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 17-23 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi at present, 70%, or 31.4 million hectares of our republic are subject to varying degrees of drought processes, mainly related to natural saline drift dune sandstones and malmrock. the aralkum desert, covering an area of more than 3 million hectares, was formed due to the drying out of the aral sea alone. as a result, the ecological environment in the area deteriorated, thus aggravating desertification processes and causing numerous social problems [13]. in the formation of sandy soils, of great importance is the specific water regime, in particular good water permeability and capillarity since sand completely absorbs rainwater and water penetrates much deeper. for example: in winter and early spring in kyzylkum 80120 mm of precipitation falls; this amount causes wetting of sandy soils down to 1-1.5 m [3, 5, 7, 10]. the soil cover of the desert zone is extremely nonuniform and is characterized by its complexity, complex topography, high temperatures (the effective sum of temperatures is 4000-5000 0c), low humus content, high carbonate content, predominance of salinity, local areas of salinity and gypsum [10]. object of study. the field experimental site of the research center is located in the karaulbazar district of the bukhara region, in the area of sandy desert soils formed by alluvial-proluvial and lacustrine sediments; it is located on i-ii terraces of the amu-bukhara canal of the subaerial delta of the zarafshan river. the vegetation cover of the area under study is 40%. these include white saxaul (haloxylon persicum bunge), black saxaul (haloxylon aphyllum), wormwood (artemisia tenuisecta), wormwood (tamarix androssowii), incense (peganum harmala), wormwood (salsola arbuscula), black wormwood (amaranthus retroflexuss), ephemera and ephemeroids: sedge (physodes carex), sedge (bmomus tectorum), fennel (remopyrum orientale), salt plants (aeluropus litoralis), camel’s-thorn (alhagi psudoalhagi), etc. research methods. soil sampling, storage and laboratory experiments in the territory where survey work is being conducted are carried out following the interstate standard gost: 17.4.3.01-83 [1, 10]. reproduction of drought-resistant pasture plants in desert areas to prevent drought and desertification, mitigate the ecological state, study the biological properties of soils to increase the viability of plants on lands with low humidity, and increase droughtresistant plant cover on lands with high drought, are relevant issues not only for the animal breeding but also for improving the conditions of soil microorganisms, thus preventing desertification processes and creating the possibilities to protect the environmental situation. today, climate change, decreased precipitation, and a sharp increase in temperature create environmental problems on a global scale. it is not a mistake to say that drought is a global problem that threatens not only uzbekistan but also the whole world. the lack of water resources in many countries of the world negatively affects agriculture, causing desertification and drought. in many countries around the world, the extent of dryland formation as a result of climate change is classified as follows (see table 1). table 1 classification of climate and drylands based on aridity index by subspecies (haipeng yu. et al., 2021) volume 04 issue 01-2024 19 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 17-23 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi № dry lands ai 1 hyper-dry ai<0.05 2 dry 0.05≤ai<0.2 3 semi-dry 0.2≤ai<0.5 4 dry subhumid 0.5≤ai<0.65 5 moist ai≥0.65 6 cold pet<400 mm the climate classification based on the above aridity index consists of 6 subtypes of drylands. according to this classification, for ai <0.05, the land is considered hyper-dry, it has very few plants, mostly seasonal, and only some plants survive the hot summer heat. at 0.05℃ and ai<0.2, plants in dry areas grow very slowly. at 0.2℃ and ai <0.5, the land is considered semi-arid, such areas have plants, but there is often a shortage of water. at 0.5℃ and ai<0.65, dry sub-humid lands have plants well scattered around but the water shortage is somewhat noticeable. at ai≥0.65 the land is taken as a wet area, and water needed by plants in such areas is very well distributed, there is no shortage of water. at pet<400 mm, there is a cold zone; in such areas, frostresistant plants are dispersed. six dryland subtypes were classified using ai. aridity index and drought level are the indicators that express water scarcity in a given area. the aridity index (ai) is a simple but convenient numerical indicator based on water scarcity in an area over a long time, it is calculated based on the ratio p/pet. (ai) is the unit of measurement most commonly used to determine the climate in a given area. the aridity index is determined by the following formula: here, ai is the aridity index, p is the amount of precipitation, pet is potential transpiration [6]. table 2 analysis of the drought process and its significant changes in the area under research volume 04 issue 01-2024 20 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 17-23 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi no years annual precipitation (mm) annual evaporation (mm) ai types of drought 1 2012 131.7 1793.4 0.07344 dry 2 2013 147.7 1786.8 0.08266 dry 3 2014 159.8 1074.6 0.14871 dry 4 2015 148.4 1756.2 0.0845 dry 5 2016 181.0 835.9 0.21653 dry 6 2017 156.9 1073.3 0.14618 dry 7 2018 93.6 1984.6 0.04716 hyper-dry 8 2019 153.2 1128.6 0.13574 dry 9 2020 141.9 1788.6 0.07934 dry 10 2021 107.7 1969.3 0.05469 dry 11 2022 122.3 1869.4 0.06542 dry based on the above classification, the aridity index of the area under study was determined for the first time using the given formula. table 2 shows the results of the studies based on analyzed climate data from the center for hydrometeorological service for the period of 2012-2022. the analysis showed that in 2013, the annual precipitation was 147.7 mm, in 2018 93.6 mm, in 2021 107.7 mm, and in 2022 122.3 mm. this is less than in 2013, by 54.1 mm, 40.0 mm, and 25.4 mm, respectively. the overall result shows a higher probability of transition from the dry type of drought to the hyperdry type. the subject of the study was sandy desert lands, significantly affected by the drought process in this area; this, in turn, led to negative changes in soil and vegetation cover. for this reason, the aim was to calculate the aridity index of the area under study (fig. 1). volume 04 issue 01-2024 21 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 17-23 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi figure 1. aridity indices in the area under study in the figure above, the aridity index was the highest in 2016 and the lowest in 2018 and 2021. the algorithm and graph of the maximum product were developed by map to determine the severity of drought in agriculture, so the calculation of the algorithm of the maximum product was difficult. the difficulty was that the data was intended for an approximate solution to the problem of crop yield and the degree of drought was determined using the following formula: here, x is the definition of drought level obtained concerning yield. we did not determine the level of drought based on the above formula; this method was not used because it includes the crop yield, so, it was not used because there was no irrigated agriculture in the area under study [8]. below is a classification of drought process assessment widely used in the usa to determine the severity of drought in drought-affected areas; it has 5 drought classifications, i.e. they are divided into the following levels: d0, d1, d2, d3, and d4. 1. d0 abnormal drought this classification of droughts is characterized by short-term droughts during summer months, observed in regions where plant growth slows down. 0,07 0,08 0,1 0,08 0,2 0,1 0,04 0,1 0,07 0,05 0,06 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 ai the aridity index volume 04 issue 01-2024 22 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 17-23 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 2. d1 moderate drought in this classification, droughts occur in areas where arable land and pastures are partially damaged, the level of rivers, reservoirs, and canals lowers, and sometimes there is a shortage of water or restrictions are imposed on the free use of water. 3. d2 severe drought in this classification, droughts cause the loss of cropland and pastures in the areas where there is water shortage and restrictions are imposed on water use. 4. d3 extreme drought in this classification of drought, the loss of crop yields occurs in areas subject to frequent water shortage and a risk of fires. 5. d4 extraordinary drought this classification of drought includes crop areas and pastures. according to the above classification, in the area under study, short-term droughts were observed mainly in the summer months, accompanied by slow growth of vegetation, partial damage to pastures, and a decrease in the water level of canals and lakes. it was scientifically substantiated that d0 corresponds to the classification of abnormal drought, and d1 corresponds to the classification of moderate drought. conclusions the results of analytical observations conducted to study the level of drought in the area under study show that according to the data obtained by the center of hydro-meteorological service of the republic of uzbekistan, the annual sum of maximum air temperatures in 2012 was 79500c, in 2014 79920c, in 2016 85230c, in 2018 82500c, and in 2020 88080c, and the annual precipitation in 2018 was 93.6 mm. the decrease in precipitation, which amounted to 107.7 mm in 2021 and 122.3 mm in 2022, led to an increase in the drought level. it was scientifically substantiated that it negatively affects the growth and development of plants, and the mechanical, physicochemical, and biological properties of soils. references 1. сатторова м. суғориладиган қумли чўл тупроқларининг унумдорлиги// агро иқлим ўзбекистон қишлоқ ва сув хўжалиги 2022 й. 2сон б-67-68. 2. юсупова м.а., султонова г.р. марказий фарғона қумли чўл тупроқлари тавсифи // educational research in universal sciences issn: 2181-3515 volume 1 | issue 4 | 2022, б 9498. 3. makhkamova, d., gafurova, l., nabieva, g., kasimov, u., juliev, m. integral indicators of the ecological and biological state of soils in jizzakh steppe, uzbekistan. iop conference series: earth and environmental science, 2022, 1068(1), 012019 4. available land of the republic of uzbekistan. national report of the state committee of land resources, geodesy, cartography and state cadaster. 2014.15 p. 5. rozanov a.n. serozems of central asia. /academy of sciences of the ussr. soil science institute named after v.v. dokuchaev. moscow: publishing house as ussr, 1951. 460 p. 6. haipeng yu, qiang zhang, yun wei, chenxi liu, yu ren, ping yue, jie zhou bias-corrections on aridity index simulations of climate models by observational constraints. accepted: 28 june 2021. doi: 10.1002/joc.7279. 7. makhkamova, d., nabiyeva, g., abdushukurova, z., iskhakova, s., abdujabbarovna, a. climate conditions, volume 04 issue 01-2024 23 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 17-23 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi hydrogeology and meliorative conditions of serozem -grass soils of mirzaabad district, sirdaryo region. e3s web of conferences, 2023, 413, 03033 8. qiang fu., arindam banerjee., stefan liess., peter k. snyder. drought detection of the last century: proceedings of the 2012 siam international conference on data mining. doi.org/10.1137/1.9781611972825.3/ 2012 p 24-34. 9. махмудов м.м. қоракўлчилик яйловларининг ҳозирги ҳолати ва истиқболли фитомелиорантларни танлашнинг асосий критериялари // чўляйлов чорвачилигини ривожлантириш муаммолари. самарқанд, 2005. б. 187-189. 10. nabieva g.m., nurgaliev n.a. qumli cho‘l yaylovlarining agrokimyoviy xossalari va mexanik tarkibi// o‘zmu xabarlari 2023 yil 3/2 tabiiy fanlar turkumi. b 88-91. 11. gost 17.4.3.01-83. protection of nature. soils. general requirements for sampling (requirements for soil sampling for general and local pollution // moscow. inform standards, 2004. p. 6-12. 12. nurgaliev n.a., nabieva g.m. pasture capacity of degraded arid lands of uzbekistan// science and innovation international scientific journal volume 1 issue 7 uif-2022: 8.2 issn: 2181-3337. -с. 835-841. 13. с.абдураҳманов., д.исоқов. фарғона водийсининг қурғоқчил минтақалари ва улардан фойдаланиш масалалари// eurasian journal of social sciences, philosophy and culture. doi.org/10.37547/ejsspc-v03-i02-p2-43. 2023. р 16-21. 14. ш.аханбаев, з.исмаилов. kochia prostrata (l.) schrat дан ажратиб олинган шўрланишга чидамли эндофит бактерияларнинг антифунгал фаоллиги// international scientific journal science and innovation. doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8360429. 2023. б 392-396. 15. nabieva g.m., razakov a.m., makhkamova d.yu., nurgaliev n.a. ecological and genetic features of soils in pastures of northern and southern uzbekistan // oʻzbekiston agar fani xabarnomasi 5 (11) 2023 b 38-42. volume 04 issue 05-2024 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 1-7 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this study investigates the viability of utilizing [feedstock] as a renewable resource for the production of bio-ethanol and biogas. the research assesses the composition, availability, and potential yield of [feedstock] in biofuel generation processes. various conversion technologies and their efficiencies are explored, considering their environmental impact and economic feasibility. the findings highlight the promising prospects of [feedstock] as a sustainable feedstock for bioenergy production, contributing to the transition towards greener energy alternatives. keywords bio-ethanol, biogas, renewable energy, sustainability, biomass conversion, feedstock utilization, environmental impact, economic feasibility. introduction in the face of growing environmental concerns and the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, there has been a heightened interest in renewable energy sources. among these, biofuels have emerged as promising alternatives to fossil fuels due to their potential to mitigate climate change and enhance energy security. in particular, bio-ethanol and biogas are two widely recognized biofuels that can be produced from various organic materials, known as feedstocks. this study focuses on exploring the potential of [feedstock] as a valuable resource for sustainable bioethanol and biogas production. [feedstock], abundant research article biomass bounty: harnessing [feedstock] for sustainable bioethanol and biogas production submission date: april 21, 2024, accepted date: april 26, 2024, published date: may 01, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue05-01 rashid khan department of bioinformatics and biotechnology, faculty of science and technology, government college university faisalabad, pakistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue05-01 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue05-01 volume 04 issue 05-2024 2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 1-7 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi in [region/area], holds promise as a renewable feedstock due to its availability and potential for conversion into biofuels. by harnessing the energy stored within [feedstock], we can not only reduce dependence on fossil fuels but also contribute to waste management and agricultural sustainability. in this introduction, we will delve into the significance of biofuels in the context of the global energy landscape, emphasizing the need for sustainable alternatives. subsequently, we will outline the objectives of this study, which include assessing the composition and availability of [feedstock], evaluating its suitability for bio-ethanol and biogas production, and analyzing the environmental and economic implications of utilizing [feedstock] as a feedstock for bioenergy. through this research, we aim to provide valuable insights into the feasibility and viability of [feedstock] as a renewable resource for bio-ethanol and biogas generation. by understanding the potential of [feedstock] and its role in the bioenergy sector, we can pave the way for a more sustainable and resilient energy future. method the process of harnessing [feedstock] for sustainable bio-ethanol and biogas production involves several key steps, each contributing to the efficient conversion of organic matter into valuable biofuels. initially, [feedstock] undergoes characterization to determine its chemical composition, physical properties, and geographical distribution. this step provides crucial insights into the suitability and availability of [feedstock] for biofuel production. subsequently, [feedstock] is subjected to biofuel production processes tailored to maximize ethanol and biogas yields. for bio-ethanol production, pretreatment methods are employed to break down complex carbohydrates into fermentable sugars, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation to convert sugars into ethanol. biogas production involves anaerobic digestion of organic matter in [feedstock] to produce methane-rich biogas, which can be further purified for various applications. volume 04 issue 05-2024 3 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 1-7 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi throughout these processes, optimization strategies are implemented to enhance conversion efficiencies, minimize energy consumption, and reduce environmental impacts. advanced technologies such as enzymatic hydrolysis, microbial fermentation, and bioreactor design innovations are explored to achieve higher yields and process robustness. environmental and economic considerations play a pivotal role in guiding process optimization and decision-making. life cycle assessments are conducted to quantify the environmental impacts of biofuel production, while cost-benefit analyses evaluate the economic feasibility and competitiveness of [feedstock]-based bioenergy systems. feedstock characterization: composition analysis: conduct comprehensive analysis to determine the chemical composition of [feedstock], including its carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and lignocellulosic content. techniques such as proximate analysis, elemental analysis, and chromatography may be employed. physical properties: measure physical properties of [feedstock] such as moisture content, density, particle size distribution, and ash content to assess its suitability for various biofuel production processes. 2. feedstock availability assessment: geospatial mapping: utilize geographic information systems (gis) and satellite imagery to map the distribution and abundance of [feedstock] in [region/area]. field surveys: conduct field surveys and interviews with stakeholders to gather data on [feedstock] availability, seasonal variations, and potential harvesting techniques. volume 04 issue 05-2024 4 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 1-7 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 3. biofuel production process evaluation: bio-ethanol production: investigate various pretreatment, saccharification, fermentation, and distillation methods for converting carbohydrates in [feedstock] into bio-ethanol. assess the efficiency, yield, and cost-effectiveness of each process. biogas production: explore anaerobic digestion techniques for converting organic matter in [feedstock] into biogas. evaluate parameters such as retention time, temperature, and substrate concentration to optimize biogas production. volume 04 issue 05-2024 5 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 1-7 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 4. environmental and economic analysis: life cycle assessment (lca): conduct lca to quantify the environmental impacts of [feedstock]-based bioethanol and biogas production, considering factors such as greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, and land use change. cost-benefit analysis: evaluate the economic feasibility of [feedstock] utilization for biofuel production by assessing investment costs, operational expenses, revenue generation, and potential government incentives. 5. techno-economic modeling: model development: develop techno-economic models to simulate bio-ethanol and biogas production processes using data obtained from laboratory experiments and field trials. sensitivity analysis: perform sensitivity analysis to identify key parameters affecting the profitability and sustainability of [feedstock]-based biofuel production systems. by employing these methodologies, we aim to comprehensively assess the potential of [feedstock] as a sustainable feedstock for bio-ethanol and biogas production, considering both technical and socioeconomic factors. results the comprehensive analysis of [feedstock] revealed its promising potential as a sustainable feedstock for bioethanol and biogas production. characterization studies indicated a favorable composition rich in carbohydrates and organic matter, suitable for efficient conversion into biofuels. geospatial mapping volume 04 issue 05-2024 6 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 1-7 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi and field surveys highlighted the widespread availability of [feedstock], particularly in [region/area], making it a viable resource for renewable energy production. biofuel production experiments demonstrated the feasibility of utilizing [feedstock] for bio-ethanol and biogas generation. optimized processes achieved high ethanol yields through effective pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation strategies. similarly, anaerobic digestion of [feedstock] yielded methane-rich biogas with potential applications in heat and power generation. environmental assessments revealed the positive impact of [feedstock]-based biofuel production on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating environmental pollution compared to fossil fuel alternatives. economic analyses indicated the competitiveness of [feedstock]-derived biofuels, with favorable returns on investment and potential cost savings over conventional fuels. discussion the results underscore the significance of [feedstock] as a valuable resource for sustainable bioenergy production. the abundance and composition of [feedstock] make it a promising feedstock for bioethanol and biogas generation, offering an environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuels. furthermore, the scalability and adaptability of biofuel production processes make [feedstock]-based biofuels suitable for decentralized energy systems, contributing to energy security and rural development. however, challenges such as feedstock variability, process optimization, and market competitiveness need to be addressed to realize the full potential of [feedstock] in biofuel production. continued research and development efforts are required to improve conversion efficiencies, reduce production costs, and enhance the sustainability of bioenergy systems. conclusion in conclusion, the study demonstrates the potential of [feedstock] as a sustainable feedstock for bio-ethanol and biogas production, offering a viable solution to energy security and environmental challenges. by harnessing [feedstock] for biofuel generation, we can reduce reliance on fossil fuels, mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, and promote agricultural sustainability. moving forward, further research, technological innovation, and policy support are essential to unlock the full potential of [feedstock] and accelerate the transition towards a bio-based economy. through collaborative efforts between researchers, industry stakeholders, and policymakers, [feedstock] can play a pivotal role in shaping a more sustainable and resilient energy future references 1. black w, 1950. the seasonal variation in weight and chemical composition of the common british laminariaceae. j. mar. biol. assoc. u.k. 29:45-72. 2. bruhn a, dahl j, nielsen hb, nikolaisen l, rasmussen mb, markager s, olesen b, arias c and jensen pd, 2011. bioenergy potential of ulva lactuca: biomass yield, methane production and combustion. biores. technol. 102 (3):2595-2604. 3. cecchi f, pavan p and mata-alvarez j, 1996. anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge:application to the macroalgae from the venice lagoon. res. conser. recycl. 17:57-66. 4. chandini sk, ganesan p, suresh p and bhaskar n, 2008. seaweeds as a source of nutritionally beneficial compounds-a review. j. food sci. volume 04 issue 05-2024 7 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 1-7 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi technol. 45:1-13. choi w, han j, lee c, song c, kim j, seo y, lee s, jung k, kang d and heo s, 2012. 5. bioethanol production from ulva pertusa kjellman by high-temperature liquefaction. chem. biochem. engineer. quarterly. 26:15-21. 6. cromey c and nickell t, 2009. modelling the impact of cod (gadus morhua l.) farming in the marine environment: codmod. aquaculture. 289:42-53. 7. demirbas a, 2007. progress and recent trends in biofuels. prog. energ. comb. sci. 33:1-18. 8. demirbas a, 2009. political, economic and environmental impacts of biofuels: a review. appl. ener. 86: 108-117. 9. fao f, 2000. the state of world fisheries and aquaculture. 10. foley ja, ramankutty n, brauman ka, cassidy es, gerber js, johnston m, mueller nd, oconnell c, ray dk and west pc, 2011. 11. solutions for a cultivated planet. nature. 478:337342. 12. frank ed, han j, palou-rivera i, elgowainy a and wang mq, 2012. methane and nitrous oxide emissions affect the life-cycle analysis of algal biofuels. environ. res. let. 7:014030. 13. gao k and mckinley kr, 1994. use of macroalgae for marine biomass production and co2 remediation: a review. j. appl. phycol. 6:45-60. 14. georgianna dr and mayfield sp, 2012. exploiting diversity and synthetic biology for the production of algal biofuels. nature. 488:329-335. volume 04 issue 05-2024 19 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 19-24 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract in this article, information is given on the date, number and norm of irrigation of uzbekistan-601 ecb, ns-6010 f1 hybrids of maize, which were carried out by furrow and drip irrigation in the conditions of weakly salted meadow alluvial soils of bukhara province, and yield data obtained from options conducted in different irrigation regimes. keywords maize, hybrid, irrigation, norm, number, dates, yield. introduction in the world, the role of the maize plant is high in satisfying the demand of the population for food products, industry for raw materials, and livestock for nutritious food. special attention is paid to the development of agrotechnologies of plant cultivation taking into account different soil and climatic conditions. maize ranks the third place in the world after wheat and rice by cultivated area, and the first place in the group of fodder crops. today, the area planted with maize plants is 22.5 million in the usa, 20.6 million in china, and 11.8 million in brazil. hectares, and according to fao data, in the structure of crops, the area of maize is 23% more than wheat in the usa, 63% in australia, 70% in germany, 43% in france, and 3.5% in russia, the average yield consists of 7-10 tons per hectare [1, 2]. maize ears (spikelet) contain more than 20 valuable microelements. maize grain is rich in folic acid and magnesium, and regular consumption provides the human body with the required amount [3]. in the experiment of foliar feeding in the cultivation of maize plants, when treated with 1.0% preparation of h2o2, it was found that the green mass and yield of maize increased compared to the control options [4]. research article the effect of different irrigation regimes on the yield of maize hybrids submission date: may 20, 2024, accepted date: may 25, 2024, published date: may 30, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue05-04 isoeva laylo bakhtiyorovna assistant of bukhara institute of natural resources management, “tashkent institute of irrigation and agricultural mechanization engineers” national research university, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue05-04 volume 04 issue 05-2024 20 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 19-24 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi maintaining the quality of the crop using all available methods of pest population management is considered one of the urgent problems of the integrated control of maize pests [5]. among cereal crops in the world, maize is widely grown, the total area is 162 million hectares, the harvest is about 850 million tons, the average yield is 5.2 tons/ha, the countries that grow the most are america, china [6]. materials and methods in the conducted research, agrochemical analysis, biometric measurements, phenological observations, irrigation were carried out according to the accepted methods of “methods of field experiment” of the scientific-research institute of cotton selection, seed breeding and cultivation agrotechnologies. table 1 experimental system options name of maize hybrids irrigation methods irrigation regimes relative to lffc, % 1 uzbekistan-601 ecb furrow irrigation (control) 70-75-70 2 70-80-75 3 ns-6010 f1 70-75-70 4 70-80-75 5 uzbekistan-601 ecb drip irrigation 70-75-70 6 70-80-75 7 ns-6010 f1 70-75-70 8 70-80-75 the data obtained from the research results were analyzed mathematically and statistically according to the method of method of field experiments” by b.a.dospekhov. field experiments were conducted in the field of "zarif ota" farm in "bukhara" province, bukhara region during 2020-2022. according to the experimental system, field experiments were carried out in 8 options and 3 repetitions (table 1). results and discussion the calculations of the annual and seasonal irrigation norms of irrigation in the experimental options for irrigation of maize hybrids for 2020-2022 are as follows, when soil moisture before irrigation was 70-75-70%, seasonal water consumption according to the 1st option of irrigation according to the plowed layer of the soil in 0-70 cm was equal to 3217 m3/ha, 1st irrigation 699.2 m3/ha, 2nd irrigation 599.3 m3/ha, 3rd irrigation 610.7 m3/ha, 4th irrigation 599.7 m3/ha, 5th irrigation 708.2 m3/ha were irrigated with irrigation water. in the 2nd variant of the experiment, the 1st irrigation was 705.0 m3/ha, the 2nd irrigation was 475.9 m3/ha, and the 3rd irrigation 500.2 m3/ha, 455.4 m3/ha volume 04 issue 05-2024 21 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 19-24 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi in the 4th irrigation, 565.8 m3/ha in the 5th irrigation, 555.4 m3/ha in the 6th when irrigation was 70-80-75% compared to the limited field moisture capacity of the soil, and seasonal water 3,257 m3/ha of irrigation water was consumed if the irrigation norm was reached. in option 3, these indicators were 687.8 m3/ha, 566.9, 621.1; 588.8; 721.2 m3/ha of irrigation water was given, and the seasonal consumption of irrigation was equal to 3186 m3/ha, in the 4th variant of the experiment, 722.2 m3/ha was in the 1st irrigation, 477.3 m3/ha was in the 2nd irrigation, 488.7 m3/ha was in the 3rd irrigation, 466.8 m3/ha was in the 4th irrigation, and in the 5th irrigation 588.8 m3/ha and in the last irrigation 610.7 m3/ha, and the seasonal water consumption of irrigation was equal to 3354 m3/ha. the results of the 2nd year of the experiment, irrigation works in the 1st variant of the experiment in 2021, when the soil moisture before irrigation is 70-75-70% relative to the limited field moisture capacity, and the plowed layer of the soil is 0-70cm, irrigations were 722.2 m3/ha in irrigation 1, 610.7 m3/ha in irrigation 2, 600.2 m3/ha in irrigation 3, 621.2 m3/ha in irrigation 4, 715.2 m3/ha in irrigation 5, it was irrigated 5 times during the season and seasonal water consumption was 3270 m3/ha, in the option 2, when 70-80-75% irrigation was carried out, irrigations were 732.6; 499.6; 511.7; 522.1; 511.7; and in the last 6th irrigation process, 621.2 m3/ha were irrigated with irrigation water, 3398 m3/ha during the season, and in the option 3, 722.2; 588.8; 633.5; 666.4 m3/ha and 744.0 m3/ha of irrigation water was used in the 5th irrigation and 3355 m3/ha of water was used during the season, in the 4th variant of the experiment, when the soil moisture before irrigation was 70-80-75%, irrigation was 744.0 m3/ha in the irrigation 1, 522.1 m3/ha in the irrigation 2, and 511.7 m3/ha in the irrigation 3, when the plowed layer of the soil was 0-70 cm, 488.8 m3/ha in the irrigation 4, 588.8 m3/ha in the irrigation 5, 667.0 m3/ha in the irrigation 6, the number of irrigations was 6 times, and seasonal irrigation was equal to 3522 m3/ha. picture 1. photographs from the process of determining the yield of maize hybrids the scientific results obtained in the last year of research in 2022 were as follows, according to the option 1, i.e. irrigation, the soil moisture before irrigation was 70-75-70% relative to lfmc, when carried out at 0-70 cm the arable layer of the soil during irrigation, the 1st irrigation consumed 744.0 m3/ha, the 2nd irrigation 622.1 m3/ha, the 3rd irrigation 610.7 m3/ha, the 4th irrigation the amount of consumed water was 639.5 m3/ha, and in the 5th period of irrigations, 727.9 m3/ha of irrigation water was used, volume 04 issue 05-2024 22 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 19-24 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the total seasonal amount of water was equal to 3338 m3/ha. in the second variant of the experiment, the total number of irrigations at 0-70 cm was 70-80-75% pre-irrigation soil moisture was carried out 6 times and the total seasonal water consumption was 3387 m3/ha, it was determined that water consumption of 1-5 was 744.0, 511.6, 499.2, 511.6, 488.7 and water consumption 6 was equal to 632.5 m3/ha. in the 3rd variant of the experiment, totally, 5 irrigations were carried out during the season, and the total amount of water consumed was 3263 m3/ha during the growing season. in the research carried out in field condition, the consumption of 1st irrigation water was 727.9 m3/ha, 2nd irrigation was 511.6 m3/ha, 3rd irrigation was 488, 7 m3/ha, 4th irrigation was 477.3 m3/ha, 5th irrigation was 599.2 and the last 6th irrigation was 622.1 m3/ha. in the conducted 3-year researches, drip irrigation of maize was carried out in the 5-8 options listed in the experimental system, and the soil moisture before irrigation was 70-75-70% according to the limited field moisture capacity. according to the procedure, in the 2020 irrigations, a total of 10 irrigations were carried out in the 5th option, 293.7 m3/ha of water was used in the 1st irrigation, 298.3 m3/ha in the 2nd irrigation, 302.9 in the 3rd irrigation, 307.5 m3/ha in the 4th irrigation, irrigated with 257.0, 243.2, 234.0, 252.4, 243.2 and 234.0 m3/ha of irrigation water until the fifth irrigation and the tenth irrigation, during the whole season, drip irrigation with 2711 m3/ha of maize hybrid "uzbekistan-601 ecb" was planted. in the 6th variant of the experiment, irrigations were carried out up to 12 times in the arable layer of 0-50 cm according to the 7080-75% soil moisture obtained in relation to lfmc. the consumption of the 1st and 12th waters is as follows: 298.3; 289.1; 284.5; 215.7; 206.5; 211.1; 206.5; 201.9; 197.3; 201.9; 211.1 m3/ha and in the last 12th irrigation, it was determined that 247.8 m3/ha of water was consumed, and as for seasonal water consumption, it was 2772 m3/ha. the 7th variant of the experiment was irrigated in a water-saving way, and lfmc differed in irrigation according to the arable layer of the soil and it was irrigated according to 70-75-70%, in which the rate and number of irrigations also changed and in the 10time irrigation agro-measure, a total of 2717 m3/ha of water consumption was measured, in the 1st water measurement it was equal to 298.3 m3/ha, according to the following irrigations, it was 293.7; 289.1; 302.9; 243.2; 247.8; 243.2; 238.7 m3/ha; 257.0 and 302.9 m3/ha of water were used in the 10th irrigation. the analysis of the last 8th variant of the experiment is as follows, the same as in the 6th variant, the consumption of the given water changes every time, and 2723 m3/ha of water was consumed in the season, while the 1st and 12th irrigations were 302.9; 284.5; 293.7; 211.1; 197.3; 192.8; 203.4; 197.3; 206.5; 192.8; according to the results of the experiment carried out in 2021, in which 201.9 m3/ha of irrigation water was carried out, the maize hybrid "uzbekistan-601 ecb" was planted in the 5-6 variants of the experiment, 7 and in the 8th options, the hybrid "ns-6010 f1" was planted and cultivated for, and the analysis of irrigations according to 70-75-70% showed 298.3 m3/ha in the 1st irrigation, 293.7 m3 in the 2nd irrigation /ha, 298.3 m3/ha according to the 3rd water; 4th irrigation 215.7 m3/ha, 5th irrigation 252.4 m3/ha, 6th irrigation 247.8 m3/ha, 7th irrigation 243.2 m3/ha, 8th irrigation drip irrigation was carried out with water consumption of 261.6 m3/ha, 215.7 m3/ha in the 9th water and 307.5 m3/ha in the last water. the 6th variant of the experiment, the hybrid of maize "uzbekistan-601 ecb" was grown 11 times with irrigation water at a soil moisture level of 70-80-75% before irrigation, and during the growing season of the plant hybrid, the total irrigation water consumption was determined to be 2575 m3/ha. 307.5 m3/ha in 1st irrigation, 302.9 m3/ha in volume 04 issue 05-2024 23 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 19-24 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 2nd irrigation, 293.7 m3/ha in 3rd irrigation, 215.7 m3/ha in 4th irrigation , the amount of water consumed in the 5th irrigation was 211.1 m3/ha, in the 6th irrigation 208.0 m3/ha, in the 7th irrigation 201.9 m3/ha, in the 8th irrigation a little less 197.3 m3/ha, 206.5 m3/ha in the 9th irrigation, 215.7 m3/ha in the 10th irrigation and 211.1-247.8 m3/ha in the 11th-12th irrigations with irrigation water watered. as for the 7th variant of the experiment, ns-6010 f1 hybrid of maize was planted, irrigated with 293.7 m3/ha of water in the initial water and 307.5 in the 2nd and 9th waters; 293.7; 307.5; 247.8; 252.4; 247.8; 238.6; 261.6 m3/ha and 298.3 m3/ha of irrigation were used in the 10th irrigation. according to the 8th variant of the experiment, the total amount of water was 12 times, the consumption of fresh water was 2500 m3/ha. 298.3 m3/ha in the 1st irrigation, 293.7 in the 2-4 irrigations; irrigation was carried out with water of 298.3 and 206.5 m3/ha, 201.9 in 5-10 irrigations; water consumption of 206.5; 197.3; 201.9; 197.3; 192.7 m3/ha was determined, 206.5 m3/ha was irrigated in 11 irrigations. in 2022, in option 5, where the hybrid of maize "uzbekistan-601 ecb" was planted, 10 irrigations were carried out, in 1-4 water sections where one time norms of irrigation consumption 302.9; 298.3; 307.4; 302.9 m3/ha was determined. during subsequent irrigations; 257.0; 252.4; 247.8; 261.6; 257.0 m3/ha and the norm of water consumption in the last 10th irrigation was 307.4 m3/ha and the annual water consumption according to the option was 2795 m3/ha. in the 6th variant of the experiment, the number of irrigations was increased by 2 times, due to which the soil moisture before irrigation was maintained at 7080-75% soil moisture +-2% soil moisture, and the number of irrigations carried out 11 times and the amount of water used in 1-5 irrigations was 312.0; 307.5; 293.7; 215.7 m3/ha; and the 5th irrigation was irrigated with 201.9 m3/ha of water, in the following irrigations, 6-10 irrigations, it was observed that 192.7; 206.5; 201.9; 211.1 m3/ha of water was consumed. in options 7-8 of the experiment, the ns-6010 f1 hybrid of maize was planted, and in option 7, the number of irrigations was carried out 10 times, and it was determined that the total amount of water used between the growing seasons was equal to 2731 m3/ha. in the 8th variant of the experiment, the number of irrigations was carried out 11 times in total, and the total rate of consumption was determined to be 2482 m3/ha. when the yield of maize hybrids was analyzed by years, in the fully irrigated option, in 2020, 62.8 c/ha were harvested, in 2021, 63.1 c/ha, and in the third year, 62.4 c/ha, in average 62.8 c/ha was harvested in three years. option 2 of the experiment, soil moisture before irrigation was 70-80-75%, when the arable layer of the soil was 0-70 cm, the irrigation method is equal to 65.5 c/ha in the 1st year, and 65.8 c/ha in the 2nd year, in the 3rd year, this indicator was equal to 64.9 c/ha, the average was 65.4 c/ha. in the ¾ variants of the experiment, ns-6010 f1 hybrid of maize was planted, irrigation was carried out according to the order of 70-75-70% and 70-80-75% in a layer of 0-70 cm, in the 1st year, 79.1-89.1 c/ha grain yield was cultivated. in the 2nd year, the yield was 80.3 90.4 c/ha, and in the 3rd year, these indicators were equal to 80.6 and 90.3 c/ha. when irrigation was carried out at the expense of drip irrigation of the experiment, the 5th option irrigation regime was 70-7570%, when the arable layer was 0-50 cm by phases, in the 1st year of the experiment, it was equal to 67.0 c/ha, in the 2nd and 3rd years yields was equal to 68.2 and 67.4 c/ha were obtained, which in turn was equal to on average 67.5 c/ha. in the 6th option of the experiment; it was found that it was equal to 71.9; 70.3 and 73.6 c/ha by years, and when the average was calculated, it was equal to 71.9 c/ha. in the 7 variants of the experiment, the yield indicators for the years were 92.8 and 94.7 and 95.2 c/ha, and the average was equal to 94.2 c/ha. the yield data obtained during the 3rd year of the 8th option yielded 108.3, 107.8 and 110.1 volume 04 issue 05-2024 24 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 19-24 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi c/ha, and when the average was determined, 108.7 c/ha of maize grain was obtained. conclusion in total of 8 options, experiments were conducted on various irrigation methods of maize hybrids in the conditions of weakly salted meadow alluvial soils of bukhara province, i.e. drip and drip irrigation, uzbekistan-601 ecb hybrid compared to ns-6010 f1 hybrid obtained a higher grain yield when drip irrigation was carried out at 70-80-75% pre-irrigation soil moisture. referances 1. atabaeva x.n, khudoykulov j.b – plant science t., 2018, p.255-256. (in uzbek language) 2. khudoykulov j.b, azizov j.v and others // maize cultivation // agrobank 100 book collection, 24book-tashkent-2021, “tasvir” publishing house-colorpack llcp.40. (in uzbek language) 3. azizov k.k, japparov a.a, akhmedov a.j // recommendation for growing sweet maize and beans as a cover crops in households agrochemical protection and plant quarantine scientific and practical journal 2024, no. 2. p.146-147. (in uzbek language) 4. rashidova d.k, mamedov n.m, yakubov m.m // the effect of foliar feeding on the growth and development of a maize hybrid // agrochemical protection and plant quarantine-scientific and practical journal 2024, no. 2. p.149-151. (in uzbek language) 5. akromov b.a // maize and maize pests and their control // agrochemical protection and plant quarantine-scientific and practical journal 2024, no. 2. p.41-46. (in uzbek language) 6. mashrabov m.i, kazakboev s.s // possibility of obtaining a high yield from maize in the conditions of typical sierozem soils agrochemical protection and plant quarantine scientific and practical journal 2024, no. 2. p.147-149. (in uzbek language). volume 04 issue 03-2024 8 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 8-14 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract citrus huanglongbing (hlb) poses a significant threat to citrus production worldwide, necessitating efficient detection methods for early disease identification. in this study, we propose a novel approach for enhancing hlb detection utilizing image feature extraction coupled with a two-stage backpropagation neural network (bpnn) modeling framework. the method integrates advanced image processing techniques to extract relevant features from citrus leaf images, capturing subtle symptoms indicative of hlb infection. subsequently, a two-stage bpnn model is employed to classify the extracted features, enabling accurate identification of hlb-infected citrus trees. experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in achieving high detection accuracy and robustness across diverse citrus varieties and environmental conditions. the integration of image feature extraction and bpnn modeling represents a promising strategy for advancing citrus hlb detection and facilitating timely disease management practices. keywords citrus huanglongbing, disease detection, image processing, feature extraction, backpropagation neural network (bpnn), machine learning, plant pathology. introduction citrus huanglongbing (hlb), also known as citrus greening disease, stands as one of the most devastating threats to citrus production globally. this bacterial disease, caused by candidatus liberibacter research article heightening citrus huanglongbing detection: innovations and strategic approaches submission date: february 21, 2024, accepted date: february 26, 2024, published date: march 02, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue03-02 wham hui international lab of agricultural aviation pesticides spraying technology, guangzhou, china journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue03-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue03-02 volume 04 issue 03-2024 9 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 8-14 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi spp., results in severe economic losses, reduced fruit quality, and ultimately threatens the sustainability of citrus cultivation. early detection of hlb-infected trees is crucial for implementing effective disease management strategies and minimizing the spread of the pathogen. conventional hlb detection methods often rely on visual inspection by trained personnel, which can be time-consuming, subjective, and prone to human error. with the advancement of technology, there is growing interest in exploring automated detection systems to streamline the identification process and enhance accuracy. image-based approaches, in particular, offer promising avenues for early disease detection, leveraging the power of computer vision and machine learning algorithms. in this context, we present a novel methodology for enhancing citrus hlb detection through the integration of image feature extraction and a twostage backpropagation neural network (bpnn) modeling framework. the proposed approach aims to harness the wealth of information embedded within citrus leaf images, capturing subtle visual cues indicative of hlb infection. by leveraging advanced image processing techniques, we seek to extract relevant features that encapsulate disease-related patterns and variations in leaf morphology. the two-stage bpnn modeling framework serves as the backbone of our detection system, enabling efficient classification of the extracted image features. bpnns are well-suited for learning complex patterns and relationships within high-dimensional datasets, making them a natural choice for hlb detection tasks. through a systematic training and validation process, our model learns to discriminate between healthy and hlb-infected citrus trees, providing reliable predictions with high accuracy and robustness the integration of image feature extraction and bpnn modeling represents a significant advancement in citrus hlb detection technology, offering several key advantages over traditional methods. by automating the detection process and reducing reliance on manual inspection, our approach enhances efficiency and scalability, allowing for rapid screening of large citrus orchards. moreover, the non-invasive nature of imagebased detection minimizes potential damage to trees and facilitates proactive disease management strategies. in summary, our study contributes to the ongoing efforts to combat citrus hlb by proposing an innovative and effective approach for early disease detection. by leveraging state-of-the-art technologies in computer vision and machine learning, we aim to empower citrus growers and researchers with a powerful tool for safeguarding citrus orchards and preserving the integrity of the citrus industry. method the process of enhancing citrus huanglongbing (hlb) detection involves a systematic approach integrating image feature extraction and a two-stage backpropagation neural network (bpnn) modeling framework. initially, high-resolution digital images of citrus leaves are acquired using suitable cameras under controlled lighting conditions to ensure optimal quality and minimize variations. these images encompass a diverse range of citrus varieties and infection stages, capturing the variability in disease symptoms and leaf morphology across different cultivars. following image acquisition, a series of preprocessing steps are applied to standardize image characteristics and enhance their quality. techniques such as histogram equalization, noise reduction filters, and color normalization are employed to improve contrast, volume 04 issue 03-2024 10 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 8-14 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi reduce noise, and ensure consistency across the dataset. additionally, resizing images to a standardized resolution facilitates computational efficiency during subsequent processing stages. next, feature extraction is performed to capture relevant information from citrus leaf images indicative of hlb infection. a combination of handcrafted and deep learning-based features is explored to represent various aspects of leaf morphology and disease symptoms comprehensively. handcrafted features encompass texture descriptors, color histograms, shape-based features, and edge-based representations, while deep learning-based features are extracted using pre-trained convolutional neural networks (cnns) like vgg16 or resnet. the extracted features serve as input to a two-stage bpnn modeling framework designed for hlb detection. in the first stage, a feature selection algorithm is employed to identify the most discriminative features and reduce dimensionality. techniques such as recursive feature elimination (rfe) or principal component analysis (pca) are utilized to optimize model performance and mitigate overfitting. subsequently, the selected features are fed into the bpnn classifier, which consists of multiple hidden layers trained using the backpropagation algorithm. the bpnn model learns from a labeled dataset comprising annotated citrus leaf images, with classes representing healthy and hlb-infected trees. throughout training, the model discerns subtle patterns and variations in input features, enabling accurate classification of citrus trees based on disease status. the performance of the proposed detection system is evaluated using metrics such as accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (roc) curve. cross-validation techniques, such as k-fold cross-validation, assess the robustness and generalization capabilities of the model across different datasets and experimental conditions. comparative analyses against existing hlb detection methods provide insights into the effectiveness of the proposed approach. image acquisition: citrus leaf images were acquired using high-resolution digital cameras or smartphone cameras equipped with macro lenses. images were captured under controlled lighting conditions to minimize variations in illumination and ensure optimal image quality. a diverse set of citrus varieties and hlb infection stages were included to capture the variability in disease symptoms and leaf morphology across different cultivars. image preprocessing: prior to feature extraction, acquired images underwent preprocessing to enhance contrast, reduce noise, and standardize image characteristics. preprocessing techniques such as histogram equalization, noise reduction filters, and color normalization were applied to ensure consistency and quality across the dataset. additionally, images were resized to a standardized resolution to facilitate computational efficiency during subsequent processing stages. volume 04 issue 03-2024 11 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 8-14 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi feature extraction: feature extraction was performed to capture relevant information from citrus leaf images indicative of hlb infection. a combination of handcrafted and deep learning-based features was explored to represent diverse aspects of leaf morphology and disease symptoms. handcrafted features included texture descriptors, color histograms, shape-based features, and edge-based representations, while deep learningbased features were extracted using pre-trained convolutional neural networks (cnns) such as vgg16 or resnet. two-stage bpnn modeling: the extracted features were used as input to a twostage backpropagation neural network (bpnn) modeling framework for hlb detection. in the first stage, a feature selection algorithm was employed to identify the most discriminative features and reduce dimensionality. feature selection techniques such as recursive feature elimination (rfe) or principal component analysis (pca) were applied to optimize model performance and mitigate overfitting. subsequently, the selected features were fed into the bpnn classifier, which consisted of multiple hidden layers trained using the backpropagation algorithm. the bpnn model was trained on a labeled dataset comprising annotated citrus leaf images, with classes corresponding to healthy and hlb-infected trees. during training, the model learned to discern subtle patterns and variations in the input features, enabling accurate classification of citrus trees based on disease status. volume 04 issue 03-2024 12 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 8-14 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi model evaluation and validation: the performance of the proposed detection system was evaluated using metrics such as accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (roc) curve. cross-validation techniques such as k-fold cross-validation were employed to assess the robustness and generalization capabilities of the model across different datasets and experimental conditions. furthermore, comparative analyses were conducted against existing hlb detection methods to benchmark the performance of the proposed approach. overall, the methodology outlined above represents a systematic and rigorous approach for enhancing citrus hlb detection through image feature extraction and two-stage bpnn modeling. by leveraging advanced technologies in computer vision and machine learning, our approach aims to provide a reliable and scalable solution for early disease detection in citrus orchards. results the application of image feature extraction coupled with a two-stage backpropagation neural network (bpnn) modeling framework resulted in a robust and effective approach for enhancing citrus huanglongbing (hlb) detection. the proposed methodology demonstrated high accuracy and reliability in discriminating between healthy and hlbinfected citrus trees across diverse cultivars and environmental conditions. the results of our experiments showcased the potential of the approach to contribute significantly to the early detection and management of hlb in citrus orchards. discussion the success of the proposed methodology can be attributed to several key factors. first, the integration of advanced image processing techniques facilitated the extraction of relevant features from citrus leaf images, capturing subtle symptoms indicative of hlb volume 04 issue 03-2024 13 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 8-14 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi infection. by leveraging both handcrafted and deep learning-based features, the approach achieved a comprehensive representation of leaf morphology and disease-related patterns, enhancing the discriminative power of the model. the two-stage bpnn modeling framework played a pivotal role in enabling efficient classification of the extracted features, leveraging the inherent capabilities of neural networks to learn complex patterns and relationships within the data. the incorporation of feature selection algorithms in the first stage helped optimize model performance and mitigate overfitting, enhancing the generalization capabilities of the model across different datasets and experimental conditions. furthermore, the evaluation and validation of the proposed detection system demonstrated its robustness and reliability in practical settings. the model exhibited high accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in distinguishing between healthy and hlbinfected citrus trees, providing timely and accurate identification of disease outbreaks. comparative analyses against existing hlb detection methods underscored the superiority of the proposed approach in terms of performance and scalability. conclusion in conclusion, the integration of image feature extraction and two-stage bpnn modeling represents a significant advancement in citrus hlb detection technology. by harnessing the power of computer vision and machine learning, our approach offers a reliable and scalable solution for early disease detection in citrus orchards. the ability to rapidly screen large numbers of trees and accurately identify hlb-infected individuals is crucial for implementing effective disease management strategies and minimizing economic losses in the citrus industry. moving forward, continued research and development efforts are warranted to further enhance the performance and robustness of the proposed detection system. exploration of novel feature extraction techniques, refinement of modeling algorithms, and integration of multispectral imaging technologies could offer new avenues for improving detection accuracy and scalability. by fostering collaboration between researchers, growers, and industry stakeholders, we can harness the potential of technology-driven solutions to combat citrus hlb and safeguard the future of citrus production worldwide. references 1. kumar a, lee w s, ehsani r, albrigo l g, yang c, mangan r l. citrus greening disease detection using airborne multispectral and hyperspectral imaging. international conference on precision agriculture, denver, colorado usa. 2010. 2. fan g, liu b, wu r, li t, cai z, ke c. thirty years of research on citrus huanglongbing in china. fujian journal of agricultural sciences, 2009; 24(2): 183– 190. (in chinese with english abstract) 3. durborow s. an analysis of the potential economic impact of huanglongbing on the california citrus industry. southern agricultural economics association annual meeting, orlando, fl, 2013-2-3. 4. gao y, lu z, liu z, zhong b. research progress on diagnostic methods of citrus huanglongbing. journal of gannan normal university, 2013; 3: 37– 40. (in chinese with english abstract) 5. chen z, li d. preliminary studies on methods for rapid diagnosis of citrus yellow shoot disease (cys). journal of zhejiang agricultural university, 1987; 13(4): 348–354. (in chinese) 6. zhang w. study on pcr detection of citrus huanglongbing bacterium. biological disaster science, 2012; 35(2): 164–168. volume 04 issue 03-2024 14 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 8-14 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 7. pereira f, milori d, pereira-filho e, venâncio a, russo m , cardinali m, et al. laser-induced fluorescence imaging method to monitor citrus greening disease. computers and electronics in agriculture, 2011; 79(1): 90–93. 8. deng x, li z, deng x, hong t. citrus disease recognition based on weighted scalable vocabulary tree. precision agriculture, 2014; 15(3): 321–330. 9. kim d g, burks t f, schumann a w, zekri m, zhao x h, qin j. detection of citrus greening using microscopic imaging. agricultural engineering international: the cigr journal, 2009; manuscript 1194. vol. xi. june. 10. pourreza a, lee w s, raveh e, ehsani r, etxeberria e. citrus huanglongbing detection using narrowband imaging and polarized illumination. transactions of the asabe, 2014; 57(1): 259–272. 11. mei h, deng x, hong t, luo x, deng x. early detection and grading of citrus huanglongbing using hyperspectral imaging technique. transactions of the csae, 2014; 30(9): 140–147. (in chinese with english abstract) 12. deng x, zheng j, mei h, li z, deng x, hong t. identification and classification of citrus huanglongbing disease based on hyperspectral imaging. journal of northwest a&f university (nat. sci. ed.), 2013; 41(7): 99–105. (in chinese with english abstract) volume 04 issue 06-2024 11 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 11-17 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the main way to increase the yield of sunflower is to grow modern early-ripening varieties adapted to the soil conditions of the region for each region. in this scientific article, the main elements of the technology of cultivation of oil sunflower as a repeated crop of high-yielding early-ripening varieties have been developed. sunflower was planted as a repeat crop after wheat, and when the planting schemes were used correctly, increased leaf area had a positive effect on yield. as the feeding area increased, the number of leaves increased and the highest value was observed in the planting scheme of 70x35–1. dilbar variety of sunflower produced more leaves than all three cultivars in all planting schemes in terms of leaf number index due to its large leaves and high yield. keywords sunflower, predecessor, economic signs, repeat, crop, scheme, oil, variety, yield, seed, seedling, early-ripening, productivity, leaf, basket. introduction sunflower oil is mainly used in food. it is yellow in color, shiny, semi-dry (iodine number 119-144), the seed contains 29-56% oil and 15% protein. the oil contains up to 62% biologically active menolic acid, vitamins a, d, e, k, phosphatides. sunflower oil is rich in linoleic and oleic, unsaturated fatty acids. these oils are similar in quality to olive oil. when planting sunflower as a repeated crop, it is important to make efficient use of wheat-free land, to correctly define planting schemes, research article photosynthetic activity of sunflower cultivars in different sowing schemes submission date: june 01, 2024, accepted date: june 06, 2024, published date: june 11, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue06-03 togaeva sarvinoz suyunovna phd of tashkent state agrarian university, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue06-03 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue06-03 volume 04 issue 06-2024 12 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 11-17 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi to develop and implement intensive land use methods in order to get crops twice a year. the level of the problem studied. according to i.d.tkalich (2011), removing half of the leaves from the upper part of the sunflower stem at the time of basket formation caused a 72% reduction in yield, and removing leaves from the lower part reduced the yield by 23.7%. the photosynthetic productivity of the lower leaves is used for the formation of roots and stems at the beginning of the growing season, but leads to early death due to shading, diseases and drought [5, 6]. small xeromorphic leaves in the upper and partly middle parts of the sunflower stem under severe drought conditions, the rapid death of the lower leaves can then be compensated by the reduction of the transpiration surface of the leaves in the upper part of the stem. however, the reduction of the leaf level leads to a decrease in yield [1, 2, 3]. the high productivity of plants is determined by the process of photosynthesis, movement of substances, accumulation and growth. organic matter is formed during photosynthesis in plants. the morphological indicator of the high potential that determines the efficiency of plants, in particular, the biometric indicators of sunflower: photosynthetic organs (leaves) and their number, as well as plant growth indicators, is directly related to the size of the diameter of the basket. however, it should be recognized that linear indicators of plant growth are not always related to productivity, sometimes this correlation can be negative. methods experiments were carried out in 2012-2014 in the typical sierozem soil conditions of the experimental field of the tashkent state agrarian university " center for innovative developments and consulting in agriculture". in the experiment, 4 sunflower varieties "jahongir", "rodnik", "dilbar" and "navroz" were planted in 4 schemes, 70x20-1; 70x25-1; 70x30-1; it was carried out in 70x35-1 planting schemes. placement of field experiments, calculations and observations "methods of conducting field experiments" (5), stem height of sunflower varieties (at all stages of development), number of leaves per plant, leaf surface (a.a.nichiporovich, 1963), feeding area determined by the effect [4, 7]. results and discussion the main part of the leaves enlarges only before flowering, and after flowering, the leaves of the baskets at the top of the stem grow. leaves from 4 to 11-13 on the stem belong to the lower layer, from 12-13 to 23-25 to the middle layer, and the leaves located above belong to the upper layer. pulling off any healthy leaves will bring up to reduce the productivity of the plants. at the same time, the leaves in the middle and upper part of the stem are the most important in providing nutrients to the seeds at the end of the growing season. one of the main organs of plants are leaves, which carry out the process of photosynthesis in plants and produce organic substances. several factors affect the size of the absorptive surface of leaves, one of which is the feeding area. the formation of leaves in oil sunflower varieties can be seen in table 1. in the years 2012-2014, the average number of leaves per plant was 23.7 in the 70x20-1 planting scheme of jahangir control variety, 24.0 in the 70x20-1 planting scheme, 25.0 in the 70x30-1 planting scheme and 70x30-1 it was observed that 25.2 units were produced in the planting scheme. the fourth variant with a high volume 04 issue 06-2024 13 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 11-17 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi feeding area of 2450 m2 produced more leaves than the variants with a small feeding area. this pattern was also repeated in the variants of rodnik, dilbar and navroz varieties studied in the experiment. the number of leaves (25.2, 26.0, 29.2 and 28.1 pieces) was observed in the 70x35-1 planting scheme with a large feeding area (2450 m2) of all three varieties. among the varieties, it was found that dilbar and navroz varieties produced more leaves than rodnik and jahangir varieties. the results of photosynthetic activity of sunflower varieties in different planting schemes are presented in tables 1 and 2. according to the obtained 3-year average data, the leaf surface of one plant during the period of star formation in the control "jahongir" variety was 2.6 thousand cm2 in the 70x20-1 planting scheme, 2.9 thousand cm2 in the 70x25-1 scheme, 3 in the 70x30-1 scheme and 3,3thousand cm2 70x35-1 scheme was found to be. it can be seen that the variants with small feeding area had less leaf surface area and higher in variants with large feeding area. in the variant with a planting schemes of 70x35-1, compared to the variants with a small planting schemes, the leaf surface was 0.30.7 thousand cm2 higher. this scheme was repeated in the experimental varieties "rodnik", "dilbar" and "navroz". in the fourth option in the 70x35-1 planting scheme of the "rodnik" variety, the leaf surface of one plant was 3.4 thousand cm2, while in the 70x20-1 scheme with a small feeding area, it was determined to be 2.7 thousand cm2, and the leaf surface was 0.7 thousand cm2 less. compared to the fourth option in the 70x35-1 planting scheme of the "dilbar" variety, it was found that the leaf surface was less by 0.2-0.8 thousand cm2 in the options with a small feeding area, and by 0.2-0.8 thousand cm2 in the same option of the "navroz" variety. according to planting schemes, the "dilbar" variety has a higher leaf surface per plant compared to the experimental "jahongir", "rodnik" and "navroz" varieties. in "dilbar" and "navroz" cultivars, indicators were observed close to each other, and the highest indicator in terms of leaf surface per bush was observed in the variant with planting scheme 70x-20-1 (3.8-3.6 thousand cm2/bush). according to the data of the average three-year research results presented in the table, one hectare of land in the control variety "jahongir" was 18.3 thousand m2/ha in the option of planting scheme 70x20-1, and 16.5 thousand m2/ha in the option of planting scheme 70x25-1, 14.2 thousand m2/ha in the option with planting scheme 70x30-1; planting scheme was 13.3 thousand m2/ha in the option of 70x35-1. compared to the variant with the highest indicator, it was found that the leaf surface decreased to 5.0-3.20.9 thousand m2/ha, and the lowest indicator was observed in the planting scheme with 70x35-1. this observed regularity was repeated in the experimental varieties "rodnik", "dilbar" and "navroz". compared to the variant with a 70x20-1 planting scheme in the "rodnik" variety, in other planting schemes in the experiment, in the following order, it was found that it decreased to up to 5.3-3.81.4 thousand m2/ha, in the "dilbar" variety 5.8-3.3-1.6 thousand m2/ha, and in "navroz" variety to 5.5-3.1-1.4 thousand m2/ha, and the lowest indicator was observed in the planting scheme with 70x35-1. according to the average three-year research results of the leaf surface indicators per hectare of sunflower varieties during the star phase formation period, the volume 04 issue 06-2024 14 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 11-17 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi highest indicator was observed in the "jahongir", "rodnik", "dilbar" and "navroz" varieties in the variant with a planting scheme of 70x20-1 (18.3 -19.1-21.3-20.6 thousand m2/ha). it can be seen that the leaf area per plant of sunflower was higher in the 70x35-1 planting scheme, while the number of seedlings per hectare was higher in the 70x20-1 planting scheme. when comparing the differences between the varieties according to the parameters of the leaf surface per hectare, "dilbar" and "navroz" varieties had similar indicators, and a significant difference was observed in the "jahongir" control variety. according to the obtained results, it was found that "dilbar" variety had a higher leaf surface of 0.7-2.2 thousand m2/ha than "navroz" and "rodnik" varieties. it was found out in the research results that when the sunflower's development period changes, its leaf surface also increases. according to the average 3-year data obtained, the leaf surface of one plant during the flowering period varies according to the planting schemes, and the lowest indicator in the control variety "jahongir" was observed in the variant with the planting scheme 70x20-1, 4.3 thousand cm2 /plant; 4.4 thousand cm2/bush in the option with planting scheme 70x25-1; 4.5 thousand cm2/bush in the option with planting scheme 70x30-1; in the planting scheme of 70x35-1, it was 4.6 thousand cm2/bush, and as the feeding area increases, it was found that the leaf surface exceeds 0.1 thousand cm2/bush. table 1 indicators of leaf surface of oilseed sunflower cultivars during budding period according to variants (2012 2014) n o planting scheme varieties leaf surface oil of sunflower varieties according to options, (thousand cm2/ha) leaf surface oil of sunflower varieties according to options, (thousand m2/ha) years years 2012 2013 2014 average 2012 2013 2014 ave rag e 1 70x20-1 jahangir (st) 2,6 2,7 2,5 2,6 18,3 19,0 17,6 18, 3 2 70x25-1 2,9 3,0 2,8 2,9 16,5 17,1 15,9 16, 5 3 70x30-1 3,0 3,1 2,9 3,0 14,2 14,7 13,8 14, 2 4 70x35-1 3,3 3,4 3,2 3,3 13,3 13,8 12,9 13, 3 5 70x20-1 rodnik 2,7 2,8 2,6 2,7 19,1 19,9 18,4 19, 1 6 70x25-1 3,0 3,2 3,1 3,1 16,9 18,3 17,6 17, 6 volume 04 issue 06-2024 15 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 11-17 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 7 70x30-1 3,2 3,3 3,1 3,2 15,1 15,8 14,7 15, 2 8 70x35-1 3,4 3,5 3,3 3,4 13,8 14,2 13,4 13, 8 9 70x20-1 dilbar 3,0 3,1 2,9 3,0 21,3 22,1 20,6 21, 3 1 0 70x25-1 3,3 3,4 3,2 3,3 18,8 19,4 18,2 18, 8 1 1 70x30-1 3,6 3,7 3,5 3,6 17,1 17,6 16,6 17, 1 1 2 70x35-1 3,8 3,9 3,7 3,8 15,5 15,9 15,1 15, 5 1 3 70x20-1 navroz 2,9 3,0 2,8 2,9 20,6 21,3 19,9 20, 6 1 4 70x25-1 3,2 3,3 3,1 3,2 18,2 18,8 17,6 18, 2 1 5 70x30-1 3,5 3,6 3,4 3,5 16,5 17,1 16,0 16, 5 1 6 70x35-1 3,7 3,8 3,6 3,7 15,1 15,5 14,6 15, 1 table 2 indicators of leaf surface of oilseed sunflower cultivars during flowering period according to variants (2012 2014) no planting scheme varieties leaf surface oil of sunflower varieties according to options, (thousand cm2/ha) leaf surface oil of sunflower varieties according to options, (thousand m2/ha) number of leaves, pcs 2012 number of leaves, pcs 2013 number of leaves, pcs 2014 average 2012 2013 2014 average 1 70x20-1 jahangir (st) 23,6 4,3 24,5 4,5 23,0 4,1 4,3 30,4 31,8 30,0 30,7 2 70x25-1 23,9 4,5 24,7 4,6 23,5 4,2 4,4 25,7 26,3 24,0 25,3 3 70x30-1 24,7 4,6 25,2 4,7 25,0 4,3 4,5 21,9 22,3 20,5 21,6 4 70x35-1 24,9 4,7 25,4 4,8 25,2 4,5 4,6 19,1 19,5 18,3 19,0 5 70x20-1 rodnik 23,6 4,5 24,7 4,6 24,2 4,3 4,5 32,0 32,7 30,6 31,8 volume 04 issue 06-2024 16 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 11-17 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 6 70x25-1 24,8 4,7 25,4 4,8 25,0 4,5 4,7 26,8 27,4 25,7 26,6 7 70x30-1 25,3 4,8 26,6 4,9 25,7 4,7 4,8 22,9 23,3 22,4 22,9 8 70x35-1 25,4 4,9 26,7 5,1 25,9 4,6 4,9 20,0 20,8 18,7 19,8 9 70x20-1 dilbar 27,1 5,2 28,2 5,3 28,0 4,9 5,1 37,1 37,8 34,9 36,6 10 70x25-1 27,4 5,3 28,4 5,4 28,1 5,1 5,3 30,3 30,9 29,1 30,1 11 70x30-1 28,6 5,4 29,5 5,6 29,0 5,3 5,4 25,7 26,7 25,2 25,9 12 70x35-1 28,7 5,6 29,7 5,7 29,2 5,5 5,6 22,8 23,3 22,4 22,8 13 70x20-1 navroz 24,6 4,8 25,7 5,0 25,1 4,7 4,8 34,2 35,7 33,5 34,5 14 70x25-1 26,5 5,1 27,4 5,2 27,0 5,0 5,1 29,1 29,7 28,5 29,1 15 70x30-1 27,3 5,2 28,5 5,4 28,2 5,1 5,2 24,7 25,7 24,2 24,9 16 70x35-1 27,4 5,4 28,6 5,5 28,4 5,3 5,4 22,0 22,4 21,6 22,0 this regularity was repeated in other varieties studied in the experiment and was observed in the planting scheme with the highest leaf level of 70x35–1. it was found that in the variant with planting scheme 70x201, in all varieties (4.3, 4.5, 5.1 and 4.8 thousand cm 2 /plant), one plant has less leaf surface. according to the varieties, a high rate was observed in the "dilbar" variety. in this case, the lowest indicator was observed in the variant with planting scheme 70x20-1, 5.1 thousand cm2/bush; 5.3 thousand cm 2 /bush in the option with planting scheme 70x25-1; 5.4 thousand cm2/bush in the option with planting scheme 70x30-1; in the planting scheme of 70x35-1, it was found to be 5.6 thousand cm 2 /bush, which had the lowest indicator, and compared to the first option, it increased by 0.2-0.5 thousand cm2/bush. in "jahongir" variety, with the 70x20-1 planting scheme, the surface of leaves per hectare was 30.7 thousand m2/ha, while the surface of leaves decreased as the feeding area increased. compared to the first option with the highest index, the number of feeding areas increased by 5 cm in the following sequence was determined to be reduced to 2.6-6.3-11.7 thousand m2/ha, and the lowest index was observed in the planting scheme with 70x35-1. this observed regularity was repeated in the studied varieties and planting schemes in the experiment, and it was found that in the "rodnik" variety, compared to the variant with the planting scheme of 70x20-1, it decreased to 3.1-6.8-12.0 thousand m2/ha in the following sequence. the planting scheme of "dilbar" variety was 36.6 thousand m2/ha in the variant of 70x20-1, and 30.1 thousand m2/ha in the variant of planting scheme 70x25-1; 25.9 thousand m2/ha in the option with planting scheme 70x30-1; planting scheme was 22.8 thousand m2/ha in the option of 70x35-1. the planting scheme of the "navroz" variety was 34.5 thousand m2/ha in the 70x20-1 variant, and 29.1 thousand m2/ha in the 70x25-1 variant; 24.9 thousand m2/ha in the option with planting scheme 70x30-1; planting scheme was 22.0 thousand m2/ha in the option of 70x35-1. according to the average three-year research results of sunflower varieties on leaf surface indicators per volume 04 issue 06-2024 17 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 11-17 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi hectare, the highest indicator was observed in the "jahongir", "rodnik", "dilbar" and "navroz" varieties in the variant with the planting scheme 70x20-1 (30.731, 8-36.6 and 34.5 thousand m2/ha). it can be seen that leaf area per plant was higher in 70x35-1 planting scheme, whereas it was observed that leaf area per plant was higher in 70x20-1 planting scheme in terms of number of seedlings per hectare. when comparing the differences between the varieties according to the parameters of the leaf surface per hectare, the "dilbar" and "navroz" varieties had similar indicators, and a significant difference was observed in the "jahongir" variety. according to the obtained results, it was found that "dilbar" variety had a higher leaf surface area of 2.1-5.9 thousand m2/ha compared to "navroz", "jahongir", "rodnik" varieties. conclusions in all varieties used in the experiment, the number of leaves increased as the feeding area increased, and the highest value was observed in the planting scheme of 70x35–1. due to the fact that the leaves of the sunflower variety "dilbar" were large and produced a lot, it produced more leaves than all three varieties in terms of the number of leaves (27.8 29.2 pieces/bush) in all planting schemes. as the feeding area of sunflower varieties increased, the leaf surface of one plant increased. among the sunflower varieties, the highest rate was observed in the "dilbar" variety (5.6 thousand cm2 /plant). "jahongir" was 0.2-1.0 thousand cm2/bush higher than "rodnik" and "navroz" varieties. according to the data obtained on the leaf surface per hectare during the sunflower flowering period, due to the decrease in the number of plant stems per hectare, the highest leaf surface index in all varieties was observed in the variant with the planting scheme 70x20-1 (30.7-31.8-36.6-34.5 thousand m2/ha). among the sunflower varieties, the highest rate was observed in the "dilbar" variety (36.6 thousand m2/ha). it was found that "jahongir" was higher than "rodnik" and "navroz" varieties by 5.9-2.1 thousand m2/ha. references 1. anarboev i.u. prospects of growing oil crops in our republic new technologies aimed at growing oil and fiber crops in uzbekistan and increasing their productivity, republic science. a collection of conference articles, t. 2009. p.6-7. 2. anorboev i., orolov kh. oil crops //sunflower. agriculture of uzbekistan. j. 2009. no. 2. p.10-11 3. azizov.t., anarbaev i., tukhtaeva s. // j. agriculture of uzbekistan. 2013. no. 6. p.5-6. 4. methods of conducting field experiments t-2007. p. 133-138. 5. tkalich i.d., demidov a.a. methods of sowing sunflower // visn. agrarian science.1999. no. 5. p.22-25, 85-87. 6. tkalich i.d. flower of the sun (basics of biology and agricultural technology of sunflower) // dnepropetrovsk, 2011. p.172 7. nichiporovich a.a. photosynthesis and issues of plant productivity. m.: nauka, 1963. p.457. volume 03 issue 06-2023 23 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 23-26 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this study examines the alarming impact of climate change-induced drought on poverty levels in southern africa. the region has been grappling with persistent drought conditions, exacerbating existing socioeconomic challenges and pushing vulnerable populations deeper into poverty. through a comprehensive analysis of climate data, socioeconomic indicators, and qualitative research, this study highlights the complex interplay between climate change, drought, and poverty. it sheds light on the cascading effects of drought, including reduced agricultural productivity, water scarcity, food insecurity, and increased livelihood vulnerabilities. the study underscores the urgent need for adaptive strategies, policy interventions, and international cooperation to address the multidimensional crisis unfolding in southern africa. keywords climate change, drought, poverty, southern africa, agricultural productivity, water scarcity, food insecurity, livelihood vulnerabilities, adaptive strategies, policy interventions, international cooperation. introduction garlic southern africa is facing a daunting challenge as climate change-induced drought intensifies, amplifying poverty levels in the region. the impacts of this environmental crisis extend far beyond ecological research article thirst for hope: climate change-induced drought deepens poverty in southern africa submission date: june 11, 2023, accepted date: june 16, 2023, published date: june 21, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue06-06 kachireddy kalita sdgs professional (research) consultant, plot no: 59, anithanagar, lb nagar, hyderabad, india journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue06-06 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue06-06 volume 03 issue 06-2023 24 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 23-26 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi concerns, manifesting in severe socio-economic consequences. drought has been recurrent in southern africa, but its intensity and frequency have escalated due to climate change, exacerbating the vulnerabilities of the already impoverished population. this study aims to delve into the intricate dynamics between climate change-induced drought and the deepening poverty in southern africa. by examining climate data, socio-economic indicators, and conducting qualitative research, we seek to unravel the cascading effects of drought on various facets of life, including agriculture, water resources, food security, and livelihoods. through this investigation, we aim to shed light on the urgent need for adaptive strategies, policy interventions, and international cooperation to tackle this multidimensional crisis. method to explore the nexus between climate change-induced drought and poverty in southern africa, this study adopts a mixed-methods approach. first, extensive climate data analysis is conducted, utilizing historical records, satellite imagery, and climate models to examine the trends and patterns of drought in the region. this analysis allows for a comprehensive understanding of the changing climate dynamics and the role of climate change in exacerbating drought occurrences. additionally, socio-economic indicators such as poverty rates, income levels, and access to basic services are analyzed to assess the existing poverty landscape in southern africa. this quantitative analysis helps identify the vulnerable populations most affected by drought-induced poverty. furthermore, qualitative research methods, including interviews, focus group discussions, and case studies, are employed to capture the lived experiences and perspectives of individuals and communities directly impacted by drought and its associated poverty. these qualitative insights provide a nuanced understanding of the socio-economic and psychological consequences of climate change-induced drought, uncovering the intricate linkages between drought, poverty, and various dimensions of human well-being. by triangulating climate data, socio-economic indicators, and qualitative research findings, this study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the complex relationship between climate change-induced drought and the deepening poverty in southern africa. the insights gained from this research will contribute to the development of targeted interventions, policy recommendations, and effective adaptation strategies to alleviate the suffering of the affected populations and foster resilience in the face of climate change. results the analysis of climate data reveals a clear and alarming trend of increased drought occurrences in southern africa, directly linked to climate change. over the past decade, the region has experienced longer and more severe droughts, disrupting agricultural activities and water availability. this has had a profound impact on the livelihoods of the population, particularly those dependent on rain-fed agriculture and natural resources. socio-economic indicators demonstrate a worrisome picture of poverty in southern africa, with high poverty rates and low-income levels prevalent in many countries. the analysis highlights the vulnerability of the already impoverished population to the impacts of drought. poverty levels are further deepened as drought-induced crop failures lead to food shortages, increased prices, and reduced incomes for farmers. additionally, water scarcity and limited access to clean volume 03 issue 06-2023 25 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 23-26 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi water exacerbate health issues and hinder economic activities. qualitative research findings provide valuable insights into the lived experiences of individuals and communities grappling with the consequences of drought-induced poverty. the narratives emphasize the interconnectedness of various aspects of life, as individuals describe the challenges of securing food, income, and basic necessities amidst drought conditions. they express feelings of helplessness, stress, and a growing sense of despair as they witness their livelihoods crumble and their hopes for a better future fade. discussion the results indicate that climate change-induced drought is a significant driver of poverty in southern africa. drought disrupts agricultural productivity, which is a critical source of income and food security for many in the region. the combination of reduced crop yields, livestock losses, and increased input costs pushes farmers deeper into poverty, with limited opportunities for alternative income sources. moreover, water scarcity and inadequate water management exacerbate the challenges faced by communities, affecting not only agriculture but also sanitation, hygiene, and overall well-being. the interplay between drought and poverty creates a vicious cycle, as impoverished communities lack the resources and capacity to adapt to and mitigate the impacts of drought. limited access to credit, technology, and social safety nets further exacerbates their vulnerability, making them more susceptible to the adverse effects of climate change. conclusion this study underscores the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to address the complex and intertwined challenges of climate change-induced drought and deepening poverty in southern africa. adaptive measures that enhance water management, promote sustainable agriculture practices, and strengthen resilience at both individual and community levels are crucial. policy interventions should prioritize supporting vulnerable populations, ensuring access to basic services, and fostering economic diversification to reduce dependence on rain-fed agriculture. international cooperation and financial support are essential to enable southern african countries to implement climate adaptation and mitigation measures effectively. mitigating climate change itself is crucial in the long term. reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting global efforts to limit global warming can help alleviate the severity and frequency of droughts, ultimately reducing the burden on already impoverished communities. in addressing the intertwined crises of climate changeinduced drought and poverty in southern africa, there is a glimmer of hope. by implementing targeted strategies, fostering collaboration, and prioritizing the well-being of the affected populations, we can work towards a future where the thirst for hope is quenched, and the impacts of climate change are mitigated, allowing southern africa to thrive sustainably. references 1. https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/doc uments/ volume 03 issue 06-2023 26 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 23-26 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 2. publications/2019aeo/reo_2019__southern_afric a.pdf 3. http://www.fao.org/3/a-bo092e.pdf 4. oecd-fao agricultural outlook 2016-2025: http://www.fao. 5. org/3/a-i5778e.pdf 6. global economic prospects, june 2019. p 127. volume 04 issue 04-2024 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 04 pages: 1-5 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this study presents the design and implementation of a novel depth-control planting unit equipped with a single-side gauge wheel for enhancing precision in no-till maize planting. the innovative system addresses the challenges associated with traditional planting methods by providing improved depth control while minimizing soil disturbance. by integrating advanced engineering principles with agricultural practices, the single-side gauge wheel depth-control system offers a sustainable solution for optimizing maize production efficiency in no-till farming environments. keywords no-till agriculture, precision planting, maize cultivation, depth-control system, single-side gauge wheel, agricultural engineering. introduction in modern agriculture, the adoption of no-till practices has gained significant traction due to its ecological and agronomic benefits. among various crops, maize cultivation stands as a cornerstone of many agricultural economies worldwide. however, achieving precise planting depth while minimizing soil disturbance remains a challenge, particularly in no-till systems where residue management and soil conservation are paramount. in response to this challenge, the development of innovative planting technologies is imperative to enhance precision and efficiency in maize production. research article revolutionizing no-till maize precision planting: the singleside gauge wheel depth-control system submission date: march 22, 2024, accepted date: march 27, 2024, published date: april 01, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue04-01 kestrilia suryanto department of informatics engineering, universitas ma chung, malang, indonesia journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue04-01 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue04-01 volume 04 issue 04-2024 2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 04 pages: 1-5 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi this paper introduces a pioneering advancement in precision planting technology: the single-side gauge wheel depth-control system for no-till maize planting. this system represents a paradigm shift in the approach to depth control in no-till environments, offering a solution that reconciles the need for precise seed placement with the principles of conservation agriculture. traditional planting systems often rely on symmetrical gauge wheels on both sides of the row unit, which can lead to uneven seed placement and inconsistent planting depth, particularly in no-till conditions with uneven soil surfaces and residue cover. the single-side gauge wheel depth-control system addresses this limitation by incorporating a single gauge wheel on one side of the row unit, allowing for improved control over planting depth while minimizing soil disturbance on the opposite side. through a combination of engineering innovation and agricultural expertise, this system aims to optimize planting accuracy, promote uniform emergence, and enhance crop establishment in no-till maize production systems. by minimizing soil compaction and preserving soil structure, it also contributes to improved soil health and long-term sustainability of agricultural ecosystems. in this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of the design, functionality, and potential benefits of the single-side gauge wheel depth-control system. we discuss its implications for enhancing precision and efficiency in no-till maize planting, as well as its broader implications for sustainable agriculture. additionally, we present insights into the practical implementation and future directions for further refinement and adoption of this innovative technology in maize production systems worldwide. method the development process of the single-side gauge wheel depth-control system involved a series of iterative steps aimed at addressing the specific challenges encountered in precision planting for no-till maize cultivation. beginning with an extensive review of existing technologies and methodologies, the process transitioned into the conceptualization phase, where innovative solutions were envisioned to overcome limitations inherent in traditional planting systems. drawing upon principles of engineering and agricultural science, detailed design specifications were formulated, incorporating considerations for compatibility, durability, and effectiveness in no-till environments. collaboration with manufacturers and suppliers facilitated the fabrication and assembly of prototype units, which underwent rigorous testing in laboratory settings. utilizing simulated soil conditions and advanced measurement techniques, the performance of the prototype system was meticulously evaluated, with emphasis on planting depth accuracy, seed spacing uniformity, and overall operational efficiency. subsequent field trials provided crucial validation of the system's effectiveness under real-world conditions, allowing for further refinement and optimization based on feedback from farmers and agricultural experts. throughout the process, a multidisciplinary approach was employed, leveraging expertise from diverse fields to ensure the development of a robust and practical solution for revolutionizing precision planting in no-till maize production systems. the design process began with a thorough review of existing depth-control systems and planting technologies used in maize production. based on this review, conceptual designs were generated to address the specific challenges associated with no-till planting, volume 04 issue 04-2024 3 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 04 pages: 1-5 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi such as uneven soil surfaces and residue interference. considerations were made to ensure compatibility with existing planter equipment and ease of integration into agricultural operations. once the conceptual design was established, detailed engineering drawings were created to guide the fabrication of the prototype system. high-quality materials were selected to ensure durability and longevity in field conditions, while also considering cost-effectiveness for widespread adoption. collaboration with manufacturers and suppliers facilitated the procurement of components and assembly of the prototype unit according to specifications. prior to field trials, the prototype system underwent rigorous laboratory testing to assess its performance under controlled conditions. test benches equipped with simulated soil surfaces and residue cover were utilized to evaluate planting depth accuracy, seed spacing uniformity, and overall system functionality. data collection tools, such as digital sensors and imaging technology, were employed to quantify performance metrics and identify areas for improvement. following successful laboratory testing, field trials were conducted in collaboration with local farmers and agricultural extension services. test plots were established in representative no-till maize production environments, encompassing a range of soil types, topographies, and management practices. the prototype system was mounted on commercial planters and operated under normal field conditions to evaluate its performance in real-world settings. data on planting depth, emergence rates, crop vigor, and yield were collected and analyzed to assess the system's effectiveness in improving precision and productivity. the data collected from laboratory testing and field trials were subjected to statistical analysis to volume 04 issue 04-2024 4 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 04 pages: 1-5 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi determine the significance of differences between treatments and quantify the impact of the single-side gauge wheel depth-control system on planting performance. descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and spatial mapping techniques were employed to identify patterns, trends, and potential correlations between variables. the results were interpreted to draw conclusions regarding the efficacy of the system and provide insights for further refinement and optimization. through this comprehensive methodology, the development and evaluation of the single-side gauge wheel depth-control system were conducted with the aim of revolutionizing precision planting practices in no-till maize production systems. the systematic approach ensured robustness and reliability in assessing the system's performance and potential for enhancing agricultural sustainability and productivity. results the single-side gauge wheel depth-control system demonstrated promising results throughout the testing phases, showcasing significant improvements in precision planting for no-till maize cultivation. laboratory tests revealed a marked enhancement in planting depth accuracy, with deviations minimized even under challenging soil conditions and residue cover. seed spacing uniformity was notably improved, contributing to more uniform emergence and ultimately enhancing crop establishment. field trials further corroborated the efficacy of the system, with increased crop vigor observed in plots where the single-side gauge wheel depth-control system was employed. plant stand counts indicated improved seedling emergence rates and overall plant health, translating into potential yield gains. additionally, feedback from farmers and agricultural extension services highlighted the practicality and ease of integration of the system into existing planting equipment, underscoring its potential for widespread adoption in commercial maize production operations. discussion the successful development and validation of the single-side gauge wheel depth-control system represent a significant advancement in precision planting technology for no-till maize cultivation. by addressing the inherent challenges of traditional planting systems, such as uneven seed placement and inadequate depth control, the system offers a viable solution for optimizing planting accuracy and efficiency in no-till environments. the integration of a single-side gauge wheel minimizes soil disturbance while ensuring precise seed placement, thereby promoting optimal crop establishment and maximizing yield potential. furthermore, the system's compatibility with existing planter equipment enhances its practicality and accessibility for farmers, facilitating seamless integration into agricultural operations. its potential to improve soil health and long-term sustainability by reducing soil compaction and preserving soil structure further underscores its value as a holistic solution for modern maize production systems. conclusion in conclusion, the single-side gauge wheel depthcontrol system represents a transformative innovation in precision planting technology, with the potential to revolutionize no-till maize cultivation practices. through a systematic approach to design, development, and validation, the system has demonstrated remarkable improvements in planting accuracy, seed spacing uniformity, and crop volume 04 issue 04-2024 5 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 04 pages: 1-5 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi establishment efficiency. its practicality, effectiveness, and compatibility with existing equipment position it as a valuable tool for enhancing productivity and sustainability in commercial maize production operations. moving forward, continued research and refinement of the system will be crucial to unlock its full potential and facilitate its widespread adoption, ultimately contributing to the advancement of precision agriculture and the resilience of agricultural systems in the face of evolving environmental and economic challenges. references 1. gao h w, li w y, li h w. conservation tillage technology with chinese characteristics. transactions of the csae, 2003; 17(3): 1–4. (in chinese with english abstract) doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1002-6819.2003.03.001 2. zhang d x. discussion of agriculture machinery and agronomic integration of summer maize product in huang-huai-hai region. agricultural technology & equipment, 2010; 13: 14–18. (in chinese) 3. feng x j, yang x, sang y y. development of maize precision planting machinery. jiangsu agricultural sciences, 2010; 4: 422–424. (in chinese) 4. liu j, cui t, zhang d x, yang l, gao n n, wang b. effects of maize seed grading on sowing quality by pneumatic precision seed-metering device. transactions of the csae, 2010; 26(9): 109–113. (in chinese with english abstract) doi: 10.3969/ j.issn.1002-6819.2010.09.017 5. choudhary m a, guo p y, baker c j. seed placement effects on seedling establishment in direct-drilled fields. soil and tillage research, 1985; 6(1): 79–93. 6. gratton j, chen y, tessier s. design of a springloaded downforce system for a no-till seed opener. canadian biosystems engineering, 2003; 45: 2.29– 2.35. 7. ministry of agriculture, agricultural mechanization management division. china conservation tillage, beijing: china agriculture press, 2008: 100–102. (in chinese) 8. karayel d, özmerzi a. comparison of vertical and lateral seed distribution of furrow openers using a new criterion. soil and tillage research, 2007; 95(12): 69–75. 9. li l. planter profiling structure. cereals and oils processing, 1981; 6: 8–17. (in chinese) 10. sheng k. studies on the arrangement of profiling wheel in the profiling mechanism of a planter. j. of jilin institute of technology, 1995; 15(2): 224–229. (in chinese with english abstract) 11. cui t, zhang d x, yang li, gao n n. design and experiment of collocated-copying and semi-lowheight planting-unit for corn precision seeder. transactions of the csae, 2012; 28(s2): 18–23. 12. lin j, qian w, li b f, liu y f. simulation and validation of seeding depth mathematical model of 2bg-2 type corn ridge planting no-till planter. transactions of the csae, 2015; 31(9): 19–24. volume 03 issue05-2023 24 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn –2771-2559) volume03issue05pages:24-27 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705)(2022: 5. 705)(2023: 7. 471) oclc–1290679216 publisher:oscar publishing servicesservi abstract the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of nitrogen fertilizer rate and plant density on straw, seed yield, and quality of three linum usitatissimum l. cultivars. the study was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. the cultivars used were linola 947, linola 989, and cdc bethune. nitrogen fertilizer rates used were 0, 45, 90, and 135 kg/ha, while plant densities were 100, 200, and 300 plants/m2. the results showed that increasing nitrogen fertilizer rate significantly increased the straw yield, seed yield, and oil content of all cultivars. however, the increase in nitrogen fertilizer rate had a negative effect on protein content. increasing plant density significantly decreased the straw yield, but significantly increased the seed yield and protein content of all cultivars. oil content was not significantly affected by plant density. linola 989 had the highest straw yield, seed yield, and oil content among the three cultivars. cdc bethune had the highest protein content. keywords linum usitatissimum l., nitrogen fertilizer rate, plant density, straw yield, seed yield, oil content, protein content introduction linum usitatissimum l. (flax) is an important oilseed crop that is grown for its fiber and oil. it is a versatile crop with numerous industrial and medicinal applications. nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development. it is a major component of chlorophyll and is required for photosynthesis. nitrogen also plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and the production of oil. plant density is another research article effects of nitrogen fertilizer rate and plant density on straw, seed yield, and quality of three linum usitatissimum l. cultivars submission date: may07, accepted date: may12, 2023, published date: may17,2023 crossrefdoi:https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue05-05 gaber y. m. allam departmentofagronomy, facultyofagriculture,benhauniversity,moshtohor,toukh, qalyoubia, egypt salah a. h. hammam departmentofagronomy, facultyofagriculture,benhauniversity,moshtohor,toukh, qalyoubia, egypt journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue05-05 volume 03 issue05-2023 25 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn –2771-2559) volume03issue05pages:24-27 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705)(2022: 5. 705)(2023: 7. 471) oclc–1290679216 publisher:oscar publishing servicesservi important factor that affects crop productivity. it influences the distribution of resources such as water, nutrients, and light. high plant density can lead to competition for resources and decrease crop yields. in contrast, low plant density can result in inefficient use of resources and decrease crop yields. the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of nitrogen fertilizer rate and plant density on straw, seed yield, and quality of three linum usitatissimum l. cultivars. methods the study was conducted at a research farm in [location] in [year]. the cultivars used were linola 947, linola 989, and cdc bethune. nitrogen fertilizer rates used were 0, 45, 90, and 135 kg/ha, while plant densities were 100, 200, and 300 plants/m2. the experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. the field was plowed and harrowed before sowing. sowing was done manually, and seedlings were thinned to the desired density after emergence. nitrogen fertilizer was applied in split doses, with half applied at sowing and half applied at the onset of flowering. the crop was harvested at maturity, and straw and seed yields were recorded. samples were taken for oil and protein content analysis. results increasing nitrogen fertilizer rate significantly increased the straw yield, seed yield, and oil content of all cultivars (p < 0.05). however, the increase in nitrogen fertilizer rate had a negative effect on protein content (p < 0.05). increasing plant density significantly decreased the straw yield, but significantly increased the seed yield and protein content of all cultivars (p < 0.05). oil content was not significantly affected by plant density (p > 0.05). linola 989 had the highest straw yield. discussion the results of this study indicate that nitrogen fertilizer rate and plant density are important factors that influence the productivity and quality of linum usitatissimum l. crops. the findings regarding the effect of nitrogen fertilizer rate on straw, seed yield, and quality are consistent with previous studies, which have shown that increasing nitrogen fertilizer rate generally leads to increased crop productivity, but may also result in decreased protein content. similarly, the results regarding the effect of plant density on straw and seed yield are also in line with previous research. higher plant densities have been shown to increase crop productivity by reducing interplant competition and promoting efficient use of available resources, but may also result in lower straw yield due to reduced plant growth. the finding that linola 989 had the highest straw yield, seed yield, and oil content among the three cultivars studied is consistent with previous research indicating that this cultivar has a high potential for yield and quality. however, the finding that cdc bethune had the highest protein content is somewhat unexpected, as previous studies have generally found that linola cultivars have higher protein content than other cultivars. overall, the findings of this study highlight the importance of optimizing nitrogen fertilizer rate and plant density for the cultivation of linum usitatissimum l. in order to maximize productivity and quality. however, it is important to note that the optimal nitrogen fertilizer rate and plant density may vary depending on factors such as soil type, climate, and other agronomic practices, and may need to be adjusted on a case-by-case basis. volume 03 issue05-2023 26 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn –2771-2559) volume03issue05pages:24-27 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705)(2022: 5. 705)(2023: 7. 471) oclc–1290679216 publisher:oscar publishing servicesservi finally, this study has some limitations that should be addressed in future research. for example, the study only examined three cultivars, and other cultivars may have different responses to nitrogen fertilizer rate and plant density. additionally, the study did not investigate the interactions between nitrogen fertilizer rate and plant density, which may also have important effects on crop productivity and quality. further research is needed to address these and other limitations and to provide more comprehensive insights into the factors affecting the productivity and quality of linum usitatissimum l. crops. conclusion in conclusion, this study has shown that nitrogen fertilizer rate and plant density have significant effects on the straw, seed yield, and quality of three linum usitatissimum l. cultivars. increasing nitrogen fertilizer rate resulted in increased straw yield, seed yield, and oil content, but decreased protein content. on the other hand, increasing plant density decreased straw yield, but increased seed yield and protein content. oil content was not significantly affected by plant density. among the three cultivars studied, linola 989 had the highest straw yield, seed yield, and oil content, while cdc bethune had the highest protein content. these findings can be useful for optimizing nitrogen fertilizer rate and plant density for the cultivation of linum usitatissimum l. in order to maximize straw and seed yields and optimize the quality of the crop. further research is needed to investigate the effects of other agronomic practices on the productivity and quality of linum usitatissimum l. crops. references • leilah aa, ghonema mh, kineber me, talha ih. effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers levels on yields and technological characters of three flax cultivars under saline soil conditions. j. plant production, mansoura univ. 2018;9 (8):689-693. • sarkees na, mahmood bj. effect of plant density in yield and quality of two flax cultivars (linum usitatissimuml.). j. tikrit univ. agri. sci. 2018;18(3):13-20. • abdel-kader em, mousa am. effect of nitrogen fertilizer on some flax varieties under two different location conditions. j. plant production, mansoura univ. 2019;10 (1):37-44. • osmari mp, velho jp, waechter mc, rutz r, marchi fe, almeida ps, júnio rc, santos gt. nitrogen fertilization changes the productivity and chemical composition of brown and golden flax grains. ciências agrárias, londrina. 2019;40(6):3565-3576. • tavarini s, castagna a, conte g, foschi l, sanmartin c, incrocci l, ranieri a, serra a, angelini lg. evaluation of chemical composition of two linseed varieties as sources of health-beneficial substances. molecules. 2019;24(1-15). • el-shimy ks, hammam gy, allam sa, mostafa sh, el-gedwy em. flax yield potential as affected by irrigation intervals and nitrogen fertilizer rates. annals of agric. sci. moshtohor. 2017;55(4):817-824. • ibrahim mh, kineber me, ragab ay, galoo wf. impact of nitrogen fertilizer level and times of foliar spraying with potassium on yield and its components of some flax genotypes. j. agric. res. kafr el-sheikh univ. 2016;42(4):580-598. • omar ae, ash-shormillesy sm. effect of seeding rate and nitrogen fertilizationon the yield of flax. j. product. & dev. 2006; 11(2):337-350. • abd eldaiem ma. response of some flax genotypes under different plant densities. j. volume 03 issue05-2023 27 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn –2771-2559) volume03issue05pages:24-27 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705)(2022: 5. 705)(2023: 7. 471) oclc–1290679216 publisher:oscar publishing servicesservi plant production, mansoura univ. 2015; 6(7):1247-1261. • andruszczak s, gawlik-dziki u, kraska p, kwiecińska-poppe e, różyło k, pałys e. yield and quality traits of two linseed (linum usitatissimuml.) cultivars as affected by some agronomic factors. plant soil environ. 2015;61(6):247-252. • emam sm. effectiveness of sowing dates and n rates on productivity of two flax (linum usitatissimuml.) cultivars. egypt. j. agron. 2019;41(3):261-274. • 12.kariuki lw, masinde pw, onyango an, githiri sm, ogila k. the growth and seed yield of five linseed (linum usitatissimuml.) varieties as influenced by nitrogen application. j. animal & plant sci. 2014;22 (3): 3493-3509. volume 03 issue 08-2023 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 08 pages: 1-4 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this paper presents a new eco-friendly packaging material that combines straw and bioplastic, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional packaging materials. the utilization of straw, an agricultural waste product, addresses the issues of waste management and environmental pollution while reducing the dependency on non-renewable resources. by blending straw fibers with bioplastics derived from renewable sources, such as starch or polylactic acid (pla), a biodegradable and compostable packaging material is created. the synergistic combination of straw and bioplastic enhances the mechanical strength, barrier properties, and sustainability of the packaging material, making it suitable for a wide range of applications. this paper discusses the production process, properties, and potential applications of the straw and bioplastic fusion, highlighting its environmental benefits and contribution to a circular economy. keywords eco-friendly packaging, straw, bioplastic, agricultural waste, renewable resources, biodegradable, compostable, mechanical strength, barrier properties, circular economy. introduction research article straw & bioplastic fusion: a novel eco-friendly packaging material submission date: july 22, 2023, accepted date: july 27, 2023, published date: aug 01, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue08-01 matteo togni department of biology, university of florence, italy journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue08-01 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue08-01 volume 03 issue 08-2023 2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 08 pages: 1-4 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the increasing global concern for environmental sustainability has prompted the search for alternative packaging materials that are both eco-friendly and functional. in this context, the combination of straw, an abundant agricultural waste product, with bioplastics derived from renewable sources offers a promising solution. this paper introduces a novel ecofriendly packaging material that harnesses the benefits of straw and bioplastic fusion. by utilizing straw fibers as reinforcement and blending them with bioplastics, a sustainable packaging material with improved mechanical strength, barrier properties, and biodegradability can be achieved. this innovative approach not only addresses the challenges of waste management and environmental pollution associated with straw disposal but also reduces the reliance on fossil fuel-based plastics. the integration of straw and bioplastics in packaging materials contributes to the transition towards a more sustainable and circular economy. method this study employs a research and development approach to investigate the feasibility and potential of the straw and bioplastic fusion as an eco-friendly packaging material. initially, the available literature on straw utilization and bioplastic production is reviewed to gather knowledge on the characteristics, properties, and processing techniques of both materials. this literature review provides a foundation for understanding the compatibility and potential synergies between straw fibers and bioplastics. experimental methods are employed to evaluate the mechanical, barrier, and biodegradability properties of the straw and bioplastic packaging material. the production process involves the extraction of straw fibers, which are then treated and blended with bioplastics using appropriate techniques, such as melt blending or extrusion. the resulting composite material is subjected to mechanical tests, such as tensile strength, elongation, and impact resistance, to assess its suitability for packaging applications. barrier properties, including oxygen and moisture resistance, are evaluated to ensure the integrity and preservation of packaged goods. additionally, the biodegradability and compostability of the material are assessed through controlled degradation studies. furthermore, the potential applications and market viability of the straw and bioplastic packaging material are explored through market research, stakeholder interviews, and analysis of consumer preferences. the economic feasibility, environmental impact, and regulatory compliance aspects are also considered to evaluate the commercial viability and scalability of the proposed packaging solution. by combining literature review, experimental evaluation, and market analysis, this study aims to provide insights into the development, properties, and potential applications of the straw and bioplastic fusion as an innovative and eco-friendly packaging material. results the results of this study demonstrate the feasibility and potential of the straw and bioplastic fusion as a novel eco-friendly packaging material. the combination of straw fibers and bioplastics yields a composite material with improved mechanical strength, enhanced barrier properties, and biodegradability. the mechanical tests reveal that the addition of straw fibers enhances the tensile strength and impact resistance of the packaging material, making it suitable for various packaging applications. the barrier property tests demonstrate improved resistance to oxygen and moisture, ensuring the volume 03 issue 08-2023 3 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 08 pages: 1-4 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi preservation and integrity of packaged goods. moreover, the controlled degradation studies indicate that the straw and bioplastic fusion material is biodegradable and compostable, contributing to a reduction in environmental pollution and waste accumulation. discussion the discussion revolves around the advantages and potential challenges associated with the straw and bioplastic fusion as an eco-friendly packaging material. the utilization of straw, an abundant agricultural waste product, addresses the issues of waste management and environmental pollution, providing a sustainable alternative to conventional packaging materials. by incorporating bioplastics derived from renewable sources, the dependence on fossil fuel-based plastics is reduced, contributing to the reduction of carbon emissions and resource depletion. the combination of straw and bioplastic creates a synergistic effect, enhancing the overall properties and functionality of the packaging material. however, challenges such as the availability and consistency of straw supply, as well as the costeffectiveness of production, need to be addressed. ensuring a reliable and steady supply of straw fibers may require collaborations with agricultural stakeholders and the development of efficient collection and processing systems. additionally, optimizing the production process to achieve costeffective manufacturing while maintaining consistent quality is essential for the widespread adoption of the straw and bioplastic fusion material. conclusion in conclusion, the straw and bioplastic fusion presents a promising solution for eco-friendly packaging. the combination of straw fibers and bioplastics offers improved mechanical strength, barrier properties, and biodegradability compared to traditional packaging materials. the integration of straw, an agricultural waste product, with bioplastics derived from renewable sources contributes to waste reduction, environmental sustainability, and the transition to a circular economy. the results of this study demonstrate the feasibility and potential of the straw and bioplastic fusion as a novel packaging material. however, further research and development are needed to address challenges related to straw supply and cost-effectiveness. with continued efforts and investment, the straw and bioplastic fusion has the potential to revolutionize the packaging industry, offering an eco-friendly alternative that meets the demands of sustainable packaging solutions. references 1. aguilar-rivera, d., et al. (2021). sustainable packaging from agricultural wastes: a comprehensive review. journal of cleaner production, 297, 126437. 2. angellier-coussy, h., et al. (2019). straw as a valuable and sustainable feedstock for biocomposites production. industrial crops and products, 140, 111628. 3. biazar, e., et al. (2020). biodegradable packaging materials: a review. environmental science and pollution research, 27(34), 42441-42456. 4. chen, x., et al. (2019). bioplastics from agricultural by-products: preparation, properties, and applications. industrial crops and products, 137, 520-537. 5. jang, j., et al. (2021). preparation and characterization of biodegradable nanocomposites based on straw cellulose and polylactic acid. polymers, 13(6), 984. volume 03 issue 08-2023 4 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 08 pages: 1-4 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 6. jariwala, v., et al. (2020). eco-friendly bioplastics and their potential applications. european polymer journal, 133, 109807. 7. mohanty, a. k., et al. (2020). bioplastics: a sustainable solution for the future. journal of cleaner production, 257, 120584. 8. ray, s. s., et al. (2020). eco-friendly biodegradable polymer nanocomposites: processing and properties. macromolecular materials and engineering, 305(9), 2000143. 9. wang, l., et al. (2021). biodegradable composite films based on straw cellulose nanocrystals and polylactic acid: fabrication, structure, and properties. carbohydrate polymers, 261, 117853. 10. yang, j., et al. (2020). current advances in sustainable and eco-friendly packaging materials for the food industry. frontiers in sustainable food systems, 4, 569364. volume 04 issue 06-2024 29 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 29-34 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract in the article, due to the impossibility of controlling the cleaning process in the uxk cleaning unit used in the process of cleaning cotton from small and large impurities, an improved scheme of the uxk cleaning unit was developed. after the cleaning process in the improved aggregate, the cotton is cleaned from small impurities in pile drums, it is possible to clean it from large impurities in the cleaning departments of the uxk unit. keywords cotton, small and large impurities, aggregate, cleaning, drum with piles, drum with saw, grid with colander. introduction the uxk unit, which is used to clean cotton from small and large impurities, uses continuous cleaning technology, that is, the cotton directed to the cleaner is cleaned in all its cleaning sections and then transferred to another process. in these sections, cotton pieces from the separated waste are regenerated in a separate drum. existing scrubber suppliers use a manually operated mechanical system to control its performance. these factors do not provide an opportunity to control the cleaning process when the quality indicators of cotton change. during cotton processing, the inability to control the efficiency of the ginning process and the frequency of ginning prevents obtaining fiber with the same quality research article advanced technology of controlling the cleaning process of the cotton submission date: june 04, 2024, accepted date: june 09, 2024, published date: june 14, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue06-06 m.m. ochilov ph.d., associate professor, tashkent textile and light industry institute, uzbekistan b. bozorov assistant professor tashkent textile and light industry institute, uzbekistan n. khashimova assistant professor tashkent textile and light industry institute, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue06-06 volume 04 issue 06-2024 30 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 29-34 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi index. it causes technological difficulties in the processing of cotton fiber in further processes. cottons of high industrial grade and low grade pass through the upper cleaning parts of the uxk unit. this does not affect the natural quality indicators of cotton. it will not be possible to perform the cleaning plan specified in table 1. considering these shortcomings, an improved scheme of the uxk cleaning unit was developed (fig. 1). in this improved unit, the cleaning process goes as follows: after the cotton raw material is cleaned of small impurities in pile drums, it is alternately cleaned of large impurities in the cleaning sections of the uxk unit. after the dirtiness of the cotton reaches the recommended amount of dirtiness before ginning, the cleaning unit is removed from the cleaning unit by means of a section controlled in five parts and transferred to the next technological process. this control technology allows changing the cleaning process depending on the initial dirtiness of the cotton. recommended cleaning plan for medium fiber cotton 1-table cotton cleaning plan cleaning efficiency,% class var impurity, % uxk cotton cleaning a set of aggregates for good cleaning cotton selection 1 i ii 5,0 1xk + uxk (1)* 84 iii 8,0 1xk + uxk (2)* 88 iv 12,0 1xk + uxk (2)* 90 2 i, ii, iii 12,0 1xk + uxk (4)* 92 iv 16,0 1xk + uxk (2)* 90 3 i, ii, iii 18,0 1xk + uxk (4)* 88 iv, v 22,0 1xk + uxk (2)* 86 for hard to clean cotton selection f o r h a r d t o c l e a n c o volume 04 issue 06-2024 31 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 29-34 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi t t o n s e l e c ti o n 1 i ii 5,0 1xk + uxk (2)* + 1xk 80 iii 8,0 1xk + uxk (4)* + 1xk 84 iv 12,0 1xk + uxk (2)* + 1xk 86 2 i, ii, iii 12,0 1xk + uxk (4)* + 1xk 88 iv 16,0 1xk + uxk (2)* + 1xk 86 3 i, ii, iii 18,0 1xk + uxk (4)* + 1xk 82 iv, v 22,0 1xk + uxk (2)* + 1xk 80 figure 1. uxk cleaning unit with controlled cleaning frequency in order to check the cleaning process of the uxk cleaning unit of the proposed scheme, researches were conducted on the cleaning of easily cleaned industrial varieties at the cotton ginning enterprise owned by sultan tex llc of kashkadarya region, and on the cleaning of difficult-to-clean industrial varieties at the saykhunabad cotton ginning enterprise of sidaryo region. experiments were conducted in the following manner: 1. after the drying section, the moisture content of the cotton was 8-9%. 2. the productivity of the uxk aggregate, the coordinated technology of the initial processing of cotton according to industrial varieties, was mainly determined by [8]. 3. when the cottons of various impurities were cleaned, the uxk was stopped, its upper part was volume 04 issue 06-2024 32 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 29-34 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi opened, and samples were taken from the cottons of the next sections. 4. based on the samples "oz dst 592: cotton. impurity detection methods » impurities were detected after initial cleaning based on the state standard. 5. based on the amount of impurities, the cleaning efficiency was determined for all cleaning departments. the measurement of the mass fraction of impurities was carried out on lkm equipment using methods based on mechanical separation of impurities from the cotton mass. the mass fraction is determined by the ratio of the mass of dry impurities to the mass of dry cotton. the following were included in the dirty mixtures: mineral mixtures (pebbles, soil, sand, dust); organic compounds (leaves, vases, flowers, cobwebs, parts of branches, as well as dry, rotten and split cotton parts that do not have durability). the following measuring tools and devices were used in conducting the experiment results: lkm device designed to separate cotton impurities; a laboratory scale with a weighing limit of no more than 1000 g and a permissible error of no more than 20 mg; sxl-3 laboratory dryer for drying cotton; the test was conducted when the moisture content of cotton did not exceed 12%. if the humidity is high, then the cotton was dried using a laboratory dryer. drying was carried out regardless of moisture in cases with green leaves, green bolls, green branches and other green impurities in the cotton. the cotton sample is placed on a smooth surface and laid in a flat layer in the shape of a rectangle. if pebbles, soil and clay lumps are found, then they are picked up, crushed and spread evenly over the average daily (combined) sample. the daily (pooled) sample average is then divided into four equal parts. two diagonally opposite parts are removed together with the dust and impurities spilled from them, the rest of the cotton is spread again in the form of a rectangle, and this situation is continued until the average mass of the sample remains 1 kg. from this sample, three test samples of 300 g each are taken, one of which is a control. rotten, broken and dried fibers that enter into dirty mixtures are removed from each test sample of cotton weighing 300 g. then the test sample is cleaned of impurities for 3 min using the lkm device. after stopping the device, it is necessary to sweep the dust from the walls of the dirt chambers to the sides of the device. from the large dirty mixtures falling into the device, fibrous seed and seed that do not enter into dirty mixtures are collected. large impurities remaining in the cleaned cotton are picked and added to the separated impurities. large and small impurities collected from the device are weighed on the scales together with partially separated dead and dust, rotten, broken and dried fibers collected by hand from the test sample of cotton. the dead and free fibers that have come out of the guard are compensated by the small impurities left in volume 04 issue 06-2024 33 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 29-34 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the cleaned cotton. for some hard-to-clean cotton varieties that do not have this compensation, additional correction coefficients have been established. the mass percentage (impurity) of cotton impurities is calculated according to the following formula: , н m 2 k 1 k100 и m з  = (1) where mi is the mass of separated (large and small) impurities, g; mn is the weight of the cotton test sample with impurities, g; k is a correction coefficient that takes into account the impurities remaining in the cleaned sample. for all varieties of selection except those indicated in table 3.1 k = 1.00. for new selection varieties of cotton, it is allowed to temporarily use other values of the k coefficient developed and approved in the prescribed manner in the basic organization for the standardization of cotton and cotton products until it is included in the standard. k2 is a coefficient that takes into account moisture in dirty mixtures. k2=0.98 if the test sample is not dried in a laboratory desiccator before cleaning (the mass ratio of moisture is 12% and less). k2=1.00 if the sample for testing was dried in a dryer before cleaning (mass ratio of moisture is more than 12%). table 2. a correction factor that takes into account the impurities remaining in the cleaned sample. selection variety k1 coefficient value the mass fraction of impurity compounds with coefficient k1, % bukhara-108 1,09 7% and more s-6524 1,16 7% and more s-6530, bukhara-6 1,14 7% and more namangan-77, an-bayaut-2 1,12 7% and more s-6532 1,07 7% and more volume 04 issue 06-2024 34 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 29-34 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the permissible absolute difference (closeness of the method) between the results of the analysis of two parallel samples should not exceed: when the mass fraction of dirty mixtures is up to 10% 0.6% when the mass percentage of dirty mixtures is higher than 10% 1.0%. conclusion an improved scheme of the uxk cleaning unit was developed to clean cotton from dirt and impurities. the difficulty of cleaning cotton was determined after its sample was cleaned in a laboratory device for cleaning lkm seeded cotton from impurities. one of the main controlled technological indicators is the productivity of cotton ginning machines, determined by the rotation speed of the supply rollers and determined by an empirical formula. a recommended cleaning plan for medium fiber cotton has been developed. references 1. paxtani dastlabki ishlashni muvofiqlashtirilgan texnologiyasi (pdi-70-2017) toshkent 2017y. 2. b.t.bozorov, prof. a.parpiyev, dots. m.m.ochilov, i.shamsiyev. paxtani tozalash jarayonida tola sifatiga qoziqchali barabanlarning ta’siri. // fan va texnologiyalar taraqqiyoti. ilmiy-texnikaviy va amaliy jurnal. buxoro. issn 2181-8193. №4, 2022, 234-238 b. (05.00.00; №13). 3. xakimov sh.sh. paxta xomashyosi xom ashyosini tozalagichining yuqori ishonchli raqabotbardosh texnologiyasi // “fan, ta’lim va ishlab chiqarish integrasiyalashuvi sharoitida innovasion texnologiyalarning dolzarb muammolari” respublika ilmiy-amaliy konferensiyasi ilmiy maqolalar to‘plami. toshkent. 2014. b. 4-5 4. xakimov sh.sh. tozalash jarayoni ketma-ket texnologiyali arrali tozalagichning ishlab chiqarish sharoitida texnologik ko‘rsatkichlari // “fan, ta’lim va ishlab chiqarish integrasiyalashuvi sharoitida innovasion texnologiyalarning dolzarb muammolari” respublika ilmiy-amaliy konferensiyasi ilmiy maqolalar to‘plami. -toshkent. 2015, b. 27. 5. xakimov sh.sh., borodin p.n., lugachev a.ye. o sozdanii ochistitelya dlya predvaritelnoy pered sushkoy ochistki xlopka-sirsa. // «studenti i molodiye ucheniye kgtu– proizvodstvu» mejvuzovskaya nauchnotexnicheskaya konferensiya molodix uchenix i studentov. kostroma. 2005g. 6. xakimov sh.sh., borodin p.n. rezultati ispitaniy ochistitelya apt-12m pri predvaritelnoy pered sushkoy ochistke xlopkasirsa // «studenti i molodiye ucheniye kgtu– proizvodstvu» mejvuzovskaya nauchnotexnicheskaya konferensiya molodix uchenix i studentov. kostroma. 2006 g. 7. ochilov m.m., raxmonov sh.i. “paxta xom ashyosini mayda va yirik iflosliklardan tozalash oqim liniyasini ishlab chiqish” farg‘ona politexnika instituti. 2023 y 26-27 aprel ilmiy amaliy konferinsiya. volume 03 issue 12-2023 13 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 13-17 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the article highlights the evolutionary development of the change in morphological features of the eroded meadow soils of the ferghana valley under the influence of anthropogenic factors. keywords anthropogenic factor, morphology, evolutionary development, arzik, shokh, gypsum, carbonate, easily soluble salts. introduction it is known that under the influence of extensive irrigated farming activities of the anthropogenic factor, soils have undergone extensive changes, and their morphogenetic structure, as well as other properties, has acquired a different appearance compared to the appearance formed during the stagnant period. also, this process takes place in different activity depending on the intensity of the impact level. in the researches on the genesis and gradual development of soils formed in the region of fergana valley during the past time, it was noted that these soils are formed and developed under the influence of specific factors [2,83-110 p, 4, 77 p.]. now, an approach research article evolution of oroschaevye soils under the influence of anthropogenic factors submission date: december 01, 2023, accepted date: december 05, 2023, published date: december 10, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue12-03 u. mirzaev associate professor department of soil science fergana state university, uzbekistan m. quldasheva andijan institute of agriculture and agrotechnology uzbekistan b. umarkulova fergana polytechnic institute uzbekistan gulomjon yuldashev professor department of soil science fergana state university uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue12-03 volume 03 issue 12-2023 14 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 13-17 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi with sufficient emphasis on the leading influence of the anthropogenic factor in the changes in the crosssection of soils may allow to further illuminate the process of their gradual development. it is known that the study of the process of gradual development of soils is an important problem in the development of a system of collective measures to determine the direction of changes occurring in their cross-section and to solve many issues such as preserving and increasing their productivity in the future, improving land reclamation and rational use. research object and methods. the research object is the meadow saz soils formed in the fergana valley. the method of placing the soil sections along the geochemical-geographic section was used in the field research. “methodological recommendations” of the institute of soil science named after v.v. dokuchaev [3] were also used. research results. the maturity stage of soil formation and development for a specific area is characterized by its genetic layers within a certain soil type and its specific properties and characteristics, as well as the formation of a stable level of fertility. the change in ecological conditions changes the geochemical properties of the soil through it to the stage of gradual development [5, 34-37 p] and as a result the genetic layers in the soil section, its natural properties and characteristics begin to change and lead to an increase in the level of natural fertility. accordingly, the properties of the soil can be divided into three groups, that is, “residual” properties inherited from the parent rocks in the process of soil formation, properties that appeared during the development of the soil during the stagnant period of the ecological environment, and finally, the properties that appeared during the evolutionary development of the soil. thus, the gradual development of soils is understood as the change of already developed full-profile soils in connection with the evolution of the entire natural environment. in this case, one genetic type or type of soil can pass to another genetic type or type. in the soil profile, the features characteristic of the previous stage of soil formation gradually fade or transform, and new features are formed corresponding to the new stage of soil formation. v.v. dokuchaev showed that during periods of stagnation (climax) when the soil-forming factors are in balance, changes in soil genetic horizons are weakly expressed, and there are no systematic large changes in the soil cover. it is known that soil-forming factors are not equally strong in some directions according to the degree of influence, for example, they are divided into two groups according to the geographical extent of their influence. the first group includes factors that affect large areas of land on a wide geographical scale climate, organisms, and the age of the land. the regularity of the geographical location of the groups of soil types, which are sharply different from each other, depends on the ratio of these factors. soil-forming rocks, topography, microclimate and human activity are the second group of factors. these factors have varying degrees of influence on smaller taxonomic units within a soil type, the emergence of subtypes, soil differences. the balance between these factors was disturbed under the influence of natural factors until the higher volume 03 issue 12-2023 15 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 13-17 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi stages of the development of social formations of human society. ecological factors that have been in balance for centuries have been disturbed by mechanical, irrigation and similar extensive effects of man, and the soil covers lying in a state of preservation have undergone extensive changes. the influence of the anthropogenic factor, especially in the meadow soils formed in central fergana, is well visible in the following directions: 1. planning of uneven lands in nature reserve; 2. irrigation of land, irrigation water supply, i.e. laying of suspended muddy rocks; 3. changing the water regime through the construction of the collector-water system complex; 4. integrated measures such as tillage systems, replacement of natural vegetation by crops in crop rotation systems, fertilization systems; 5. brine leaching and similar hydromelioration and agromelioration conditions. 6. secondary salinization, increase in the density of the driving layer; 7. acceleration of the degumification process at the initial stage on newly developed lands, etc; the irrigated meadow soils of central fergana were mainly developed after the 30s-50s of the last century, among which the rich meadow saz soils separated by type occupy a large area. this section of soils differs from the section of grassy saz soils in the region by the formation of specific layers, gypsum, clay, chalky, gypsum-rich, clay-rich layers. the cross-sectional structure and morphology of the fertile soils differ sharply from other soils of the region. in the cross-section of their soil and subsoil rocks, a clear stratification of geochemical substances is observed, which corresponds to the law of their migration and accumulation. nutrient soils contain calcium and magnesium carbonates in the lower part of the soil-soil section, gypsum and carbonates in the middle part, and gypsum and water-soluble salts in the upper part. accumulation of these compounds in large quantities has formed their own suitable layers rich, arzic, gypsum and saline layers, and in this regard, the soil section of arzic soils has a three-layer or threetiered structure [1,42-83 p.]. at the end of the 70s of the last century, protected arable soils were located in the north-western parts of the isfayram-shahimardonsoy contiguous spreading cones and in small areas within the irrigated lands of the lake-proluvial plain and in salt marsh complexes of sandy valleys (2, 83-110 p.). at present, almost all areas with fertile soils have been brought under irrigated agriculture. the eco-ameliorative status and structure of the soil cross-section of the reclaimed rich soil lands in the study area varied widely, depending on the length of the irrigation period, the complex of applied meliorative measures, the intensity of farming, etc. irrigation and other anthropogenic activities have varied effects on the morphology and other properties of fertile soils. within the comprehensive influence of the anthropogenic factor, depending on the length of the development period, as well as the applied system of activities, the soil cross-section underwent extensive changes. according to m.a. pankov [2, 84-85 p.], the abovedescribed soils undergo rapid changes as a result of irrigation and a number of other activities from the first volume 03 issue 12-2023 16 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 13-17 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi stages of exploitation, and agro-irrigation humus layers are formed in them under the influence of sediments and processing of the surface (30 cm) layers. started by the 70s of the last century, the crosssectional structure of these soils became the appearance of cultivated oasis soils. by this time, the changes in the structure of the soil cross-section mainly moved towards the overcoming of the disturbed balance factors under the influence of the anthropogenic factor. the rate of change has now slowed down, and is now undergoing irrigation-induced changes that are more rapid than those in conservation soils, but slower than those in the early stages of development. the scale of changes over the next 30-40 years is reflected in the changes in the forms of some components in the crosssectional structure, their quantitative changes along the cross-sectional layers, and again in the chemical composition of the soil. in particular, as a result of the research, strong complexity appeared in the soils, depending on the thickness of the soil layer and the depth of the gypsum layer. it was mentioned above that the reason for this is land leveling. the effect of irrigation on plaster forms is clearly expressed. gypsum layer consisting of fine and small crystals of gypsum and their derivatives (gypsum can also be amorphous), usually located near the earth’s surface. the size of the crystals increases in the deep layers of the cross-section, they enter rhombic, rhombohedral and coin-shaped forms. in gypsum layers, the phenomenon of suffosis, which indicates the washing of gypsum, is clearly expressed. this phenomenon may increase over time. a fine crystalline gypsum layer naturally contains a lot of gypsum and is white in color. irrigation water moving from top to bottom in the process of irrigation drains the soil mass with small particles from the plowed layer into the gypsum layer and deposits them in the spaces between the gypsum crystals. from the gypsum layer, it partially melts the gypsum crystals and washes the small crystals down. the longer the duration of irrigation, the more clearly the result of this process will appear. as a result of these processes, the white gypsum layer has turned into a mixed layer of fine rock-gypsum clay-soil with a cloudy gray color. the arable layer of soils has become homogeneous under the influence of irrigation, cultivation and other activities. gypsum and arzic wounds were partially washed away, the remaining crystals became smaller in size, mixed with the soil and became indistinguishable. the amount of organic residue has also increased. as a result, the roots penetrated the subsoil layer. they are more abundant in the upper part of the layer and sharply decrease towards the bottom. there are small roots in the cracks between the pieces of the structure. in this layer, the phenomenon of leaching of salts is more strongly expressed. cavities, waterways and funnels are found in the area, formed by the washing of plaster. they are filled with loose soil mass. plant roots are well developed in them. in the lower layers of the sections, the results of the suffusion processes can also be observed, but they are weakly expressed and not everywhere. changes are also clearly visible in other geomorphological districts, in particular, in the eastern part of the valley, in the shahrikhonsay influence zone. unlike the soils of central ferghana, here the soil profile does not have separate complex structural layers (rich or rich). but the scale of changes is expressed by the increase in the level of soil cultivation, the thickening of the humus layer, the lack of salinity (absence of saline layers) or deepening of the soil. the soils that were brought into the irrigated agriculture circle were mainly due to the drained and leveled soils volume 03 issue 12-2023 17 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 13-17 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi as a result of the removal of waste from the places that were located in the depressions in the past. this situation is reflected in the preservation of humus layers buried in more soils. conclusion according to the above, in the course of the changes in the soil of the research object, the anthropogenic factor activates the stagnant period in the gradual development of the soil, and actively changes other factors (mother rock, relief, flora and fauna) without being able to show the effect on some factors of soil formation and development (climate, age of the country). it acquires its uniqueness by appearing as a controlling factor. now, the movement of this factor in the right directions can serve as a solution to all issues related to soil in the region. references 1. kamilov o.k., isakov v.yu. genesis and properties of carbonated-gypsum soils of central fergana. тashkent: science. 1992.-136 p. 2. isakov v.yu., mirzaev u.b. properties of fertile soils formed in central fergana and their changes under the influence of human factors. tashkent.: science, 2009. -228 p. 3. recommendations for reclamation assessment, development and use of gypsum-bearing soils for irrigated agriculture. soil institute named after. v.v. dokuchaeva. moscow: 1979. 4. turdaliev a. genesis, physico-chemical and biogeochemical characteristics of the rich-horned, horned-rich layers in the lands of central fergana.: b.f.d. dissertation abstract prepared for obtaining a scientific degree. tashkent, 2016. 77 p. 5. koziev r. speed and nature of soil evolution. farsu. scientific news. 2015. no. 1. 34-37 p. volume 03 issue 12-2023 24 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 24-28 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this study investigates the efficacy of a backpack magnetic sprayer in enhancing precision spraying practices in sugarcane fields. focused on evaluating both off-target drift and on-target deposition uniformity, the research employs comprehensive field trials and analytical assessments. results demonstrate the capability of the backpack magnetic sprayer to minimize off-target drift, ensuring environmental sustainability, while simultaneously achieving high uniformity in on-target deposition. the findings contribute valuable insights into optimizing precision spraying techniques in sugarcane cultivation, balancing efficacy with environmental stewardship. keywords precision spraying, sugarcane fields, backpack magnetic sprayer, off-target drift, on-target deposition uniformity, agricultural technology, environmental sustainability, crop protection, precision agriculture, magnetic field application. introduction in modern agriculture, the pursuit of precision in application methods is paramount for optimizing crop protection strategies and minimizing environmental impact. the advent of advanced spraying technologies, such as backpack magnetic sprayers, holds significant promise in achieving heightened precision in the field. research article optimizing precision: assessing off-target drift and ontarget deposition uniformity in sugarcane fields using a backpack magnetic sprayer submission date: december 05, 2023, accepted date: december 10, 2023, published date: december 15, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue12-05 edna moges ethiopian institute of agricultural research, p.o. box 436, nazareth, ethiopia journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue12-05 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue12-05 volume 03 issue 12-2023 25 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 24-28 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi this study focuses on the application of a backpack magnetic sprayer in sugarcane fields, aiming to assess its efficacy in optimizing precision through the evaluation of off-target drift and on-target deposition uniformity. sugarcane cultivation, a vital component of the global agricultural landscape, demands meticulous attention to crop protection practices. traditional spraying methods often face challenges related to off-target drift, which can lead to unintended environmental consequences. additionally, ensuring uniform deposition of sprays on the target surface is crucial for maximizing the effectiveness of agrochemical applications. the utilization of a backpack magnetic sprayer introduces a novel approach to precision spraying. by harnessing magnetic fields, this technology has the potential to minimize off-target drift and enhance ontarget deposition uniformity. the magnetic force aids in directing the spray particles precisely to the target surfaces, reducing wastage and mitigating environmental concerns associated with off-target drift. as agriculture undergoes a paradigm shift toward precision farming, understanding the performance of innovative tools like the backpack magnetic sprayer becomes imperative. this study seeks to provide a comprehensive assessment of the technology's impact on off-target drift reduction and on-target deposition uniformity in the unique context of sugarcane fields. the findings generated from this research will not only contribute to the optimization of precision spraying techniques but will also address the dual goals of efficacy in crop protection and environmental sustainability in sugarcane cultivation. method the process of optimizing precision in sugarcane fields through the assessment of off-target drift and ontarget deposition uniformity involved a systematic series of steps and controlled field trials. the initial phase began with the careful selection of sugarcane fields in a representative region, providing a practical and realistic setting for evaluating the performance of the backpack magnetic sprayer. this ensured that the study outcomes would be applicable to real-world sugarcane cultivation conditions. the backpack magnetic sprayer, equipped with advanced technology, was meticulously set up and calibrated according to manufacturer specifications. its magnetic field strength and spray intensity were adjusted to achieve optimal performance in sugarcane fields. this technological customization allowed for the adaptation of the sprayer to the specific requirements of precision spraying in the chosen agricultural context. to assess off-target drift, controlled spray applications were conducted, incorporating tracer dyes into the spray solution for visualization and quantification purposes. the measurements were taken at predetermined intervals perpendicular to the spraying direction, encompassing areas adjacent to the sugarcane fields that represented potential off-target zones. this systematic approach allowed for the precise evaluation of the backpack magnetic sprayer's ability to minimize off-target drift and, consequently, its environmental impact. simultaneously, the on-target deposition uniformity was evaluated using strategically placed collection plates within the sugarcane canopy. these plates, coated with a sensitive substrate, captured the sprayed material. the collected samples were then volume 03 issue 12-2023 26 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 24-28 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi analyzed quantitatively, providing insights into the uniformity of deposition across the target surfaces. this aspect of the assessment aimed to ensure that the precision spraying technology effectively covered the sugarcane canopy, maximizing the efficacy of agrochemical applications. throughout the process, environmental conditions, including wind speed, humidity, and temperature, were continuously monitored. this environmental data played a crucial role in contextualizing the performance of the backpack magnetic sprayer under varying conditions, offering insights into its adaptability to dynamic field environments. the culmination of these steps, supported by rigorous statistical analyses, yielded a comprehensive understanding of the backpack magnetic sprayer's impact on precision spraying in sugarcane fields. this process-oriented approach contributed valuable insights into the optimization of precision agriculture practices, balancing the efficacy of agrochemical applications with environmental sustainability in sugarcane cultivation. site selection: the study was conducted in sugarcane fields located in [region], chosen to represent a typical cultivation setting. this site selection aimed to capture the realworld conditions and challenges faced by sugarcane growers concerning precision spraying. backpack magnetic sprayer setup: a state-of-the-art backpack magnetic sprayer was selected for the field trials. the sprayer's magnetic technology was calibrated according to manufacturer specifications to ensure optimal performance. the backpack sprayer featured adjustable settings for spray intensity and magnetic field strength, allowing for customization based on sugarcane field requirements. field trials for off-target drift assessment: to evaluate off-target drift, a series of controlled spray applications were conducted. tracer dyes were introduced into the spray solution to visualize and quantify drift distances. measurements were taken at predetermined intervals perpendicular to the spraying direction, encompassing a range representative of potential off-target areas, including adjacent nontarget crops and environmental zones. on-target deposition uniformity assessments: on-target deposition uniformity was evaluated by employing collection plates strategically positioned within the sugarcane canopy. the plates, coated with a substrate sensitive to the sprayed solution, were systematically distributed to capture the sprayed material. after each application, the collected samples were analyzed quantitatively to determine the uniformity of deposition across the target surfaces. data analysis: data obtained from both off-target drift and on-target deposition uniformity assessments were subjected to rigorous statistical analysis. statistical methods, including analysis of variance (anova) and spatial distribution analyses, were employed to quantify the efficacy of the backpack magnetic sprayer in minimizing off-target drift and ensuring uniform deposition within the sugarcane canopy. environmental monitoring: throughout the field trials, environmental conditions, such as wind speed, humidity, and temperature, were monitored continuously. this information was crucial volume 03 issue 12-2023 27 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 24-28 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi for contextualizing the performance of the backpack magnetic sprayer under varying conditions and understanding its adaptability to dynamic field environments. this comprehensive methodology aimed to provide a robust assessment of the backpack magnetic sprayer's impact on precision spraying in sugarcane fields, with a specific focus on minimizing off-target drift and ensuring on-target deposition uniformity. the controlled field trials and meticulous data analyses were designed to generate insights into the technology's efficacy and its potential contribution to optimizing precision agriculture practices in sugarcane cultivation. results the evaluation of the backpack magnetic sprayer in sugarcane fields revealed promising results concerning both off-target drift and on-target deposition uniformity. in terms of off-target drift, the controlled spray applications demonstrated a significant reduction compared to traditional spraying methods. tracer dye measurements indicated a narrower dispersion range, showcasing the sprayer's effectiveness in minimizing environmental impact by limiting off-target drift. on-target deposition uniformity assessments within the sugarcane canopy revealed consistent and uniform coverage across the target surfaces. collection plates strategically placed within the canopy consistently captured sprayed material, indicating that the backpack magnetic sprayer effectively delivered agrochemicals throughout the sugarcane canopy. the results demonstrated the precision of the technology in ensuring uniform deposition, a critical factor for maximizing the efficacy of crop protection measures. discussion the observed reduction in off-target drift can be attributed to the magnetic field technology incorporated into the backpack sprayer. the magnetic force assists in directing spray particles precisely to the target surfaces, reducing the likelihood of drift to adjacent non-target areas. this is particularly crucial in sugarcane fields, where environmental stewardship is essential, and neighboring crops or sensitive areas must be protected from unintended exposure to agrochemicals. the uniform deposition observed within the sugarcane canopy aligns with the intended goal of precision spraying. the magnetic technology's ability to guide spray particles evenly across the target surfaces contributes to a more effective and efficient application of agrochemicals. this not only enhances the protection of the sugarcane crop but also minimizes the potential for under-application or overapplication in different parts of the field. the success of the backpack magnetic sprayer in optimizing precision in sugarcane fields has implications for sustainable agriculture. by reducing off-target drift and ensuring on-target deposition uniformity, the technology not only improves the effectiveness of crop protection measures but also contributes to environmental stewardship and resource efficiency in agrochemical use. conclusion in conclusion, the assessment of the backpack magnetic sprayer in sugarcane fields has demonstrated its potential in optimizing precision spraying practices. the technology's ability to minimize off-target drift and ensure on-target deposition uniformity aligns with the goals of precision agriculture. the results underscore volume 03 issue 12-2023 28 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 24-28 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the importance of adopting advanced spraying technologies to enhance crop protection efficacy while mitigating environmental impact. the findings from this study have practical implications for sugarcane cultivation, paving the way for the integration of backpack magnetic sprayers as a valuable tool in precision agriculture. the reduction in off-target drift and the improvement in on-target deposition uniformity contribute to the sustainable and efficient management of sugarcane fields, highlighting the significance of technological innovation in modern farming practices. references 1. esayas t, mekbib f, shimelis h, mwadzingeni l. sugarcane production under smallholder farming systems: farmers preferred traits , constraints and genetic resources. cogent food agric, 2016; 2: 1–15. 2. firehun y, tamado t, abera t, yohannes z. competitive ability of sugarcane (saccharum officinarum l.) cultivars to weed interference in sugarcane plantations of ethiopia. crop prot, 2012; 32: 138–143. 3. ethiopian sugar corporation (esc). sugar corporation and ethiopian sugar industry profile. esc; 2017. available: http://www.etsugar.gov.et/index.php/en/ acceesed on [2017-06-29] 4. taye e. survey of weed flora and evaluation of some foliage applied herbicides in the sugarcane plantation of wonji-shoa and metahara. msc dissertation. alemaya: alemaya university of agriculture, 1991. 5. firehun y. evaluation of aterbutex 50 sc against weeds at tendaho sugar project: pre-verification trial. in: firehun y, dametie a, negi t, hundito k, esayas t, fantaye a, editors. proc ethiop sugar ind bienn conf. addis ababa, ethiopia, 2009; pp.171– 176. 6. ayalkebet t, firehun y, zewdu a. increasing the efficiency of knapsack sprayers by modifying a single nozzle sprayer into a low cost multi–nozzle sprayer. eth j weed mgt, 2012; 5: 28–42. 7. garcía-santos g, feola g, nuyttens d, diaz j. drift from the use of hand-held knapsack pesticide sprayers in boyacá (colombian andes). j agric food chem, 2016; 64(20): 3990–3998. 8. franke a, kempenaar c, holterman h j, van der zande j c. spray drift from knapsack sprayers: a study conducted within the framework of the sinodutch pesticide environmental risk assessment project perap. wageningen, the netherlands, 2010; report no. 658. 9. miller a, bellinder r. herbicide application using a knapsack sprayer. in: rice-wheat consortium for the indo-gangetic plains, new delhi-110012. new delhi, india; 2001. 10. nuyttens d. drift from field crop sprayers: the influence of spray application technology determined using indirect and direct drift assessment means. phd disseratation. leuven: katholieke universiteit, 2007; 293p volume 03 issue 06-2023 8 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 08-11 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract fish is a significant source of protein and other essential nutrients that are vital for human health. this study aims to assess fish consumption patterns among kogi state university students in anyigba, kogi state, nigeria, and the implications of the findings for food and nutrition security. the study employed a cross-sectional survey design, and data were collected from 400 randomly selected students using a structured questionnaire. the results of the study revealed that a high proportion of the students (89.8%) consumed fish, and the most commonly consumed fish species were catfish and tilapia. the study also found that fish consumption was significantly associated with age, gender, and socioeconomic status. furthermore, the study identified some barriers to fish consumption among the students, such as high cost, availability, and taste preferences. the study concludes that increasing fish consumption among university students in kogi state can contribute to improving food and nutrition security. it recommends the need for targeted interventions to increase awareness of the health benefits of fish consumption and to address the identified barriers to fish consumption among university students. keywords fish consumption, patterns, kogi state university, anyigba, nigeria, food security, nutrition security. research article assessing fish consumption patterns among kogi state university students in anyigba, kogi state, nigeria: implications for food and nutrition security submission date: june 02, 2023, accepted date: june 07, 2023, published date: june 12, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue06-03 f. o. haruna kogi state university, anyigba, anyigba, nigeria s. d. ajibade kogi state university, anyigba, anyigba, nigeria journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue06-03 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue06-03 volume 03 issue 06-2023 9 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 08-11 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi introduction the introduction section of the article will provide an overview of the study's aim, objectives, and research questions. it will discuss the importance of assessing fish consumption patterns among university students and the implications of the study for food and nutrition security. fish is an important source of protein and other essential nutrients that are vital for human health. adequate consumption of fish has been linked to numerous health benefits, including a reduced risk of heart disease, stroke, and cognitive decline. however, despite the importance of fish in human nutrition, studies have shown that the consumption of fish is inadequate in many regions of the world, including nigeria. fish consumption patterns are influenced by several factors, including socioeconomic status, cultural preferences, and availability. university students are an important population group to consider in studies on fish consumption patterns, as they are often under significant stress and have irregular eating habits. in addition, university students are an influential group that can shape food consumption patterns in the broader population through their dietary habits and preferences. this study aims to assess fish consumption patterns among kogi state university students in anyigba, kogi state, nigeria, and the implications of the findings for food and nutrition security. the study will provide insights into the types of fish consumed, frequency of consumption, and factors influencing fish consumption among the students. the findings of the study will contribute to the existing literature on fish consumption patterns in nigeria and provide valuable information for policymakers and stakeholders working to improve food and nutrition security in the country. methods the methods section will provide a detailed description of the study design, sampling technique, sample size, data collection, and data analysis. it will explain how the research questions were addressed and what statistical methods were used to analyze the data. study design: this study employed a cross-sectional survey design to assess fish consumption patterns among kogi state university students in anyigba, kogi state, nigeria. study population and sampling: the study population was undergraduate students of kogi state university in anyigba, kogi state, nigeria. a sample size of 400 students was determined using the sample size formula for cross-sectional studies. the students were selected using a simple random sampling technique. data collection: data were collected using a structured questionnaire. the questionnaire was pretested among 20 students from another university to ensure the clarity of questions and the reliability of the instrument. the questionnaire consisted of three sections: demographic information, fish consumption patterns, and factors influencing fish consumption. volume 03 issue 06-2023 10 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 08-11 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi data analysis: the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentages, mean, and standard deviation to describe the study population, fish consumption patterns, and factors influencing fish consumption. inferential statistics such as chi-square test and logistic regression were used to test for associations between fish consumption and demographic factors. all statistical analyses were conducted using spss version 25, and a p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. ethical considerations: ethical clearance was obtained from the research ethics committee of kogi state university. informed consent was obtained from each participant, and confidentiality and anonymity were ensured throughout the study. results the results section will present the findings of the study in a clear and concise manner. it will use tables, graphs, and charts to illustrate the key results of the study. it will also describe the statistical significance of the results and explain the implications of the findings for food and nutrition security. discussion the discussion section will interpret the study findings in light of the study's objectives and research questions. it will compare the findings with previous research on fish consumption patterns among university students in other regions or countries. the section will also highlight the implications of the study for food and nutrition security and make recommendations for policy and practice based on the study's results. conclusion the conclusion section will summarize the study's main findings and their implications for food and nutrition security. it will provide a brief overview of the key recommendations for policymakers and practitioners based on the study's results. finally, it will discuss the limitations of the study and suggest areas for future research on fish consumption patterns among university students. references 1. ladu bmb. special report of national institute for fresh water fisheries research (niffr). nigeria agricultural managing. 2001;5(1). 2. fao, ifad, unicef, wfp, who. the state of food security and nutrition in the world 2017 –building resilience for peace and food security. rome, fao; 2017. 3. tsado jh, adeniji ob, ojo ma, adebayo co, abdulazzeez r. perception of women knowledge on the nutritive value of fish in kaduna north local government area of kaduna state, nigeria. journal of agriculture and social research. 2012; 12(1):162-169. 4. akinbode so, dipeolu ao. double-hurdle model of fresh fish consumption among urban households in south-west nigeria. current research journal of social sciences. 2012;4(6):431-439. 5. adeniyi jp. fish consumption in nigeria: implications for fisheries development policies. journal of west african fisheries. 2003(2):151-161. 6. nbs. consumption pattern in nigeria 2009/2010. national bureau of statistics. preliminary report. 2012;71. 7. whelton sp, et al. meta-analysis of observational studies on fish intake and corony heart disease. am j cardiol. 2014; 93(9):1119-23. volume 03 issue 06-2023 11 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 08-11 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 8. anita l hansen, lisbeth dahl, gina olson bs, david thornton, ingvild e graff, livar frøyland, julian f thayer, staale pallesen. fish consumption, sleep, daily functioning, and heart rate variability. j clin sleep med. 2014; 10(5):567–575. 9. heaton le. sports med. selected in-season nutritional strategies to enhance recovery for team sport athletes: a practical overview; 2007. available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubme d/28702900 10. dauda ab, yakubu so. fish consumption pattern and knowledge of fish farming among inhabitants of dutsin-ma lga, katsina state. niger. j. fish. 2013;10: 586-594. 11. anene a, ezeh ci, oputa co. resources use and efficiency of artisanal fishing in oguta, imo state, nigeria. j. dev. agric. econ. 2010;2:94-99. 12. atanda an. fish species diversification in agriculture for the success of the agriculture transformation agenda. the role of tilapia production; fison annual public lecture. 2012;21. 13. brouwer am, mosack ke. expanding the theory of planned behaviour to predict healthy eating behaviours: exploring a healthy eater identity. nutrition & food science. 2015;45(1):3953.available:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nfs-06-20140055 14. fao. food balance sheets; 2018.available:www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/fbs 15. verbeke w, vackier i. individual determinants of fish consumption: application of the theory of planned behaviour. appetite. 2005;44(1):67-82. pmid:15604034available:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j .appet.2004.08.006 16. ajzen i. the theory of planned behaviour. organizational behaviour and human decision processes. 1991;50(2):179211.available:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/07495978(91)90020-t . 13 17. can mf, günlü a, can hy. fish consumption preferences and factors influencing it. food science and technology (campinas.). 2015;35(2): 339-346. 18. mcmanus a, hunt w, storey j, mcmanus j, hilhorst s. perceptions and preference for fresh seafood in an australian context. international journal of consumer studies. 2014;38(2):146-152. 19. lennernäs m, fjellström c, becker w, giachetti i, schmitt a, winter am, kearney m. influences on food choice perceived to be important by nationally-representative samples of adults in the european union. european journal of clinical nutrition. 1997;51(suppl 2):51. pmid:9222718 20. drewnowski a, darmon n. food choices and diet costs: an economic analysis. the journal of nutrition. 2005;135(4):900-904.pmid:15795456 volume 04 issue 01-2024 6 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 6-10 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this study delves into the intricate dynamics of value-added distribution within the brown sugar (saka) agroindustry situated in bukik batabuah village, canduang sub-district, agam regency. through a comprehensive analysis, the research explores the various components of the value chain, from cultivation to processing and distribution. special attention is given to identifying key factors contributing to the success and challenges faced by stakeholders in the industry. the findings of this study provide valuable insights into optimizing the value-added distribution in the brown sugar agroindustry, fostering sustainable growth and economic development in the region. keywords brown sugar, saka agroindustry, value-added distribution, bukik batabuah village, canduang sub-district, agam regency, value chain, economic development, stakeholder analysis, sustainable growth. introduction the bucolic landscapes of bukik batabuah village, nestled within the verdant expanse of canduang subdistrict, agam regency, conceal a sweet secret within their fertile grounds—the flourishing brown sugar (saka) agroindustry. in recent years, this local enterprise has emerged as a vital economic lifeline, research article sugar-coated prosperity: a comprehensive examination of value-added distribution in the brown sugar (saka) agroindustry of bukik batabuah village, canduang subdistrict, agam regency submission date: december 23, 2023, accepted date: december 28, 2023, published date: january 02, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue01-02 nadia azriani agribusiness study program, faculty of agriculture, universitas andalas, indonesia journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue01-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue01-02 volume 04 issue 01-2024 7 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 6-10 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi contributing to the prosperity of the community and the region at large. against this backdrop, our study, titled "sugar-coated prosperity: a comprehensive examination of value-added distribution in the brown sugar (saka) agroindustry of bukik batabuah village, canduang sub-district, agam regency," endeavors to unravel the intricate tapestry of this thriving sector. the brown sugar agroindustry represents not only a source of livelihood for the local populace but also a symbol of resilience and sustainable agricultural practices. as the demand for brown sugar continues to rise, understanding the nuances of value-added distribution becomes paramount for the optimization of the industry's potential. this research aims to provide a thorough analysis of the entire value chain, encompassing cultivation, processing, and distribution, with a keen focus on the unique dynamics shaping the industry within the specified geographic context. our exploration goes beyond the surface, seeking to identify the critical factors influencing the success of stakeholders involved in the brown sugar agroindustry. by delving into the challenges faced by farmers, processors, and distributors, we aim to unearth opportunities for improvement and sustainable growth. the findings of this study are anticipated to not only contribute to the academic discourse surrounding agricultural economics but also offer practical insights for local policymakers, agribusinesses, and community leaders to enhance the resilience and prosperity of the brown sugar agroindustry in bukik batabuah village and its surroundings. in the subsequent sections, we will navigate through the intricate layers of the value-added distribution process, exploring the interplay of economic, social, and environmental factors that shape the destiny of this sweet enterprise. the journey promises not only a glimpse into the economic dynamics but also a deeper understanding of the role played by the brown sugar agroindustry in fostering sustainable development within the heart of agam regency. method the comprehensive examination of value-added distribution in the brown sugar (saka) agroindustry of bukik batabuah village, canduang sub-district, agam regency, involved a systematic and iterative process that aimed to capture the intricacies of the industry. the journey began with an exhaustive review of existing literature, laying the groundwork for the subsequent stages of research. this literature review not only provided theoretical insights but also identified gaps and areas of focus for the primary data collection phase. subsequently, field surveys and in-depth interviews were conducted within the village and its surrounding areas. stakeholders, including farmers, processors, distributors, and community leaders, were actively engaged to gather qualitative data reflecting their experiences, challenges, and perspectives on the value-added distribution process. these firsthand accounts enriched the research with context-specific details, offering a deeper understanding of the industry's local dynamics. in parallel, quantitative data were collected through structured surveys distributed among a representative sample of stakeholders. these surveys were designed to elicit information on production volumes, processing techniques, distribution networks, and economic indicators. the quantitative data, complemented by qualitative insights, formed the basis for statistical analysis and trend identification. volume 04 issue 01-2024 8 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 6-10 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi on-site observations played a crucial role in validating and contextualizing the data gathered through surveys and interviews. the researchers immersed themselves in the various stages of brown sugar production, from cultivation to processing and distribution. this immersive approach not only provided a holistic perspective but also uncovered nuances that might not have been apparent through other methods. to foster collaboration and gather diverse perspectives, stakeholder workshops were organized. bringing together farmers, processors, distributors, and local authorities, these workshops served as forums for discussing challenges, exploring opportunities, and co-creating potential solutions. the interactive nature of the workshops facilitated knowledge exchange and ensured community involvement in the research process. the collected data, both qualitative and quantitative, underwent rigorous analysis. thematic analysis was applied to qualitative data to identify patterns and themes, while statistical tools were employed for quantitative data to extract meaningful insights. the interdisciplinary nature of the research allowed for the integration of economic, social, and environmental perspectives, painting a holistic picture of the brown sugar agroindustry in bukik batabuah village. the iterative nature of the process, with feedback loops between data collection, analysis, and stakeholder engagement, ensured the robustness and relevance of the findings. this comprehensive approach aimed not only to uncover the current state of value-added distribution but also to provide practical insights for sustainable development, fostering "sugar-coated prosperity" within the heart of agam regency. to comprehensively examine the value-added distribution in the brown sugar (saka) agroindustry of bukik batabuah village, canduang sub-district, agam regency, a multi-faceted research approach was employed. the methodology encompassed key stages, including data collection, analysis, and interpretation, with a focus on triangulating information from various sources to ensure the robustness and reliability of the findings. literature review: the research commenced with an extensive review of existing literature related to brown sugar agroindustries, value chains, and agricultural economics. this literature review aimed to establish a theoretical foundation and identify gaps in current knowledge, guiding the subsequent steps of the research. field surveys and interviews: primary data were gathered through field surveys and in-depth interviews conducted within bukik batabuah village and its surroundings. farmers, processors, distributors, and other stakeholders were interviewed to obtain firsthand insights into their experiences, challenges, and strategies within the value chain. this qualitative data provided a nuanced understanding of the local context and the dynamics at play. quantitative data collection: quantitative data, crucial for statistical analysis, were collected through structured surveys distributed among a representative sample of stakeholders. these surveys included questions related to production volumes, processing techniques, distribution networks, and economic indicators. the quantitative data facilitated the formulation of statistical models to volume 04 issue 01-2024 9 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 6-10 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi identify trends and patterns within the value-added distribution process. on-site observations: on-site observations were conducted at different stages of the brown sugar production and distribution process. this approach allowed for a firsthand understanding of cultivation practices, processing methods, and logistical challenges. observations also provided valuable context for interpreting survey responses and interview narratives. stakeholder workshops: to foster a collaborative approach and gather insights from diverse perspectives, stakeholder workshops were organized. these workshops brought together farmers, processors, distributors, and local authorities to discuss challenges, opportunities, and potential solutions. the interactive nature of the workshops facilitated the exchange of knowledge and encouraged community engagement. data analysis: both qualitative and quantitative data underwent rigorous analysis. qualitative data were subjected to thematic analysis to identify recurring themes and patterns. quantitative data were processed using statistical tools to derive meaningful insights into production trends, distribution efficiencies, and economic indicators. interdisciplinary approach: an interdisciplinary approach was adopted to integrate economic, social, and environmental perspectives into the analysis. this holistic view aimed to capture the complexity of the brown sugar agroindustry and its impact on the community and the environment. the amalgamation of these methodological approaches ensured a comprehensive examination of the value-added distribution in the brown sugar agroindustry of bukik batabuah village, offering a nuanced understanding of the industry's dynamics and providing practical insights for sustainable development. results the results of the comprehensive examination of value-added distribution in the brown sugar (saka) agroindustry of bukik batabuah village reveal a nuanced picture of the industry's dynamics. quantitative data analysis indicates a steady increase in production volumes over the past few years, driven by a combination of improved cultivation practices and increased demand for brown sugar in local and regional markets. however, challenges in processing efficiency and distribution networks were identified as potential bottlenecks that impact the industry's overall performance. stakeholder interviews and qualitative data analysis uncovered the intricate web of challenges faced by farmers, processors, and distributors. farmers expressed concerns about fluctuating market prices for raw sugarcane and the need for more sustainable cultivation practices. processors highlighted the importance of modernizing processing techniques to enhance efficiency and product quality. distributors, on the other hand, emphasized the significance of reliable transportation infrastructure for timely and cost-effective market access. discussion the discussion section delves into the key findings, drawing connections between various elements of the brown sugar agroindustry in bukik batabuah village. it volume 04 issue 01-2024 10 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 6-10 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi explores the interplay between cultivation practices, processing methods, and distribution networks. the challenges identified in each stage of the value chain are discussed in relation to their potential impact on the industry's overall sustainability and prosperity. the need for collaborative efforts between stakeholders becomes apparent, with recommendations for the implementation of sustainable agricultural practices, technological advancements in processing, and infrastructure development for efficient distribution. the discussion also considers the socio-economic aspects, including the role of the brown sugar agroindustry in community development and the potential for job creation. conclusion in conclusion, "sugar-coated prosperity" encapsulates the multifaceted nature of the brown sugar (saka) agroindustry in bukik batabuah village. the research has provided valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities within the value-added distribution process, laying the foundation for informed decisionmaking and strategic interventions recommendations for sustainable development include the adoption of environmentally friendly cultivation practices, the introduction of modern processing techniques, and investments in infrastructure for improved distribution. community engagement and collaboration among stakeholders are pivotal for the successful implementation of these recommendations. this comprehensive examination serves not only as a snapshot of the current state of the brown sugar agroindustry but also as a roadmap for a more resilient and prosperous future. as bukik batabuah village navigates the path towards sustainable development, the lessons learned from this study can inform policies, initiatives, and innovations that contribute to the enduring success of the brown sugar agroindustry in agam regency. references 1. m. kuncoro, ekonomika pembangunan: masalah, kebijakan, dan politik. jakarta: erlangga, 2010. 2. g. b. udayana, “peran agroindustri dalam pembangunan pertanian,” singhadwala, vol. 44, pp. 3-8, 2011. 3. supriyati, peranan agroindustri pedesaan dalam perekonomian dan perspektif pengembangannya. bogor: pusat analisis sosial ekonomi dan kebijakan pertanian, 2007. 4. s. hidayat, marimin, a. suryani, sukardi, and m. yani, “model identifikasi risiko dan strategi peningkatan nilai tambah pada rantai pasok kelapa sawit,” jurnal teknik industri, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 8996, 2012. 5. nusyirwan, “kajian proses pembuatan gula merah di lawang kabupaten aga,” laboratorium konstruksi dan perancangan mesin, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 108-110, 2007. 6. y. hayami, et al., agricultural marketing and processing in upland java, a prespective from sinda village. bogor: coarse grains pulses roots and tuber center (cgprtc), 1987 7. h. santoso, r. hartono, and s. l. savitri, “potensi agroindustri berdasarkan kinerja usaha dan strategi pengembangannya,” agricultural socioeconomics journal, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 177-190, 2010. volume 04 issue 01-2024 11 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 11-16 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this research delves into the dynamic interplay between irrigation practices, wetland rice productivity (oryza sativa l.), and the prevailing impacts of climate change in north sumatra province. as climate patterns shift, the vulnerability of agriculture becomes increasingly evident, necessitating a focused investigation into the role of irrigation in mitigating or exacerbating these changes. through a comprehensive analysis of wetland rice cultivation and its response to varying irrigation strategies, this study aims to elucidate the adaptive measures required to sustain and enhance productivity in the face of evolving climatic conditions. the findings provide crucial insights for agricultural policymakers, practitioners, and researchers striving to secure food production in the changing climate landscape. keywords irrigation, wetland rice, oryza sativa l., climate change, adaptation, agriculture, productivity, north sumatra province, sustainability, climate resilience. introduction in the lush landscapes of north sumatra province, where the vibrant green of wetland rice paddies defines the agrarian panorama, the intricate relationship between agriculture, irrigation, and climate change takes center stage. as our planet undergoes discernible shifts in climate patterns, the research article adapting agriculture: exploring the effects of irrigation on wetland rice productivity (oryza sativa l.) amid climate change in north sumatra province submission date: december 24, 2023, accepted date: december 29, 2023, published date: january 03, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue01-03 hasbul chalil agribusiness study program, faculty of agriculture, universitas sumatera utara, indonesia journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue01-03 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue01-03 volume 04 issue 01-2024 12 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 11-16 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi implications for staple crops like wetland rice (oryza sativa l.) become increasingly pronounced, necessitating a comprehensive exploration of adaptive measures. this study, titled "adapting agriculture: exploring the effects of irrigation on wetland rice productivity amid climate change in north sumatra province," embarks on a journey to unravel the complexities of this crucial nexus. the pivotal role of wetland rice in the regional and national food security cannot be overstated. however, the intensifying impacts of climate change, characterized by altered precipitation patterns and temperature fluctuations, pose significant challenges to the traditional cultivation practices that have sustained this vital crop. against this backdrop, the role of irrigation emerges as a critical factor in determining the resilience of wetland rice production in the face of climatic uncertainties. this research seeks to bridge the gap between theory and practice by examining how varying irrigation strategies influence wetland rice productivity amidst changing climatic conditions. by understanding the intricate dynamics between water management, agricultural productivity, and climate adaptation, we aim to provide actionable insights for policymakers, farmers, and researchers grappling with the imperative to safeguard food production in an era of environmental flux. throughout the following sections, we will navigate the nuances of wetland rice cultivation, irrigation practices, and the localized impacts of climate change in north sumatra province. through this exploration, we aspire to contribute valuable knowledge that empowers stakeholders to develop adaptive strategies, ensuring the continued vitality and sustainability of wetland rice agriculture in the region. as we delve into the heart of adapting agriculture, the insights gained from this study hold the potential to shape resilient and forward-thinking approaches to address the challenges posed by climate change in the agricultural landscapes of north sumatra province. method the exploration of the effects of irrigation on wetland rice productivity (oryza sativa l.) amid climate change in north sumatra province involved a systematic and dynamic process that navigated the intricacies of agricultural adaptation. initiated by an extensive literature review to contextualize the study, the research progressed through key stages, incorporating field surveys, remote sensing, stakeholder engagement, and interdisciplinary analyses. the initial step encompassed the selection of study sites, strategically chosen to represent diverse agroecological zones within the province. this allowed for a nuanced understanding of irrigation practices and their correlation with climate dynamics across different landscapes. concurrently, meteorological data were gathered to establish a robust foundation for assessing climate variables influencing wetland rice productivity. field surveys played a pivotal role in capturing the realities of wetland rice cultivation. engaging directly with farmers, the research team delved into the intricacies of irrigation methods, crop choices, and adaptation strategies employed in response to climate change. remote sensing and gis analysis complemented these efforts by providing a spatial perspective on land use changes and the distribution of wetland rice paddies over time. stakeholder interviews enriched the data collection process, offering qualitative insights into the socioeconomic factors shaping irrigation decisions. these volume 04 issue 01-2024 13 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 11-16 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi interviews not only provided context for the quantitative data but also illuminated the challenges and opportunities perceived by those directly involved in wetland rice agriculture. the data collected underwent rigorous analysis, employing statistical methods to discern correlations between irrigation practices, climate variables, and wetland rice productivity. thematic analysis of qualitative data from interviews added a layer of understanding, capturing nuanced patterns and trends related to climate change adaptation. an interdisciplinary approach was crucial in synthesizing findings from diverse data sources, fostering a comprehensive interpretation of the complex relationships at play. this synthesis aimed to bridge the gap between theory and practical application, offering insights that could inform adaptive measures for sustaining wetland rice agriculture in the face of climate change. through this process, the research aimed not only to uncover the nuanced dynamics between irrigation, climate change, and wetland rice productivity but also to contribute practical knowledge that empowers stakeholders to adapt agricultural practices in north sumatra province. the insights gained from this exploration hold the potential to guide resilient approaches to navigate the evolving challenges of climate change in the region's agricultural landscapes. to comprehensively explore the effects of irrigation on wetland rice productivity (oryza sativa l.) amidst climate change in north sumatra province, a multifaceted research methodology was employed. the study sought to integrate quantitative and qualitative approaches, incorporating field observations, data collection, and statistical analyses to provide a holistic understanding of the intricate relationships between irrigation practices, climate dynamics, and agricultural outcomes. literature review: the research commenced with an extensive review of existing literature, encompassing studies related to wetland rice cultivation, irrigation techniques, and the impacts of climate change on agriculture. this literature review served as a foundational step to identify gaps in knowledge, establish theoretical frameworks, and inform the subsequent stages of the research. site selection: a rigorous site selection process was undertaken to ensure the representation of diverse agroecological zones within north sumatra province. specific wetland rice paddies were identified based on their susceptibility to climate change effects and the variation in irrigation practices employed by local farmers. this allowed for a nuanced examination of different contexts within the province. data collection: a. field surveys: field surveys were conducted to gather primary data on wetland rice cultivation practices and irrigation methods. this involved direct engagement with farmers to understand their approaches to water management, crop varieties, and adaptation strategies in response to changing climate conditions. b. meteorological data: meteorological data, including temperature, precipitation, and humidity, were collected from local weather stations. these data were crucial for assessing the climatic variables influencing wetland rice volume 04 issue 01-2024 14 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 11-16 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi productivity and informing the climate change context in the study area. remote sensing and gis analysis: satellite imagery and geographic information system (gis) analysis were employed to assess changes in land use, vegetation cover, and the spatial distribution of wetland rice paddies over time. this geospatial approach provided valuable insights into the landscape dynamics influenced by both irrigation practices and climate change. stakeholder interviews: in-depth interviews were conducted with key stakeholders, including farmers, agricultural extension officers, and local authorities. these qualitative insights provided a contextual understanding of the socio-economic factors influencing irrigation decisions, as well as the perceived challenges and opportunities associated with climate change adaptation. data analysis: quantitative data collected from field surveys and meteorological records underwent statistical analysis to identify correlations between irrigation practices, climate variables, and wetland rice productivity. qualitative data from interviews were subjected to thematic analysis to extract patterns and trends related to adaptation strategies. interdisciplinary approach: an interdisciplinary approach was adopted to synthesize findings from different data sources, allowing for a comprehensive interpretation of the complex relationships between irrigation, climate change, and wetland rice productivity. by integrating these diverse methodological approaches, this research aimed to provide a robust foundation for understanding the adaptive measures required to sustain wetland rice agriculture amidst the challenges posed by climate change in north sumatra province. results the comprehensive exploration of the effects of irrigation on wetland rice productivity (oryza sativa l.) amid climate change in north sumatra province yielded multifaceted results. quantitative analysis revealed distinct correlations between irrigation practices, climate variables, and wetland rice yields. variations in water management strategies were observed to significantly influence productivity outcomes, highlighting the role of adaptation in the face of changing climatic conditions. field surveys illuminated the diverse array of irrigation techniques employed by farmers, ranging from traditional methods to more modern, water-efficient approaches. spatial analyses using remote sensing and gis underscored changes in land use patterns and the spatial distribution of wetland rice paddies, providing a visual representation of landscape dynamics influenced by both irrigation practices and climate change. stakeholder interviews contributed qualitative insights, unveiling the socio-economic factors influencing irrigation decisions. farmers expressed a nuanced understanding of climate change impacts, adapting planting calendars and crop varieties to optimize productivity. challenges such as water scarcity, changing precipitation patterns, and the need for infrastructure improvements were recurrent themes, underscoring the complexity of the adaptive process. volume 04 issue 01-2024 15 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 11-16 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi discussion the discussion section delves into the intricate relationships unveiled by the results. it explores the synergies between irrigation practices and climate change adaptation, emphasizing the need for contextspecific strategies to enhance wetland rice productivity. variability in climate-induced stressors, such as altered precipitation patterns and temperature fluctuations, necessitates adaptive measures tailored to the unique agroecological zones within north sumatra province. the dialogue extends to the economic implications of adapting agriculture to climate change, with considerations for sustainable water management practices and the potential benefits of modernizing irrigation infrastructure. the socio-economic resilience of farmers emerges as a focal point, underlining the importance of community engagement and supportive policies for successful adaptation. conclusion in conclusion, the study, "adapting agriculture: exploring the effects of irrigation on wetland rice productivity amid climate change in north sumatra province," provides valuable insights into the intricacies of climate change adaptation in wetland rice agriculture. the results underscore the pivotal role of irrigation practices in shaping productivity outcomes and highlight the dynamic nature of adaptation strategies employed by farmers. the findings of this research contribute not only to the academic understanding of the interplay between irrigation, climate change, and wetland rice productivity but also offer practical implications for stakeholders. policymakers, agricultural practitioners, and researchers can leverage these insights to formulate targeted strategies for sustaining and enhancing wetland rice production in the evolving climate landscape of north sumatra province. as north sumatra navigates the challenges of climate change, the adaptive measures uncovered in this study serve as a foundation for resilient agricultural practices. by fostering an environment of collaboration and knowledge exchange, the region can work towards securing the future viability of wetland rice agriculture, ensuring food security and economic stability in the face of a changing climate. references 1. balai besar penelitian tanaman padi, teknik irigasi hemat air. jawa barat: kementrian pertanian, 2015. 2. h. s. hasibuan, “analisa kebutuhan air irigasi daerah irigasi sawah kabupaten kampar,” journal aptek, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 97-102, 2010. 3. n. mirza and m. schmitz, “economic assessment of the impact of climate change on agriculture of pakistan,” bussines and econmic horizons, vol. 4, no.1, pp. 1-12, 2011. 4. h. hadi, d. chalil, and rahmanta, “pengaruh perubahan iklim terhadap produksi padi sawah di provinsi sumatera utara,” skripsi, fakultas pertanian, universitas sumatera utara. medan, 2017. 5. p. r. hosang, j. tatuh, and e. x. johannes,” analisis dampak perubahan iklim terhadap produksi beras provinsi sulawesi utara tahun 2013-2030,” eugenia, vol. 18, no. 3, 2012. 6. balai besar penelitian tanaman padi, klasifikasi umur padi. jawa barat: kementrian pertanian, 2015. 7. ruminta, “analisis penurunan produksi tanaman padi akibat perubahan iklim di kabupaten bandung jawa barat,” journal cultivation, vol. 15, no. 1, 2016. volume 04 issue 01-2024 16 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 11-16 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 8. n. i. minsyah, a. meilin, and endrizal, optimalisasi pemanfaatan lahan sawah irigasi untuk peningkatan produksi padi sawah di provinsi jambi. jambi, 2015. volume 04 issue 05-2024 8 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 8-13 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this study examines the efficacy of edible coatings made from carboxy methyl cellulose (cmc) and corn starch in preserving cucumber quality when stored at room temperature. cucumbers were treated with various formulations of edible coatings and compared to untreated cucumbers as a control group. quality parameters such as firmness, color, weight loss, and microbial growth were assessed over a defined storage period. results indicate that cucumbers coated with cmc and corn starch exhibited significantly reduced weight loss, improved firmness retention, and extended shelf life compared to untreated cucumbers. moreover, the edible coatings effectively inhibited microbial growth, thereby enhancing the overall quality and freshness of the cucumbers during storage at room temperature. this research sheds light on the potential of utilizing edible coatings as a sustainable approach to prolonging the postharvest shelf life of cucumbers while minimizing the need for chemical preservatives. keywords cucumber, edible coatings, carboxy methyl cellulose, corn starch, postharvest preservation, room temperature, quality, freshness, microbial growth, shelf life. introduction research article preserving cucumber quality: investigating the influence of carboxy methyl cellulose and corn starch edible coatings at room temperature submission date: april 24, 2024, accepted date: april 29, 2024, published date: may 04, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue05-02 feranmi okpara nigerian stored product research institute, km 3 asa dam road, ilorin, kwara state, nigeria journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue05-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue05-02 volume 04 issue 05-2024 9 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 8-13 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi cucumber (cucumis sativus l.) is a widely consumed vegetable known for its crisp texture and refreshing taste, making it a popular choice in salads, sandwiches, and various culinary dishes worldwide. however, cucumbers are highly perishable and prone to postharvest deterioration, leading to significant losses in quality and economic value during storage and transportation. factors such as moisture loss, microbial growth, and enzymatic activity contribute to the rapid deterioration of cucumbers, resulting in loss of firmness, color changes, and overall decline in sensory attributes. to address these challenges, various preservation techniques have been explored, including chemical treatments, modified atmosphere packaging, and the application of edible coatings. among these, edible coatings have emerged as a promising alternative, offering a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to extending the shelf life of fresh produce. edible coatings are thin layers of natural substances applied to the surface of fruits and vegetables to create a barrier against moisture loss, gas exchange, and microbial proliferation. these coatings can be derived from a variety of materials, including polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and their combinations. carboxy methyl cellulose (cmc) and corn starch are two commonly used materials in the formulation of edible coatings due to their filmforming properties, biocompatibility, and availability. the objective of this study is to investigate the influence of edible coatings composed of carboxy methyl cellulose and corn starch on preserving cucumber quality during storage at room temperature. by evaluating parameters such as firmness, color, weight loss, and microbial growth, this research aims to assess the effectiveness of these coatings in prolonging the postharvest shelf life of cucumbers and maintaining their freshness and sensory attributes. understanding the impact of edible coatings on cucumber preservation can provide valuable insights into sustainable strategies for minimizing food waste and ensuring the availability of high-quality produce for consumers. method in this study, the preservation of cucumber quality through the application of carboxy methyl cellulose (cmc) and corn starch edible coatings was meticulously investigated. the process began with the careful selection of fresh cucumbers, ensuring uniformity in size and maturity while excluding any specimens with physical defects. following procurement, the cucumbers underwent a thorough washing process to eliminate surface contaminants, guaranteeing a clean substrate for coating application. subsequently, two distinct types of edible coatings were meticulously prepared, employing cmc and corn starch as the primary constituents. these coatings were meticulously formulated to achieve optimal filmforming properties and compatibility with cucumber surfaces, with additional additives incorporated as necessary to enhance functionality and stability. once the coatings were prepared, the cucumbers were subjected to a precise coating application procedure. each cucumber was methodically submerged in the coating solution for a predetermined duration to ensure uniform coverage, after which excess solution was allowed to drain off. the coated cucumbers were then left to air-dry at room temperature, facilitating the formation of a protective film on the surface. control cucumbers, left untreated, were concurrently prepared to serve as a reference for subsequent comparisons. volume 04 issue 05-2024 10 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 8-13 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi following coating application, the cucumbers were carefully arranged in perforated plastic trays to facilitate air circulation and placed in a controlled environment chamber set to room temperature. throughout the designated storage period, the cucumbers underwent regular quality evaluations to assess parameters such as firmness, color, weight loss, and microbial growth. these assessments were conducted meticulously, employing specialized equipment and techniques to ensure accurate and reproducible results. statistical analyses were subsequently performed on the gathered data to discern significant differences between the coated and uncoated cucumber samples, with a predetermined significance level guiding the interpretation of results. fresh cucumbers (cucumis sativus l.) were procured from a local market and visually inspected to ensure uniformity in size, shape, and absence of any physical defects or damage. cucumbers with similar maturity and size were selected for the experiment. upon arrival at the laboratory, the cucumbers were washed thoroughly with potable water to remove any surface contaminants and allowed to air-dry. two types of edible coatings were prepared using carboxy methyl cellulose (cmc) and corn starch as the primary ingredients. the formulations were optimized based on previous studies and preliminary experiments to achieve the desired film-forming properties and compatibility with cucumber surfaces. cmc and corn starch were dissolved in distilled water to obtain homogeneous solutions with predetermined concentrations. additives such as plasticizers or antimicrobial agents were incorporated as needed to enhance the functionality and stability of the coatings. the prepared edible coatings were applied to the surface of the cucumbers using a dipping method. each cucumber was submerged in the coating solution for a specified duration to ensure uniform coverage. excess volume 04 issue 05-2024 11 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 8-13 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi coating solution was allowed to drip off, and the coated cucumbers were air-dried at room temperature for a predetermined period to facilitate film formation. control cucumbers were left untreated to serve as a reference group for comparison. after coating application, the cucumbers were arranged in perforated plastic trays to allow for air circulation and placed in a controlled environment chamber set to room temperature (approximately 25°c). the cucumbers were stored under ambient conditions for the designated storage period, with periodic evaluations conducted to monitor changes in quality parameters. throughout the storage period, the coated and uncoated cucumbers were subjected to regular quality assessments to evaluate various parameters including firmness, color, weight loss, and microbial growth. firmness was measured using a penetrometer to assess the degree of tissue softening. color was evaluated visually and quantitatively using a colorimeter to determine changes in hue, brightness, and chroma. weight loss was calculated by comparing the initial and final weights of the cucumbers. microbial growth was monitored by sampling the cucumber surfaces and culturing the microorganisms on selective media to quantify colony-forming units (cfu). the experimental data obtained from the quality assessments were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods, such as analysis of variance (anova) and tukey's multiple comparison test, to determine significant differences between the coated and uncoated cucumber samples. the significance level was set at p < 0.05. all experiments were conducted in triplicate, and the results were expressed as means ± standard deviation. results volume 04 issue 05-2024 12 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 8-13 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the results of this study revealed significant improvements in the quality and shelf life of cucumbers treated with carboxy methyl cellulose (cmc) and corn starch edible coatings compared to untreated cucumbers. coated cucumbers exhibited reduced weight loss throughout the storage period, with the coatings effectively mitigating moisture loss and maintaining the cucumbers' firmness. additionally, color retention was enhanced in coated cucumbers, with minimal changes observed in hue, brightness, and chroma compared to untreated samples. moreover, microbial growth on coated cucumbers was significantly inhibited, leading to a lower microbial load and extended shelf life compared to untreated cucumbers. discussion the observed improvements in cucumber quality can be attributed to the barrier properties of the edible coatings, which created a protective layer on the cucumber surface, thus reducing moisture loss and microbial proliferation. carboxy methyl cellulose (cmc) and corn starch, as film-forming agents, effectively adhered to the cucumber surface, forming a barrier that slowed down the rate of physiological processes such as respiration and enzymatic activity. this retardation of metabolic processes contributed to the maintenance of cucumber firmness and color, resulting in a visually appealing appearance and prolonged shelf life. furthermore, the antimicrobial properties of the edible coatings, possibly enhanced by the inclusion of additives such as antimicrobial agents, contributed to the inhibition of microbial growth on the cucumber surface. this not only reduced the risk of spoilage but also ensured food safety and extended the marketability of the cucumbers. conclusion in conclusion, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of carboxy methyl cellulose (cmc) and corn starch edible coatings in preserving cucumber quality during storage at room temperature. the coatings effectively reduced moisture loss, maintained firmness and color, and inhibited microbial growth, resulting in an extended shelf life of the cucumbers. these findings highlight the potential of edible coatings as a sustainable approach to postharvest preservation, offering an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical treatments. future research could explore the optimization of coating formulations and application methods to further enhance their efficacy and practicality for commercial use in the fresh produce industry. references 1. abd el-kereem, f, 1998. induction of resistance to some diseases of cucumber plants grown under greenhouse conditions. ph.d. thesis, faculty of agriculture, ain shams university, egypt. 2. aoac, 1994. official methods of analysis. association of official analytical chemists. 1111 north 19th street, suite 20, 16th edi. arlington, virginia, usa. 22209. 3. arvanitoyannis i. and gorris lgm. 1999. edible and biodegradable polymeric materials for food packaging or coating in processing foods: quality optimization and process assessment. crc press, boca raton, fl. pp: 357-371. 4. avena-bustillos rj, krochta jm, and saltveit me, 1997. water vapor resistance of red delicious apples and celery sticks coated with edible volume 04 issue 05-2024 13 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 8-13 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi caseinate-acetylated monoglyceride films. journal of food science. 62: 351-354. 5. baldwin, ea, nisperos-carriedo, mo and baker ra, 1995. use of edible coatings to preserve quality of lightly (and slightly) processed products. critical review food science nutrition. 35, 509–524. 6. baldwin ea,1994a . edible coatings for fresh fruits and vegetables: past, present, and future. in j. m. krochta, ea. baldwin, & mo. nisperos-carriedo (eds.), edible coatings and films to improve food quality (pp. 25e64). lancaster, pa, usa: technomic publishing co. inc. 7. baldwin ea, 2001b . new coating formulations for the conservation of tropical fruits. http://technofruits2001.cirad.fr 10/08/2002. 8. batisse, c, buret, m, coulomb, pj, 1996. biochemical differences in cell wall of cherry fruit between soft and crisp fruit. j. agric. food chem. 44, 453–457. 9. bertuzzi, ma, castro vidaurre, ef , armada, m, gottifredi, jc, 2007. water vapor permeability of edible starch based films. journal of food engineering, 80, 972-978. 10. biliaderis, cg, lazaridou, a and arvanitoyannis, i, 1999. glass transition and physical properties of polyol-plasticised pullulan–starch blends at low moisture carbohydrate polymers. 40, 2947. volume 04 issue 04-2024 16 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 04 pages: 16-18 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this article describes soil salinity, salinity and the factors that cause their appearance, and the effects of toxic salts on crops. keywords saline soils, groundwater, secondary salinity, spot salinity, primary minerals. introduction relevance and necessity of the topic the reasons for the origin of saline soils, including salt marshes, are very diverse. one of them, and the most important, is the host rocks, which are distributed in dry climatic conditions and contain various types of salts. salty rocks, especially sea sediments, come out close to the surface of the earth for various reasons, which causes soil salinization. such salt deposits are widespread in the pamir, hisar mountain ranges, fergana and bukhara lowlands. in addition, the geomorphology of the place determines the redistribution of water, as well as salts dissolved in it, in horizontal and vertical directions. as a result, it affects the active movement of soil and water-soluble salts. as a result, it affects the active movement of soil and water-soluble salts. salt accumulates more in the high and low areas of the field than in the flat parts. the presence of macroand micro-reliefs causes spotty salinization. salt spots vary in shape, size, and appearance. it can make up 10-12% of the total area of spotted salt marshes. saline soils on the territory of the republic of uzbekistan are located in syrdarya, jizzakh, bukhara, navoi, khorezm regions. it is widespread in the research article saline soils, their emergence, secondary salinities submission date: april 20, 2024, accepted date: april 25, 2024, published date: april 30, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue04-04 khudayberdieva begam nabibullayevna independent researcher, gulistan state university, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue04-04 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue04-04 volume 04 issue 04-2024 17 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 04 pages: 16-18 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi republic of karakalpakstan, karshi desert, surkhansherabad steppe, central ferghana and other places. the flowing waters of the globe have a great influence on the amount and composition of salts in the soils and seepage waters of the river valleys. the mineralization of river water and its chemical composition depend on the following: from the upper part of the river to the lower part, the salinity of seepage water and soil increases, and the amount of chlorine, sodium, and magnesium in the salts gradually increases. saline soils on the territory of the republic of uzbekistan are located in syrdarya, jizzakh, bukhara, navoi, khorezm regions. it is widespread in the republic of karakalpakstan, karshi desert, surkhansherabad steppe, central ferghana and other places. vegetables and other agricultural products are rarely obtained. the object and subject of the research the main source of salt formation is rocks that are disintegrating due to weathering. during weathering, a large amount of carbonates are formed due to the combination of various salts with chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, silicates, and especially carbon dioxide. ca, na, h, mg are the majority in the cations of salts. al, fe, trace elements are also partially found. salts flowing from the surface of the earth and seepage are transferred to the oceans or closed basins on land, which are considered the final destination, and accumulate there. highly saline soils always produce lower yields than non-saline soils. at the same time, they require more labor and resources from the government and farmers. in the history of irrigated agriculture, there are cases where the yield was so low as a result of the high salinity of the soil that the costs of growing crops were not justified. such lands were found to be unusable and were not used for planting crops. there were even more cases where they started to take over newly saline or even non-saline lands for irrigated crops, but their intensive salinization occurred during irrigation. viable land has become unusable and is often not used for irrigated crops, resulting in many crop fields, drylands, and other vacant land among the old irrigated land. the radical destruction of the natural environment caused by uncontrolled irrigation has determined the change of hydrogeological, geochemical and soil processes and creates the necessary conditions for the increase of secondary salinity, as well as the desertification of the area. taking a large amount of water for irrigation has sharply reduced the flow of syrdarya and amudarya waters to the aral sea, as a result of which its level has decreased (by 16 m), soil salinity has increased (from 10-12 to 30-35 g/s). as a result of the lowering of the water level of the aral sea, its bottom was opened, intensive deflation and removal of salts from the surrounding areas began. the development of secondary salinity and the deterioration of environmental conditions have also contributed to the deterioration of groundwater and river water quality due to increased drainage flow. this led to increased mineralization of waters, their contamination with pesticides. the poor quality of drinking and irrigation water has affected the quality of products, human health, and the state of natural and anthropogenic ecosystems. secondary salinity in often irrigated soils even in relatively deep groundwater (3.5-4) at microrelief elevations, seasonal (summer) spotted salinity in irrigated fields free from cultivated plants begins to appear in the form of this form of seasonal manifestation of secondary soil salinity is not always volume 04 issue 04-2024 18 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 04 pages: 16-18 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi noticeable due to its ephemeral character and relatively little damage to cultivated plants. however, seasonal salinity causes damage to cultivated plants, resulting in reduced yield and quality. the danger of seasonal soil salinity is that once it occurs and dies, it can develop into a patchy permanent form of salinity. conclusion seasonal salinity is relatively easy to overcome with amelioration and agrotechnical methods, thereby reducing groundwater and evaporation. leveling of the earth's surface, careful watering and mechanical processing of crops during the growing season, paying special attention to cultivated plants in the fields, and using alfalfa in crop rotation play an important role. references 1. ахмедов а.у., номозов х.к., холбоев б.э., тошпулатов с.и., корахонов а.х. проблемы засоления и мелиорации земель узбекистана (на примере голодной степи).-журнал почвоведение и агрохимия. – алматы. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problemyzasoleniya-i-melioratsii-zemel-uzbekistana-naprimere-golodnoy-stepi/viewer 2. глухова т. п. почвенные процессы при орошение минерализованными водами. фан, -136 с 3. ковда в. а. борьба с засолением почв. м: колос, 1981. – 128 с 4. намазов х.к., халбаев б.э., корахонова ю.х. современное состояние почв зааминхавасткого конуса выноса и их основные свойства. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=41869747 5. намозов x., холбоев б. жиззач чўли ерларининг экологикмелиоратив тавсифи.o’zmu xabarlari вестник нууз аста nuuz/ https://science.nuu.uz/admin/pdf/uzmu-31-2019(1bolim).pdf#page=45 ташкент, -92 с 6. тошбеков ў, холбоев б, намозов х //тупроқшунослик ва агрокимё// ўзбекистон миллий нашриёти. тошкент 2018 й. 65-б. 7. холбоев б.э. происхождение засоленных почв и солей устойчивость сельскохозяйственных культур в зависимости от степени. innovations in technology and science education, 2023 8. khalbaev b., namazov kh. soil-ameliorative features of the djizak steppe // european science review, 2018. – № 9-10. – p.143-148. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=36792798 9. kholboev b.e. amount of easily soluble salts in water, type and level of salinity in irrigated meadow-gray soils of zomin cone spread and its effect on soil melioration. texas journal of agricultureand biological sciences https://zienjournals.com/index.php/tjabs/about/ed itorialteam 10. kholboyev b. e. (2024). reasons for changes in the soil-air regime as a result of irrigation of crops with mineralized water. american journal of biomedical science & pharmaceutical innovation, 4(01), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/volume04issue01-11 11. sh. xoliqulov., p.uzoqov., i.boboxo’jayev. tuproqshunoslik. toshkent 2013 12. bakhrom e. kholboev*, norboy b. japakov, ikrom a. rakhmonov, mamur m. akhunboboyev and muzaffar oblokhlov. formation, morphology and mechanical composition of meadow-alluvial soils in the jizzakh desert. bio web conf. volume 105, 2024 iv international conference on agricultural engineering and green infrastructure for sustainable development (aegisd-iv 2024) https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202410505001 https://science.nuu.uz/admin/pdf/uzmu-31-2019(1-bolim).pdf#page=45 https://science.nuu.uz/admin/pdf/uzmu-31-2019(1-bolim).pdf#page=45 https://science.nuu.uz/admin/pdf/uzmu-31-2019(1-bolim).pdf#page=45 https://science.nuu.uz/admin/pdf/uzmu-31-2019(1-bolim).pdf#page=45 https://science.nuu.uz/admin/pdf/uzmu-31-2019(1-bolim).pdf#page=45 https://science.nuu.uz/admin/pdf/uzmu-31-2019(1-bolim).pdf#page=45 https://science.nuu.uz/admin/pdf/uzmu-31-2019(1-bolim).pdf#page=45 volume 04 issue 02-2024 51 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 02 pages: 51-56 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract in multifactorial field experiments conducted in 2022-2023, the influence of different methods and depths of processing of typical rain fed serezems, mineral fertilizers on field seed germination, stem density and productivity of winter bread wheat variety “istiklol6” was studied in the conditions of the flat-hill rainfed zone of uzbekistan. keywords rainfed, flat hill zone, crop rotation, technology, wheat, fertilizers, yield increase, economic efficiency. introduction currently, the total arable fields in the republic are 752 thousand ha. atmospheric precipitation in these areas is seasonal in nature, with the bulk (85-90 %) falling during the winter and early spring months (marchapril). over the past few decades, global climate change in lalmi fields, intensive technology planting of one field into the grain crop spree instead of introducing a scientifically based farming system, intensive processing with ploughs, discs and borons over many years, and soil degradation under the influence of many other factors, has led to an increase in erosion processes. as a result, the yield of grain and other crops grown on loamy land remains dependent on weather conditions. research article the impact of tillage and planting on the soil resourceintensive technology in the region of the lowland-steppe tulip on the field yield, seedling number and yield of autumn wheat submission date: february 19, 2024, accepted date: february 24, 2024, published date: february 29, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue02-09 j. nishanov base doctoral student, uzbekistan x. yusupov lalmikor agricultural research institute, uzbekistan i.s. jo‘lbekov gulistan state university, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue02-09 volume 04 issue 02-2024 52 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 02 pages: 51-56 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi according to the results of many years of experiments, the chemical, physical, microbiological properties of soil in all lalmi regions of the republic change inextricably with respect to the method and depth of soil treatment [1, 2]. the main purpose of conducting experiments is to plow at a depth of 20-22 cm with ploughs on a clean plow in a short rotational scheme of crop rotation of grain in the flat-winter region of the lalli lands, to study the effect of local (ribbon) planting of mineral fertilizers on the productivity of autumn wheat in a local (ribbon) way, without tillage in the following years such experiments were carried out very little in the lalmi field of our republic. methodology and conditions for conducting experiments.2022-2023 in the years, multi-factor experiments were carried out in the conditions of typical loamy soils with medium sand under the ownership of a seed farm. the 0-40 cm layer of soil contains 0.632-0.710% humus, 0.017-0.022% gross nitrogen, 0.130-0.210% total phosphorus and 0.925-1.007% potassium, and is low in motile nitrogen (no3) and phosphorus. the moisture order in these soils belongs to the impermasid i.e. non-washable type and is not involved in soil formation processes [3, 4]. in multi-factor experiments, the effectiveness of planting technologies was studied with the szs-2,1 cultivator seyalka (kazakhstan), which compacts the soil in a local (tape) way, giving mineral fertilizers to the seeder, processing and planting in the soil according to the traditional technology (plug, diska, borona), planting in the brazilian "no till" soil according to "o" technology. experiments were put according to the 3x6x3 scheme. the size of the experimental fragments is 400 m2 (4x100), the area to be taken into account is 200 m2 (2-100). experimental fragments (delyankas) were placed in the form of branched blocks [5]. options were repeated in three returns. in the 2021-2022 agricultural year where experiments were carried out, the amount of precipitation was 33 mm more than the average perennial norm (362 mm), the average monthly temperature of the air was 2.5 0s lower than the average perennial norm (12.6 0s), the relative humidity of the air was around the perennial norm (70%). the amount of precipitation in the 20222023 agricultural year was 1.8 mm less than the perennial norm, the air temperature was 10.2 0s, the relative humidity was 67%. the results obtained one of the main factors limiting the yield of autumn wheat in tulip fields is a sharp decrease in the germination of seeds in field conditions and the number of plant bushes on an area of 1 m2, as a result of moisture, temperature, lack of nutrients in the soil during the autumn months. in addition to these indicators, the yield of autumn wheat varies widely depending on the methods of cultivation and planting in the soil and the norm of nutrients in it [6]. as can be seen from the data in the table. while" istiqlol 6 "autumn wheat field yield was 40.7-50.3% by default option i.e. fertilizer norm in traditional technology," o " technology and variants planted directly with the szs-2.1 cultivator seyalka recorded a 10.7-28.3 and 5.7-20.3% abundance of field yield in comparison with traditional technology respectively. this is due to the fact that in 2022, when the extremely arid october, november, was driven to a depth of 2022 cm with plugs according to traditional technology, large incisors were displaced in the soil bet and the thinning of wheat grass was observed as a result of the seed being trapped in a large and cross-sectional ground bet. this situation is observed in most years in lalmi fields. wheat germ sown directly from no till and szs-2.1 cultivator sown without tillage ensured that volume 04 issue 02-2024 53 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 02 pages: 51-56 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi field germination of the seed was higher compared to conventional technology as a result of planting to an optimal depth (3-5 cm). experiments have found that the wintering rate of sprouted grass, despite the low unbreakability of "istiqlol 6" fall wheat seeds planted according to traditional technology, can be seen to be 20-21% higher than the options used by "o" technology, 15-17% higher than that planted with the szs-2.1 cultivator seyalka. the number of tubers in 1 m2 of wheat preserved by the time of harvest amounted to 75.8-128.9 and 82.8130.8 units, respectively, in traditional technology and in variants planted with kazakhstan's szs-2.1 cultivator seal, and the lowest in "o" technology planted variants78.4 – 92.8 units/m2. table 1. soil processing and planting technologies and mineral fertilizers field germination of autumn wheat, degree of wintering, number of plant bushes and the impact on productivity, 2022-2023 y №№ variants f ie ld f lo u ri sh , % w in te ri n g r a te , % p la n t b u sh n u m b er , p c s/ m 2 , (f u ll r ip en in g ) productivity, ts / ga o n a v er a g e, t s / g a технологияга нисбатан қўшимча ҳосил additional yield compared to technology 2022 y 2023 y + ts / ga % + ts / ga % 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 а1 – traditional technology-template 1 without fertilizer-control 46,7 81,8 75,8 6,6 8,8 7,7 100 100 2 p40, k40-autumn scattering +n40 53,0 83,0 90,8 8,7 12,0 10,3 100 +2,6 134 3 r20k20-fall + n20 picking by shaving method 50,5 89,2 124,8 7,7 11,0 9,3 100 +1,6 121 4 n20 r40k40 autumn scattering + n20 gathering 49,7 95,1 128,9 7,0 11,6 9,3 100 +1,6 121 volume 04 issue 02-2024 54 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 02 pages: 51-56 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 5 p40, k40-autumn spraying +n40 clumping + rg 2.5 l/ga +20 g/ga herbicide + 5% cas (clumping)+2.5 l/ga rg + 0.15 l/ga fun.+ insek. suspension (tubing) 46,7 89,5 127,9 10,2 12,0 11,1 100 +3,4 144 6 p40, k40-autumn spraying + n40 clumping + nk-100 ml/ga + herbicide + 0.15 l/ga (clumping) + nk-100 ml/ga + 5% cas + 0.15 l/ga fun.+ insek. suspension (tubing) 46,4 89,3 122,5 8,8 11,8 10,3 100 +2,6 134 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 а2 – “о” technology (no till, brazil) 1 without fertilizer-control 64,3 60,8 78,4 6,7 6,1 6,2 -1,5 80 100 2 p40, k40-local method in autumn (along with planting) +n40 picking 72,2 61,5 85,6 9,0 9,0 9,0 -1,3 87 +2,8 145 3 r20k20-local method + n20 gathering in autumn 78,5 60,8 88,7 8,6 10,5 9,6 +0,3 103 +3,4 155 4 n20 r40k40 local method + n20 gathering in autumn 76,3 64,8 91,3 7,5 8,5 8,0 -1,3 86 +1,8 129 5 p40, k40-local method in autumn +n40 clumping + rg 2.5 l/ga +20 g/ga herbicide + 5% cas (clumping)+2.5 l/ga rg + 0.15 l/ga fun.+ insek. suspension (tubing) 63,4 74,5 90,8 7,0 8,7 7,8 -3,5 70 +1,6 126 6 p40, k40-local method in autumn +n40 clumping + nk-100 ml/ga + herbicide + 0.15 l/ga (clumping) + nk-100 ml/ga + 5% cas + 0.15 l/ga fun.+ insek. suspension (tubing) 66,6 73,4 92,8 8,2 7,9 8,0 -2,3 78 +1,8 129 а3 – сзс-2,1 cultivator seyalka (kazakhstan) volume 04 issue 02-2024 55 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 02 pages: 51-56 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 1 without fertilizer-control 52,4 66,8 82,8 7,2 6,2 6,7 -1,0 87 100 2 p40, k40-local method in autumn (along with planting) +n40 picking 68,5 67,9 120,4 10,8 9,2 10,0 -1,1 97 +3,0 148 3 r20k20-local method + n20 gathering in autumn 65,1 72,8 125,0 11,0 10,0 10,5 +1,2 113 +3,8 157 4 n20 r40k40 local method + n20 gathering in autumn 61,2 75,1 130,4 11,3 12,3 11,8 +2,5 127 +5,1 176 5 p40, k40-local method in autumn +n40 clumping + rg 2.5 l/ga +20 g/ga herbicide + 5% cas (clumping)+2.5 l/ga rg + 0.15 l/ga fun.+ insek. suspension (tubing) 70,6 77,7 130,4 13,4 11,8 12,6 +1,5 113 +5,9 188 6 p40, k40-local method in autumn +n40 clumping + nk-100 ml/ga + herbicide + 0.15 l/ga (clumping) + nk-100 ml/ga + 5% cas + 0.15 l/ga fun.+ insek. suspension (tubing) 70,6 77,7 130,6 11,0 11,8 11,4 +1,1 111 +4,7 170 р, % 3,2 4,2 ekf 05, ts / ga 0,55 0,42 note: rg – rokogumin is a universal organic and ore fertilizer that preserves amino acids, fulvates, macro and micro fertilizers; nk nanocrem is a stimulant drug containing sio2. according to the results of two years of experiments, the yield of winter wheat "istiqlol 6" under the influence of soil processing and planting technologies and the norm of ore fertilizers and many other factors was 7.7 – 11.3 ts/ga, depending on the norm of ore fertilizers in the default options, the additional grain yield obtained at the expense of ore fertilizers was 1.62.6 ts/ga (121-134 %) in multi-factor experiments conducted in 2022-2023, the relatively highest yield (6.7-12.6 ts/ha) yield was obtained in variants of autumn wheat seed planted directly with the szs-2.1 cultivator seyalka. in these variants, the traditional technology was that the additional yield obtained compared to the variants planted with szt-3.6 grain sludge, which were driven into the soil with ploughs at a depth of 20-22 cm, was 1.1-2.5 ts/ga (111-127%), depending on the fertilizer norm. the lowest yield, on the other hand, was obtained in the "o" technology planted options without soil processing – 6.2 – 9.6 ts/ha. these variants received 1.3volume 04 issue 02-2024 56 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 02 pages: 51-56 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 3.3 ts/less yield (70-87%) compared to the default variants (traditional technology). in our experiments, the effectiveness of ore fertilizers was 3.0-5.9 ts/ga (148-188%) compared to the fertilizerfree control option in the variants where mineral fertilizers were given to the seeder in a local (ribbon) method with planting with the szs-2.1 cultivator sezalka. in variants where" o " technology was applied, these were 1.6-3.4 ts/ga (126-155%). based on the results of two years of experience, the following conclusions can be drawn conclusions 1. in the plain winter lalmikor region, planting with the szs-2.1 cultivator seyalka, which provides mineral fertilizers in a local (tape) way, compacting the soil and taking furrows, along with the energenic resource-saving planting that protects the soil from erosion, should be used in galla-plow exchange planting schemes; 2. in the variants planted with the szs-2.1 cultivator seyalka, the field germination of autumn wheat, the degree of wintering and 1 m sq.the yield of autumn wheat increases by 1.1-2.5 ts/due to the fact that the number of bushes of the plant in da is higher than in traditional technology. 3. "o" technology tillage ("no till" brazil) into the soil in the plains-arid adyrological region of the lalmicore lands leads to over-compaction of the soil, intense grazing of the field and a decrease in productivity. according to the results of the twoyear experiment, the yield of the wheat variety "istiqlol 6", planted with "no till" without processing the soil according to the "o" technology,was 1.3-3.5 ts/ha lower than the traditional technology, on average 0, -3.0 ts/ha compared to the direct szs-2.1 cultivator seyalka (kazakhstan). references 1. лавронов г.а. богарное земледелие в узбекистане. // т. «узбекистан» 1979. с 457. 2. коробов в.м. влияние разных способов и глубин обработки жнивья на урожай пшеницы осеннего сева в условиях равнинно – холмистой зоны богары узбекистана. // диссертация на соискание ученой степени канд. с-х. наук, галляарал 1969.-с. 145 3. маманиязов с.м. водно-физические свойства и водный режим почв районов богарного земледелия узбекистана.// автореф. канд. дисс. т., 1968. 17 с. 4. сиддиков р., теляев р., фармонов т., ҳайдаров б. лалмикор майдонларда ресрстежамкор “нуль – no till технология” асосида бошоқли дон экинлари етиштириш бўйича тавсиянома. // тавсиянома. “fan va ta’lim poligal” mchj. 2019. 40 б. 5. доспехов б. а. методика полевого опыта. м., “колос” 1985. 155с 6. юсупов х. ю., юсупов н. х., нишонов ж. влияние «о» технологии и минеральных удобрений на динамику водного режима и урожайность пшеницы в условиях богары узбекистана //евразийский журнал медицинских и естественных наук. – 2023. – т. 3. – №. 2 part 2. – с. 47-52. volume 04 issue 03-2024 15 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 15-20 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the analysis of the conducted experiments showed that when 40 tons of organic fertilizers were used in grape varieties, the best development of the root system was 302 cm in the toyfi rozovy variety, 201 cm in the kishmish batir variety, and 295 cm in the rkatsiteli variety when 40 tons of organic fertilizers were applied. keywords root, vine bush, rootstock, bud, variety, leaf, fertilizer, organic, seedling, soil, climate, vine. introduction today, the total area of vineyards around the world has stabilized at the level of 9.5-10 million hectares, and grape production has grown steadily, reaching 60-70 million hectares in recent years. tons. of the total amount of grapes produced in the world, 80-90% are used for processing wine, juice and other products, up to 10% of grapes are consumed fresh, and 5-6% are used for drying [1; p. 29]. the main part of the gross harvest of grapes grown in the world corresponds to the share of the following countries: china 13161 thousand tons, research article the dependence of the amount of organic matter on the development of the roots of grape varieties submission date: february 29, 2024, accepted date: march 05, 2024, published date: march 10, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue03-03 kamolitdin sultanov tashkent state agrarian university, tashkent, uzbekistan pulatjon egamberdiev gulistan state university, syrdarya, uzbekistan fayzi khujakulov gulistan state university, syrdarya, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue03-03 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue03-03 volume 04 issue 03-2024 16 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 15-20 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi italy 7170 thousand tons, usa 6679 thousand tons, france 5916 thousand tons, spain 5387 thousand tons, turkey 4200 thousand tons, india 2922 thousand tons, chile 2000 thousand tons, argentina 1965 thousand tons, iran 1866 thousand tons, australia has 1,824,000 tons and romania has an average grape yield of 103.1 t/ha. . currently, in the grape-growing countries of the world, great importance is attached to the creation of new varieties, the cultivation of vine seedlings with the ability to adapt new varieties to different climatic conditions, and the development of the most optimal agrotechnical measures in order to increase the yield of grapes [2; p. 138]. in the republic of uzbekistan, in recent years, extensive measures have been taken to create new varieties of grapes with high yield, resistant to widespread dangerous diseases and pests, and to develop agrotechnologies [3; pp. 53–55]. nevertheless, improving the agrotechnical measures used in viticulture based on the soil and climate conditions of each region will further increase the production productivity of the viticulture sector. in the 30th goal of the new development strategy of the republic of uzbekistan for 2022-2026, "to increase the income of farmers and farmers by intensive development of agriculture on a scientific basis by at least 2 times, to bring the annual growth of agriculture to at least 5%" and to specialize districts in the cultivation of specific types of products, horticulture 46 , specialization of 48 districts for viticulture, 51 districts for vegetablepolishing, and 40 districts for potato cultivation. it is an important task to ensure planting of 25 thousand hectares of orchards, 50 thousand hectares of vineyards and 49 thousand hectares of vineyards in these districts. in this regard, it is an urgent task of both theoretical and practical importance to choose methods of growing promising grape seedlings, to expand scientific research on determining the best nutritional standards for vine cuttings. methods the experiments were developed by kh.ch.boriyev, n.sh.enileev and others "methodology of calculations and phenological observations in conducting experiments with fruit and berry-bearing plants", (2014), m.a. lazarevskiy "metody botanicheskogo opisania i agrobiologicheskogo izucheniya sortov vinograda" (1946), n.n. prostoserdov's "izuchenie vinograda dlya opredeleniya ego ispolzovaniya" (1963), v.f. moiseychenko's "metodika uchetov i nableudeniy v opytax s plodovymi i yagodnymi kulturami" (1967) and carried out according to styles. statistical analysis of research results was calculated in excel 2010 and statistica 7.0 for windows computer programs with a confidence interval of 0.95% according to the method shown by b.a. dospekhov. in the experiment, the grapes of khorak, kishmishbop and winebop varieties were used as research objects. lignified vine cuttings were planted in the experimental area in a 70x20 cm scheme. in each option, 100 units were planted in four returns. the scheme of conducting the experiment is as follows: 1. transplanting cuttings without fertilizing control; 2. apply 2 kg of organic fertilizer per meter of the row where cuttings are planted. 3. applying 3 kg of organic fertilizer per meter of the row where cuttings are planted. 4. applying 4 kg of organic fertilizer per meter of the row where cuttings are planted. volume 04 issue 03-2024 17 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 15-20 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 5. apply 5 kg of organic fertilizer to each meter of the row where cuttings are planted. results research was conducted in 2021-2023 at gulistan state university "agricultural product processing technologies" department and "akobir azamatullah sabina fayz" farm, established in 2017, located in mirzaabad district of syrdarya region. the location of the vineyard where the main field experiments were conducted included 410,221,478 m of geographic parameters. the distance of the field from the city of gulistan is 5 km. one of the main factors in the cultivation of highquality seedlings of grapes is agrotechnical measures, which require the correct application of organic fertilizers and moderate fertilizing. when the indicator of the carried out experiments was put in the norm of organic fertilizers, this agrotechnical event had a positive effect on the development of the roots of the grapes of kho'raki, kishmishbop and winebop varieties. according to the results of the study, in the fourth option, when 4 kg of organic fertilizer per m2 was given, the best results were obtained for the development of the grape fodder toyfi rozovy variety, the kishmish batir variety and the rkatsiteli variety from the wine-growing varieties. when studying the effect of organic substances on the development of the roots of grape varieties, the following indicators were obtained. when treated without organic fertilizers, the average length of the roots was 100 cm in the control option of husaynie belyy. when 20 tons of organic fertilizer was applied to each, the average length of the roots was 23 cm more than the control option, and 46 cm than the control option when the amount of organic fertilizer was 30 tons, 40 per hectare it was found that the root length was 128 cm higher than the control variant when it was tons. when the rizamat variety of grape was grown in normal soil conditions without fertilizers (control), the root length was 76 cm, when 20 tons of organic fertilizers were applied per hectare, the root length was 52 cm compared to the control option, and when we added an additional 10 tons of organic fertilizers, the root length was 55 cm compared to the control option. cm, when the amount of organic fertilizer was increased to 40 tons, the root length was 110 cm compared to the control option. the average length of the root was observed to be 106 cm when the type of grape seed was planted without fertilizer (control), compared to the control option, the amount of organic fertilizer applied per hectare was 28 cm when 20 tons of organic fertilizer was applied, 48 cm when 30 tons of organic fertilizer was applied, and 40 tons of control when applied it was determined to be 196 cm higher than the variant. the dependence of the amount of organic matter on the development of the roots of grape varieties 20212023. varieties average length of roots without when 20 tons of organic fertilizers are when 30 tons of organic fertilizers are when 40 tons of organic fertilizer is added to each volume 04 issue 03-2024 18 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 15-20 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi fertilizer (control), cm added to each average length of roots, cm added to each average length of roots, cm plant, the average length of the roots, cm varieties of grapes husaynie belyy 100 123 146 218 rizamat 76 128 131 186 toyfi rozoviy 106 134 154 302 husaynie kelin barmak 93 121 145 257 kishmishbop varieties of grapes kishmish bely 60 85 124 143 kishmish cherny 60 87 117 187 kishmish sogdiana 73 92 123 199 kishmish zarafshan 69 74 102 177 kishimish botir 80 96 128 201 wine varieties bayan shirey 77 98 121 236 risling 66 87 114 245 rkasiteli 90 121 142 295 saperavi 85 117 139 208 when studying the effect of organic fertilizers on the development of the root of husainiye kylin finger of grape, the following indicators were achieved. the root length of the vine treated without organic fertilizer was 93 cm, when 20 tons of organic fertilizer was added to the soil, the root length was 28 cm compared to the control option, when 30 tons of organic fertilizer was added, the root length was 52 cm, volume 04 issue 03-2024 19 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 15-20 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi and when 40 tons of organic fertilizer was added, the root length was 164 cm. returned to be cm. when studying the effect of organic fertilizers on the development of the root system of kishmishbop varieties of grapes, the following indicators were obtained. in the kishmish bely variety of grapes, it was 60 cm, in the kishmish cherny variety, the root length was 27 cm when 20 tons of organic fertilizers were applied, 57 cm when 30 tons of organic fertilizers were applied, and 127 cm when 40 tons of organic fertilizers were applied, compared to the control option. was determined. when the kishmish sagdiana grape variety was grown in an environment without fertilizers, the root length was 73 cm, compared to the control variant, when 20 tons of organic matter was applied, the root length was 19 cm, when 30 tons were applied, the root length was 150 cm, and when 40 tons of organic fertilizer was applied, the root length was 126. in the kishmish zarafshon vineyard, the corns are 69 cm long without processing, 20 tons of organic fertilizers are applied per square meter, the corns are 5 cm long, and 30 tons of organic fertilizers are applied. the length of the corn is 108 cm, compared to the control, and the amount of organic matter is 30 tons. in the kishmish botir variety of grapes, the root length was 80 cm when grown in an environment without fertilizers, when 20 tons of organic fertilizer was applied per hectare, the root length was 16 cm compared to the control option, when the amount of organic fertilizer was applied at 30 tons, it was 48 cm, when 40 tons of organic fertilizer was applied, the root length was 80 cm the length was found to be 121 cm higher than the control variant. when studying the dependence of root development of grape varieties on organic fertilizers, the root length of bayan shirey variety without fertilizer (control) was 77 cm, compared to the control option, the root length was 11 cm when 20 tons of organic fertilizer was applied, 44 cm when 30 tons of organic fertilizer was applied, and when 40 tons of organic fertilizer was applied, it was found that the root length was 159 cm compared to the control option. when the dependence of the root development of the grape variety riling on organic fertilizers was studied (control), the root length in the environment without fertilizers was 66 cm. compared to the control option, the root length was 21 cm when 20 tons of organic fertilizer was applied to each field, 48 cm when 30 tons of organic fertilizer was applied, and 159 cm when 40 tons of organic fertilizer was applied. in the rkatsitali grape variety, the root length was 90 cm when the soil composition was treated without organic fertilizer (control), compared to the control option, when 20 tons of organic fertilizer was applied per hectare, the root length was 31 cm, when 30 tons of organic fertilizer was applied, the root length was 52 cm and 40 it was observed that the root length was 205 cm higher than the control vraiant when tons of organic fertilizers were applied. the root length of grape saperavi without fertilizer (control) was 85 cm, compared to the control option, when 20 tons of organic fertilizer was applied per hectare, the root length was 42 cm more, when 30 tons of organic fertilizer was applied, the root length was 54 cm more than the control option and per hectare area. when 40 tons of organic fertilizer was added, the root length was 123 cm higher than the control option. conclusion 1. the analysis of the conducted experiments showed that the best development of the root system was found to be 302 cm in the toyfi rozovy variety when 40 tons of organic fertilizers were applied in the fodder varieties of grapes, and it was found to be between 186 and 257 cm in the rest of the varieties. volume 04 issue 03-2024 20 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 15-20 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 2. when studying the effect of organic fertilizers on the root development of kishmishbop varieties of grapes, it was found that the highest indicator was 201 cm of root length when 40 tons were applied per hectare of kishmish batir variety. in the remaining varieties, it was observed to be between 143 cm and 199 cm. 3. the effect of organic substances on root development in wine grape varieties was as follows. the highest indicator was found to be 295 cm in the rkatsiteli variety when 40 tons were applied. in the remaining varieties, it was observed to be from 208 cm to 236 cm. references 1. abdullayev r.m., mirzayev m.m., nabiyev u.ya., abrorov sh.m., bekchanov u.a., mahmudov g'.g'., modern technology of grape cultivation and drying of raisins. t-2013. 29p. темуров ш. «узумчилик» маъруза матнлари тошкент –2004.–138-б. 2. mamatov u.i. cultivation of grapes. tashkent 2021. p. 53-55. 3. prostoserdov n.n. izuchenie vinograda dlya opredeleniya ego ispolzovaniya. m.: pishchepromizdat, 1963. – 63 p. 4. turyansky g.f. ob oblomki pobegov vinograda. // sadovodstvo, vinogradstvo i vinodeli moldavii. kishinev, 1954.-#2.-s. 20-21. 5. egamberdiev, pulatjon, et al. "dependence of bud loads on yield indicators when growing grapes white hussein variety by voish method." texas journal of agriculture and biological sciences 5 (2022): 1-3. 6. khujakulov, f., egamberdiev, p., julbekov, i., abduraimov, d., & ungarov, a. (2023). the dependence of grape feeding on the productivity indicator and harvest quality of rizamat and large dry varieties. 7. султонов, камолитдин, пулатжон эгамбердиев, and файзи хужақулов. "узумнинг хўраки ризамат ва катта курган навини ҳосилдорлик кўрсаткичи ва ҳосил сифатига хомток қилишни боғлиқлиги." science and innovation 2.special issue 11 (2023): 501-509. 8. xo‘jaqulov, f. m. "tomchilatib sug ‘orish usulining xo ‘raki uzum navlarini yetishtirishdagi ahamiyati." евразийский журнал технологий и инноваций 1.10 (2023): 3537. volume 04 issue 03-2024 30 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 30-37 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract in this article, the results of the study have been discussed on the cultivation of uzbekistanskaya (st), uzbekistan guzali (st), redgauntlet (st), zenga-zengana, medvey, velikan, dana varieties of strawberry that had been planted in experimental plots of strawberries in open field conditions at the scientific research institute of horticulture, viticulture and winemaking named after academician m. mirzaev in tashkent region. the duration of phenological phases and periods of ripening of berries in the varieties vnuchka, victoria and zamposhniya were also monitored. as a result, the ripening of strawberry varieties lasted from april 6 ("victoria") to april 13 ("uzbekistanskaya", "redgauntlet"). the difference between varieties was 8 days. fruit ripening was observed from may 3 ("victoria") to june 24 ("uzbekistanskaya" (st), "zenga-zengana"). it was observed that the duration of ripening was from 26 to 41 days in the section of varieties indicated in the experiment. keywords strawberry, varieties, redgauntlet (st), zenga-zengana, medwey, velikan, dana, vnuchka, victoria, zamposhniya, experimental field, phenological observations, recording of buds, flowering, ripening period of fruits, tasting score. introduction the growing number of the world's population and its requirements for food requires the search for additional resources to increase the production of agricultural products, the efficient use of agricultural research article the phenological phases and ripening period of strawberry fruits planted in the open field areas submission date: march 19, 2024, accepted date: march 24, 2024, published date: march 29, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue03-06 abdullaeva khilola ravshanovna scientific-research institute of horticulture, viticulture and winemaking named after academician makhmud mirzaev, uzbekistan allayarov abdurakhman nazaralievich scientific-research institute of horticulture, viticulture and winemaking named after academician makhmud mirzaev, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue03-06 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue03-06 volume 04 issue 03-2024 31 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 30-37 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi land, and the production and implementation of new innovative technologies in the sector. to meet this demand the global production of strawberries makes 9.5 million tons. the main share of the production, that is, 47.9% of the cultivated crop is in asia and 24.5% is in the american continents. china is the leader in the cultivation of strawberries (fragariaspp) in the world, with a harvest of 3.35 million tons, the usa grows 1.26 million tons, turkey 728 thousand tons and egypt 638 thousand tons of strawberries (faostat, 2022. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/qc ). the main reason for the low volume of strawberry cultivation in our republic is the lack of varieties and hybrids with high yield, disease resistance, short intensive development process, high marketability of fruits and processing characteristics in the assortment of varieties. also, enrichment with strawberry varieties, improvement of their growing technology is an urgent issue in the agricultural sector of the republic (kh.abdullaeva 2015). studying the time of the beginning of the phenological phases depending on weather conditions allows to evaluate the adaptability of strawberry varieties and to recommend them for cultivation in the designated area, and the group of early-ripening varieties includes 35 varieties, medium-ripening varieties include 58 varieties, and late-ripening varieties include 25 varieties (m. i. antipenko 2020). to increase the shelf life of fresh fruits, different ripening periods depend on the varieties (m.i.antipenko 2020). f. ananassa duch. is named in russian "garden strawberry", its uzbek local name is "strawberry" and in some scientific sources it is called "land mulberry". in the book "identifier of plants of uzbekistan" (1987) by a. hamidov, m. nabiev, t. odilov, this species is named as strawberry. methods field experiments are being conducted at the central experimental farm of scientific research institute of horticulture, viticulture and winemaking named after academician makhmud mirzaev, located in tashkent district, tashkent region. the geographical coordinates of the experiment site are 450251 north latitude and 690161 east longitude, 490 m above sea level and 5 km from tashkent city. the soil condition of the experimental area is a typical gray soil with a deep underground water table, carbonate content from 19 to 23%, weakly alkaline (рn 7.1), low structure, and prone to compaction and compaction. irrigation is artificial and is carried out through ditches. during observation of the phenological phases, the formation of buds, the beginning of flowering, full flowering, the end of flowering, the beginning of ripening of the fruits, full ripening, the end of ripening of the fruits, the change of the color of the leaves, the shedding of the leaves and the end of vegetation were recorded. the day when the leaf tips started to emerge from the buds in most plants was recorded as the blooming date of buds. observations were carried out day after day. flowering dates: а) beginning – blooming of the first flower (-10%); b) full flowering 60% blooming; c) the ending – 5% of the flowers are full, and the rest of the flowers are the shedding of flower petals in one way or another. the assessment of flowering power was determined on a 5-point scale, taking into account the age and development of the bush. volume 04 issue 03-2024 32 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 30-37 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi fruit ripening dates: а) beginning – the appearance of the first healthy fruits with ripe color; b) full ripening –50% of total fruits; c) the end of ripening – 90% of fruits ripen. the general condition of the berry bushes: every year in the spring and autumn seasons, the thickness of the stem (body) of the plant, the annual growth rate, the rate of leaf change, etc. were evaluated on a 5-point scale. leaf color change was studied in autumn and expressed in scores: 0 no leaf color change; 1the color changed on individual leaves; 2the color changed in 10% leaves; 3the color changed in 30% leaves; 4the color changed in 70% leaves; 5the color changed in more than 70% leaves. natural shedding of leaves was determined from the date of 20-25% leaf shedding. leaf shedding observation works were carried out once every five days. the degree of leaf shedding was visually characterized in cultivars that did not fully complete their vegetation before frost. results were expressed as percentages (20, 40, 60, or 80% of leaves shed). in such varieties, the end of vegetation was recorded as the date of sustained frost, which caused growth to stop. results and discussion all phenological observations are inextricably linked with weather conditions. according to the phenological observations of strawberry fruits, the earliest, middle and latest periods of phenophase transition were determined. the date of onset of the most frequent phenophase in the years of observation was shown as the middle period. regarding the study of strawberry varieties, the growing season of strawberry varieties started a little later this year due to the fact that the duration of cold weather lasted longer than in previous years. in 10 studied varieties of strawberry, vegetation, i.e. the formation of leaves, was observed between february 7 and february 28. the beginning of flowering in strawberry varieties lasted from march 23 (“vnuchka”) to march 27 (“zenga-zengana”). the difference on duration between varieties was 5 days. the ending of flowering in strawberry varieties lasted from april 13 (“redgountlet” (st)) to april 22 (“uzbekistanskaya”, “viktoriya”, “zamposhniya”). the duration of flowering made 30 days. volume 04 issue 03-2024 33 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 30-37 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi fig.1. flowering phase fig.2. ripening phase of fruit. the beginning of fruit ripening in strawberry varieties lasted from april 6 (“viktoriya”) to april 13 (“uzbekistanskaya”, “redgountlet”). the difference on duration between the varieties was 8 days. the ending of fruit ripening lasted from may 3 (“viktoriya”) to june 24 (“uzbekistanskaya” (st), “zengazengana”). ripening duration of vaieties was found to be among 26 days and 41 days (table-1). table-1 phenoogical phases for strawberry varieties № varieties beginnin g of vegetati on flowering ripening beginning ending beginning ending duratio n 1 uzbekistanskaya (st) 16/ii 25/iii 22/iv 09/iv 14/v 35 2 uzbekistan guzali (st) 20/ii 26/iii 15/iv 10/iv 18/v 39 3 redgountlet (st) 20/ii 25/iii 13/iv 13/iv 13/v 30 4 zenga-zengana 27/ii 27/iii 15/v 13/iv 24/vi 41 volume 04 issue 03-2024 34 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 30-37 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi according to the results of the study, it was an important factor for the growth and development phases of strawberry varieties in 2023. when calculating the yield of strawberry varieties, the lowest indicator among five bushes was noted in "victoria" variety 310 g, the highest indicator in "medvey" variety, 555 g. the lowest yield per bush was from 56.2 g. ("victoria") to 115.6 g. ("medvey"). among the varieties, the lowest yield indicator was noted 31.6 c/ha in the "victoria" variety, while the highest indicator was observed in the "medvey" variety and it was 61.5 c/ha. among the studied strawberry varieties, the lowest average weight of fruits was 8 g in the "victoria" variety, and the largest fruit weight was 18 g. fig.3. fruits of strawberry varieties 5 medvey 16/ii 27/iii 15/iv 13/iv 09/v 26 6 velikan 18/ii 26/iii 20/iv 10/iv 20/v 40 7 dana 23/ii 26/iii 20/iv 13/iv 17/v 34 8 vnuchka 21/ii 23/iii 15/iv 12/iv 10/v 28 9 viktoriya 28/ii 25/iii 22/iv 06/iv 03/v 34 10 zamposhniya 23/ii 25/iii 22/iv 10/iv 17/v 37 volume 04 issue 03-2024 35 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 30-37 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi during the research, the yield of strawberry varieties, i.e. the yield of five bushes, the average yield of one bush, the yield per centner, the average fruit mass and the mass of the largest fruit, and the tasting score were determined. table-2 the yield of strawberry varieties (in 2023) № varieties yield from five bushes (g) average yield of one bush (g) c/hа the averag e fruit mass mass of the largest fruit tasting score 1. uzbekistanskaya (st) 365 68,8 39,4 11 16 4,7 2. uzbekistan guzali (st) 478 94 53,4 9 18 5 3. redgauntlet (st) 439 90,2 50 9 24 4,3 4. zenga-zengana 515 102,3 60,2 11 35 3,9 5. medvey 555 115,6 61,5 9 25 5 6. velikan 485 104,6 56,4 9 25 4,3 7. dana 345 74 39,4 11 22 4,6 8. vnuchka 424 85,4 48,6 7 18 4,2 9. viktoriya 310 56,2 31,6 8 18 3,4 10. zamposhniya 375 70,2 39,9 10 20 3,2 according to the results of the study, an important factor was noted for the growth and development phases of strawberry varieties in 2023. when calculating the yield of strawberry varieties, the lowest indicator of five bushes was noted in the variety "victoria" 310 g, the highest indicator in "medvey" 555 g. table-3 the yield of strawberry varieties (in 2022-2023) volume 04 issue 03-2024 36 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 30-37 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the lowest indicator for the yield per bush was from 56.2 g ("victoria") to 115.6 g ("medvey"). among the varieties, the lowest yield indicator was found in the "victoria" variety, 31.6 c/ha, while the highest indicator was observed in the "medvey" variety, 61.5 c/ha. in the rest of control varieties, it was from 39.4 c/ha to 53.4 c/ha among the studied strawberry varieties, the lowest average fruit mass was 8 g in the "victoria" variety, the largest one was 18 g, the highest indicator was 11 g in the "uzbekistanskaya" (st) variety, and the largest fruit was 16 g, , the average indicator was 11 g in the "zengazengana" variety, the largest fruit mass was 35 g, the average mass in "dana" variety was 11 g, the largest fruit was 22 g. when the tasting score was determined, the lowest indicator was 3.2 points for the "zamposhniya" variety, while the highest indicator was 5 points for the "medvey" and "uzbekistan guzali" (st) variety. conclusion in conclusion, it was noted that all phenological observations are inextricably linked with weather conditions. № varieties yield from five bushes (g) averag e yield of one bush (g) c/hа the avera ge fruit mass mass of the largest fruit tasting score 1 uzbekistanskaya (st) 365 68,8 39,4 11 16 4,7 2 uzbekistan guzali (st) 478 94 53,4 9 18 5 3 redgauntlet (st) 439 90,2 50 9 24 4,3 4 kobra (st) 515 102,3 60,2 11 35 3,9 5 dildor 895 184,8 100,2 9 24 5 6 medvey 555 115,6 61,5 9 25 5 7 velikan 485 104,6 56,4 9 25 4,3 8 dana 345 74 39,4 11 22 4,6 9 nagrada 424 85,4 48,6 7 18 4,2 10 viktoriya 310 56,2 31,6 8 18 3,4 11 zamposhniya 375 70,2 39,9 10 20 3,2 volume 04 issue 03-2024 37 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 03 pages: 30-37 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the beginning of flowering in early ripening strawberry varieties lasted from march 23 ("vnuchka") to march 27 ("zenga-zengana"), and the end of the flowering phase was observed from april 13 in "redgauntlet" (st) variety. the duration of flowering of all varieties was 30 days in the experimental fields planted with strawberries. fruit ripening of strawberry varieties began from april 6 ("victoria", "uzbekistanskaya", "redgauntlet"). the difference between varieties was 8 days. the end of fruit ripening was observed from may 3 ("victoria") to june 24 ("uzbekistanskaya" (st), "zenga-zengana"). the duration of ripening in varieties was 26 to 41 days. in experiments conducted on the productivity of strawberry varieties, the lowest indicator of five bushes on yield was noted in "victoria" 310 g, the highest indicator in "medvey", 555 g. the lowest yield indicator per bush was from 56.2 g ("victoria") to 115.6 g ("medvey"). among the varieties, the lowest yield indicator was found in the "victoria" variety, 31.6 c/ha, while the highest indicator was observed in the "medvey" variety, it was 61.5 c/ha. references 1. abdullaev r.m., yagudina s.i. garden berries. – t.: mekhnat, 1988. – p.123. 2. abdullaeva kh.r. increasing strawberry yield // agriculture of uzbekistan. tashkent, 2015. no. 9. – p.14. 3. abdullaeva kh.r. economic and biological features of local and introduced varieties of strawberries and the development of some elements of agricultural technology in the conditions of the tashkent region: 06.01.07 fruit growing and viticulture: abs. diss. doctor of philosophy (phd) agri.sciences tashkent, 2018. –p. 49. 4. abdullaeva khilola ravshanovna//study and acclimatization of local and introducted strawberry varieties in the condition of uzbekistan//european journal of agricultural and rural education (ejare) vol. 2 no. 12, december 2021/ pp-127-126. 5. abdullaeva kh.r. cultivation of berry plants // agriculture of uzbekistan. tashkent, 2015. no. 3. pp. 10-11. 6. andreeva g.v. clarification of varietal agricultural technology of strawberries. materials of the international conference. – orel, 2003. 7. antipenko m.i. main phenological characteristics of strawberry varieties in the conditions of the samara region, state budgetary institution “research institute of horticulture and medicinal plants “jigulev gardens””, russia, samara 2020. volume 04 issue 01-2024 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 1-5 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this study explores an innovative approach to sustainable agriculture by utilizing agricultural residues in the composting process for the production of high-quality potting soils. through a systematic analysis of composting methods, nutrient enrichment, and the impact on soil quality, the research demonstrates the potential of transforming agricultural waste into a valuable resource. the resulting premium potting soils not only enhance plant growth but also contribute to reducing environmental burdens associated with agricultural residues. this study highlights the significance of adopting eco-friendly practices in soil management for a more sustainable and resourceefficient agricultural future. keywords sustainable agriculture, agricultural residues, composting, potting soils, soil quality, nutrient enrichment, environmental sustainability, resource efficiency, eco-friendly practices, circular economy. introduction the growing awareness of environmental sustainability in agriculture has prompted a shift towards innovative practices that reconcile productivity with responsible resource utilization. agricultural residues, often viewed as waste, present an untapped potential for contributing to sustainable research article sustainable soil solutions: transforming agricultural residues into premium potting soils through innovative composting practices submission date: december 22, 2023, accepted date: december 27, 2023, published date: january 01, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue01-01 ahmed al-katib faculty of agricultural science, cairo university egypt journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue01-01 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue01-01 volume 04 issue 01-2024 2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 1-5 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi soil solutions. this study focuses on the transformative journey from waste to wealth by exploring the utilization of agricultural residues in innovative composting practices for the production of premium potting soils. as the global population continues to rise, there is an increasing demand for efficient and sustainable agricultural practices to ensure food security. simultaneously, the environmental impact of conventional farming practices, including the disposal of agricultural residues, has raised concerns about soil degradation and resource depletion. addressing these challenges requires a paradigm shift in how we perceive and manage agricultural waste, seeking opportunities to convert it into valuable resources. composting, a well-established technique for organic waste management, offers a promising avenue for repurposing agricultural residues. by transforming these residues into nutrient-rich compost, we not only mitigate the environmental burden associated with waste disposal but also create a valuable input for soil enhancement. this study delves into the intricacies of utilizing agricultural residues in the composting process, exploring the potential of the resulting compost to serve as a foundation for premium potting soils. the objective is to assess the impact of innovative composting practices on the quality of potting soils, considering factors such as nutrient enrichment, soil structure improvement, and overall plant growth. by adopting a holistic approach, this research aims to contribute valuable insights into the development of sustainable soil solutions, aligning with the principles of circular economy and eco-friendly agricultural practices. the resulting premium potting soils hold the promise of not only fostering healthy plant growth but also advancing the broader goals of resource efficiency and environmental stewardship in modern agriculture. method the process of transforming agricultural residues into premium potting soils through innovative composting practices involved a systematic series of steps designed to optimize the composting process and enhance the quality of the resulting potting soils. beginning with the careful selection of a diverse range of agricultural residues, the study aimed to capture the variety of organic materials generated in local farming practices. these residues, including crop remnants and straw, were chosen for their representativeness and availability in the region. establishing a controlled composting system was crucial to efficiently process the selected residues. the composting setup was thoughtfully designed to incorporate features that promoted optimal microbial activity and accelerated decomposition. special attention was given to aeration systems, temperature control, and moisture management, ensuring the creation of a conducive environment for the breakdown of organic materials. throughout the composting process, key parameters such as temperature, moisture content, and the carbon-to-nitrogen (c/n) ratio were meticulously monitored. regular checks allowed for adjustments to maintain the ideal conditions necessary for effective decomposition. the introduction of nutrient-rich additives, including organic fertilizers and microbial inoculants, strategically enriched the compost, enhancing its nutrient content and furthering its potential as a valuable input for potting soils. the next phase involved formulating premium potting soils by blending the composted material with other volume 04 issue 01-2024 3 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 1-5 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi selected components. various formulations were created to assess the impact of compost content on soil quality. rigorous testing, encompassing evaluations of nutrient levels, ph, and physical characteristics like water retention and porosity, provided insights into the efficacy of the innovative composting practices in producing high-quality potting soils. to evaluate the practical implications of the developed potting soils, plant growth experiments were conducted using selected plant species. growth parameters, including plant height, leaf area, and overall health, were closely monitored over a specified period. these experiments served as a critical step in assessing the effectiveness of the potting soils in promoting healthy plant growth and overall soil quality. the culmination of these steps, supported by statistical analyses, offered a comprehensive understanding of the innovative composting practices' impact on transforming agricultural residues into premium potting soils. this process-oriented approach not only demonstrated the feasibility of sustainable soil solutions but also highlighted the potential for agricultural residues to serve as a valuable resource in enhancing soil quality and contributing to more ecofriendly agricultural practices. selection of agricultural residues: the study began by identifying and selecting a range of agricultural residues commonly generated in the local farming community. residues such as crop residues, straw, and other organic by-products were chosen based on their availability and representativeness of regional agricultural practices. composting setup and design: a controlled composting system was established to process the selected agricultural residues. the composting setup included designated containers equipped with aeration systems to facilitate the decomposition process. the design incorporated innovative features to optimize microbial activity and accelerate the breakdown of organic materials. composting parameters and monitoring: key composting parameters, including temperature, moisture content, and c/n ratio, were monitored throughout the composting process. these parameters were critical for ensuring the optimal conditions required for the efficient decomposition of agricultural residues. regular monitoring allowed for adjustments to maintain a balanced and active composting environment. nutrient enrichment strategies: to enhance the nutrient content of the compost, nutrient-rich additives such as organic fertilizers and microbial inoculants were introduced at strategic stages of the composting process. this approach aimed to maximize the nutrient value of the final compost, ensuring that the resulting potting soils would provide essential elements for plant growth. potting soil formulation and testing: the composted material was then blended with other selected components to formulate premium potting soils. various formulations were created to assess the impact of compost content on soil quality. these formulations were subjected to rigorous testing, including assessments of nutrient levels, ph, and physical characteristics such as water retention and porosity. plant growth experiments: volume 04 issue 01-2024 4 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 1-5 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi to evaluate the effectiveness of the developed potting soils, plant growth experiments were conducted using selected plant species commonly used in potting soil applications. growth parameters such as plant height, leaf area, and overall health were monitored over a specified period. the results were compared against control groups using traditional potting soils. statistical analysis: statistical analyses, including analysis of variance (anova), were conducted to determine the significance of differences between the potting soil formulations. this quantitative approach provided a robust basis for assessing the impact of innovative composting practices on the development of premium potting soils. this comprehensive methodology aimed to systematically transform agricultural residues into premium potting soils through innovative composting practices. the controlled setup, strategic nutrient enrichment, and thorough testing processes ensured a rigorous evaluation of the effectiveness of the developed potting soils in promoting plant growth and overall soil quality. results the transformative process of turning agricultural residues into premium potting soils through innovative composting practices yielded significant and promising results. the controlled composting system effectively decomposed a diverse range of agricultural residues, creating nutrient-rich compost with enhanced organic matter. the compost, when blended with carefully selected components, resulted in various formulations of premium potting soils. plant growth experiments demonstrated that these formulations positively influenced plant height, leaf area, and overall health, indicating the potential of the developed potting soils to support robust plant growth. discussion the success of the innovative composting practices in transforming agricultural residues into premium potting soils can be attributed to several key factors. the controlled composting system, with its optimized microbial activity and accelerated decomposition, played a crucial role in breaking down diverse agricultural residues effectively. the strategic introduction of nutrient-rich additives enhanced the compost's nutrient content, contributing to the overall fertility of the potting soils. the formulation of potting soils was a critical step, and the variations in formulations allowed for the assessment of the impact of compost content on soil quality. the results of the plant growth experiments provided empirical evidence of the efficacy of the developed potting soils. the positive influence on plant growth parameters suggests that these soils have the potential not only to serve as a medium for plant growth but also to promote overall soil health and fertility. the success of the process also has broader implications for sustainable agriculture. by repurposing agricultural residues into valuable potting soils, the study contributes to the principles of a circular economy, reducing waste and creating a closed-loop system. the innovative composting practices showcased in this research offer a model for sustainable soil solutions, demonstrating the feasibility of transforming organic waste into a resource that enhances agricultural productivity. conclusion volume 04 issue 01-2024 5 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 1-5 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi in conclusion, the study highlights the viability and effectiveness of sustainable soil solutions by transforming agricultural residues into premium potting soils through innovative composting practices. the controlled composting system, nutrient enrichment strategies, and systematic formulation of potting soils demonstrated the potential for agricultural residues to be repurposed as valuable resources. the positive outcomes of plant growth experiments underscore the practical implications of these potting soils in promoting healthy plant development. this research contributes not only to the field of soil science but also to the broader goals of sustainable agriculture and environmental stewardship. by embracing innovative composting practices, agricultural residues can be viewed as valuable inputs rather than waste, aligning with the principles of circular economy and eco-friendly agricultural practices. the transformative journey from waste to premium potting soils showcased in this study represents a significant step towards resourceefficient and environmentally conscious agricultural practices. references 1. diacono, m., & montemurro, f. (2015). long-term effects of organic amendments on soil fertility. a review. agronomy for sustainable development, 35(2), 401-422. 2. raviv, m., medina, s., & krasnovsky, a. (2010). utilization of composted agricultural wastes as growing media constituents. in j. l. hatfield, & r. l. follett (eds.), nitrogen in the environment: sources, problems and management (pp. 10451065). academic press. 3. suthar, s. (2014). agricultural waste material as potential adsorbent for sequestering heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions–a review. bioresource technology, 160, 191-202. 4. khan, s., chao, c., & waqas, m. (2019). organic waste compost as a soil amendment and nutrient source for plants. sustainability, 11(3), 691. 5. castaldi, p., melis, p., pirastru, m., silvetti, m., & deiana, p. (2012). use of composts in the production of high-quality horticultural crops and in soil reclamation. in a. v. vazquez-rowe (ed.), composting for sustainable agriculture (pp. 293324). springer. 6. gómez-brandón, m., & insam, h. (2011). aspects to consider when selecting a vermicomposting system. in h. insam, & a. de bertoldi (eds.), microbiology of composting (pp. 159-180). springer. 7. nkoa, r. (2014). agricultural benefits and environmental risks of soil fertilization with anaerobic digestates: a review. agronomy for sustainable development, 34(2), 473-492. 8. chaudhary, d. r., megharaj, m., naidu, r., & bolan, n. s. (2020). composting as a sustainable waste management technique: an overview with future perspectives. critical reviews in environmental science and technology, 50(5), 413-443. 9. zhang, w., cui, h., cao, y., & li, y. (2017). a review of current status of agricultural waste utilization in china. journal of cleaner production, 142, 695-706. 10. pascual, j. a., garcía, c., & hernandez, t. (2018). the role of organic amendments in the physical and biochemical properties of soil. in v. r. prasad (ed.), advances in soil microbiology: recent trends and future prospects (pp. 293-308). springer. volume 03 issue 06-2023 27 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 27-33 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the article provides research observations on the formation of apricot trees to study local and foreign varieties of apricots in the conditions of the kashkadarya viloti and to select varieties that are promising, as well as the correct formation of pine-shaba in trees where the shape is given and annual varieties are shortened, the quality of fruits increases, adaptability to external conditions. keywords climate, shape, branch, quality, bud, flower, fruit, harvest, local, garden, edge, selection. introduction prunes are a type of fruit with high potential productivity seedlings planted as early as 3-4 years, the elements of the crop are formed. usually an apricot tree that is not given a shape and is not cut, with a rich harvest in the years of its initial harvest, its aging period is accelerated, fruits and leaves are crushed, quickly and strongly damaged by various diseases. this results in the branches becoming glabrous, while the fruitforming zone moves to the ends of the branches. as a result of the weight of the crop, the branches are broken and the tree is damaged. scientific significance: in recent years, many varieties of apricots have been created in the field of horticulture as well as by foreign research institutions and domestic breeders, which have a complex of useful qualities. there has not yet been enough research work on this in our republic. it follows that in research article selection of apricot varieties submission date: june 16, 2023, accepted date: june 21, 2023, published date: june 26, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue06-07 karshiev a.e. independent researcher of the scientific research institute of horticulture viticulture and winemaking named after academician makhmud mirzayev, uzbekistan saimnazarov yuldash bekmirzayevich b.f.d., professor, ak. m. scientific research institute of horticultural viticulture and winemaking named after mirzayev, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue06-07 volume 03 issue 06-2023 28 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 27-33 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the kashkadarya region, it is aimed at developing effective norms through new varieties of unexplored apricots, their comprehensive agrobiological and technological assessment, as well as methods for shaping native and imported apricot varieties, cutting annual growing branches in parameters suitable for apricot varieties and giving them a suitable shape. from this, our research is to expand the areas of promising apricot gardens and achieve a stable, highquality and abundant harvest by studying apricot varieties and developing effective methods of shaping trees and pruning correctly. the cultivation of apricot fruits and products in all regions of the republic has sharply decreased as a result of various factors. in solving the problems that have arisen and further increasing the yield of apricots and prunes, it is necessary first of all to choose varieties suitable for climatic conditions for each area, as well as to develop effective agrotechnical measures aimed at increasing their yield. in most apricot varieties, mainly in the winter-spring season, there is damage to flower buds and formed fruits under the influence of early spring frosts. accordingly, the choice of varieties, taking into account the biological characteristics of the varieties under such conditions, is to achieve regular fruiting by applying agrotechnical measures in optimal options for their duration based on observed and determined data. degree of study: in the opinion of the authors who have carried out research in this regard, shaping and cutting in horticulture is one of the main agrotechnical measures. in connection with this, according to most scientists who have dealt with the problems of shaping and pruning fruit trees in different years, one of the agrotechnical measures that ensure the development and growth of the underground part of any tree is the orderly pruning of branches. as a result of pruning annual branches, the relationship of the parameters of the branches, growth and fruit formation changes. the number and length of the branches of the fruit increase. with this, the light radiating to the branchbranch part increases in one time, the leafiness of the branches to the fruits increases, and this fertility has a positive effect on long life. [1. 2. 3. 4] the effect of pruning on fruit trees is multifaceted and depends on several reasons. it has been found to depend on the agrotechnical measures developed, the methods of pruning and the degree of pruning, the survival of the tree, the timing of pruning and shaping, as well as the air temperatures during the growing season pruning trees with buds located on the branch part of the branch-trunk enhances growth processes. as a result of this, the growth of branches is accelerated, and changes in the function of generative organs occur. from generative shoots formed after giving the correct shape and cutting, often larger fruits are formed. cutting activates vital processes, replacing old organs with a new one. in regulating correlation changes, it has been observed that some part tasks of trees are increased and others are reduced [5]. the effect of the degree of pruning of branches is due to the peculiarity of its formation to apricot fruits, the intensity of the slowdown of growth from year to year in late or non-optimal pruning has decreased, and the increase in the yield of trees has increased with tension. it has been observed in the formation of very poor-quality fruits in european varieties of apricots. the fact that apricots cannot provide excess shoots, like other types of fruits, therefore, in an orderly or irregular cutting, it is very easy and has been found to form a lot, the fruits crumble, reducing their volume 03 issue 06-2023 29 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 27-33 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi succulence and aroma. it has been observed that this results in fruit formation (salinity) [6]. apricot seedlings after planting in most cases in 2-4 years, the branches grow strongly lengthwise and branch sparsely. therefore, for sklet branches, which are formed in addition to thinning in the spring from the 2nd year, it is necessary to shorten the annual branches more strongly. more than (60 cm) of the branches with strong growth, and strongly branching varieties about ½ of the growing branches are shortened, shortening to 2/3 in short branching varieties. [7]. the results of the study showed that in the local and introduced varieties of cypress, subhoni zarya, nadjimi, rughi juvanon miona apricot, the full supply of hornbeam bats with light and sunlight, and the correct formation of trees were given a vase shape in order to increase productivity and fruit quality, and observations were made on the development of trees, cutting off strong annual branches by 15 cm, 30 cm and 45 cm. as a result of our observations, it was observed that trees were more fully using diffused light compared to the light that fell straight into them. because it passes through all sides of the tree branch, and the sun's rays fall on all the leaves. on top of this, it has been demonstrated that diffused light has a greater effect on proper light-the large size of the leaves, the colorfulness, the quality of the fruit, and the good development of the tree-and how long daylight lasts is of great importance. as strong growth continued in strongly branching varieties for 4-6 years at the time of the trees ' entry into harvest, in addition to thinning during this period the branches were shortened to 1/4-1/2 and 1/3 in length depending on the varietal character. the result was the development of varieties from the upper 2-3-buds, and the formation of fruit branches and spurs from the lower branches. in some varieties, increased reduction of branches and branches has led to increased growth and decreased yield. in unformed nimjon pine trees, it was observed that all fruit nodes die quickly, the tree trunk takes on a dry appearance, and at the end of the sklet branches the formation of dried leaves. therefore, the nimjon was reduced to an equal half length of annual branches in horned varieties. in the studied varieties of apricots, the movement of air in the form of a wind has shown great importance. the effects of wind on the plant varied, and its effects at large speeds (up to 10 meters per second and faster) resulted in 10-15% damage to the fruit nodes and leaves on the plant. strong winds have been found to interfere with pollination of flowers by insects, damaging the flower as well as young nodules by 1520%. at wind speeds of 20-25 m/s, tree branches were broken, they were completely damaged. in trees given the form, however, damage was found to be significantly reduced. in the research carried out, apricot varieties suitable for soil and climatic conditions were studied, promising varieties were selected in the cultivation of quality fruit products based on the climatic conditions of the region. in kashkadarya region, summer is hot and dry and winter is cold with an average annual air temperature of 13.80 s, the warmest temperature is 26.80 s in july and the cold is 140s in january. the highest temperature in june was observed to rise to 500s heat and in january, february the temperature dropped to -240s cold. the sum of useful temperatures during the season reached 2400-28000s in februaryjune. the duration of frost-free days is on average 240 days. spring frosts were observed until the third decade of february, with some years lasting until april. volume 03 issue 06-2023 30 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 27-33 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi depending on this, the vegetational phases of the apricot varieties under study were studied. these phenological phases were observed below in the varieties of apricots under study in the nadzhimi variety of apricot varieties planted in 2009, while the bulging of buds in 2017-2019 was observed in the corresponding order on march 4-11, in the variants given the form, this indicator was observed on average on march 6-14. while the spelling of the consonants was determined on 7-14 march, in the variants given the form it was found that the average lasted until 9-18 march. the beginning of the flowering phase was observed on march 9-17, while in the form-given variants, this indicator continued until march 10-20. whereas dwarf flowering has been found on unformed trees from 13 to 21 march, form-given variants have been observed to last on average from 14 to 25 march, while flowering phase ends have been observed on non-form trees from 21 to 26 march, while form-given variants have lasted from 22 to 30 march. the ripening of its fruits, on the other hand, lasted from may 25 to june 5, while in the variants given the form, on average, it was observed from may 21 to june 3. the beginning of hazonrezgilik began on october 9-22, and in the variants given the form, this figure began on average on october 14-27. the end of hazonrezgilik, however, was observed in non-form variants on 5-17 november, and in form-form variants it was found to last from 8-20 november. the vegetational period was found to last up to 246-251 days in non-form variants, and 248-255 days in form-form variants. these phenological phases were presented in the table in the appropriate order in the remaining varieties. (table 1). drought resistance, close relationship between water regime processes and environmental factors and high adaptability characteristics were studied, in this regard, the leaf level in the subhoni zarya variety was on average 42 cm2 in large leaves, and on small-sized leaves an average of 31 cm2. in the nadjimi variety, however, these indicators were observed on the leaves of large ones, on average up to 50 cm2, and on the leaves of small sizes up to 29 cm2. in the sarvari variety, the level of large leaves was up to 57 cm2, and in smallsized leaves, on average, 39 cm2, and in large-sized varieties, in the rugi juvanon miona, 60 cm2, and in small-sized leaves-31 cm2. in the subhoni zarya variety, the leaf weight was found to be 0.82 mg in the large leaves, 0.50 mg in the small-sized leaves, and the average weight in the large leaves of the nadjimi variety was found to be 0.20 mg in the small-sized leaves. in the jubilee navoi variety, it averaged 0.92 mg in large leaves to 0.87 mg in small-sized leaves, in the rugi juvanon miona variety, it averaged 1.16 mg in large leaves, and 0.56 mg in small-sized leaves. during the growing season, the degree of water supply of leaf tissue manifested its resistance to drought through the property of water retention, as well as the ability to carry out starch synthesis even in the hot summer period. the resistance of the nadzhimi and subhoni zarya varieties to squatting was largely due to the small size of their trees and leaves in comparison with the studied varieties, the possibility of maintaining sufficient moisture in the composition even in unfavorable conditions of nature. the number of leaves of the apricot varieties under study, the leaf level, the amount of water contained in the leaf were determined in field and labaratory conditions. (table 2 in monitoring the bialogical characteristics of the studied varieties, the beginning of the period of vegitation in the nadjimi variety the period of bud bulging in the tree was observed on march 11, 2017, march 4, 2018, and march 11, 2019, and the humming continued on march 14, 2017, and march 7, 2018 and march 14, 2019. the start of flowering occurred on march 17, 2017; march 9, 2018; and march 16, 2019; and volume 03 issue 06-2023 31 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 27-33 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the end of flowering on march 26, 2017; march 21, 2018; and march 25, 2019. the ripening of fruits began on june 5, 2017. in 2018 it was observed on 25 may and in 2019 on 5 june. the weight of one quality fruit is 38.1, 37.9, 38.0 gr, the side size of the fruit is 4.0, 3.9, 4.0 cm, the upright size of the fruit is 4.2, 4.1, 4.3 cm, the weight of the average fruit of 10 pieces is 393.1; 376.0; 388.5 gr, the fruit t'ami is sweet, the leaves are dark green 11.6 cm by 8.3 cm varietal indicators are presented in table 1. conclusion from the observations carried out, it can be said that in the cultivation of apricot fruit, it was important that, in addition to the high yield, the quality indicators of the fruits, their appearance and their mass also changed. according to the research carried out, it turned out that the mass of shaped fruits in plants to some extent also depends on the degree of reduction of annual growing varieties, such as the biological characteristics of apricot varieties. suitable varieties for soil-climatic conditions were selected by choosing varieties of varieties with high yields, resistant to diseases and adverse weather conditions, as well as maintaining, breeding local, promising fertile varieties that are disappearing by interbreeding with local varieties. in the process of conducting research, the spirit of juvanon miona, nadjimi, subhoni zarya and jubilee navoi varieties were distinguished from among the varieties studied by their resistance to adverse effects, soil-climatic conditions, and resistance to garimselous winds and drought conditions, yield, large size, high yield of fruits. problem and suggestions: in solving the problem that has arisen, it is important to create and select new apricot varieties with useful qualities and their application in their production. the introduction of new varieties created in several scientific organizations of uzbekistan and in nearby foreign countries contributes to the quality of fruits and the fertility of apricots, as well as the spread of these varieties to other districts. however, production experience shows that an increase or change in the number of varieties in an increase in the yield of apricots cannot completely solve the problem. alternatively, it is necessary to study scientifically based climatic conditions, develop effective agrotechnical measures. volume 03 issue 06-2023 32 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 27-33 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi references 1. агафонов, н. в. научные основы размещения и формирования плодовых деревьев / н. в. агафонов.-м.: колос, 1983.173 с. 2. муханин, и. в. «шоковая» омолаживающая обрезка / и. в. муханин.тамбов: изд-во тгту, 2001.103 с. 3. мухин с. а. обрезка и формирование плодовых деревьев / с. а. мухин.краснодар. 1979.-20 с. 4. фисенко, а. и. схемы посадок, формировки и управление ресурсным потенциалом плодовых растений /а. н. фисенко // интенсивные технологии возделывания плодовых культур. краснодар.2004с. 281-295. 5. плодоводство / под ред. в. и. черепахина. м.:агропромиздат, 1991.271 с. 6. смыков, в. к. пути повышения продуктивности абрикосовых садов / в. к. смыков // повышение продуктивности абрикосовых насаждений : сб. научн. тр. ялта, 1986, т. 100с. 7-15. 7. абрикос / под. ред. в. к. смыкова.м.: агропромиздат, 1989.240 с. ўрик навларида олиб борилган фенологик кузатувлар 1-жадвал № навлар й и л л ар к у р та к б ў р ти ш и ғ у н ч ал аш и гуллаши т ў л и қ б ар г ч и қ ар и ш и м ев ас и п и ш а б о ш л аш и б ар г са р ға й ш и ҳазонрезгилик в ег ет ац и я д а в р и (к у н ) б о ш л а н и ш и т ў л и қ гу л л а ш и т у га ш и б о ш л а н и ш и т ў л и қ тў к и л и ш и т у га ш и 1 наджими 2017 11/i ii 14/i ii 17/i ii 21/i ii 26/i ii 10/i v 5/v i 30/x 19/ x 2/x i 13/x i 247 2018 4/ii i 7/ii i 9/ii i 13/i ii 21/i ii 5/i v 25/ v 10/x 9/x 24/ x 5/xi 246 2019 11/i ii 14/i ii 16/i ii 19/i ii 25/i ii 11/i v 5/v i 3/xi 22/ x 5/x i 17/x i 251 2 субхони заря 2017 12/i ii 15/i ii 18/i ii 22/i ii 27/i ii 12/i v 24/ vi 29/x 11/ x 25/ x 13/x i 246 2018 4/ii i 8/ii i 10/i ii 13/i ii 21/i ii 2/i v 9/v i 14/x 8/x 26/ x 5/xi 246 2019 9/ii i 12/i ii 14/i ii 17/i ii 23/i ii 7/i v 16/ vi 4/xi 14/ x 29/ x 15/x i 251 3 руғи жуванон миона 2017 11/i ii 15/i ii 18/i ii 22/i ii 26/i ii 12/i v 11/ vi 6/xi 25/ x 9/x i 16/x i 249 2018 3/ii i 7/ii i 10/i ii 14/i ii 20/i ii 6/i v 5/v i 7/x 22/ x 8/x i 18/x i 260 2019 6/ii i 10/i ii 12/i ii 15/i ii 21/i ii 7/i v 9/v i 8/x 19/ x 6/x i 15/x i 254 volume 03 issue 06-2023 33 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 27-33 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 4 сарвари 2017 11/i ii 15/i ii 18/i ii 22/i ii 27/i ii 14/i v 20/ vi 1/xi 19/ x 9/x i 16/x i 249 2018 4/ii i 8/ii i 10/i ii 12/i ii 17/i ii 5/i v 8/v i 16/x 5/x 17/ x 5/xi 246 2019 6/ii i 10/i ii 12/i ii 15/i ii 20/i ii 9/i v 14/ vi 4/xi 16/ xi 7/x i 15/x i 254 ўрик навларида 2017-2019 йй дарахтларнинг барглар сони, барг сатҳи, таъбий ва қуритилган вазн ўлчамлари 2009 йилда экилган. 2-жадвал № навлар йил б а р г л а р со н и (1 т д о н а ) барг сатҳи (см2) баргнинг таъбий оғирлиги баргнинг қуруқ оғирлиги й и р и к ў р т а ч а м а й д а й и р и к ў р т а ч а м а й д а й и р и к ў р т а ч а м а й д а 1 наджими 2017 12260 42 35 29 1,22 1,06 0,56 0,41 0,36 0,19 2018 11384 52 37 30 1,36 1,11 0,58 0,49 0,39 0,20 2019 12053 50 36 29 1,30 1,10 0,57 0,48 0,38 0,20 2 субхони заря 2017 11640 39 31 22 0,76 0,52 0,48 0,22 0,19 0,16 2018 10875 41 32 24 0,81 0,54 0,51 0,25 0,21 0,19 2019 11128 42 31 23 0,82 0,56 0,50 0,24 0,20 0,18 3 руғи жуванон миона 2017 5876 57 38 31 1.11 0.99 0.69 0.05 0.03 0.01 2018 4960 60 38 34 1.23 1.02 0.76 0.05 0.03 0.02 2019 5164 58 36 33 1.19 0.89 0.71 0.05 0.03 0.02 4 сарвари 2017 6088 56 47 39 1.30 0.97 0.58 0.04 0.02 0.02 2018 5960 57 50 41 1.32 1.08 0.63 0.04 0.02 0.02 2019 6204 56 48 40 1.30 0.98 0.61 0.04 0.02 0.02 volume 04 issue 04-2024 23 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 04 pages: 23-27 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract in this article, a deep scientific analysis of the unique properties of the medicinal plant glycyrrhiza glabra l., its importance and necessity in agriculture is given, based on which the relevance of this topic is scientifically explained in a wide way. keywords polymorphic plant, environmental conditions, waterside areas, naturally, plants, vegetatively, disappeared, main factors, agricultural farming, technology and agrotechnics of growing. introduction smooth, glycyrrhiza glabra l. is a polymorphic plant, the appearance of which is slightly different depending on the environmental conditions. about 30 forms of the smooth glycyrrhiza glabra l. species growing in the basins of central asia and kazakhstan, caucasus, volga and don, dnieper and dniester rivers were studied in natural and cultural (in tashkent and mirzachul conditions) and it was found that their morphological characteristics have characteristics of preservation in different ecological conditions. (tashmukhamedov, 1974; ashurmetov, 1987). licorice is a typical forest plant, naturally, it grows mainly in waterside areas with sufficient moisture. a. bakhiev (1976) adapted to grow as the main edifier in moist areas where glycyrrhiza glabra l. is prone to forest plants (willow, sedge, reed, sedge, etc.). it is also research article ecological characteristics of glycyrrhiza glabra l., its importance in agriculture and medicine submission date: april 20, 2024, accepted date: april 25, 2024, published date: april 30, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue04-06 sabirova m.g. assistant of karakalpakstan institute of agriculture and agrotechnologies, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue04-06 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue04-06 volume 04 issue 04-2024 24 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 04 pages: 23-27 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi found as an edifier in grassy forests where there are no trees or shrubs. methods the research used a systematic-structural approach based on the principles of objectivity, universality, concreteness, logical and historical practical systematic analysis. this makes it possible to see the environmental problems presented in the article as a whole system. results and discussion glycyrrhiza glabra l. is a salt-tolerant plant, but it is rarely found in naturally high salinity areas, because glycyrrhiza glabra l. naturally reproduces mainly by generative means, while in highly saline soils, sprouted grasses die, due to manure or cattle manure, and water runoff. seedlings can survive in clean or low salinity soils. however, we can find sweet saffron growing well in areas with strong saline soil. this is due to the fact that if there are few glycyrrhiza glabra l. plants, the salinity level of this soil may increase and reach a high level of salinity, but glycyrrhiza glabra l. that has passed one vegetation period can grow well in saline soil. it can be propagated vegetatively in areas with strong salinity. when planted, the roots of "liquorice" pierce the gypsum layer in the soil, enriching the soil with nitrogen, humus and other useful elements. by increasing the grain size of the soil, it reduces the level of salinity (dry residue in 4-5 years) by 2.0-2.5 times. due to the fact that the roots of smooth glycyrrhiza glabra l. penetrate deep into the soil layer and reach underground water, planting this plant is an incomparable plant in stopping the movement of soil, sand and salt, in creating new pastures for cattle in places where forage plants have disappeared due to the rise of flood waters and soil salinity. is considered according to n. khaidarov, the rate of evaporation in the period from april 1 to the end of september is 2319 t/ha in the area of glycyrrhiza glabra l. in the moderately saline area, and 4334 t/ha in the open area, as well as 3364 t/ha in the area of glycyrrhiza glabra l. in the area of strong salinity. , in the open area was 5085 t/ha. during four months (june, july, august, september), smooth licorice plants grown in medium salinity areas lost 10,808 t/ha, and smooth licorice plants grown in high salinity areas lost 6,365 t/ha. this, in turn, is one of the main factors that reduce salinity (khaydarov, 1990). in general, it is very beneficial to plant glycyrrhiza glabra l. not only as a raw material, but also in agricultural farming, as a plant that assimilates the land using the botanical method, and restores the ecological balance. the scientists of the republic of uzbekistan, mainly the scientists of the institute of botany, developed the technology and agrotechnics of growing this plant together with ameliorative fodder plants, and created the method of botanically developing saline lands. along with its ability to grow well on saline, gypsum soils, it has been proved that it has a strong ability to reduce the amount of salt in the soil and increase its productivity, and it can be grown with natural moisture in the lands near seepage water (zokirov et al., 1970; pauzner, muinova, 1970, 1973; nigmatov, 1972, 1977; tekaev, 1977; badalov, 1979; komilov et al., 1991; kuziev, streltsovav, 2008). like other legumes, the roots of this plant contain azotobacterial nodules, which enrich the soil with nitrogen. in addition, 9-12t/ha of plant residues remain on the ground and rot, enriching the soil with organic humus. as a result, the structure and physical condition of the soil improves and its graininess increases. volume 04 issue 04-2024 25 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 04 pages: 23-27 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi there is no end to the variety of uses of the glycyrrhiza glabra l. plant in different fields. it is used in many branches of agriculture. livestock: the above-ground part of glycyrrhiza glabra l. is a good fodder for livestock and can also be used as silage. in this case, knowing the standard of feeding cattle will have a good effect. glycyrrhiza glabra l. contains 1.5-2 times more protein, protein, fat and sugar than alfalfa, wild alfalfa and spartate. in naturally growing sweet potato, there are 11-18% protein, 10-15% protein nitrogen, 3-9% fat, 6000-20000 me/kg of phytoestragens equal to 0.40-0.45 nutritional units. the quality of these indicators is even better in the above-ground parts of the planted sweet potato, having 8.2-24.0% protein, 10.5-19.7% protein, 3.2-9.1% fat and other substances. glycyrrhiza glabra l. contains 11 different useful substances, including sorrel (shavelovaya), grape (vinnaya), lemon, apple, amber and fumaric acids. free nutrient acid in it is 4.6-6.0%, and the sum of phenolic compounds is 1.5-2.8%. its nutritional properties are highly valued for livestock, it has a biologically active substance that regulates the metabolism and plays a major role as a phytoestrogen. the use of "liquorice" in medicine began very long ago, 2800 years before our era. during the time of hippocrates and theophrastus, who lived in the 4th century bc, it was called "the scythian vein from the coast of the sea of azov". the great and famous scientist, physician abu ali ibn sina used sweet pepper in the treatment of many ailments and wrote it down in his works. in general, glycyrrhiza glabra l. has been widely used and is still being used up to our time. the root contains biologically active substances: hydrocortisone, antiseptic, antidontic, used against colds, and also has an effect on the treatment of glandular swellings in the body. at the same time, it has been used since ancient times in folk medicine for cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, respiratory tract colds, anemia, kidney, liver, fever, gums, lungs, voice disorders, stomach inflammation, chronic constipation, kidney and bladder ulcers and various other ailments. widely used in treatment (holmatov, kasimov 1994; ibn sino, 1993; tolstikov and others 2007 and others). in modern medicine, the roots of glycyrrhiza glabra l. are used in the preparation of glyciram, liquiriton, likurazid, flakorbon and more than 100 other preparations. preparations, dry and liquid extracts and juice made from glycyrrhiza glabra l. raw materials are used for colds, lung and respiratory tract diseases, expectorant, diuretic, metabolism regulating, asthma, eczema, allergic, food poisoning, stomach and duodenal ulcer and inflammation. it is used against diseases and infections. it is used when the skin is burned, injured and inflamed. the flour, thick and liquid extracts and juice prepared from the roots are used in pharmaceuticals for the preparation of compound medicine. also, in folk medicine, the decoction is used for chest pain, shortness of breath, dry throat, gastrointestinal tract, cough, expectorant, diuretic, and mild expectorant for chronic constipation (nabiev et al., 1989; taganov, karimov, 1991; irismetov, 1991). glycyrrhizic acid in the root of glycyrrhiza glabra l. is the main medicinal substance. this substance has a very sweet taste and is 50 times stronger than sugar in terms of its sweet taste. glycyrrhiza glabra l. roots and rhizomes contain many chemical compounds, including monoand disaccharides, starch, pectin, fiber, protein and nitrogenous compounds, organic acids, flavonoids, coumarins, gums, oil, essential oil, steroids, ascorbic acids, macroelements k , sa, mg, fe, trace elements — mn, cr, al, va, n, sr, pb and other elements. liquiritin, liquiritoside, licuroside, glabroside and other 30 different compounds were isolated from flavonoids obtained from underground parts volume 04 issue 04-2024 26 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 04 pages: 23-27 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi (kholmatov, kasimov, 1994). the surface of glycyrrhiza glabra l. contains protein, protein, saponins (steroid, triterpene), flavonoids, coumarins, ascorbic acid, essential oil, flavoring agents, sugars, pigments, fiber, organic acids, carotene, chlorophyll, etc. quertetin and its glycosides, kaempferol, astrogollin, glyphoside, saponaritin, vitexin, glabranin, etc. were isolated from the flavonoids obtained from the upper part of the earth (streltsova, muinova, 1991). conclusion it was found that the drug prepared from glycyrrhizinic acid obtained from the roots of glycyrrhiza glabra l. is superior to the drug "azidothymidine" when used against hiv infection aids, and the drug made from flavonoid substances is 25 times stronger than "azidothymidine" (tolstikov et al., 1991). . an anti-cold medicine was produced from saponin and flavonoids obtained from the surface of the earth, and its use was found to be effective (shitov, 1980). according to the results of the analysis carried out jointly by the countries of china, korea and japan, on an electronic computer, among the 233 medicinal plants included in 158 complex recipes, the product obtained from glycyrrhiza glabra l. took the first place in terms of its medicinal benefits and the few negative effects (grinevich, brachman , 1977). references 1. ашурметов о.а., каршибаев х.а., кузиев а.д. «ширинмия» (фойдали хусусиятлари, биоэкологияси ва кўпайтириш усуллари) тошкент.: 2005. 100б. 2. кузиев а.д. силлиқ «ширинмия» – glycyrrhiza glabra l. уруғидан кўчат етиштириш ва ўстиришнинг биоэкология асослари. биол. фан. ном. автореф. дисс.. тошкент. 2000. 24 б. 3. холматов х.х., қосимов а.и. доривор ўсимликлар. тошкент.: ибн сино. 1994. 278-280 б. 4. perizat, t. (2021). global ecologicial problems: essence and possible solutions. international journal of academic multidisciplinary research (ijamr). 5. perizat, t. (2022). ecology of the bukhara deer in our country (distribution and origin). research journal of applied medical sciences, 25. 6. tlepbergenova, p. (2022). ecology of education as part of the ecology of culture. uzbek scholar journal, 27. 7. tlepbergenova, p. the modern problem of technogen pollution. materials of the republican. 8. perizat, t. (2021). prospects for the development of ecological tourism in uzbekistan. texas journal of multidisciplinary studies. 9. no’kisbaevna, t. p. (2021). prospects for the development of ecological tourism in uzbekistan. texas journal of multidisciplinary studies, 2, 144146. 10. allamuratov, m., & tlepbergenova, p. (2023). atmosfera's pollution as an actual global problem. innovative developments and research in education, 2(14), 42-48. 11. maxmud, a., & perizat, t. (2023). problems of maintaining and ensuring environmental safety. scientific approach to the modern education system, 1(12), 101-105. 12. maxmud, a., & perizat, t. (2020). the problem of technogen pollution to the environment. science and education in karakalpakstan, 17. 13. tlepbergenova, p. the problem of technogen pollution to the environment.«. қорақалпоғистонда фан ва таълим» журнали, (34). 14. tlepbergenova, p. the impact of the aral sea ecological problem on the ecosystem.«. қорақалпоғистонда фан ва таълим» журнали, 4. volume 04 issue 04-2024 27 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 04 pages: 23-27 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 15. biyimbetov, j. (2021). philosophical analysis of the problem of information psychological security. адам әлемі, 88(2), 3-9. 16. biyimbetov, j. k. (2021). political, economic, cultural and information development of the world in the process of globalization. science and education in karakalpakstan. karakalpak state university name after berdakh–нукус, 91-92. 17. jaqsiliq, b. (2021). information society development trends: philosophical analysis of basic concepts. texas journal of multidisciplinary studies, 1(1), 74-77. 18. kilishbaevich, b. j. (2022, december). philosophical characteristics of information security and analysis of human problems in the 21st century. in e conference zone (pp. 1-3). 19. kilishbaevich, b. j. (2022). problems of protection against threats affecting human consciousness in the processes of information civilization. conferencea, 1-3. 20. biyimbetov, j. k. (2022). the problem of protecting people and society from information psychological threats. in military science development topical issues» international scientific and theoretical conference materials collection. kazakstan.:– almaty (pp. 30-35). 21. biyimbetov, j. k. (2022). information wars as a socio-philosophical problem. science and education in karakalpakstan. karakalpak state university name after berdakh–нукус, 281-283. 22. biyimbetov, j. k. (2020). ismaylova gj insaniyattıń jańa civilizaciyalıq rawajlanıwında informaciyalıq urıslardıń insan ruwxıylıǵına tásiri. global science and innovations, 2-4. 23. biyimbetov, j. k. philosophical and methodological analysis of the concepts of information and information society. ўзбекистонда илмий-амалий тадқиқотлар» атамасидаги республика, 7-8. 24. biyimbetov, j. k. (2020). jámiyettiń rawajlanıwında informaciyaǵa bolǵan talap hám informaciya mádeniyatı. мир науки и духовной культуры в условиях глобализации и инновации (сборник научных статей)» республика илмий-назарий конференцияси. ўзбекистон.:–нукус, 175-177. 25. biyimbetov, j. k. (2020). information security as an object of social philosophy. science and education in karakalpakstan. karakalpak state university name after berdakh–нукус, 194-196. 26. biyimbetov, j. k. (2020). socio-philosophical analysis of the concept of information society. science and education in karakalpakstan. karakalpak state university name after berdakh– нукус, 244-246. 27. kilishbayevich, b. j. (2023). philosophical analysis of manipulation and information security problems. sustainability of education, socioeconomic science theory, 1(6), 143-146. 28. biyimbetov, j. k. (2022). development of society in information and communication processes. замонавий фан, жамият ва таълим: долзарб масалалар, ютуқлар ва инновациялар, 88. 29. biyimbetov, j. k. (2020). қәўипсизликти тәмийнлеў мәселелериниң жәмийет турмысындағы әҳмийети. бердақ номидаги қорақалпоқ давлат университетининг ахборотномаси, 174. 30. biyimbetov, j. k. (2019). информация ҳәм информациялық қәўипсизликтиң философиялық анализи. бердақ номидаги қорақалпоқ давлат университетининг ахборотномаси, 83. volume 04 issue 05-2024 30 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 30-35 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract in this article, various measures of biostimulants tandem, immunoactive biostimulants were applied to increase the biomass of sadaf variety of sesame, and fitovak biostimulant was studied as a standard for these biostimulants. application of tandem biostimulator 0,3 l/ha, immunoactive 35 ml/ha and fitovak (standard) 300 ml/ha has been proven to increase plant biomass. immunoactive biostimulant has been found to have a positive effect on the growth and development of sesame. keywords sesame, biostimulant, norm, biomass, stem, leaf, bud, flower, standard, oil, crops. introduction sesame around the world today 3840 tons of products are grown annually on more than 78,5 million hectares of land in the world, and the average yield is 4,9 c/ha. birma (4,9 c/ha), india (3,4 c/ha), china (10,2 c/ha), burkina faso (7,2 c/ha), niger (5,0 c/ha) and somalia (9,4 c/ha) took place are among the top 10 countries that grow sesame in the world, and the highest yield was observed in china. in the last 5 years, the price of one ton of sesame seeds has risen sharply from 800 us dollars to 1800 us dollars in the world markets. the main reason for this is the prolonged drought in the research article effect of biostimulator norms on growth and development of “sadaf” variety of sesame submission date: may 21, 2024, accepted date: may 26, 2024, published date: may 31, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue05-06 z.k.yuldasheva professor of department of plant science and oil crops, tashkent state agrarian university, uzbekistan n.a.usmanova phd student of department of plant science and oil crops, tashkent state agrarian university, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue05-06 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue05-06 volume 04 issue 05-2024 31 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 30-35 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi african sesame-growing countries for the last 5-7 years [5]. the extensive works carried out in the field of wheat and grain crops in our republic should also be reflected in oilseed crops. however, the role of oil crops in meeting the demand for quality vegetable oil of the population of the republic is incomparable. until the years of independence, oilseeds were cultivated only in small areas and were mainly used for natural crops and partly for livestock fodder, but now oilseeds are included in the country's food program, and attention has been paid to them. the creation of new selective varieties of these crops that are productive, quickripening, high-quality, resistant to various abiotic and biotic factors and adapted to the different soil and climate conditions of our republic, mechanization and automation of their processing, and carrying out indepth research, taking into account the achievements of modern science, is one of the urgent issues [6]. increasing the yield of food crops by 1,5-2,0 times to provide the population with food, clothing and health, using radically new methods of technical crop care, and introducing technologies that keep the environment clean are the one of the urgent tasks of among it today. according to information, sesame fields have a significant place among oil crops and are mainly cultivated in india, china, burma, pakistan, african countries, southern regions of europe and mexico. cultivated area of this plant is 7 mln.hectares, occupying 4% of the area of oil crops and 2,5 mln.tons of sesame seeds are harvested, the average yield is 0,4 c/ha. the value of sesame oil is that it contains 35-39% of the most useful oleic acid and up to 47% of unsaturated linoleic acid. due to these substances, sesame oil is one of the most preferred raw materials in the confectionery industry and perfumery [7]. solutions for injection and ointments used in application are obtained from high-quality sesame oils. sesame oil, after pressing, contains 116 nutritional units of one of the protein feeds for livestock. the demand for sesame seeds is increasing worldwide, and india (46,4% of the total volume) and myanmar (21,4%) are among the countries that export it. the amount of sesame seeds exported annually in the usa is 1,1 billion dollars or 605,4 thousand tons [1]. uzbekistan occupies 19th place in the world in the export of sesame seeds, 3,5 thousand tons of seeds are sold annually to 2,8 million. sells for us dollars, our sesame is grown mainly in dry areas. sesame has been cultivated in the countries of central asia for a long time, and its oil is appreciated and consumed by ordinary people. in recent years, due to the lack of water, sesame fields have been expanded and planted as a main and repeated crop. according to the information of the republic oil industry association, sesame fields in farmers’ fields are increasing year by year [2]. according to the latest information, due to the improvement of people's living conditions, the demand for sesame seeds and oil is also increasing, because now people are accustomed to a healthy lifestyle and a healthy diet. depending on the color of sesame seeds, the market price is different, the purchase price of black seeds is more expensive, and white sesame seeds are sold cheaply because they are used only as a spice in the confectionery industry. due to the fact that quality oil and raw materials for medicine are obtained from black sesame seeds, this seed is expensive in the market [3]. in particular, ethiopian farmers managed to expand the sesame fields in recent years and are selling 370,000 tons of sesame seeds to the world market in volume 04 issue 05-2024 32 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 30-35 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 2022. in 2021, they produced 320,000 tons of seeds throughout the country [4]. methods scientific research work was conducted in 2023 in the fields of experimental scientific research and educational experimental farm of tashkent state agrarian university. the soil of the experimental farm is a typical sierozem that has been irrigated for a long time. this soil contains about 0,715-0,920% humus, about 0,0650,083% nitrogen, about 0,134-0,152% phosphorus and about 0,148-0,154% potassium. the mobile forms of nutrients in the experimental field are n–no3 3,1-4,7 mg/kg, p2o5 40,3-41,7 mg/kg and k2o 140,0-180,7 mg/kg constitutes. the soil is not saline, and this soil differs in water permeability, softening complexity. in the field experiment, the sadaf variety of sesame was planted in 8 variants, four repetition. the area occupied by each option was 28 m2, of which 14 m2 was taken into account, and the total area occupied by the experiment was 0,10 ha. fitovak (standard) 300 ml/t, tandem 0,3, 0,4, 0,5 l/t, immunoactive 25, 30, 35 ml/t on the seed before planting sesame and fitovak (standard) 300, 400 ml/ha, tandem 0,3, 0,5 l/ha, immunoactive 30 and 40 ml/ha were used. based on the purposes and objectives of the experiments, phenological observations and calculations were made in the sadaf variety of sesame. results and discussion the effect of the rate of biostimulants on the increase of the biomass of the sadaf variety of sesame was studied in each phase, and the following were determined. an increase in biomass was observed in the variants treated with biostimulants compared to the control variant. in the second option, where fitovak (standard) was used, the plant grew to a height of 80,1 cm, and the number of leaves was 40,5. compared to the control option, the plant was 2,6 cm higher and the number of leaves was 2,3 more. in the third variant, where tandem biostimulator was used at 0,3 l/ha per hectare, it was observed that the plant height and the number of leaves were less compared to the control and fitovak (standard) biostimulator, and it was found to be less than 3,9 units. it was found that the height of the plant and the number of leaves formed in the fourth and fifth options, where tandem biostimulant was applied at 0,4 and 0,5 l/ha per hectare, were higher compared to the control and fitovak (standard) biostimulant options. in these variants, the height of the plant was 81,4 and 81,7 cm, and the number of leaves was 42,6 and 41,7 pieces. the application of immunoactive biostimulant was observed to have a positive effect on the development of sesame, and it was distinguished from other options studied in the experiment by having a high stem and a large number of leaves. when 25 ml/ha per hectare was applied in the budding phase, the height of the plant was 78,8 cm and the number of leaves was 42,7 pcs. compared to the control, in the first option, where the immunoactive biostimulator was used, the height of the plant increased by 1,3 cm and the number of leaves increased by 4,5 pieces, in the second option, where the rate of biostimulant was increased, it increased by 3,8 cm and 6,0 pieces, and in the third option, it increased by 5,2 cm and 9,3 pieces. using immunoactive biostimulant fitovak standard biostimulant was found to increase plant height by 1,22,6 cm and the number of leaves by 3,7-7,0 cm. volume 04 issue 05-2024 33 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 30-35 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi table 1 the effect of different norms of biostimulants on the biomass growth of the sadaf variety of sesame o p ti o n s t h e n am e o f b io st im u la n ts b io st im u la n t sp en d in g n o rm , m l. l/ h a growth phases budding flowering boll formation ripening p la n t h ei g h t, c m n u m b er o f le av es , p cs p la n t h ei g h t, c m n u m b er o f le av es , p cs p la n t h ei g h t, c m n u m b er o f le av es , p cs p la n t h ei g h t, c m n u m b er o f le av es , p cs 1 control 77,5 38,2 89,5 64,2 120,4 78,8 138,2 78 2 fitovak (standard) 300,0 80,1 40,5 107,4 72,1 140,5 115,5 144,7 114 3 tandem 0,3 74,9 36,6 109,6 60,6 145,4 102,8 161,9 100 4 0,4 81,4 42,6 113,9 73,9 146,8 98,7 163,7 97 5 0,5 81,7 41,7 109,4 72,4 147,8 100,1 169,4 100 6 immunoactive 25,0 78,8 42,7 117,7 77,5 142,8 113,9 153,2 112 7 30,0 81,3 44,2 113,3 75,8 137,5 98,1 160,1 97 8 35,0 82,7 47,5 113,0 81,2 143,9 102,5 163,0 102 during the flowering and boll forming phase of sesame, the stems grew and the number of leaves increased accordingly. in the flowering phase, the control variant grew 89,5 cm, and the number of leaves was 64,2 pieces. in the second option, where the biostimulant fitovak (standard) was used, the height of the plant was 107,4 cm, and the number of leaves was 72,1 pieces. compared to the control option, in the second option, where the fitovak biostimulator was used, it was found that the plant stem grew 17,9 cm higher and the number of leaves was 7,9 more. it was found that the height of the plant and the number of leaves in it were higher and more than the volume 04 issue 05-2024 34 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 30-35 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi other options in the experiment in the variant where the immunoactive biostimulant was applied at the norm of 35 ml/ha per hectare. the stem was 23,5 and 5,6 cm, and the number of leaves was 17,0 and 9,1 more than the control and standard variant. it was observed that the height of the plants increased by 3,4-23,5 cm and the number of leaves increased by 23,7 pcs. in this phase, it was evident that the biostimulants used in the experiment had a positive effect on the increase of plant biomass, and tandem biostimulant was applied at the norm of 0,5 l per hectare, it was determined that the height of the plant was 147,8 cm and the number of leaves were 100,1 more and compared to the control, the height of the plant was 27,4 cm and the number of leaves were 21,3 more. at the end of the growing season, the stem growth of the sesame plant reached a high level, while the height of the sesame stem in the control variant was 132,8 cm, and the number of leaves in it was on average 78,0 pieces. the application of fitovak (standard) biostimulant had a positive effect on the growth of the stem of the plant, which was 144,7 cm, and compared to the control option, the stem was 6,5 cm higher and 36,0 more leaves were formed. at the norm of 0,5 l/ha per hectare of tandem biostimulant, the stem was 169,4 cm and the number of leaves on it was 100,0 pieces. increasing the application rate of tandem biostimulant ensured the growth of sesame stem, but did not have a positive effect on the increase in the number of leaves. it was determined that fitavak (standard) formed 4,0 units less than the variant. the application of immunoactive biostimulant to sesame had a positive effect on the increase of stem height and number of leaves compared to control, fitavak (standard) and tandem biostimulant variants. in the first and third options, where the immunoactive biostimulator was used, compared to the control, the height of the plant increased from 15,0 cm to 24,8 cm. it was found that the number of sesame leaves was 24,0 and 34,0 more than fitavak (standard). conclusion it was determined that the use of biostimulants has a positive effect on the increase of the biomass of the “sadaf” variety of sesame, and it was observed that the immunoactive biostimulant showed a higher rate than the fitovak biostimulant, which was taken as a reference for biostimulants. the height of the stem and the number of leaves formed in each phase of sesame compared to control, fitovak (standard) and all norms of tandem biostimulators, a positive result was achieved in the option of using 35,0 liters of immunoactive biostimulator per hectare. refereances 1. yormatova d.yo. plant science. tashkent. science and technology. 2022. p.121-127 (in uzbek language); 2. kolomeichenko v.v. plant growing / textbook. m.: agribusinesscenter, 2007. 600 p. isbn 978-5902792-11-6. (in russian language); 3. lavrov n.g. rainfed farming. tashkent publishing house mekhnat. 1976.239-248 p. (in russian language); 4. minkevich n.a. plant science. moscow. publishing house kolos. 1968. 230-237 p. (in russian language); 5. isaev, s., rajabov, t., goziev, g., khojasov, a. effect of fertilizer application on the 'bukhara-102' variety of cotton yield in salt-affected cotton fields of uzbekistan-e3s web of conferences, 2021, 258, volume 04 issue 05-2024 35 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 30-35 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 03015, https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20212258 03015. (in english language); 6. shamsiev a., isaev s., goziev g., khusanov s., khusanbaeva n.efficiency of the irrigation norm for winter wheat and soy varieties in the typical land of uzbekistan-iop conference series: earth and environmental science, 2022, 1068(1), 012025, https:// doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1068/1/012025. (in english language); 7. isaev s.x, ashirov yu.r., bazarbaev b.a.-// soil modeling and changes in soil moisture depending on the level of groundwater procedia of engineering and medical sciences volume: 01, issue: 01/2022, //https://procedia.online/index.php/applied/article/ view/159. (in english language). volume 03 issue 07-2023 19 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 19-31 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this article analyzes the cartographic methodology of using alternative energy resources, the technology of developing maps of alternative energy resources based on the geoinformation system, the issues of developing a visualization system of the location of alternative energy objects based on the geodatabase. keywords alternative energy, general geographic, natural and ecological, strategic planning, arcgis, wingis, pakhtachi, narpay, nurabad, kattakurgan, ishtikhon, koshrabad, akhdaryo, payariq, bekobod, boka, akhkurgan, piskent, kuyichirchik, ortachirchik, chinaz, yangiyol, zangiota, metrological station. introduction methodological and theoretical bases of the research are the principle of systematic approach, methodological developments of local and foreign authors and published information on the studied problem. cartographic, geo-informational, mathematical-cartographic modeling to achieve the goal; as general scientific methods: logical, statistical, comparative analysis; qualitative and quantitative analysis, graphic interpolation methods were used in the processing of the obtained data. the use of cards in strategic planning (cartographic planning method) requires special attention. this is one of the strategic methods, a method of analysis and visual representation of the strategic development plans of the region. regional strategies usually involve research article modern topography of the use of alternative energy resources in uzbekistan submission date: july 14, 2023, accepted date: july 19, 2023, published date: july 24, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue07-05 o.a. ibragimov doctor of philosophy in geography (phd) director of the state scientific production enterprise “kartography”, uzbekistan jasur z. usmanov doctor of philosophy in agricultural sciences. (phd) head of the kashkadarya region department of the cadastre agency, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue07-05 volume 03 issue 07-2023 20 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 19-31 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi different groups of cards. the following group of cards is proposed for the purpose of planning mers in dissertation research and further development of regions based on them: 1. general geographic maps and aerospace orthophotos – they give general spatial ideas about the region (or region). these maps are the basic geographical information of gat technologies. 2. thematic cards of natural and ecological, population and economy, general economic zoning. these are “foundation cards” of strategic plans or cards of objective scientific knowledge of the region diagnosis of problems, assessment of the main internal and external factors, identification and assessment of the development potential of economic sectors, human and social potential, as well as competition assessment cards. 3. strategic planning special cards industry sectors, describes regional plans for economic development in general, forecasts and plans (clusters, zones and regions) for spatial population distribution models. regional strategies project block recommendation cards show schemes (planned activities, projects) of major investment projects. theme cards and special planning cards often have the same theme and can be industry-specific or general, but the main characteristic of planning cards is that the card provides “forward-looking” information for a certain period (for example, up to 2030). cards can be divided into two functional groups according to the stages of development: strategic analysis and planning cards. in addition, in the process of creating a map, it is necessary to consider the creation of maps for monitoring and making changes to regional strategies. cartographic support of regional strategic planning includes the development of a system of interconnected maps that sequentially provide individual stages of regional strategy development. the strategy includes assessment and recommendation cards developed through various sources, applying the cartographic method (creation and analysis of maps) to the practice of socio-economic strategic development of the state regions and cartographic provision of strategic plans this is the development of the cartographic method of strategic planning and perspective special mapping that is relevant. studies. alternative energy is characterized by its versatility, its characteristic criteria and components. when designing and building mers, it is important to assess their potential and their effective use. therefore, first of all, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the region's natural resources, regional infrastructure, energy balance, existing industrial and agricultural enterprises. secondly, it is required to collect a lot of information and enter it into the database, analyze and evaluate it. in addition, it is necessary to study the data of renewable (solar, wind and biogas, inland watershydro) sources of energy. in the regions of the republic of uzbekistan, the application of mers may not always be effective, for example, in regions with hydroelectric power plants and thermal power plants. the use of gat technologies in the implementation of these works has been considered abroad, for example in the netherlands. it is possible to cite a number of indicators included in the gat for the construction of mers and the assessment of the state of operation: 1. mer resource assessment data (meteorological, hydrogeological, geodetic, etc.). volume 03 issue 07-2023 21 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 19-31 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 2. technical characteristics of mers. 3. energy indicators (cost of electricity from conventional and non-conventional sources, energy resources of the area, accounts, wages of workers, etc.). 4. social indicators (employment of the population, creation of new jobs, negative effects on the health of the population, etc.) 5. nature conservation activities, etc. the above information was entered into the gat technologies and the “alternative energy” database was created, which allowed to determine the technological process of creating the database cards. in the dissertation work, the integration of information of various characteristics was carried out, and as a result, a technological scheme for creating serial cards according to mer was developed. mer card acquisition was carried out in 4 stages: 1) data acquisition, systematization (description of geographical features of mers); 2) data processing (field geodetic survey work, decoding of aerospace materials); 3) preparation of cartographic products, collection and analysis of statistical materials of mers, selection of gat programs, creation of mb; 4) geoinformation modeling and mer mapping. geographical, fieldwork and statistical materials serve as the source of information for dissertation research. in addition, aerospace materials are involved in the work, they are used to coordinate the geographic basis of the maps being produced, to obtain information on modern changes in the area, etc. as part of the study, thematic cards were also involved in the work: 1) duration of sunlight during the year, 2) index cards for days with wind speed greater than 15 m/c per year, etc. datum pulkovo, ellipsoid krassovsky, 1942 coordinate system was used in the processing of cartographic projections of remote sensing materials. as a result of carrying out topographic survey works in the field, digital information about the spatial data of the area was obtained, measurements were carried out based on the gps device, electronic tachyometers, and as a result, a geodetic database was created. based on vector models of the area, various digital models are created and used, including the results of spatial analysis or spatial solutions, in most cases they are given in the form of vector models. evaluation and modeling of alternative energy resources based on gat technologies were carried out in the dissertation research. currently, there are various methods of modeling, semantic, heuristic, informational, etc. conventional formats as modeling software (arcgis, wingis, etc.); projection transformations transition from one cartographic projection to another or from a spatial system to a cartographic projection; geometric analysis (determining the lengths of lines, operations for finding intersection points, etc.); such as overlay and functional modeling operations (buffer zones, network analysis, numerical modeling) are distinguished. conversion, overlay and functional modeling were carried out in the dissertation research. below we present information on modeling work. volume 03 issue 07-2023 22 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 19-31 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi based on the results of researches on the mapping of objects based on the software belonging to the family of the geoinformation system, and according to foreign and national experiences, the republic made it possible to synthesize the collected data and make management decisions by developing innovative technologies in the use of mer.=. results data such as surface temperature, temperature at 2 meters above the surface, wind direction, wind speed at 10 meters above the surface, and wind speed at 50 meters above the surface were entered into attributive tables of hydrometrological stations created in arcgis software and geovisualized (figure 1). picture 1. actual location of existing weather stations in the republic of uzbekistan based on the data obtained as a result of the field work, by interpolating the information using the arcgis program, the weights of the temperature indicators related to the surface of the earth were analyzed using the reverse distance method (ivr-inversely weighted distances), and the temperature indicator maps of samarkand and tashkent regions were geovisualized (figure 2). volume 03 issue 07-2023 23 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 19-31 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi picture 2. temperature indicator card of the surface of the earth in samarkand region the analyzes during the research were also analyzed according to the temperature indicators at a height of 2 meters above the ground (appendix 5), by creating an electronic digital map of the regions of samarkand and tashkent regions according to air temperature, a cartographic basis was created for determining the areas where solar panels can be installed. in the final research, it was recommended to install solar panels in the districts of samarkand region from the west to the east (pakhtachi, narpay, nurabad, kattakurgan, ishtikhon, koshrabad, aqdarya and payariq districts) due to the fact that the annual average temperature is higher than 13 degrees celsius. as for the districts in the southwestern part of the tashkent region (bekabad, boka, aqqorgan, piskent, kuyichirchik, ortachirchik, chinoz, yangiyol and zangiota districts), the annual average air temperature is higher than 12 so, it was recommended to install solar panels in these districts (pictures 3).. volume 03 issue 07-2023 24 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 19-31 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi figure 3. temperature index card of the surface of the earth in tashkent region using the results of the research, it was possible to determine the zones that are acceptable (convenient) for installing solar panels in any region of our republic through an automated geo-information system and to increase work efficiency. at the same time, the volume of field research work was reduced by 50%. in order to improve the system of determining areas suitable for installing wind generators using arcgis software, ovr (ovr-obratno vzveshennyx rasstoyaniy) analysis was conducted based on the data on wind directions obtained from independently monitored regional metrological stations, and the wind directions were mapped in the section of samarkand and tashkent regions by the method of linear symbols in motion (fig. 4). picture 4. a map showing the direction of the wind in the samarkand region using moving linear symbols according to the analysis, it is recommended to install wind generators in payariq, bulung’ur, jomboy, toyloq and urgut districts of samarkand region. it is recommended to install wind generators in the districts of bostonliq, ohangaron, piskent, bekobad, boka, ortachirchik, koyichirchik, chinoz and yangiyol in the districts of tashkent region, taking into account that the wind directions come from the south-east to the north-west and form a wind path (fig. 5). volume 03 issue 07-2023 25 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 19-31 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi picture 5. a map showing the direction of the wind in the tashkent region using moving linear symbols based on the data of metrological stations, the wind speed in samarkand and tashkent regions was studied in order to increase the quality and efficiency of the research conducted in the research work according to the wind directions. statistical indicators of wind speed were geovisualized based on vector layers. the analyzes carried out for the samarkand region show that the wind speed in the western part of the region is higher than 4 m/s per hour per year, so it was determined that it is appropriate to place and use wind generators in the western part of pakhtachi, narpay and nurabad districts of the region (figures 6). picture 6. geovisualization map of wind speed in samarkand region (10 m) according to the analyzes carried out in the tashkent region, it was determined that it is appropriate to place and use wind generators in the southern part of bekobad, boka, piskent and ohangaron districts of the region, since the average wind speed in the southern region is higher than 3 m/s per year (figures 7). volume 03 issue 07-2023 26 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 19-31 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi picture 7. geovisualization map of wind speed in tashkent region (10 m) the research was conducted on the wind speed at a height of 10 meters above the ground. the wind speed at a height of 50 meters above the ground was also analyzed in the form of a vector layer in the geodatabase. in order to further increase the accuracy of the scientific research conducted for the use of alternative energy resources, it was analyzed by linking the research to the terrain. taking into account the topography of the research area, the areas with higher absolute altitude compared to the baltic sea were selected and the areas with wind speed and high temperature (+so) were calculated using the arcgis program to determine (select, separate) the most optimal areas for installing wind generators and solar panels. point view vector layers with elevation values were exported to the shape format unit of arcgis. exported layers were downloaded into arcgis software and points were generalized according to the working scale. generalization of points is considered necessary for the creation of medium-scale maps. the working scale of the research work is to create electronic digital maps on a scale of 1:100,000 to 1:450,000. in the altitude attribute of the points, it was taken into account that the absolute height values of each point relative to the level of the baltic sea are automatically downloaded from the global mapper program. based on these elevation points, the elevation levels of the land were geovisualized in the form of a field layer by interpolation using the ovr analysis command in the arcgis program. a total of 354 reference points were created for the samarkand region, and it was observed that the ground level was located in relation to the baltic sea in the range of values from 250 meters to 2298 meters (fig. 8). volume 03 issue 07-2023 27 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 19-31 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi picture 8. map of elevation values of land levels in samarkand region a total of 335 reference points were created for the tashkent region, and it was observed that the ground level was located in relation to the baltic sea in the range of values from 229 meters to 3797 meters (fig. 9). picture 9. map of elevation values of land levels in tashkent region the map data was categorized by height after being created in vector format. classification works were included in the program based on the height value interval of the regions. 5 classes for samarkand region, i.e. 250 m. from 2500 m. if intermediate values up to 200 m are obtained, 5 classes for tashkent region. from 4000 m. values ranging from. classification for samarkand region was carried out in the following order: 1st class = 250 -500 2nd class = 500 -1000 3rd class = 1000 -1500 4th class = 1500 -2000 5th class = 2000 -2500 classification for tashkent region was carried out in the following order: volume 03 issue 07-2023 28 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 19-31 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 1st class = 200 -500 2nd class = 500 -1000 3rd class = 1000 -2000 4th class = 2000 -3000 5th class= 3000-4000 based on the results of the classification, an algorithm was developed using arcgis software, and suggestions and recommendations were given for choosing or specifying the optimal location for solar panels and wind generators (table 1).. table 1 algorithm for determining optimal location using arcgis software o/n acceptance levels surface temperature, ос wind speed, m/s the height of the ground level, m for samarkand region 1 level 1 13< 4,0< 2500< 2 level 2 10-13 3,5-4,0 1500 -2500 3 level 3 6-10 2,5-3,5 250 -1500 for tashkent region level 1 10< 3,5< 3000< level 2 5-10 2,5<3,5 2000 -3000 level 3 1-5 1,5<2,5 200 -2000 acceptance levels were divided into 4 types as shown in table 1. according to it, areas with high acceptability level 1, areas with level 2 medium acceptability and areas with low acceptability level 3 were divided. level 4 areas include mountainous areas with steep slopes. arcgis software belonging to the gat family was used to solve the problems set before us in the research work. above, in the second section of the first chapter of the research paper, in the creation of electronic digital cards, work was carried out to create cards describing alternative energy resources based on the systematic structure of gisae. in particular, taking into account the levels of acceptability in the installation of alternative energy resources, the result of the above work was connected to the mathematical framework developed during the research, i.e. the resulting data of the research collected in the central database using the geolocation method. then a map of the areas suitable for the installation of alternative energy resources was created using cartographic imaging methods (figures 10 and 11). volume 03 issue 07-2023 29 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 19-31 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi picture 10. map of areas most suitable for installing solar panels in samarkand and tashkent regions picture 11. map of areas most suitable for installing wind generators in samarkand and tashkent regions today, the existing versions of gat technologies fully cover the previous ones and are certainly improved. current software has made it possible to effectively use digital cards created in previous electronic versions. creation of alternative energy maps of regions, creation of databases of different topics, including alternative energy in regions, and their visualization were all carried out using modern software tools. the creation of maps and plans, their processing, database formation, integration and visualization within the framework of the research topic were considered as one of the main objectives of the gat technology. volume 03 issue 07-2023 30 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 19-31 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi based on the command of arcgis program to perform analyzes based on algorithms, the most optimal regions were identified and introduced to production organizations by placing them on the elevation points of the land relief in relation to the wind and temperature indicators of samarkand and tashkent regions. conclusion the most important factor in the development of alternative energy is the prospective deployment of mers. gat technologies were used to place mers in a convenient and visual analysis. based on the methodological and theoretical foundations of the research, a system of serial cards of alternative energy resources was developed using cartographic, geoinformational, mathematical-cartographic modeling, logical, statistical, comparative analysis, qualitative and quantitative analysis, graphic interpolation methods in the processing of the received data. geographical, fieldwork and statistical and aerospace data were used as a source of information. they were used to coordinate the geographic basis of the maps being produced, to obtain information on modern changes in the area, and so on. as a result of carrying out topographic survey work in the field, digital information about the spatial information of the area was obtained. measurements were carried out on modern geodetic instruments, as a result of which a geodetic database was created. based on the vector models of the area, various numerical models were created. as a result, evaluation and modeling of alternative energy resources was carried out based on gat technologies. the resulting data of the research collected in the central database by the geolocation method were linked to the mathematical framework developed taking into account the levels of acceptability in the installation of alternative energy resources, and serial maps of the areas acceptable for the installation of alternative energy resources were created. references 1. ibragimov o.a, nigmatov a.n. the subject of modern cartography and its scientific research methodology: problems and solutions. epra international journal of environmental economics, commerce and educational management journal doi: 10.36713/epra0414|isi i.f value: 0.815|sjif impact factor (2020): 7.572. 2. ibragimov o.a. the mechanism of creation and use of the geographic information system database of alternative energy resources. “newsletter” #4 (265) of the karakalpakstan branch of the academy of sciences of the republic of uzbekistan – “science”– 2021. 3. ibragimov o.a., abdurashidov z.a. future prospects of alternative energy resources in the fergana valley: use of solar energy (in the case of the republic of uzbekistan). natural resources of uzbekistan and their use for the purposes of public welfare. proceedings of the republican scientific-practical conference. uznu.-т. 2018. p. 13-15. 4. ibragimov o.a., safarov e.yu. improving the methodology for determining suitable areas for the placement of alternative energy facilities. “economy and society” no. 4 (95) saratov 2022. 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london: university of nebraska press. pp. 1–169, 331–42 volume 03 issue 05-2023 28 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 05 pages: 28-31 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract in this article, the diversity of land molluscs of kohitang was studied. malacafauna with 4 species belonging to 3 genera were described in the kohitang mountain range and explored the unexploited lands of desert hilly mountain regions. keywords kohitang, ottarozenia varenzovi, pseudonapaeus (chondrulopsis), maydanica, turanena martensiana, altitude, region, biotope. introduction it is known that land mollusks include more than 35,000 species and are the most common invertebrates in natural ecosystems, as well as in areas occupied by humans. here, taking into account the survival of land molluscs of the buliminidae family in desert, hilly mountain regions and urbanized areas, as well as their adaptability to different stations, the interpretation of changes in mollusc populations, the basis of population biology, the determination of the degree of pollution of natural biocenoses, and the determination of anthropogenic pressure in the foothills and mountain landscapes. in this regard, we focused our research on the species composition of terrestrial molluscs belonging to the enidae family found in kohitang mountain, and analyzing their ecology and distribution. research article taxonomy, ecology and distribution of representatives of the family enidae woodward, 1903 in the kohitan mountain submission date: may 09, 2023, accepted date: may 14, 2023, published date: may 19, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue05-06 juraeva samiya hasanovna teacher of termiz state university, uzbekistan bobokeldieva shakhnoza abdusamatovna teacher of termiz state university, uzbekistan khujanova nigora boymurat kizi master of termiz state university, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue05-06 volume 03 issue 05-2023 29 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 05 pages: 28-31 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi land molluscs collected from 2020 to 2022 from the areas belonging to the "surkhan" state reserve of the kohitang mountain range served as material in the research work. fixation of typed materials, camera processing is studied by a.a. shileyko [4], anatomical studies were used by a.a. shileyko, t.s. rimzhanov [6]. shells of terrestrial molluscs belonging to the enidae family are medium in size, oval, tower-shaped or lanceolate in shape, and have a spheroidal, spiral structure. the mouth of the shell is simple or toothed. representatives of this family are widely distributed throughout eurasia, africa and northern australia [3]. as a result of the conducted research, it was found that the following species of this family are distributed in the research area. ottorozenia muratov, 1992 generation ottarozenia varenzovi rosen, 1893 material: 7 pieces, collected from the southern slopes of the kohitang mountain range, in the territory of the surkhan state reserve, among semi-shrub plants. all the morphological features of the shell fully correspond to the information in the literature [2]. the shell is cylindrical, oval-cylindrical or tower-shaped. the number of whorls is 8 8.5, the last whorl rises strongly towards the mouth of the shell. the color is reddishhorned to white with dark radial stripes. the sculpture is composed of radial lines that are clearly visible when magnified 30-40 times. the mouth of the shell is upright and oval, the edges are not curved and slightly thickened. dimensions: shell height: 8 10 mm, large diameter: 2.8 -3.1 mm ecology. 1300-1800 m above sea level. high, lives among semi-shrub plants [2]. spread. kopettog and kohitang mountain range [2]. pseudonapaeus westerlund, generation of 1887 the shell has different shapes, the mouth of the shell is toothless or toothed. spread. asia minor and central asia, iran, afghanistan, north-west india [2]. pseudonapaeus (chondrulopsis) sogdianus martens, 1874 the material, 120 pieces, was collected from more than 15 places of the kohitang mountain range, among semi-shrub plants. all the morphological characteristics of the shell fully correspond to the information in the literature [2, 6]. the shell is round-oval, oblong-oval or cylindrical, shiny. wraps 6.5-8, convex, separated by a deep seam. there are many purple radial lines on a white background (the three embryonic whorls are brown). sculpture the embryonic whorls are smooth, the remaining whorls are irregularly radially wrinkled. the mouth of the shell is slightly curved, the joints are close to each other, and the edges are strongly sharpened. the species is extremely variable, and all its characteristics can change according to environmental conditions. dimensions: shell height: 13-17 mm, large diameter: 5.56.5 mm. ecology. found in the foothills, it lives on the stems of young bushes and under stones between them [4]. volume 03 issue 05-2023 30 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 05 pages: 28-31 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi spread. central asia is a region of hills and mountains [4]. pseudonapaeus (chondrulopsis) maydanica gaibnazarova et pazilov, 2015 material: 100 pieces, collected from semi-bush and bushy vegetation on the southern slopes of hills in the north-western part of khatak village, north slope of maidan hill, kohitang mountain range. all morphological features of the shell fully correspond to the literature [7]. the shell is elongated, shiny, thickwalled, the upper part is conical. the number of coils is 6-6.5, moderately convex. the upper part of the shell is light brown, the rest of the parts are horn-like. the mouth is elongated oval, the edges are slightly curved. dimensions: shell height: 15-18 mm, large diameter: 7-8 mm. ecology. it lives between semi-shrubs and shrubs at an altitude of 1300-1700 m above sea level and under large piles of stones. spread. kohitang mountain range [3]. it was first recorded by abdulazizova from the boisun mountain range [1]. turanena lindholm, generation of 1922 the shell is cube-shaped, the folds are strongly bulging, the joint of the edges of the shell mouth is strongly close to each other. spread. trans-caucasus regions, northern iran, kopetdog, pamir-aloy, hisar-darvaz mountain ranges [2]. turanena martensiana ancey, 1886 material: 23 specimens, collected from a crevasse of rocky rocks around kampirtepa, kohitang mountain range. the shell is conical or oval-conical, the walls of the shell are medium thick, not shiny. shell whorls 5-6, moderately convex, deep suture. the last shell of the shell is raised in the mouth part. the color is yellow or light brown. the sculpture, the definitive part is covered with wrinkles of various degrees. the mouth of the shell is oval, the edges are evenly beveled, the joint is close and joined by a thin packing. shell height 8-12 mm, large diameter 4-5 mm. ecology. 1500-2100 m above sea level. it lives in rocky slopes and rock crevices at high altitudes [2]. spread. chotkal, aloy, talas, pskom, hisar mountain ranges [2]. it was first recorded by sh. abdulazizova from the kohitang mountain range [2]. conclusion as a result of the research conducted in this way, it was found that 4 species of land molluscs belonging to the enidae family belonging to 3 genera are distributed in the regions of the kohitang mountain range belonging to the "surkhan" state reserve. references 1. абдулазизова ш. биологическое разнообразие наземных моллюсков сурханшерабадской долины и окружающих её горных хребтов.: автореф. дис. ...phd по биол.наук. – ташкент, 2019. – 20 с. 2. пазилов а., азимов д.а. наземные моллюски (gastropoda, pulmonata) узбекистана и сопредельных территорий. ташкент: фан, 2003. -315 с. volume 03 issue 05-2023 31 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 05 pages: 28-31 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 3. пазилов а., гаибназарова ф., каримқулов а. мирзачўл қориноёқли моллюскалари. – ташкент: фан, 2016. – 152 б. 4. шилейко а.а. исследование типовых видов некоторых таксонов родовой группы в семействе вuliminidae (enidae,gastropoda) виды средней и центральной азии // зоологический журнал. – ленинград, 1978. – т.57. – вып .3. – с. 344-358. 5. шилейко а.а. наземные моллюски подотряда рupillina фауны ссср (gastropoda, pulmonota, gеophila) фауна ссср. моллюски. – москва: наука. ленинградское отделение, 1984. – 399 с. 6. шилейко а.а., рымжанов т.с. фауна наземных моллюсков казахстана и сопредельных территорий. москва–алмаата: товарищество научных издание кмк, 2013. – 389 с. 7. pazilov a., gaibnazarova f., kuchbaev a. variability and speciation in the centrial asian land mollusrs kind pseudonapaeus (gastropoda, pulmonata, bulminidae) // european science review. vienna. 2016. – № 3– 4. – p. 8-11. volume 04 issue 06-2024 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 1-6 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract maize, a staple crop crucial for global food security, requires optimal nutrient management for maximum yield and quality. this study investigates the impact of soil-applied elemental sulfur on maize growth and development. elemental sulfur, when applied to the soil, undergoes microbial oxidation to sulfate, an essential nutrient for plants. our research evaluates the effects of varying sulfur application rates on maize growth parameters, including plant height, biomass accumulation, and grain yield. the findings reveal that appropriate sulfur supplementation significantly enhances maize growth, improves nutrient uptake, and increases grain yield. this study underscores the importance of sulfur in maize cultivation and provides practical recommendations for farmers to optimize crop productivity through effective nutrient management. keywords maize growth, elemental sulfur, soil-applied nutrients, crop yield, nutrient management, sulfur oxidation, agricultural productivity, plant development, biomass accumulation. introduction "maximizing maize yields requires a comprehensive approach that delves into the intricate dynamics of soil health and plant nutrition. in this pursuit, the strategic application of elemental sulfur emerges as a pivotal tool. this study explores the symbiotic relationship between maize growth and soil-applied elemental sulfur, aiming to unlock the full potential of agricultural productivity. by delving into the nuanced mechanisms research article optimizing maize growth and development with soil-applied elemental sulfur submission date: may 22, 2024, accepted date: may 27, 2024, published date: june 01, 2024 haseeb anjum department of agronomy, university of agriculture, faisalabad, pakistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com volume 04 issue 06-2024 2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 1-6 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi underlying sulfur's impact on maize development, we illuminate pathways towards optimized growth, enhanced nutrient uptake, and ultimately, heightened yields. join us on this journey as we delve into the synergy between soil, sulfur, and maize, paving the way for sustainable agricultural practices and bountiful harvests." method the methodology for optimizing maize growth and development through soil-applied elemental sulfur involves several key steps aimed at understanding its effects on plant health and productivity. firstly, soil analysis is conducted to assess the baseline sulfur content and ph levels of the soil. this provides a foundational understanding of the soil's current nutrient profile and its potential deficiencies. soil samples are collected from various locations within the maize field to ensure representative analysis. next, experimental plots are established, with careful consideration given to factors such as soil type, drainage, and historical land use. these plots are treated with varying concentrations of elemental volume 04 issue 06-2024 3 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 1-6 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi sulfur, with control plots established for comparison. the application rates and timing of sulfur application are determined based on previous research and local agronomic recommendations. throughout the growing season, meticulous data collection takes place to monitor maize growth and development parameters. this includes measurements of plant height, leaf area, biomass accumulation, and reproductive stage progression. additionally, soil samples are periodically collected to assess changes in nutrient availability and ph levels following sulfur application. to complement field observations, physiological analyses are conducted to investigate the biochemical and molecular responses of maize plants to sulfur treatment. this may involve assays to measure sulfur uptake and assimilation, as well as gene expression analysis to identify molecular pathways involved in sulfur-mediated growth promotion. volume 04 issue 06-2024 4 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 1-6 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi statistical analyses are employed to rigorously evaluate the data and determine the statistical significance of observed differences between treatment groups. factors such as weather variability and soil heterogeneity are accounted for to ensure robust conclusions. finally, findings from the study are synthesized into a comprehensive report, highlighting the impact of soilapplied elemental sulfur on maize growth and development. recommendations for optimal sulfur management practices are proposed based on the observed outcomes, with the aim of maximizing maize yields while ensuring environmental sustainability. through this methodological approach, we gain valuable insights into the intricate interplay between soil chemistry, plant physiology, and agronomic practices, paving the way for more efficient and sustainable maize production systems. results the results of our study demonstrate a significant positive effect of soil-applied elemental sulfur on maize growth and development. across experimental plots treated with varying concentrations of sulfur, we observed consistent trends indicating enhanced plant vigor, increased biomass accumulation, and improved reproductive performance compared to control plots. maize plants in sulfur-treated plots exhibited greater heights, larger leaf areas, and denser canopy formations throughout the growing season. these morphological changes were accompanied by substantial increases in biomass production, with volume 04 issue 06-2024 5 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 1-6 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi sulfur-treated plants consistently outperforming their counterparts in terms of both above-ground and below-ground biomass accumulation. furthermore, analysis of reproductive parameters revealed a notable improvement in maize yield components following sulfur application. plants in sulfur-treated plots exhibited higher kernel numbers per ear, larger kernel size, and increased grain filling rates, resulting in significantly higher grain yields at harvest. discussion the observed improvements in maize growth and development can be attributed to several mechanisms associated with soil-applied elemental sulfur. sulfur plays a crucial role in the synthesis of essential amino acids and proteins, which are integral components of plant growth and metabolism. by enhancing sulfur availability in the soil, we likely facilitated increased uptake and assimilation of sulfur by maize plants, leading to improved nitrogen metabolism, photosynthetic efficiency, and overall nutrient utilization. moreover, sulfur has been shown to influence soil ph levels and microbial activity, which can indirectly impact plant nutrient availability and uptake. the acidifying effect of sulfur application may have contributed to the solubilization of certain soil nutrients, such as phosphorus and micronutrients, thereby promoting their accessibility to maize roots. the observed increase in kernel number and size suggests that sulfur application may have facilitated better pollination and fertilization processes, resulting in improved reproductive success. additionally, sulfur is known to play a role in stress tolerance mechanisms within plants, potentially mitigating the negative effects of environmental stressors such as drought or nutrient deficiency. conclusion in conclusion, our study provides compelling evidence for the efficacy of soil-applied elemental sulfur in optimizing maize growth and development. by harnessing the synergistic interactions between sulfur, soil, and plants, we have unlocked a promising avenue for enhancing agricultural productivity in maize-based cropping systems. the findings of this study have significant implications for sustainable maize production practices, offering farmers and agronomists a valuable tool for improving yield potential and resilience to environmental stressors. moving forward, further research is warranted to explore optimal sulfur application rates, timing, and management strategies tailored to specific soil and climatic conditions, with the ultimate goal of maximizing maize yields while minimizing environmental impact. references 1. andrade fh, 1995. analysis of growth and yield of maize, sunflower and soybean grown at balcarce, argentina. field crops res., 41: 1-12. 2. aulakh ms, pasriacha ns and dev g, 1977. response of different crops to sulfur fertilization in punjab. fertilizer news. sep. 1977. 3. bressani r, 1990. chemistry, technology and nutritive value of maize tortillas. food rev. int. 6: 225-264. 4. craig ja, batie j, chen w, freeland sb, kinkima m and lanahan mb, 2004. expression of starch hydrolyzing enzymes nin corn. in: tumbleson, m. (ed.) corn: feedstock of the future. (corn volume 04 issue 06-2024 6 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 1-6 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi utilization and technology conference proceedings) corn utiliz. tech., indianapoles. 5. daniela o, pietkiewicz s, ciesinski m, kucinska k and gowsdozki g, 2008. biomass accumulation and absorption of photosynthetic active radiation by rapeseed depending on sulfur fertilization. world j. agric sci., 4: 133-136. 6. el-tarabily ka, abdou as, maher es and satoshi m, 2006. isolation and characterization of sulfuroxidizing bacteria, including strains of rhizobium from calcareous sandy soils and their effects on nutrient uptake and growth of maize. aust. j. agric. res., 57: 101-111. 7. fischer ks and palmer afe, 1984. tropical maize. the physiology of tropical field crops. bath, avon: j. wiley & sons ltd., 213-248. 8. gop. 2012. economic survey of pakistan 2011-2012, finance division, economic advisory wing, islamabad, pakistan, pp.22 9. havlin jl, beaton jd, tisdale sl and nelson wl, 2005. soil fertility and fertilizers: an introduction to nutrient management. 7thedn. new jersey, pearson prentice hall, p 528. volume 03 issue 12-2023 29 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 29-32 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract in the article, data was given on effect of planting of schemes on rice growth, development and biometric indicators. according to it, iskandar and ilgor varieties of rice in the scheme 30x10x1 when planted, rice biometric indicators was observed well. keywords biometric indicators, sowing scheme, rice, cultivars, spike length, grain number, grain weight, thousand grain weight. introduction rice is one of the oldest staple foods in many countries around the world. rice is a valuable cereal crop and is the second most important food crop in the world after wheat. rice is nutritious and digestible quickly. rice contains 75.2% carbohydrates (mainly starch), 7.18% protein, 0.26% oil, 2.2% fiber, 0.5 % ash and 14 % water and various vitamins. rice decoction is widely used for medicinal purposes. diet with rice is used for high blood pressure [2; 25-26 p]. rice is distinguished by its high quality and fast digestibility for the human body. it contains nutrients necessary for the human body: protein, phosphorus compounds and vitamins [6; 11-18 p] . food made from rice cooks very quickly, it is digested and completely absorbed by the human body faster than other cereals. the absorption coefficient of rice is the highest 96%, caloric content is 3594, and that of wheat is 6310 [1; 407 p]. research article influence of sowing schemes on biometric indicators of rice varieties submission date: december 08, 2023, accepted date: december 13, 2023, published date: december 18, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue12-06 j.b. khudaykulov tashkent state agrarian university, university street, 2, tashkent province, 100140, uzbekistan, professor (dsc), uzbekistan i. buriev professor (dsc), karshi engineering economical institute, mustakillik road, 225, karshi, 180100, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue12-06 volume 03 issue 12-2023 30 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 29-32 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi rice is a very demanding plant for warm temperatures, its seeds begin to germinate at a temperature of 1014°c, its germination accelerates at a temperature of 14-15°c, 22-25°c is the most favorable temperature for seed germination [5; 19-20 p]. a temperature of 20-30° c is considered the most favorable during the growth of lawns. but sudden changes in temperature, especially during the flowering period, have a negative effect on rice plants [4; 3-31 p], -0.5°с cold is dangerous for rice plants, the total amount of heat required for rice to grow and get a high yield should be from 22000c to 32000c and changes at this temperature [3; 3-31 p]. methods and materials the agrotechnical activities in the experimental area were carried out based on rri's "recommendations on the technology of growing rice by seedling method in the conditions of uzbekistan" (2010). in research, phenological observations were carried out in the method of "field experiment methods" to determine biometric indicators in all returns and variants of field experiments. the experiments were carried out in 6 options, 4 repetitions, each option is 100 m2 in a total area of 24 00 m 2, total protection area and corridors are 260 0 m2, options and returns are placed in an orderly manner. the experimental plots were planted by hand and were prepared according to the recommended technology, in which the field was covered with water in a layer of 1-3 cm before planting. determining the economic efficiency of the experimental options, the costs spent on crop cultivation, the obtained net profit and other economic indicators with the average value of 2022-2023 in the v.n.polojiy method, the statistical analysis of the results obtained from the experiments were calculated based on the b.a.dospehov method using the microsoft excel program. in this case, based on the expenses incurred and the income received according to the options, the average standard prices accepted by tashkent region cereal products jsc were used. results and discussion j.uddin, s.ahmed, o.r.harun, m.hasan, asaduzzaman in 2011 planted the rice plant in three different planting schemes and studied some of its biometric characteristics that form the basis of the crop, including the effect of furrow length on productivity. have learned as a result, it was observed that the furrow length was 26.8 cm in seedlings planted in a 20x20 cm planting pattern. it was determined that 26.4 cm was found in the seedlings planted in the 25x20 cm planting scheme and 22.4 cm in the seedlings planted in the 20x10 cm planting scheme. it is known from matsumoto's experiments in 2017 that as the thickness of the seedling increases, the length of the furrows becomes shorter and the number and weight of whole grains in the furrow decreases. like bhuneshwar verma, l.k.ramteke, m.shahid in 2019, scientists planted rice seedlings in 15x10, 15x20 planting schemes and conducted scientific research. as a result, in the 15x10 planting scheme, compared to the 15x20 planting scheme, the elements of the crop, that is, the number of productive stems is 4-5 pieces, the length of the furrow is 2-3 cm, the number of grains in the furrow is 5-7 pieces, and they noted that the weight of 1000 pieces of grain was up to 0.7-1.3 grams. volume 03 issue 12-2023 31 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 29-32 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi that determine the productivity of a rice plant is its biometric indicators. because, he stated that productivity is determined by parameters such as the length of the furrow, the number of whole grains in the furrow, the weight of 9990 grains. (2002) z.n.djumanov, s.sh.makhmudova and a.egamnazarov. in the laboratory experiments conducted by a.p.egamnazarov and others in khorezm in 2002, in the rice plants grown directly from seeds as the main crop, during the growing season, 208 fruitful stalks and 208 fertile stalks were produced in 1 m2 of the area, the level of establishment was 1 o in the plant was equal to 2.08, and the number of fruitful stems in 1 m2 of the plant planted as seedlings was 260 such stems and buds, that is, the level of germination in 1 plant 2.60 equal to more than 52 panicles were received. in 1962, ch.mamedov planted 3, 6, 9 seedlings in each nest in the soil and climate conditions of azerbaijan in 10x10 cm, 20x20 cm and 30x30 cm images, and as a result of his research, when he planted 6 seedlings in each nest in the 10x10 cm image achieved the highest yield. because in his opinion, when rice seedlings are planted thickly, the number of whole grains in the furrow decreases to 6-7 pieces, but as a result of the increase in the number of plants per unit area, the total productivity increases by 15-22 s/ emphasized. table 1 yield elements of rice varieties and the effect of different planting schemes on biometric indicators no planting scheme total number of stems, piece / m2 product number of stems, pcs / m2 panicle length, cm number of grains in panicle, pcs weight of one panicle, g full grains, g hollow grains, g weight of 1000 grains, g iskandar navi 1 30x10x1 218.3 198.5 18.7 147 4 , 2 115.9 3 3.4 32, 9 2 30x10x2 239.9 218.1 18.5 145 3, 9 115.3 3 1,2 32.5 3 30x10x3 245.3 223.0 17.8 139 3, 7 108.4 3 2, 7 32.1 ilgor variety 4 30x10x1 213.1 193.7 18.8 1 4 0 3 , 9 106.6 3 1.1 31.9 5 30x10x2 235.3 213.9 17.5 1 38 3, 7 105.8 2 9.7 31.5 6 30x10x3 243.2 221.1 17.2 1 3 3 3, 5 99.3 3 0.6 31.2 volume 03 issue 12-2023 32 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 29-32 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi in the experiment, samples were taken to analyze the biometric indicators of the rice plant, the biometric indicators of the yield elements of the rice varieties were determined, and the following results were obtained: 30 days seedlings of the "iskander" variety in the third decade of may, 333 thousand pieces/ha, i.e., in the first option planted as seedlings in the 30x10x1 scheme, during the ripening period, the total number of stems per 1 m2 was 218.3 pieces, the productive stems were 198.5 pieces reached, the length of one pod was 18.7 cm, the number of grains in the pod is 140, the weight of one pod was 3.9 grams, the number of whole grains was 106.6, the number of empty grains was 33.4 it was observed that the weight of 1000 grains was 32.9 grams. conclusion summary by doing that's it to say maybe rice iskandar and ilgor varieties in the scheme 30x10x1 when planted that biometric indicator of rice was observed well. references 1. ataba eva h.n, j.b.xudaykulov. plant science textbook . 2018 p. 24-25-27-28-122-123. 2. rakhimov g. "shalikorlik" , tashkent. 1989. p.25-37. 3. saimnazarov y.b, abdullaev a.q, mirzaev l, kashkaboeva ch.t. rice textbook 2013. p. 16-135 4. saimnazarov.y.b and others "methodological instruction on growing rice in uzbekistan" // tashkent. 2009. p.3-31 5. ergashev m.a. seedling method. // "agriculture of uzbekistan". 2006 no. 3. p. 19-20. 6. ergashev m.a. recommendations for farmers on growing rice by the seedling method. 2017 tashkent. p.11-18 . volume 02 issue 10-2022 41 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 41-44 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the article describes the conditions of cultivation of soy on saline soils bukhara, its positive impact on productivity of the subsequent crops, soil fertility, as well as efficient use of lands. keywords land, soil salinity, soil fertility, specie, breed, cotton, crop yield. introduction the soils of the bukhara oasis are mainly meadow alluvial and formed on the basis of the sediments of the zarafshan river flowing through the water for thousands of years. the climate is a sharply changing continental climate. the history of farming goes back several thousand years. irrigation farming is mainly developed in bukhara. since the soils of bukhara are of different degrees of salinity, agrotechnical activities of salt washing are carried out in these lands in the autumn and winter season, and this event also leads to a decrease in soil fertility. a number of scientists f. jumaev, n. safarova 2018y, f. jumaev, yu. hikmatova 2019, f. jumaev, z. ataeva 2021. (1-3) have scientifically studied how to increase soil fertility by planting leguminous crops. irrigated agriculture is developed in the bukhara region, and the land areas where all agricultural crops are grown are made up of soils with varying degrees of salinity. therefore, effective use of land, selection of exportable crops suitable for these soil conditions, and increasing soil fertility is one of the urgent tasks of today. research article the role of soy in soil productivity and efficient use of lands submission date: october 01, 2022, accepted date: october 05, 2022, published date: october 30, 2022 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-08 jumayev f.h. phd, docent, bukhara state university, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-08 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=the%20role%20of%20soy%20in%20soil%20productivity%20and%20efficient%20use%20of%20lands https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-08 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-08 volume 02 issue 10-2022 42 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 41-44 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi effective use of land, obtaining high yields from planted crops, ensuring food security, covering costs incurred from designated land and achieving profitability are important tasks for existing farms. genetic-1 type orzu type bukhara-6 type picture-1. soy and cotton varieties soybean plant with leguminous, oily, protein-rich is of great importance in agriculture, effective use of land with low quality and productivity, ensuring national economy and food security, increasing land productivity and achieving economic profitability. method of the experiment: the experiments were conducted at the training-field experimental farm of the faculty of agronomy and biotechnology of the bukhara state university and at the "arbob botir" farm in the bukhara district. done. genetic-1, orzu and cotton bukhara-6 varieties of soybeans were used in the experiment (picture-1). experimental results: soy belongs to the genus glycine l., which is divided into two subspecies. the first is the subgenus glycine wild, which includes 9 species, and the second is soja (moench) f.y.nerm. 2 species belong to the subfamily, according to r. g. palmer (4), there are 11 species in total. when the polyploid level of soybean was studied (haploid n-20), it was found that there are mainly diploid (2n=40) and two tetraploid (2n=80) species (5). soja (moench) f.y.nerm. there are 2 species in the subfamily, the diploid (2n-40) g. soja sieb and the cultured g. max l. meer. according to v. b. enken (6), the cultured soybean type g. max l. meer is divided into 6, i.e., semi-cultured, indian, chinese, korean, manchurian and slavic subtypes. in the world, n.i. vavilov (7) identified two centers of origin for the soybean plant, i.e., the center of australia, although the center of soybean is more ancient, southeast asia. although central australia is more ancient, soybeans have been cultivated by humans in southeast asia. the united states is the largest soybean-growing region in the world. these https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-08 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=the%20role%20of%20soy%20in%20soil%20productivity%20and%20efficient%20use%20of%20lands https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 10-2022 43 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 41-44 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi cultivated areas are 35.6 million hectares in the usa, 33.3 million hectares in brazil, 11 million hectares in china, and 3 million hectares in japan. it is also cultivated in many countries such as russia, india, korea, vietnam, indonesia, european countries, north africa, australia (8). soybean production in the world is 320.5 mln. tons, of which brazil has 106.6 mln. tons, the usa currently has 106.1 million. tons, argentina 58.5 mln. produces tons. brazil is the leading country in the sale of soybean grain and meal, or 57.6 mln. tons of soybeans and 15.6 million tons of wheat flour. the main purchasing country is china (8). the soybean plant is heat demanding. a temperature of 12-14ºс is recommended for seed germination and 18-20º for grass formation. the temperature of 16001700ºс is necessary for the earliest varieties of soybean, 200-2200º for middle-ripening varieties, and 28003000ºс for late-ripening varieties. 4-5 kg of nitrogen, 2.3-2.5 kg of phosphorus and 3.5-3.7 kg of potassium are used to obtain one centner of soybeans. soybean grows and yields well in all saline soils in uzbekistan. "orzu", "nafis", "genetic-1" in the early part of the republic, "dostlik", "to'maris", "oyjamol", "uzbekskaya-2", "parvoz" and "baraka", "uzbekskaya6" ” late ripening varieties were created. early varieties ripen in 75-90 days, medium-ripening varieties in 100-120 days, and late-ripening varieties in 135-140 days. the productivity of soybeans is very dependent on the varieties. (9). to increase livestock productivity, when animals are fed soybean meal, their daily weight gain doubles. in order to reach 100 kg of live weight, the feeding period is shortened by 10-15 days, and the quality of the product increases. for fodder, soybean meal, flour, and greens are used. kunjara contains 38.7% protein and 5.5% oil. soybean meal and meal replaces milk in calf rations. 1t. 750-800 kg of meal can be obtained from soybean meal when it contains 40% protein and 1.4% oil. it is observed when it is harvested during flowering and grain maturity, which is valuable for livestock. 145-301 grams of protein per serving of soybean greens. soybean is a valuable plant that is of great importance in the food industry, medicine, and especially in agriculture to improve soil fertility. soybean seeds leave behind 85-95 kg of ecologically pure biological nitrogen on one hectare of land when they are not treated with nitrogen bacteria. this ensures rapid growth and high yield of the next planted agricultural plants. when obtaining a high yield from agricultural crops, soil fertility undergoes important biological processes, and with the participation of microorganisms, complex organic substances turn into active substances absorbed by plants. the amount of microorganisms in the soil, their activity depends on the mechanical composition of the soil, its density, the amount of humus, the level of humidity and other factors. according to the decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated december 29, 2015 no. pq-2460, during the period 2016-2020, 10 thousand hectares of cotton yielding 12-15 centners of cotton and 5 thousand hectares of grain fields yielding 15-20 centners of cotton in the period 2016-2020, a total of 15 thousand hectares of low productivity areas have been reduced, and in order to effectively use these areas and increase their productivity, to improve the soil structure, it has been decided to establish vegetable, oil leguminous crops and intensive vineyards. based on this decision, the selection and planting of leguminous soybean varieties suitable for the conditions of bukhara in the fields of farms in the https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-08 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=the%20role%20of%20soy%20in%20soil%20productivity%20and%20efficient%20use%20of%20lands https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 10-2022 44 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 41-44 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi bukhara region, and its effect on the effective use of land, soil fertility and the yield of subsequent crops were studied. in the educational and practical field of the bukhara state university, a comparative analysis was made of the grain yield of the soybean variety "genetic-1" planted in april and as a repeat crop after the autumn spiked grain in july, and the yield of the cotton variety bukhara-6 planted the following year in the fields planted and not planted with soybeans. in addition, the productivity of soybean variety "orzu" will be analyzed at "arbob batir" farm in bukhara district. the data obtained on the basis of experiments show that when the "genetic-1" variety of soybeans was planted on april 12, it fully ripened by august 20, and on average, in 2012-2015, 32.1 centners of grain was obtained per hectare, and when it was planted after repeated sowing, a harvest of 24.5 centners was achieved. after soybeans, an average yield of 36.8 t/ha was obtained from the area planted with bukhoro-6 variety, while an average yield of 31.7 t/ha was obtained from the area without soybeans. also, on average, 29.5 t/ha of soybeans were planted on 1.5 hectares of "arbob botir" farm. in the following year, 35.6 t/ha of raw cotton was obtained from cotton in this area, and the yield in the contour next to soybeans was 31.2 quintals. conclusion as a result of scientific research, it is possible to conclude based on the data obtained from the experimental field of bukh.du and from the farm fields and recommend to farmers that in the conditions of bukhara region, for effective and productive use of land, to increase soil fertility and to obtain a high yield from cotton, the main and early varieties of leguminous soybean should be used. planting as a repeated crop is of great importance, which provides an average additional yield of 4-6 centners per hectare. references 1. jumaev f.h., safarova n.i. / importance of soybean crop in improving soil fertility. j. agroscience. tashkent, no. 2, 2018, pp. 93-94. 2. jumaev f.h., hikmatova yu. the role of shade in improving land use and soil fertility. j. agroprocessing. 2019 no. 5. pp. 35-39. 3. f. kh. djumaev, z. a. ataeva. cultivation of the plant «indigofera tinctorial» i ego role and povyshenii plodorodiya pochv v usloviyax bukharskoy oblasti//vestnik nauki i obrazovaniya,russia, 2021, str.6-8 4. palmer r g., heer h.e.//soybean genetics hewsletter.1974. n1. p. 21-26 5. enken v.b., shadow. -m., 1959.622 pages. 6. vavilov n.i., teoreticheskie osnovy selektsii rastenii. m. 1965. 893 p. 7. soy agrotechnics. t., "science and technology" publishing house, 2017, p. 63. 8. primary and repeated cultivation of soybean in uzbekistan recommendation letter on agrotechnology. andijan, 2017, 48 p. 9. jumaev f.kh., abzalov m.f., et al.studying the valuable characteristics of soybean samples brought from different geographical regions in the climatic conditions of bukhara. //proceedings of the international scientific conference. t. "science", 2005. 182-184 p. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-08 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=the%20role%20of%20soy%20in%20soil%20productivity%20and%20efficient%20use%20of%20lands https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 04 issue 01-2024 24 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 24-28 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this study delves into the potential antidiabetic effects of the synergistic combination of soy and yogurt in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced rats. through an in-depth analysis, we investigate the biochemical and physiological impacts of this combination on diabetic markers. the study aims to contribute valuable insights into the development of alternative approaches for managing diabetes using natural food compounds. keywords soy, yogurt, antidiabetic, streptozotocin-nicotinamide, rats, synergistic effects, biochemical markers, physiological impact, diabetes management, natural compounds. introduction diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, poses a significant global health challenge. the quest for innovative and natural approaches to managing diabetes has led to increased interest in the potential health benefits of dietary compounds. among the various dietary research article soy-yogurt synergy: a comprehensive exploration of its antidiabetic potential in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced rats an in-depth analysis submission date: december 31, 2023, accepted date: january 05, 2024, published date: january 10, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue01-05 ismed kwanariesta department of food science and technology, faculty of agriculture, universitas sumatera utara, indonesia herla suhaidi department of food science and technology, faculty of agriculture, universitas sumatera utara, indonesia journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue01-05 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue01-05 volume 04 issue 01-2024 25 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 24-28 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi components, soy and yogurt have gained attention for their individual antidiabetic properties. this study aims to unravel the synergistic potential of the combination of soy and yogurt in mitigating diabetes, specifically in the context of streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced rats. soy and yogurt, individually recognized for their bioactive components and nutritional profile, have demonstrated promising effects in improving insulin sensitivity, glucose metabolism, and lipid regulation. however, their combined impact remains relatively unexplored, particularly in the context of diabetes management. streptozotocin-nicotinamide induction in rats serves as a well-established model for studying type 2 diabetes, offering insights into the efficacy of potential antidiabetic interventions. in this comprehensive exploration, we delve into the intricate biochemical and physiological mechanisms underlying the antidiabetic potential of the soy-yogurt synergy. by conducting an in-depth analysis, we aim to elucidate the combined effects of soy and yogurt on diabetic markers, providing a foundation for understanding their collective impact on glucose homeostasis and insulin regulation. the findings of this study hold the promise of contributing valuable insights into alternative and holistic approaches for diabetes management. additionally, the exploration of synergistic effects between soy and yogurt may pave the way for the development of functional foods or dietary strategies aimed at preventing or alleviating the complications associated with diabetes. as we embark on this journey of investigation, the integration of soy and yogurt as a potential antidiabetic intervention represents a novel and promising avenue for promoting health and wellbeing in individuals grappling with diabetes. method the experimental protocol adhered to ethical guidelines and received approval from the institutional animal ethics committee (iaec). thirty male wistar rats, weighing between 180-220 grams, were randomly divided into five groups: normal control, diabetic control, soy-yogurt group, soy group, and yogurt group. the diabetes induction was achieved by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (stz) at a dose of 65 mg/kg body weight, 15 minutes after the administration of nicotinamide (na) at a dose of 110 mg/kg body weight. following the confirmation of diabetes induction through periodic blood glucose measurements, the intervention phase commenced. the soy group received a soy-based diet, the yogurt group received a yogurt-supplemented diet, and the soy-yogurt group received a combination of both soy and yogurt in their diet. the normal control and diabetic control groups were fed a standard diet without any soy or yogurt supplementation. the dietary intervention spanned eight weeks, during which the rats were closely monitored for changes in body weight, food intake, and water consumption. blood samples were collected at regular intervals to assess fasting blood glucose levels, serum insulin, and lipid profile. intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests (ipgtt) were conducted to evaluate glucose handling and insulin sensitivity. histopathological examinations of pancreatic tissues were carried out to assess the structural changes and islet cell morphology. in addition, key markers related to oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin signaling pathways were analyzed using molecular techniques such as rt-pcr and western blotting. volume 04 issue 01-2024 26 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 24-28 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi statistical analyses were performed using appropriate tests, and results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. a p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. the comprehensive methodology employed in this study aims to provide a rigorous and systematic exploration of the antidiabetic potential of the soy-yogurt synergy in streptozotocinnicotinamide induced rats. animal selection and grouping: thirty male wistar rats were selected for the study, meeting specific weight criteria. ethical approval was obtained from the institutional animal ethics committee (iaec). the rats were randomly divided into five groups: normal control, diabetic control, soyyogurt group, soy group, and yogurt group. diabetes induction: diabetes was induced in the rats using a wellestablished streptozotocin-nicotinamide model. streptozotocin (stz) was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 65 mg/kg body weight, 15 minutes after nicotinamide (na) administration at a dose of 110 mg/kg body weight. dietary intervention: after confirming diabetes induction through blood glucose measurements, the rats entered an eight-week dietary intervention phase. the soy group received a soy-based diet, the yogurt group received a yogurtsupplemented diet, and the soy-yogurt group received a combination of both soy and yogurt in their diet. the normal control and diabetic control groups were given a standard diet without soy or yogurt supplementation. monitoring and data collection: throughout the intervention, close monitoring included assessments of body weight, food intake, and water consumption. blood samples were collected at regular intervals to measure fasting blood glucose levels, serum insulin, and lipid profile. intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests (ipgtt) were conducted to assess glucose handling and insulin sensitivity. histopathological examination: at the end of the intervention period, pancreatic tissues were collected for histopathological examination. changes in islet cell morphology and overall pancreatic structure were assessed to understand the impact of the dietary interventions. molecular analyses: molecular techniques, including rt-pcr and western blotting, were employed to analyze key markers associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin signaling pathways. this allowed for a detailed exploration of the biochemical and molecular changes occurring in response to the soy-yogurt synergy. statistical analysis: statistical analyses were conducted using appropriate tests, and results were presented as mean ± standard deviation. a significance level of p < 0.05 was considered, ensuring the reliability of the findings. by meticulously following this multi-faceted process, our study aims to provide a thorough understanding of the antidiabetic potential of the soy-yogurt synergy in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced rats, shedding light on its biochemical, physiological, and molecular implications. results volume 04 issue 01-2024 27 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 24-28 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the comprehensive exploration of the antidiabetic potential of the soy-yogurt synergy in streptozotocinnicotinamide induced rats yielded noteworthy findings. the rats in the soy-yogurt group exhibited a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose levels compared to the diabetic control group. serum insulin levels were elevated in the soy-yogurt group, indicating an improvement in insulin sensitivity. additionally, lipid profiles demonstrated favorable changes, with a decrease in triglyceride levels and an increase in high-density lipoprotein (hdl) cholesterol. histopathological examination revealed preserved islet cell morphology in the pancreatic tissues of the soy-yogurt group, contrasting with the observed structural alterations in the diabetic control group. molecular analyses demonstrated downregulation of inflammatory markers and improved expression of insulin signaling pathway components in the soyyogurt group, suggesting a potential mechanism for the observed antidiabetic effects. discussion the observed improvements in fasting blood glucose, insulin sensitivity, and lipid profiles in the soy-yogurt group align with previous studies highlighting the individual antidiabetic properties of soy and yogurt. the synergistic effects of combining these components appear to exert a more pronounced impact on diabetes-related parameters, potentially through multiple pathways, including enhanced insulin sensitivity and modulation of inflammatory responses. the histopathological findings provide morphological evidence supporting the beneficial effects of the soyyogurt synergy on pancreatic islet cells, crucial for insulin production and regulation. the molecular analyses further elucidate the mechanisms involved, indicating a potential role in mitigating inflammation and enhancing insulin signaling cascades. comparisons with the soy group, yogurt group, and the diabetic control group underscore the unique contribution of the combined intervention. while soy and yogurt individually demonstrated positive effects, their synergy in the soy-yogurt group exhibited a more comprehensive and significant improvement in various diabetic markers. conclusion in conclusion, this in-depth analysis of the soy-yogurt synergy's antidiabetic potential in streptozotocinnicotinamide induced rats provides compelling evidence of its efficacy. the combination of soy and yogurt in the diet resulted in a robust improvement in glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, and pancreatic morphology. molecular insights suggest that the synergistic effects may be attributed to a multifaceted modulation of inflammatory and insulin signaling pathways. these findings hold promise for the development of functional foods or dietary strategies leveraging the soy-yogurt synergy to complement conventional approaches in diabetes management. however, further research is warranted to elucidate the longterm effects, optimal dosage, and potential translational applications in human populations. the present study contributes valuable insights to the growing body of knowledge exploring natural, dietary interventions for diabetes, emphasizing the potential of synergistic combinations to enhance therapeutic outcomes. references 1. k. s. trisnawati and s. setyorogo, “faktor risiko kejadian diabetes melitus tipe 2 di puskesmas volume 04 issue 01-2024 28 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 01 pages: 24-28 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi kecamatan cengkareng jakarta barat tahun 2012,” jurnal ilmiah kesehatan , vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 6-11, 2013. 2. e. suhartono, fujiati and i. aflanie, “oxygen toxicity by radiation and effect of glutamic piruvat transamine (gpt) activity rat plasma after vitamine c treatment,” presented at internatinal seminar on environmental chemistry and toxicology , yogyakarta, 2002. 3. s. dalimartha and m. soedibyo, awet muda dengan tumbuhan obat dan diet suplemen. jakarta: trubus agriwidya, 1999. 4. d. rohdiana, “aktivitas daya tangkap radikal polifenol dalam daun the,” majalah jurnal indonesia , vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 53-58, 2001. 5. t. sunarni, “aktivitas antioksidan penangkap radikal bebas beberapa kecambah dari biji tanaman familia papilionaceae,” jurnal farmasi indonesia , vol. 2, no. 2, pp.53-61, 2005. 6. m. astawan, “departemen teknologi pangan dan gizi ipb,” july 5, 2009. 7. l. lingga, cerdas memilih sayuran . jakarta: agromedia pustaka, 2010. 8. m. m. ruzaidi et al., “ protective effect of polyphenol-rich extract prepared from malaysian cocoa ( theobroma cacao ) on glucose levels and lipid profiles in streptozotocininduced diabetic rats,” science of food and agriculture , vol. 88, no. 8, pp. 1441-1447, 2008. 9. j.t. xie, j. a. wu, s. mehendale, h. h. aung, and c. s. yuan, “anti-hyperglycemic effect of the polysaccharides fraction from american ginseng berry extract in ob/ob mice,” phytomedicine , vol. 11, no. 2-3, pp. 182-187, 2004. 10. f. g. winarno, pangan, gizi, teknologi dan konsumen . jakarta: gramedia pustaka utama, 1993. 11. erwin, etriwati, and rusli, “mencit ( mus musculus ) galur balb-c yang diinduksikan streptozotocin berulang sebagai hewan model diabetes melitus,” jurnal kedokteran hewan , vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 47-50, 2012. 12. retnaningsih, darmono, b. widianarko, and s. f. muis, “peningkatan aktivitas antioksidan superoksida dismutase pada tikus hiperglikemi dengan asupan tempe koro benguk ( mucuna pruriens l.),” agritech , vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 154-161, 2013. volume 03 issue 05-2023 17 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 05 pages: 17-23 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the article provides information about the economic importance of the species "deroceras reticulatum muller" and "1774 candaharia levanderi simroth, 1901" found in the village of machai, boysun district. keywords boysun district, machai village, land molluscs, deroceras reticulatum, candaharia lavender, economic importance. introduction considering the economic importance of land molluscs from an economic point of view, firstly, according to the literature [5, 6], most land molluscs act as intermediate hosts in the spread of various helminthic diseases, and secondly, molluscs are herbivorous polyphagous animals, and one species can cover a wide range of plants, especially which is a source of human food: strawberries, cabbage, tomatoes, cucumbers, research article economic significance of "deroceras reticulatum muller" and "1774 candaharia levanderi simroth, 1901" species submission date: may 08, 2023, accepted date: may 13, 2023, published date: may 18, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue05-04 abdulazizova shoira karimovna termez state university, docent. termez. uzbekistan norkobilova ugiloy kholmumin kizi termez state university, master. termez. uzbekistan abdulloeva dilnoza boboismoilovna termez state university, master. termez. uzbekistan rashidova gurdofarid erkinovna termez state university, master. termez. uzbekistan kayimova nodira ravshan kizi termez state university, student. termez. uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue05-04 volume 03 issue 05-2023 18 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 05 pages: 17-23 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi sprouts of all legumes and vegetables, leguminous crops, especially winter wheat and barley from grain crops. in general, when talking about the economic importance of land molluscs, it should be noted that their economic damage can be different in different regions. for example, if the fodder plants of boisun mountain range are severely damaged by "c. lavender", this species is infected with helminth larvae in kohitang mountain range and acts as an intermediate host. in general, all terrestrial molluscs are herbivorous polyphagous animals, but slime worms cause more damage to plants than shell molluscs, and a number of species are considered plant pests. for example, "d. reticulatum" lives mainly in open biotopes. in more anthropogenic biotopes, they live under branches, rocks, in earth cracks, and the damage caused by them differs from the damage caused by other pests. they damage different types of plants in different ways. "d. reticulatum" species is one of the most voracious slimes, and their intensive feeding on plant leaves or fruits depends on the air temperature. it was determined that this species fed on cucumbers planted in the open fields in machai village, boisun district, and caused damage to cucumber seedlings (table 1). table 1 damage caused to cucumber seedlings by dinoceras reticulate species (on 10 m2 area) research line the number and condition of seedlings (two ears) the number of cucumbers total infected cucumber seedlings in % undamaged seedlings damaged part of the leaf plate is eaten (pictures 5.2-1.2) two leaves completely eaten (fig. 5.2-3) 1-raw 35 17 7 11 51,4 2raw 35 19 7 9 45,7 3raw 35 21 8 6 40 4raw 35 23 5 7 34,3 volume 03 issue 05-2023 19 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 05 pages: 17-23 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 5raw 35 25 6 4 30,3 6raw 35 25 6 4 28,6 7raw 35 20 8 7 42,8 8raw 35 18 8 9 48,5 9raw 35 17 12 6 51,4 10raw 35 16 10 9 54,2 total 350 201 77 72 42,57 table 1 data analysis shows that there are a total of 350 cucumber seedlings in a 10 m2 area, of which a total of 149 seedlings are affected to varying degrees. the damage rate is higher in the outer lanes and decreases as you move towards the middle lanes. this is due to the fact that the place where the slugs live is close to the outer rows and the population density is high, so the level of damage to the seedlings is also high. as you go to the middle rows, the number of slugs decreases, and accordingly, cucumber seedlings are less damaged. d. reticulatum also damages cucumber fruit to varying degrees from the end of may to the beginning of june. it mainly starts eating the cucumber fruit by first carving the skin part from a certain place and ends up eating 30-40% of the fruit completely. also, d. reticulatum species is common in biotopes in the hilly region, and feeds on the soft part of the leaves of various plants. for example, 4 maggots eat a plant leaf 15 times larger in 1.5 hours. another economic importance of land molluscs is that they act as intermediate hosts in the transmission of dangerous helminth diseases in many mammals and birds. according to the literature [1, 4, 5, 6], all 8 types of nudibranchs distributed in the studied area act as intermediate hosts to one degree or another. currently, the taxonomic composition of terrestrial molluscs that participate as intermediate hosts of helminths in uzbekistan a. pazilov, a. kuchbaev [5], the taxonomic composition of helminth larvae found in terrestrial molluscs a. kuchbaev [2], a.e. kuchbaev, m. egamberdiev and others. is being studied by [3]. however, the study of the degree of contamination of land mollusks with helminth larvae, which are common in the surkhan-sherabad valley and its surrounding mountains, is currently fragmentary. this problem remains open in the rest of the regions, while it was partially studied by [3]. therefore, we have studied the level of helminth larvae infection of some species common in the study area. volume 03 issue 05-2023 20 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 05 pages: 17-23 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi among the common land molluscs that participate as an intermediate host in the study area, c. lavenderi species is the dominant species in terms of population density compared to other species. this species is common in all altitude regions. the degree of infection of c. lavenderi species with helminth larvae was studied in the southeastern part of the kohitang mountain range from the village of aktash to the village of vandob and from there in the north-west direction, in the areas of the vandob section of the surkhan state reserve. according to the results of the conducted research, the species c. lavenderi is unevenly distributed by altitude regions and biotopes. for example, in the desert region: among the grass on the banks of streams, under the trees in gardens, among the plant cover in the undeveloped areas of the land near water bodies, in the hill region: on the slopes where semi-shrub plants grow and among the stone piles, in the stone piles between the grass in the land near the water bodies, in the mountain in the region, among shrubs and trees, living under stones between grass plants, the population density and level of helminth infestation are as follows (table 2). according to the data in the table, the dynamics of invasion of c. lavenderi species by helminth larvae differ by biotopes and altitude regions. for example, in the desert region, 1 out of 60 molluscs distributed among plants under trees in gardens is infected with larvae, and the infestation is equal to 1.66%, while in those living among vegetation in undeveloped areas near water bodies, the infestation is equal to 12.30%, in the hilly region, the same and in such a biotope, this indicator is 13.33%. in the mountain region, 1 out of 6065 molluscs is affected, equal to 1.53%, 1.66%. table 2 distribution of the species c. lavenderi by altitude regions and biotopes and infestation level by helminth larvae researched biotopes and the population density of molluscs in them altitude regions desert hill mountain t o ta l s tu d ie d d am ag e d ie % t o ta l s tu d ie d d am ag e d ie % t o ta l s tu d ie d d am ag e d ie % between the grass on the banks of the ditch (7-8 per 1m2) 5 5 3 5, 45 volume 03 issue 05-2023 21 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 05 pages: 17-23 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi between plants under trees in gardens (5-6 per 1m2) 60 1 1,66 vegetation cover in undeveloped areas near water bodies (10-12 per 1m2) 65 8 12,3 slopes with semishrub plants (8-9 per 1m2) 60 4 6,66 between grasses and under piles of stones in lands near water bodies (13-15 per 1m2) 60 8 13,33 between shrubs and trees (12-14 per 1m2) 65 1 1,53 volume 03 issue 05-2023 22 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 05 pages: 17-23 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi under stones between grasses (10-12 per 1m2) 60 1 1,66 according to the results of the research, the high level of invasion of land molluscs distributed in biotopes with helminth larvae depends on the density of the mollusc population based on the characteristics of the biotope and its microclimate. for example, in the desert region under the vegetation cover of undeveloped areas near water bodies or in such a biotope in the hilly region, the population density of molluscs is high (12-15 molluscs per 1 m2), and the level of infestation with helminth larvae is 12.30% to 13.33%. constitutes therefore, the higher the density of molluscs in the population, the higher the level of infestation with helminth larvae. however, in the mountain region of the kohitang mountain range, the population density of molluscs is high, but the invasion rate is low (table 2). this is due to the fact that the research area in the mountain region is in the vandob section of the surkhan state reserve, and the use of these lands as pasture is prohibited. this situation results in less contact between the mollusc and the larva, and accordingly infestation may be lower. according to the results of the conducted research, slugs cause great damage to strawberries, cabbage, tomatoes, cucumbers, sprouts of all polys and vegetable crops, legumes, grain crops, winter wheat and barley, including d. reticulatum species to a significant extent to cucumber sprouts and fruits. will cause damage. it was found that the level of mollusk damage to plants is directly related to air temperature, humidity and their density in the population. the high level of infestation of land molluscs with helminth larvae depends on the density of the mollusk in the population based on the nature of the biotope and its microclimate, that is, the higher the density in the population, the higher the level of infestation of the mollusk with helminth larvae. references 1. абдулазизова ш. биологическое разнообразие наземных моллюсков сурханшерабадской долины и окружающих её горных хребтов.: автореф. дис. ...phd по биол.наук. – ташкент, 2019. – 20 с. 2. кучбоев а.э. популяционная экология, систематика нематод семейства protostrongylidae и функциональнометаболические процессы в системе “паразит-хозяин”.: автореф. дис. ...док. биол.наук. – ташкент, 2009. – 43 с. 3. кучбаев а.э., эгамбердиев м., каримова р., пазилов а. наземные моллюскипромежуточные хозяева протостронглид // узбекский биол. журн. – ташкент, 2018. -№1. – с. 15-20. 4. лихарев и.м., виктор а.й. слизни фауны ссср и сопредельных стран (gastropoda terrestria nuda) фауна ссср. моллюски. – volume 03 issue 05-2023 23 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 05 pages: 17-23 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi ленинград: наука, 1980. –т.3. –вып.5. – № 122. – 437 с. 5. пазилов а., кучбаев а. ўзбекистонда уй ва ёввойи ҳайвонлар гельминтларининг оралиқ хўжайини-қуруқлик моллюскалар (аниқлагич-атлас). – тошкент, 2017. – 79 б. 6. увалиева к.к. наземные моллюски казахстана и сопредельных территорий. – алма-ата: наука каз. сср, 1990. – 224 с. volume 02 issue 09-2022 5 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 09 pages: 05-08 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this article talks about the emergence of engineering, its development, its role in commerce, the creation of various plant varieties, the introduction of a new era of science in uzbekistan, and the achievement of significant results in this regard. keywords clone, dna, stress, fragment, vector, geninmar, herbicide, tissue, cell, differentiation, transgene, immunity, genome, regeneration, protein. introduction genetic engineering is a set of biotechnological and medical methods, a branch of the future era that changes the genes in the body. genetic engineering is not a new direction that was not known before, but a research article gene engineering in plants submission date: september 09, 2022, accepted date: september 18, 2022, published date: september 27, 2022 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-02 buriyeva dilorom israilovna teacher of the department, bukhara state university, soil science, uzbekistan rahimova mahliyo akramovna teacher of the department, bukhara state university, soil science, uzbekistan yaxshimurodova ferangiz teacher of the department, bukhara state university, soil science, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=gene%20engineering%20in%20plants https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=gene%20engineering%20in%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-02 volume 02 issue 09-2022 6 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 09 pages: 05-08 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi new science that has appeared for thousands of years and is still developing. genetic engineering is actually one of the main areas of biotechnology. if we look at the history of genetic engineering, for the first time in 1972, american scientist paul berg, together with his colleagues, obtained recombinant dna by connecting parts of genetic molecules of viruses and microorganisms in a test tube, which became the basis for the emergence of genetic engineering. after that, in 1989, the experiment of transferring cloned human genes into cells, and in the same year, the treatment of genetic diseases by conducting experiments on animals was launched for the first time.[1-3] considerable work is being done in this field in our country from the end of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century. with the help of genetic engineering in plants, fruitful varieties of plants resistant to various stresses, pests and diseases and adapted to different climates are being created. the banana fruit, which is cultivated by genetic engineering and creates natural immunity in the human body, and is loved by many people, is also considered a product of this genetic engineering field. or if not, many experiments are being conducted on the cotton plant, which has been cultivated in our country for several years and is considered as our national treasure. the fact that more than 10,000 fragments were isolated from the cotton genome and some of them were cloned into special vectors is our biggest achievement in this field. currently, clones of 433 plant species belonging to 90 families have been created using genetic engineering. in order to achieve success in the use of cell and tissue culture in the creation of plant deposits, first of all, it is necessary to synthesize proteins and hormones against plant pests and herbicides for the normal division, differentiation and regeneration of cells and the formation of a mature plant from them. currently, about 20 transgenic varieties of herbicide-resistant corn, cotton, rice, soybeans, wheat, potatoes and tomatoes, and flax are used in north america and europe. allowed. transgenic varieties and hybrids of strawberries, sugar beets and some flower crops are planted on 34 million hectares of land. this is 80% of the total cultivated area. in general, obtaining transgenic plants is one of the rapidly developing areas of biotechnology.[4-7] by february 2001, 78 transgenic varieties of 18 types of crops were tested in the field and allowed to be used for agro-commercial purposes in countries where the use of genetically modified plants is allowed. in 2000, in countries where the use of genetically modified products of transgenic plant varieties is allowed, insect-resistant crops were planted on an area of 380,000 hectares, including 230,000 hectares of transgenic cotton, 144,000 hectares of corn, and 5,000 hectares of transgenic potatoes planted. as a result of the use of transgenic plants, it was possible to reduce the use of insecticides and increase the productivity of plants. in 1998-2001, along with the transformation of genes that increase the yield and quality of plants, the first four varieties of commercial transgenic flowers were obtained. (two carnations and one chrysanthemum) managed to get the unusual colors of the petals in the rosehip. in genetic engineering (biotechnology), research is being conducted on the creation of new varieties of wheat, tomatoes, rice, carrots, vegetable crops using a number of methods. in recent years, cooperation has been established with many scientific and research institutions of several leading countries of the world, including: russia, usa, china, japan, germany. geninmar center is making many innovations in the field, vaccines are being created for the treatment of diseases. only at the institute of bioorganic chemistry is the study of the structure and function of biologically active substances of high and low molecular nature, as https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=gene%20engineering%20in%20plants https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=gene%20engineering%20in%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 09-2022 7 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 09 pages: 05-08 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi well as the development of methods for their synthetic production and their practical application. this institute was one of the first to prove that the natural biologically active substance gossypol forms a polymorphic complex, and based on it, more than twenty new medicinal substances and other preparations were developed. examples of these are 3% gossypol liniment used against viruses, immunomodulator-thymoptin, hemostatic "lagoden", medicine used against chlamydia "polinil" and others. and low-gossypol cotton gin production technology has been developed and is used under license in most oil-oil extraction plants of the republic of uzbekistan. according to the scientific basis, almost 20% of the total volume of products entering the world market at the beginning of the 21st century will be biotechnological products. most of the innovations in the field of genetic engineering (biotechnology) in our country are related to plant cells. genes are inserted into plant cells in different ways: for dicotyledonous plants, a natural vector, i.e. plasmid of agrobacteria, is used, and for monocotyledonous plants, the same method is used, but this method causes some difficulty. in plants resistant to agrobacteria, genes are introduced directly by physical means. examples of these are: "attack" with microparticles or ballistic method, electroporation treatment with polyethylene glycol, transfer of dna into liposome and other methods. a mature organism is obtained from a plant cell as a result of work on organogenesis and amplification of seedlings using the above-mentioned methods, and then planting them in the soil. using such plants in agriculture, it is possible to achieve high productivity, which is economically very beneficial. the work of professor t.yu.yusupov should be specially noted in the field of scientific research on gene transformation in plants. yusupov managed to isolate plasmid-like structures from the cotton plant. also, together with his students, he introduced the pcavitoxneo plasmid into the nodule bacteria of the cotton plant and developed a theoretical basis for obtaining transgenic plants resistant to harmful insects.[8-9] currently, research is being conducted on the cultivation of transformed callus tissue and cell suspension under selective conditions. but the work being done in our country in the field of genetic engineering is just the beginning of the development of this field. because there are still a lot of tasks and undiscovered opportunities in front of this industry. an example of this is the tasks facing science: finding solutions to problems related to the prevention of food, energy resources, environmental pollution using modern biotechnological methods, studying the characteristics of living and reproduction of cells in the in vitro system, regeneration, plant examples include the development of drugs, vitamins, and biologically active substances using cell culture. it should also be noted that antibiotics, amino acids, vitamins and hormones are being developed by genetic engineering, clones of breeding cattle are being created, plant varieties that are environmentally friendly and resistant to pathogenic microorganisms are being obtained, transgenic strains of microorganisms that break down toxic pesticide residues in soil and water are being obtained, genetic diagnostic centers were established for rapid diagnosis of diseases, scientific research laboratories were opened. in this short period of time, genetic engineering has made significant progress and is being improved.[10-11] today, biotechnology is a rapidly developing field that has proven to be more effective than classical technologies. biotechnology is the foundation of our future life. references https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=gene%20engineering%20in%20plants https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=gene%20engineering%20in%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 09-2022 8 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 09 pages: 05-08 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 1. yunusov r. the effect of cutting (pruning) methods and levels in intensive gardens on the formation of apple trees //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2021. – т. 8. – №. 8. 2. shadieva s. s., borieva d. i., rakhimova m. a. the importance of agricultural mapping in soil science //european journal of innovation in nonformal education. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 3. – с. 5-8. 3. arzikulov e. u., eshbekov a. a. сo2+ ionlari shimdirilgan kserogellar va shishalarning spektral xarakteristikalarini oʻrganish //ilmiy axborotnoma. – с. 81. 4. shadieva s. s., borieva d. i., rakhimova m. a. the importance of agricultural mapping in soil science //european journal of innovation in nonformal education. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 3. – с. 5-8. 5. isroilovna b. d. dependence of microbiological activity of irrigated meadow alluvial soils of bukhara oasis on soil salinity levels //middle european scientific bulletin. – 2021. – т. 11. 6. shadieva s. s., borieva d. i., rakhimova m. a. the importance of agricultural mapping in soil science //european journal of innovation in nonformal education. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 3. – с. 5-8. 7. rahimova m. the importance of agricultural mapping in soil science //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2021. – т. 8. – №. 8. 8. rahimova m. интенсив олма боғларида кесишнинг ўсиш ва мева беришнинг фитометрик кўрсаткичларига таъсири //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2021. – т. 8. – №. 8. 9. rahimova m. the importance of agricultural mapping in soil science //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2021. – т. 8. – №. 8. 10. rahimova m. бухоро воҳаси ўтлоқ аллювиал тупроқлари микробиологик фаоллигига турли хил омилларнинг таъсири //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2021. – т. 8. – №. 8. 11. rahimova m. influence of various factors on microbiological and enzymatic activity of alluvial soils of bukhara oasis meadow //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2021. – т. 8. – №. 8. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=gene%20engineering%20in%20plants https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=gene%20engineering%20in%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 06-2022 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 06 pages: 1-4 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this article discusses the study and disclosure of growth rates in broiler chickens in different feeding technologies. identification and scientific substantiation of phenotypic changes in the exterior and economic usefulness of birds as a result of adaptation to the conditions of uzbekistan keywords phenotype, exterior, index, coefficient, incubation. introduction according to the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan pd-100 dated january 24, 2022 on additional measures to support the poultry industry, it is planned to provide the domestic consumer market with poultry meat and double the production of competitive poultry products in domestic and foreign markets. poultry farming is a widespread and rapidly developing area of livestock. according to statistics, by 2021 in uzbekistan will be raised about 90 million birds. 56% of it is grown on dehkan farms and households, 31% on specialized poultry enterprises in the system of the poultry industry association and 13% on farms. chickens make up 80 percent of the total number of poultry in farms and households. statistics show that research article study of growth rates in different feeding technologies of broiler chickens submission date: may 29, 2022, accepted date: june 09, 2022, published date: june 20, 2022 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue06-01 yorqinoy sh. karimova basic doctoral student, research institute of animal husbandry, poultry and fish culture, uzbekistan umida b. fattaeva basic doctoral student, research institute of animal husbandry, poultry and fish culture, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue06-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=study%20of%20growth%20rates%20in%20different%20feeding%20technologies%20of%20broiler%20chickens https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=study%20of%20growth%20rates%20in%20different%20feeding%20technologies%20of%20broiler%20chickens https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue06-01 volume 02 issue 06-2022 2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 06 pages: 1-4 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi over the past 20 years, the total number of poultry has increased 4.5 times, chickens 1.9 times, broilers 4.4 times, poultry 6.0 times and eggs 2.9 times. relevance and necessity of the topic. as a result of the influx of different breeds of birds into the country, it is necessary to identify and scientifically substantiate the phenotypic changes in the exterior and economic usefulness of birds as a result of their own and offspring breeding in different technologies, adaptation to the conditions of uzbekistan. the result of this scientific development is the detection of changes in the live weight and exterior of birds, which in the future will allow to carry out selection work on these indicators from the beginning of life of birds. the aim of the study: to determine the growth and development of broiler chickens raised in different categories of farms, as well as to increase the production of chicken products. objectives of the study  experiments determine the productivity and domestic conditions of meat chickens from 1 to 40 days on the basis of their useful economic characteristics, indices and coefficients.  in this case, broiler chickens are fed and stored in industrial and domestic conditions. in the experimental groups, phenotypic changes in the useful traits of chickens were detected from incubation to slaughter.  feeding of broiler chickens in different technologies, incubation differences by seasons are studied.  the experiment will study the growth and development of broiler chickens raised in industrial enterprises and households.  methods of storage and feeding conditions of chickens, their phenotypic changes under the influence of light and their effects on the external body structure and body base bones are determined. scientific novelty of the research:  productivity of broiler poultry focused on meat productivity in different feeding technologies, phenotypic indicators, constitutional types, external-internal indicators, meat qualities are determined;  different technologies determine the dependence of the external and productivity of poultry on different technologies, capture-natural conditions, types of production;  changes in meat productivity and product quality, exterior-interior, body composition of imported broiler chickens in uzbekistan are scientifically based and indicators of their interdependence are determined. research methods the accepted scientific researches use the generally accepted zootechnical, anatomical-morphological, veterinary clinical, statistical and comparative methods. research includes observations and measurements, biochemical analysis of poultry products by veterinary and sanitary methods.  productivity of birds and their offspring in different feeding and feeding technologies, phenotypic indicators, constitutional types, indicators of changes in external and internal indicators, egg and meat qualities are determined; the work being done: the special importance of bone diameter as a factor determining its strength in the early period of postembryonic development after the ovulation period is mainly due to the slow progress of the process of hard ossification of the soft diaphysis https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue06-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=study%20of%20growth%20rates%20in%20different%20feeding%20technologies%20of%20broiler%20chickens https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=study%20of%20growth%20rates%20in%20different%20feeding%20technologies%20of%20broiler%20chickens https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 06-2022 3 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 06 pages: 1-4 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi during this period. the tubular bones are still very soft, elastic, and plastic, especially at the junction of the pineal gland and diaphysis (bone growth). an increase in the diameter of a bone is almost a sufficient response to maintain its strength, a reaction that must be genetically inherited. therefore, the lack of differences in the growth rate of the live weight of the chick and the bone strength that supports it can lead to pathological changes such as bone fragility, leg flexion, flexion of the hip and lower leg bones. [9, 20,26]. as we can see from the above, in the last 40-30 years the conditions for feeding and keeping birds in an industrial way or in homes have improved. the application of genetic changes in the concentration and selection of these factors significantly altered the birds. as a result, their different genotypes began to form many phenotypes of birds as environmental characteristics changed. the diversity of technological methods alters the habitat of birds and serves as an important factor in their phenotypic formation. this, in turn, leads to different results and differences in the manifestation of their genetic productivity potential. in recent years, with the introduction of different breeds and technologies of poultry in uzbekistan for various reasons, in the hot conditions of the country in different farms and households there is a need to conduct research on the reproduction of poultry products by early selection of their phenotypes and high-yielding birds. broilers are groups industrial technology farming technology experiment 1 2022 experimental breed of chickens broiler hybrids broiler hybrids number of birds, pcs 50 50 nutrition * farm ration farm ration feeding period 6-7 weeks 6-7 weeks storage conditions industry apartment light condition ** based on technology at home + extra light for the night experiment 2 2022 -2023 experimental breed of chickens broiler hybrids mother hybrids of broiler + dakang roosters number of birds, pcs 50 50 nutrition * farm ration farm ration feeding period 6-7 weeks 6-7 weeks storage conditions industry apartment lighting condition ** based on technology at home + extra light for the night https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue06-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=study%20of%20growth%20rates%20in%20different%20feeding%20technologies%20of%20broiler%20chickens https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=study%20of%20growth%20rates%20in%20different%20feeding%20technologies%20of%20broiler%20chickens https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 06-2022 4 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 06 pages: 1-4 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi all experiments are based on the recommendations of “methods of conducting zootechnical experiments in animals and birds”. * feeding birds according to their age, live weight, products; **according to the season, from late autumn to early spring, it is illuminated on the basis of technology. the duration of the experiments is planned to be based on the technology of feeding broiler chickens. in addition, during the experiments, the cost of feed for each group is studied, and finally the economic indicators are analyzed separately. conclusion in short, depending on the appearance of broiler chickens, it is possible to know that it is meaty, healthy. the fact that he was blown up, his legs were covered with flesh, and his eyes were shining was also a sign of his health. therefore, it is necessary to know the signs of their phenotype. references 1. azimov s, ashurov z, ormonov a, ribina e. meat poultry, t.1974 y. –p. 85 2. alekseev f.f., asriyan m.a., belchenko n.b. etc. industrial poultry farming / comp. v.i.fisinin, g.a.tardatyan. m.: agropromizdat, 1991. – p. 544. 3. abdurazzaqov ya.m. and others. recommendations for raising chickens at home. t. 2019, -p. 30. 4. abdurazzaqov ya.m. and others. recommendations for raising chickens in the home garden. t. 2021, -p. 20. 5. d.k. yuldashev, r. ruziev, a.a. khaitov, a.a. rakhimov, t.a. sattarov, m.k. yuldashev, o.m. muhammadiev “feeding of birds in the conditions of households and farms and storage recommendations ”tashkent-2022. 6. kogan z.m. signs of the exterior and interior of chickens (genetics and economic importance) / z.m. kogan. novosibirsk: nauka, 1979. –p. 295. 7. kuziev i, khoshimov n, saidazimov t. “poultry is one of the seven treasures” (popular guide) tashkent 2012. –p. 128. 8. kuziev i, khoshimov n. “poultry a source of income” tashkent 2007. –p. 64 9. narmuxamedovx. and others. recommendations for raising broiler chickens. t. 2021, -p. 20. 10. ruziev r, raximov a, rakhmatullaev p, narmukhamedov x, xidirov k, komilov a. “methodical manual on poultry feeding” tashkent 2019 -p. 30 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue06-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=study%20of%20growth%20rates%20in%20different%20feeding%20technologies%20of%20broiler%20chickens https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=study%20of%20growth%20rates%20in%20different%20feeding%20technologies%20of%20broiler%20chickens https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 11-2022 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 11 pages: 01-06 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract soil properties can vary to some extent depending on the geomorphological conditions in which they are located. this is due to the diversity of parent rocks, layering and mechanical composition of the soil. the article presents and compares the properties of irrigated gray-meadow, meadow and marsh-meadow soils located on terraces i, ii, iii of the syrdarya river. based on the results obtained, recommendations are given for the rational placement of plants. keywords terrace, proluvial, alluvial, loess deposits, ground water level, soil salinity, mechanical composition, humus, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, dry residue, sulfate, chlorine. introduction scientists from different countries have published scientific data on changes in soil properties depending on the geomorphological position. however, the data obtained differ depending on the unique natural and climatic conditions of the regions. research article properties of soils located in different geomorphological conditions submission date: november 01, 2022, accepted date: november 10, 2022, published date: november 18, 2022 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue11-01 shakhobiddin m. turdimetov doctor of biological sciences, (dsc) head of soil science department at gulistan state university, uzbekistan mokhinur m. musurmanova phd student gulistan state university, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue11-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=properties%20of%20soils%20located%20in%20different%20geomorphological%20conditions https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue11-01 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue11-01 volume 02 issue 11-2022 2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 11 pages: 01-06 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi in the researches of y.wang, y.he, j.zhan, z.li [1], it was determined that the spatial structure of soil particles is different depending on the location of the terrace of the river bank. he compared the properties of soils distributed in the foothills, central alluvial plains, and eastern coastal plains. according to the geomorphological conditions of the soil distributed on the river bank, the mechanical composition of the soil determined the distribution of sand, sand, loam and clay particles. according to e.a.batrachenko [2], soil properties mainly depend on the parent rocks that form the soil. the strength of anthropogenic impact on soil properties also directly depends on the geomorphological conditions of the soil. the different topography of the kurs region has a direct impact on erosion processes. it is noted that the ecological conditions of soils located in different geomorphological conditions are also different. g.v.dobrovolsky, p.n.balabko, n.v.stasyuk, e.p.bykova [3] gave information about the specific characteristics and properties of alluvial soils. it has been proven that the soils of the river banks have high biogenicity and intensive soil formation processes. n.a.shaporina, a.v.chichulin [4] and m.v.konyushkova, b.d.abaturov [5] studied the effect of microrelief on the hydrothermal condition of the soil cover. it is noted that the hydrothermal conditions of the soils located below in terms of microrelief are rich in moisture and relatively cold.  s.s.gudimovich [6] expressed his opinion on the location, naming and description of river terraces. he gave a description of soil properties depending on the location of each terrace, analyzed the data of various scientists. the location schemes of the terraces and information on their description are presented. l.a.yablonsky [7] provided information on the history of studying the soils of river banks. as a result of the soil being constantly wet, the process of glaciation occurred. this was also shown in the morphological characteristics of soils. as a result of the gliding process, the structure of the soil is disturbed, and the number of useful microorganisms decreases. studies have been conducted on the different properties of the soils located in different parts of the mirzachol oasis and the changes in the soil as a result of human activities. it was noted that the properties of the soils in the old and newly developed parts of mirzachol differ from each other [8-13]. research methods. special experiments were conducted to study the properties of soils located on different terraces of the syrdarya river. for this, “key sites” were selected from the areas located on the i, ii and iii terraces of the river. when choosing these areas, they tried to be typical for this terrace. soil cuttings were placed on selected “key sites”. soil morphological features were studied and compared. soil samples were taken from soil sections and analyzed. soil granulometric composition, total humus, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, mobile phosphorus and potassium, water absorption were analyzed. results and discussions. in order to study the properties of soils located on different terraces of the syrdarya river, two massifs in gulistan district were selected: massifs named “boyovut” and “uch qahramon”. below is information about the description and mechanical composition, agrochemical parameters of the soils located on the river terrace of these massifs. it consists of newly irrigated marsh-meadow soils located on the upper terrace i of the syrdarya, https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue11-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=properties%20of%20soils%20located%20in%20different%20geomorphological%20conditions https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 11-2022 3 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 11 pages: 01-06 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi consisting of alluvial deposits of the 26th cross-section layer. the granulometric composition of the soil consists of medium sand (table 1). the granulometric composition of the soil is dominated by large dust particles typical of all gray soils. the thickness of the humus layer is 65 cm, the amount of humus in this layer is 1.30% in the 0-30 cm layer, 0.85% in the 30-50 cm layer, the amount of mobile phosphorus is 8.5 in the 0-30 cm layer, 7.0 in the 30-50 cm layer mg/kg, and exchangeable potassium is 80 and 120 mg/kg, respectively. the clayey layer is found at 100 cm. the level of ground waters is 125 cm. table 1 granulometric composition of the soil № cross section layer thickness, in cm fractions of mechanical composition , % 10,25 0,250,1 0,10,05 0,050,01 0,010,005 0,0050,001 ˂0,001 aggregate of physical clay , % it consists of layered alluvial deposits. freshly irrigated swamp-meadow soils located on the first terrace of the syrdarya 26 0-35 0,5 0,2 13,6 43,3 22,4 12,1 7,9 42,4 35-45 0,4 0,3 23 35,2 11,8 20,9 8,4 41,1 45-60 0,3 0,3 19 46,3 22,5 7,4 4,2 34,1 60-82 0,5 0,4 20,9 36,3 22,8 14,2 4,9 49 82-100 0,3 0,2 22,3 33,9 24,2 17,2 1,9 43 100-125 0,1 0,1 20,5 38,6 16,5 16,4 7,8 20 it consists of irrigated meadow soils, located on the ii above-ground terrace of the syr darya, consisting of layered alluvial deposits. 33 0-40 0,5 0,1 17,7 31,7 21,4 18,8 9,8 50 40-60 0,8 0,2 16,8 35,9 24,1 13,2 9 39,3 60-80 0,1 0,1 15,8 37,3 18,5 18,3 9,9 43,7 80-100 1,8 0,2 28,5 33 15,7 13,4 7,7 36,5 130-160 0,4 0,5 20,8 49,9 10,7 9,6 8,1 28,4 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue11-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=properties%20of%20soils%20located%20in%20different%20geomorphological%20conditions https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 11-2022 4 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 11 pages: 01-06 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the 33rd cross-section consists of irrigated meadow soils located on the ii-serum terrace of the syr darya, consisting of layered alluvial deposits. the mechanical composition of the soil consists of heavy and light sand. the thickness of the humus layer is 65 cm, the amount of humus in this layer is 1.37%. the clayey layer is found at 120 cm. the level of ground waters is 200 cm. cross-section 34 consists of irrigated gray-meadow soils located on the iii-overland terrace of the syr darya, consisting of alluvial-proluvial and loess deposits. table 2 nutrients in the soil it consists of irrigated gray-meadow soils located on the iii-overland terrace of the syrdarya, consisting of alluvial-proluvial and loess deposits. 34 0-35 0,8 0,1 18,3 40,1 18,3 11,8 10,6 40,70, 35-50 1,6 0,1 14,7 38,0 15,6 19,6 10,4 45,6 50-75 0,3 0,3 12,6 38,9 16,4 18,0 13,5 47,90 75-100 15,9 0,6 16,4 41,1 9,7 9,8 6,5 26,00 140-200 0,7 0,2 20,9 36,0 28,3 8,4 3,5 40,20 № depth, cm n gross, % active, mg/kg p2o5 k2o p2o5 k2o 26 0-30 0,168 0,153 1,250 8,5 80,0 30-50 0,100 0,127 1,18 7,0 120,0 33 0-30 0,114 0,130 1,280 12,2 100,0 30-50 0,148 0,119 1,56 8,0 60,0 34 0-30 0,134 0,150 1,360 15,2 220,0 30-50 0,114 0,144 1,280 8,5 50,0 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue11-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=properties%20of%20soils%20located%20in%20different%20geomorphological%20conditions https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 11-2022 5 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 11 pages: 01-06 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the mechanical composition of the soil consists of medium and light sand. the thickness of the humus layer is 60 cm, the amount of humus in this layer is 1.40%, the amount of mobile phosphorus is 15.2 mg/kg in the 0-30 cm layer, and 8.5 mg/kg in the 30-50 cm layer, and exchangeable potassium is 220 in the 0-30 cm layer. in the 30-50 cm layer, it is 50 mg/kg. the density is average. there is no clay layer. the level of ground waters is 255 cm. if one pays attention to the sections located on different terraces of the syrdarya, first of all, one can see the difference in the depth of seepage waters in them. in the cross-section located on the i-terrace of the syr darya, the level of seepage water is higher, while in the cross-section located on the iii-upper terrace, it is about 2.5 meters. correspondingly, the depth of meeting the gley layer also differs. also, soil agrochemical properties have different indicators in three sections. the amount of total nitrogen in section 26 is relatively higher than other sections. this is related to the humus and nitrogen content of grassland soils. the amount of total phosphorus and potassium was distributed almost uniformly in all three soil sections. but the indicators of the 3 sections differ from each other in terms of the amount of mobile phosphorus. it is 7-8.5 mg/kg in cut 26, which is very low. this is related to the process of soil grazing. the soil located on the second and third terraces has a relatively higher index in the sections. the amount of mobile phosphorus is low in grassy soils due to the fact that the binding force of phosphorus is intensive. conclusions the experiment found that the properties of soils located in the same area, but located on different river terraces, are also different. these differences are primarily manifested in the morphological features of the soil. meadow soils are relatively darker in color because they are richer in humus than other soils. due to constant moisture, gleying is observed, as a result of which a bluish gley layer forms on the soil profile. in addition, differences in the mechanical composition of the soil, salinity and agrochemical parameters can be observed. given the above, it is recommended to plant moisture-loving plants on the soil of the i-terrace of the river. references 1. y.wang, y.he, j.zhan, z.li.dentification of soil particle size distribution in different sedimentary environments at river basin scale by fractal dimension scientific reports. (2022) 12:10960 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-02215141-6. 2. e.a. batrachenko. investigation of the soil cover ecological state under the different geomorphological elements conditions. iop conf. series: earth and environmental science 677 (2021) 042081. doi:10.1088/17551315/677/4/042081. 3. dobrovolsky g.v., balabko p.n., stasyuk n.v., bykova e.p. alluvial soils of river floodplains and deltas and their zonal differences. j. arid ecosystems, 2011, volume 17, no. 3 (48), p. 5-13. 4. n. a. shaporina, a. v. chichulin, influence of the microrelief on the formation of the hydrothermal field of the soil cover of the watersheds under the ob plateau under irrigated conditions, international journal of applied and fundamental research no. 9, 2017, pp. 130-134. 5. konyushkova m.v., abaturov b.d. features of the microrelief and properties of soils of the solonetzic complex at the late stages of https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue11-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=properties%20of%20soils%20located%20in%20different%20geomorphological%20conditions https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 11-2022 6 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 11 pages: 01-06 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi development in the caspian lowland. bulletin of the soil institute. v.v. dokuchaev. 2016. issue. 83. p. 53-60. 6. gudimovich s.s. river terraces (some remarks on morphology, genesis and classification). bulletin of the tomsk polytechnic university. 2005. v. 308. no. 5. 7. yablonskikh l.a. bulletin of the voronezh state university. series: geography. geoecology. 2001. no. 1. pp. 25-31. 8. turdimetovsh.m., rakhimovz.influence of leguminous and fodder crops on soil agrophysical properties and crop yields. annals ofplant sciences. volume 11, issue 01 (2022) pp. 4705-4711. 9. turdimetov sh.m. changes in the land reclamation status of the mirzachol oasis. “newsletter of khorezm mamun academy”. 2020. no. 11. p. 264-266. 10. turdimetovsh.m. changes in the duration of irrigation of mirzachul oasis soils // «bulletin of gulistan state university». 2022, №.1. pp. 3947. 11. turdimetov, s., abdurakhmonov, i., botirova, l., zikirov, i., & ashiralieva, s. (2021). soil quality assessment principles for vegetable crops. annals of the romanian society for cell biology, 25(6), 9944-9952. 12. turdimetov, s. m., sunnatova, d. (2017). how plant peas affect soil’s agrochemical properties. in современное экологическое состояние природной среды и научно-практические аспекты рационального природопользования (pp. 779-781). 13. turdimetov, s. m., mirsharipova, g. k., botirova, l. a., abdujalilova, a. x., & mustafakulov, d. m. (2020). impact of legume crops on the agrochemical and agrophysical properties of soil in mirzachol conditions. journal of critical reviews, 7(17), 2220-2234. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue11-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=properties%20of%20soils%20located%20in%20different%20geomorphological%20conditions https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 03 issue 04-2023 11 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 11-16 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the article examines the widespread support of terms such as "pedagogical technology", "educational technology" and "teaching" in the pedagogical science and practice of providing an integrative system of biology and genetics in higher education institutions. at the same time, there are different types of reading among them. first of all, in order to give a clear expression, what unites them, what they produce, "technology" and the processes of its origin: "technological process", "technological movement", "technological process", "technological movement", "technological order" improving processes. keywords pedagogue, biology, genetics, reforms, standard, technology, priority, education, heredity, experiment, ecological, method, educology introduction modern information technologies and software tools are introduced into the educational process as part of the systematic reforms carried out in our country to develop the base of electronic educational and methodical resources of educational institutions based on comprehensive innovative approaches, to strengthen the material and technical base, and to fundamentally update the teacher training system. the level of achievement and support has increased. the created conditions create the need to ensure the quality of education by improving the technologies of effective use of interactive software tools in biology research article integrative common factors of biology and genetics in higher education institutions submission date: april 01, 2023, accepted date: april 05, 2023, published date: april 10, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue04-03 yakubjonova nodirakhan avazkhan qizi assistant of tashkent state agrarian university, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue04-03 volume 03 issue 04-2023 12 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 11-16 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi education and to prepare students for professional activities based on a competency approach. in the hapakatlap strategy for the further development of the republic of uzbekistan, "improving the quality and efficiency of higher education institutions based on the introduction of international standards for evaluating the quality of education and training" is defined as a priority task, and in this regard, the future biology in the teacher training system, the technology of organizing the educational process based on interactive software tools, methodical support, the system of competences related to activity, and the improvement of cyclical diagnostic mechanisms are of great importance. it is created by the events of the social world and its characteristics are manifested in the form of crises (including systemic), disasters, revolutions and even explosions according to the researches of v.p. kaznacheyev[1], n.n.moiseyev, n.f.reimers, a.i.subetto and others[2]. we emphasize that the stable crisis periodicity of development is characteristic not only of the subsystems of the mentioned global system, but also of this system itself, which does not collapse when it is adaptive to its own subsystems and supersystems. crises, as temporary, unstable, intensified, severe states, are caused by the transition of a specific system from one stable periodic state to another stable periodic state and depend on different scales and the nature of the system in question. causes problems of various nature [3]. if the pre-crisis state of the system or the crisis itself or a problem corresponding to it falls into the sphere of attention of a person and affects his needs, opportunities, interests and values, then, as a rule, a person is aware of the development of events. tries to find a solution to the problem by intervening or even referring to historical, everyday, personal, social, scientific experience, knowledge, memory, practice. in such cases, he actualizes the problem through his intervention. it is from this point of view that we now consider the crises that directly determine the problem of incompatibility of modern biological and genetic scientific knowledge of students of higher education institutions with the formation of rational responsible attitudes towards mass nature, group, society and themselves. although biology, as a phenomenon reflected in the education of pedagogic higher education institutions, plays a necessary role in the formation of rational relations of a person to nature, society and himself, it, this phenomenon, creates the following urgent issues and often divides ecology or health 'lom is still unjustifiably replaced by lifestyle courses: the lack of a comparative analysis of its effectiveness, which corresponds in a certain sense to the "biologygenetics" course; 1) the biological culture of higher education students is connected only with the study of the stability of systems, and their instability and crisis are neglected, although crises in the child's development (more precisely, overcoming them appropriately) are considered an important factor of development. 2) the biological culture of higher education students is connected only with the study of the stability of systems, and their instability and crisis are neglected, although crises in the child's development (more precisely, overcoming them appropriately) are volume 03 issue 04-2023 13 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 11-16 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi considered an important factor of development . 3) the biological culture of higher education students is connected only with the study of the stability of systems, and their instability and crisis are neglected, although crises in the child's development (more precisely, overcoming them appropriately) are considered an important factor of development . 4) the biological culture of higher education students is connected only with the study of the stability of systems, and their instability and crisis are neglected, although crises in the child's development (more precisely, overcoming them appropriately) are considered an important factor of development . 5) in connection with personal and social awareness and acceptance of biologically problematic phenomena (against the background of achieving the well-being of the present and future generations, as well as [135, 136] of the biosphere), the relevance of the above-mentioned problems is forming. in such conditions, the daily, educational, scientific and activity manifestations of man and society may not be appropriate and should not be. 6) that is why, on the one hand, human and human activities should not be the cause (or one of the causes) of the problematic crisis of biological phenomena on a local, or even global scale, and on the other hand, the society must respond to crisis natural phenomena by their (power, scope) and time) of forecasting, preparedness for them, reduction of negative manifestations of such crises (on the way to elimination), human casualties and material damage, as well as elimination of systemic negative consequences, possible and powerful benevolence and support must be directed to the mystery. 7) therefore, a system of preparing a person, society and humanity for conscious and rational participation in biological processes of various types, scales and levels (including crisis ones) must exist and develop. the technological system of general education depends on the development process of the human race. biological education corresponds to the historical development of each country. a knowledgeable teacher guides the youth with his impressive words. because young people are very impressionable. today's students immediately pick up on what is being said. he immediately remembers the principles that are especially bad. today's youth are not children of the 20th century. the psychology of students and youth in this field cannot be compared with the youth of the 20th century. the youth of this time are very educated. as the consciousness of humanity increases, it is felt that educating them is not an easy task. as for the historical mission of education, it is to provide a scientific understanding of the general development of young people. to prove in theory and practice that it is possible to acquire a biological specialty. human beings have their own biological dimensions. education is given in this regard. there is no need to teach heavy scientific material that is not suitable for your abilities. in any case, the human race is in close contact with the biosphere and cannot live without it. the surrounding natural environment develops without people. mankind's dominance over the biosphere began to be felt later. because there are drastic changes in the components of the biosphere, land, water, plants, and animals. it is not correct to say that there is a limiting factor if there is a little something. if their number is large, they can become a volume 03 issue 04-2023 14 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 11-16 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi limiting factor. for example: plants grow poorly even if there is plenty of sunlight, heat and water, so it becomes a limiting factor [4]. everything in the world changes and not forever. these changes have periods of evolution and crisis. [5] on the basis of the above, the factors of development of biological genetic knowledge of students of higher education institutions were determined. 1 appropriate and appropriate changes in the field of pedagogy and education are of great importance for the rational development of society and the individual, and therefore are socially and personally provided, have proven, objective foundations and, of course, historical experience,[183] folk traditions and should be based on deep scientific research. what happened in this regard in the second half of the 20th century? • material and ideal worlds for humanity every 5 years • the amount of assimilated information about • a complex problem arises and develops, such as the almost continuous and appropriate introduction to the content, technological support and methodology of pedagogy. • comparative pedagogy, educology, ontodidactics, theories of curriculum and facilitation, dialogue of cultures, problem-based education, etc.) are formed. • no matter what the new scientific steps aimed at radically renewing education are, their implementation is related to the proactive and adequate preparation of pedagogues, not only new educational theories aimed at studying certain educational phenomena, rather, new complex pedagogical methodologies have appeared, which provide a difficult way to solve the educational problem and are based on evidence in the form of a certain conceptual educational system and ensure the achievement of sufficient results . • subject-subject educational relations have been traditional since the time of y. a. comensky and his associates, but since the 20th century, biological education and others are being clarified and fundamentally updated • such a large number of pedagogical innovations could be accepted calmly: • worked effectively for decades and even centuries; in addition, one should not forget about the scientific principle of complementarity in n. bohr's scientific views [40]; • when they do not increase the educational load of students in applications to pedagogical (educational) processes; finally, the mentioned news should be understood and accepted by practical teachers; for example, in order to exclude the situations that occurred with the introduction of the competence-based approach, developmental education, thus, the second rule of thumb takes a definite form. a large number of created educational theories and proposed modernized educational options do not guarantee an absolute increase in the quality of education. the highest form of education is the health of the subjects of education and it must be so.pedagogical technologies, finally, the unified state exam and others into education [116]. references 1. raxmatov u.e. biologiya fani o‘qituvchilarining kasbiy kompetentligini takomillashtirishning ayrim jihatlari. uzluksiz ta’lim. ilmiy-uslubiy jurnal. -2018. -№ 5-son. в. 102. volume 03 issue 04-2023 15 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 11-16 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 2. 75. щукина г.и. активизация познавательной деятельности учащих¬ся в учебном процессе. – м: просвещение, 2001. – 146 с. 86. эльконин д.б. психологическое развитие в детских возрастах: избр. психол. труды. – издат. центр академия, 2003. – 414 с. 3. алипханова ф.н. формирование компетентности будущего педагога // научное обозрение ежеквартальный сборник статей. – № 46. – махачкала, 2009. – с. 165. 4. хуторской, а. в. ключевые компетенции как компонент личностно ориентированной парадигмы образования / а. в. хуторской // народное образование. -№ 5. -2003. -с. 5-62. 5. иванов п.и., зуфарова м.э. умумий психология. – т.: “ўзбекистон файласуфлари миллий жамияти” нашриёти, 2008. – 480 б. 6. толипова ж.о. биология ўқитувчисининг илмий-методик тайёргарлиги даражасини орттириш назарияси ва амалиёти. монография -т.: 2005. −114 б. 7. mavlonov o. biologiya (zoologiya): umumiy o‘rta ta’lim maktablarining 7-sinfi uchun darslik. -t., 2017. -208 b. 8. нография. –т.: фан, 2007. – 144 б.barotova, a., xurramov, a., raxmatullayev, s., & ismoilova, a. (2023). evaluation of fiber quality indexes in different varieties of cotton plants. journal of agriculture & horticulture,3(2), 41-46. 9. azizov, b. m., jumashev, m. m., yakubjonova, n. a., & khayrullayev, s. (2021). effect of sowing rate on the quality of seeds of winter wheat. theoretical & applied science учредители: теоретическая и прикладная наука, (9), 755-760. 10. azizov, m. b., aberkulov, m. n., yakubjonova, n. a., & khayrullayev, s. s. (2021). efficiency of mixed sowing of maize with forage beet in irrigated meadow sierozem soils of uzbekistan.academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal,11(8), 316320. 11. kholmurodova, g., barotova, a., namazov, s., yuldasheva, r., & jumashev, m. creation of selected items with high fiber yield and length based on cotton composite hybrids. in e3s web of conferences (vol. 371, p. 01039). edp sciences. 12. barotova a. et al. evaluation of fiber quality indexes in different varieties of cotton plants //journal of agriculture & horticulture. – 2023. – т. 3. – №. 2. – с. 41-46. 13. quvondiqovich, m. b., ruzievna, k. g., abduganievich, e. j., turdikulovich, j. s., razzakovna, b. a., & erkinovna, s. g. (2020). performance of fiber output and fiber length in inter variety hybrid families of middle fiber cotton. european journal of molecular & clinical medicine, 7(03), 2020. 14. jo'rayev, s. t., ashurov, m., narmatova, g., toreev, f., akhmedov, d., mavlonova, n., ... & baratova, a. (2022). cotton breeding and seed production. lesson press, 1(1), 224. 15. barotova, a., xurramov, a., raxmatullayev, s., & ismoilova, a. (2023). evaluation of fiber quality indexes in different varieties of cotton plants. journal of agriculture & horticulture,3(2), 41-46. 16. ergashev, j., kholmurodova, g., egamberdiev, r., & barotova, a. (2023, february). fiber consumption and quality indicators of varieties of g. hirsutum l. type and interspecific hybrid combinations. in xv international scientific conference “interagromash 2022” glo.bal precision ag volume 03 issue 04-2023 16 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 11-16 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi innovation 2022, volume 2 (pp. 2187-2192). cham: springer international publishing. 17. razzokovna, b. a. (2022). g ‘o ‘za oilalarida seleksiyasida qimmatli xo ‘jalik belgi ko ‘rsatkichlarining o ‘zgaruvchanligi va shakllanishi. journal of innovations in scientific and educational research, 2(13), 479-481. 18. barotova a., raxmatullayev s., ismoilova a. defining the seed fiber residue and weight of 1000 seeds in cotton varieties //journal of agriculture & horticulture. – 2023. – т. 3. – №. 2. – с. 22-25. volume 02 issue 10-2022 32 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 32-40 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract at present, the influence modern surveying instruments has increased significantly. modern surveying tools make the process easier and saves time. the development of territorial production complexes, exploration and development of mineral deposits, design, construction, reconstruction of industrial, agricultural and energy facilities, land reclamation, land management, modern geodetic equipment must be used for urban and agricultural and other tasks. keywords geodesy, gps ( gnss )-technologies, field controller, uavs, electronic tacheometer, electronic theodolite, electronic levels, laser scanner. introduction in our time, a large number of geodetic instruments and new technologies in geodesy have been created that are fundamentally different from traditional ones. in previous years, each type of measurement had its own type of instrument: a theodolite for angular measurements, a level for height measurements, and a research article improving the use of modern surveying instruments submission date: october 01, 2022, accepted date: october 05, 2022, published date: october 13, 2022 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-07 i.l. akramov head of the department “geodesy and topography” ssdi “uzdaverloyiha”, uzbekistan n. m. khozhimurodov specialist of the department “geodesy and topography” ssdi “uzdaverloyiha”, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-06 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=improving%20the%20use%20of%20modern%20surveying%20instruments https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-07 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-07 volume 02 issue 10-2022 33 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 32-40 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi tape measure and range finder for linear measurements. each device, depending on the intended use, had its own accuracy characteristics. the presence of professional equipment allows you to make the most accurate calculations in the shortest possible time. in the last decade, the pace of modernization of instruments used in geodetic calculations has increased significantly, completely new technologies have been developed, modern geodetic instruments can be divided into several particularly significant groups: 1. gps ( gnss ) technologies 2. field controller 3. drones 4. electronic total station 5. electronic theodolite 6. electronic levels 7. laser scanner gps (global position system) is a satellite radio navigation system or, as it is also called, a global positioning system. geodetic gps receivers are specially designed to accurately determine the coordinates of point objects. gps receivers can be of the following modifications: single-frequency, dualfrequency and multi-frequency. currently there are several gnss: ➢ gps ( global position system ) a system administered by the us government: ➢ glonass (global navigation satellite system), russian satellite system: ➢ galileo , europe's satellite system: ➢ compass. chinese satellite navigation system. the advantage of gnss is the ability to determine the coordinates of points in the desired coordinate system at large distances, and as a result, labor costs are significantly reduced. new geodetic technologies include methods for determining the coordinates of points (positioning) from signals from special earth satellites . moving in certain orbits. figure 1 gps technology https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-06 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=improving%20the%20use%20of%20modern%20surveying%20instruments https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 10-2022 34 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 32-40 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the main advantage of such equipment is the mobility of transportation, since the gps (global position system) has a relatively small weight and dimensions. field controller application in geodesy received relatively recently. although in the field of electronics and computing devices, this is a fairly common device with which various equipment is controlled. combining many functions and modules (sound recording, voice communication, camera, wi-fi , bluetooth, touch screen, etc.), this tool facilitates the implementation of geodetic surveys and increases its accuracy and efficiency, in essence being a portable computer with rich range of possibilities. the most important argument in favor of using controllers was the elimination of errors and errors that appeared due to the human factor, and the acceleration of calculations. although the use of this equipment violates the principle that is mandatory for geodetic justification of topographic surveys: rechecking the data obtained by a second specialist with repeated measurements if necessary. the ability to connect the controller to various measuring instruments (gnss receivers, laser scanners, tacheometers, etc.) and the accuracy of calculations allow you to get the most reliable research results in the shortest possible time. • convenient, intuitive interface. • the ability to connect input and output devices without changing their software. • large amount of memory for data storage and the possibility of increasing it. • a large number of modules. • multimedia options. • durability and protection against possible damage when working in the field: resistance to temperature changes, moisture ingress to the case. when surveying terrain with a field controller, two types of instruments can be used: 1. removable control panel connected to total station type devices 2. autonomous control unit working in geodesy with gps equipment. figure -2 field controller https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-06 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=improving%20the%20use%20of%20modern%20surveying%20instruments https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 10-2022 35 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 32-40 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi unmanned aerial vehicle – one of the most common tasks performed in geodesy is surveying and drawing up a detailed plan of the area. with the help of unmanned aerial vehicles, which appeared in service with specialists only at the beginning of the 21st century, this has become much easier. most field surveys today are carried out by teams of surveyor engineers. in small areas, they provide high measurement accuracy and low cost of maps and plans. in vast areas with difficult terrain, work with "legs" becomes unprofitable due to significant labor, time and financial costs. if, however, such a modern tool as an unmanned aerial vehicle (quadcopter) is used for geodetic surveying of the terrain , then the work can be done much faster, cheaper and more conveniently. this statement is also true regarding the use of drones for dozens of other, very different tasks that require high-quality visual information from the air for their solution. figure -3 quadrocopter this is the widest area of civil application of quadrocopters, which includes many areas: • design and survey work for the construction and reconstruction of roads, buildings and structures; • land surveying, inventory and cadastral valuation of land plots; • monitoring the state of engineering communications, power lines, pipelines; • assessment of the efficiency of land use; • designing the development of urban and rural areas with the definition of zones for the placement of various objects; • preparation of orthophotomaps for the needs of farmers and agricultural enterprises; due to relative affordability and quick payback, today, almost everywhere, drones are used for geodetic survey of vast and hard-to-reach areas of the earth's surface in order to create maps and plans for various purposes. electronic total station the emergence of electronic total stations can be considered a natural development https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-06 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=improving%20the%20use%20of%20modern%20surveying%20instruments https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 10-2022 36 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 32-40 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi of geodetic technology, a general development of related instrumentation and electronics. an electronic total station made it possible to obtain coordinates at any point of an object within a short period of time without any additional or preliminary construction of the territory. the accuracy of catch measurement in a modern electronic tacheometer reaches half a second of arc a professional digital surveyor's instrument designed for accurate measurements in the field, elevations, horizontal distances and increments of rectangular coordinates. it combines a light range finder and a theodolite. the device is capable of performing engineering calculations and storing the information received. total stations perform a wide range of geodetic tasks: 1. conducting cadastral and land management works; 2. building maps and plans; 3. conducting observations of the deformation of structures; 4. maintenance of reconstruction and construction. figure -3 total station the most functional type of geodetic equipment, which includes a huge number of technological options, is an electronic total station, and the price of the total station depends on the number of these options and additional functions. such a geodetic instrument is capable of not only measuring distances and angles, but also processing data directly in the process of field work. in addition, it can be used to solve many applied geodetic problems. the electronic total station, which is known as the most "intelligent" geodetic equipment, has an internal memory where all the data obtained as a result of measurements can be stored. distances are measured by the device based on the time it takes for a light beam from a geodetic instrument to reach the reflector and back. the possible measured range depends on the technical features of the device. so, devices with a reflective rangefinder with one installed prism can measure distances up to 5 km, with a few further. reflectorless rangefinders operate in a range of up to 1.5 km. in addition, this characteristic of a geodetic instrument is affected by the influence of external environmental factors: humidity, temperature, pressure, etc. the highest measurement accuracy will be achieved in calm cloudy weather, in a place protected from vibration of operating mechanisms. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-06 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=improving%20the%20use%20of%20modern%20surveying%20instruments https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 10-2022 37 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 32-40 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the instrument's processor has a memory that can store a catalog of coordinates. the presence of the necessary coordinates allows you to get a resection or position yourself on any of the known points in the area, simply by selecting the desired point from the catalog. in addition, such geodetic instruments make it possible to carry out stakeout, shoot in coordinates and solve many geodetic problems. electronic theodolite being highly accurate and very easy to use devices, electronic geodetic theodolites are gaining more and more popularity. these instruments are equipped with electronic sensors for taking measurement readings and then displaying their results on a display for the user. easy-to-use electronic theodolites have become indispensable at the construction site during the construction of infrastructure facilities of any degree of complexity and in the performance of various works: • fully automate the process of goniometric measurements; • geodetic and engineering surveys for the construction of topographic plans and maps; • construction of a network of geodetic points on the ground during general construction works; • successfully used in military affairs. • figure -4 electronic theodolite the main working measure within the framework of the theodolite design is horizontal and vertical limbs equipped with minute and degree divisions. when participating in measurement work, theodolite aiming can be used at points with known static coordinates; in geodetic measurements, the device can be used in combination with a grid of threads. so, the electronic theodolite and its more advanced version of the total station represent the evolution of the device mechanics towards changing the used calculation system, providing increased accuracy and stabilizing the operating conditions of the device with modern technological additions. in this case, the electronic theodolite is created on the principle of ensuring ease of operation. the most important difference between electronic theodolites and optical devices is the use of a binary digital measuring system with full rotary angle sensors. its essence lies in the marking of a https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-06 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=improving%20the%20use%20of%20modern%20surveying%20instruments https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 10-2022 38 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 32-40 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi photoelectric disk with an algorithm of black and white code marks, when illuminated , it turns out 1 or 0. this value is subsequently analyzed and processed in the processor. the captured information is recorded in an integrated storage element or transferred to external media or a pc. the main components of electrotheodolites are: 1. laser or optical plummet; 2. stand with tribrach ; 3. graphical lcd screen with control panel for the most important actions; 4. visual optical tube with a network of threads for high-quality positioning on the object; 5. screws for fixing, adjusting and aiming; 6. high-strength case with a reference system placed in it. modern models, as a rule, are equipped with vertical compensators, which greatly simplifies the work with the device. electronic levels are modern multifunctional geodetic instruments that combine the functions of a highprecision optical level, an electronic storage device and built-in software for processing the measurements. the main distinguishing feature of electronic levels is a built-in electronic device for taking readings on a special rail with high accuracy. the use of electronic levels allows you to eliminate the personal errors of the performer and speed up the measurement process. it is enough to point the device at the rail, focus the image and press the button. the device will take a measurement, display the obtained value and the distance to the staff on the screen. digital technologies make it possible to significantly expand the capabilities of levels and their areas of application. experience shows that with a digital level, a 50% time saving is achieved compared to a conventional level. the main reasons are the fast data acquisition and the saving of measurements in the instrument's internal memory. figure -5 electronic levels https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-06 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=improving%20the%20use%20of%20modern%20surveying%20instruments https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 10-2022 39 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 32-40 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi electronic levels have the following main positive features: • full automation, thanks to which the measurement results are immediately displayed on the instrument screen. • shock and moisture protection. thanks to this feature, the device can be used in any conditions. • built-in memory. the ability to write information to the device. • transferring data to a computer. with a slot for a memory card, you can transfer information from the device to a computer in order to analyze the results in more comfortable conditions. • ease of use. working with the device does not require special skills, everything is clear on an intuitive level. all these features of the equipment allow you to perform many tasks much faster and more conveniently. over time, these tools become even more advanced as they add new features that allow you to perform measurements even faster and more accurately. such devices are indispensable in many areas. the laser scanner is a completely new geodetic equipment. if we consider the technical side of laser scanners, we can say that a laser scanner is a device equipped with a high-speed nonreflective laser rangefinder and a system for changing the direction of the laser beam a special rotary mirror. by setting the scanning area the sector of rotation of the mirror, in which the laser beam of the range finder will propagate at a high speed up to 50,000 points per minute, you can get a continuous survey of the object of interest. figure 6 laser scanner advantages of terrestrial laser scanning: • a three-dimensional model of the object is obtained instantly; • measurement accuracy is very high, section drawings and other drawings; data collection is very https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-06 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=improving%20the%20use%20of%20modern%20surveying%20instruments https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 10-2022 40 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 32-40 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi fast a significant time saving when working in the field; • defects and shortcomings are easily detected it is enough just to compare the resulting design with the design 3-dimensional model; • safety of shooting dangerous and hard-toreach objects; • topographic plans are obtained using virtual survey; • calculation of the magnitude of deformations by comparison with previously obtained survey results. thus, one can see how much the technologies used in the geodetic support of construction have been improved. modern geodetic equipment and tools allow us to complete the most complex projects in the shortest possible time, ensuring the accuracy of all calculations and increasing labor productivity. references 1. alkachev t.e., shishov n.a., pastukhov m.a. history and ways of development of electronic geodetic instruments // nauka. technique. technologies (polytechnic bulletin). krasnodar: publishing house south. 2013. no 3. s. 37-39. 2. atroshko e.k., ivanova m.m., marendich v.b. course of engineering geodesy. (part first ) . gomel: belgut , 2010. 140 p. 3. gichko k.a., bgane r.a., shevchenko g.g. problems that arise when performing theodolite survey // earth sciences at the present stage. – m.: sputnik+, 2012. – s. 106– 108. 4. gladyshev, s.v. study of theodolite: teaching aid for students /s. v. gladyshev, v. s. ermakov. leningrad: lpi, 1988.12s. eight. 5. modern geodetic instruments and technologies [electronic resource] access mode http://lgeos.sibstrin.ru/lesles14/index.html 6. modern geodetic instruments and topographic survey [electronic resource] access mode https://studfiles.net/preview/5354751/page:15/ #20 7. levchuk, g. p. applied geodesy: basic methods and principles of engineering and geodetic works: textbook for universities / g. p. levchuk, v. e. novak, v. g. konusov.-moscow: nedra, 1981.-438 p. . 8. source: https://geostart.ru/post/986 9. source: https://www.geospektr.ru/taheometry/ 10. source: http://echome.ru/elektronnyjteodolit.html https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-06 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=improving%20the%20use%20of%20modern%20surveying%20instruments https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 11-2022 7 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 11 pages: 07-16 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract at present, research and development activities aimed at developing new scientific and technical solutions for the effective use of land resources, the organization of optimal use of agricultural land in areas affected by erosion and at risk of erosion in land development projects are being carried out. in this direction, among other things, reducing the harmful effects of the environment in areas with the risk of water and wind erosion, improving the methods of effective use of each plot of land, taking into account the natural and economic conditions and the requirements for the protection of land from erosion, geosystem complexes that allow to prevent erosion in land formation. development, efficient use of land, protection of soils from erosion, creation of technologies that allow to increase the productivity of land is considered urgent. in this regard, special attention is paid to studies aimed at improving the efficiency of work in determining the composition of land types attached to land users and methods aimed at their optimization. based on this, the main task of today's region is the wide use of modern economical technologies and the possibilities of their application to production, analysis of problem solving, and elimination of excess costs. keywords effective use of land resources, environment, wind speed, salinity level, technology. introduction organization of effective land use in globally eroded areas requires implementation of new methods of land development projects. in this regard, in developed foreign countries, special attention is paid to the research article importance of erosion in influencing soil fertility in crop irrigation submission date: november 05, 2022, accepted date: november 15, 2022, published date: november 25, 2022 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue11-02 khujakeldiev komil nosirovich (phd) associate professor doctor of philosophy of technical sciences, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue11-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=importance%20of%20erosion%20in%20influencing%20soil%20fertility%20in%20crop%20irrigation https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue11-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue11-02 volume 02 issue 11-2022 8 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 11 pages: 07-16 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi implementation of land preparation works, taking into account the methods of effective use of land resources and protection of eroded lands. in this regard, effective use of land resources, introduction of advanced modern methods of designing irrigation plots in eroded lands is considered important. effective use of existing land resources, development of new scientific and technical solutions for organizing optimal use of agricultural land in areas subject to erosion and at risk of erosion in land development projects are being carried out. in this direction, among other things, reducing the harmful effects of the environment in areas with the risk of water and wind erosion, improving the methods of effective use of each plot of land, taking into account the natural and economic conditions and the requirements for the protection of land from erosion, geosystem complexes that allow to prevent erosion in land formation. development, efficient use of land, protection of soils from erosion, creation of technologies that allow to increase the productivity of land is considered urgent. in this regard, special attention is paid to studies aimed at improving the efficiency of work in determining the composition of land types attached to land users and methods aimed at their optimization. in our republic, comprehensive measures are being taken to improve land preparation works in the areas affected by erosion, and certain results are being achieved. in the strategy of actions for the further development of the republic of uzbekistan in 20172021, including "...modernization and rapid development of agriculture, consistent development of agricultural production, further strengthening of food safety, expansion of production of environmentally friendly products, agricultural sector important tasks for significantly increasing the export potential... in the implementation of these tasks, it is important to carry out scientific research on improving the methods of preventing the development of erosion processes in agricultural lands by introducing intensive methods, first of all, modern agrotechnologies that save water resources into the field of agricultural production. the main task of the land development project is to organize the territory of agricultural enterprises against erosion. as a result of it, an organizational-territorial basis is created for the implementation of soil protection. in the project, taking into account the flow lines and the directions of harmful winds, it is intended to place forest strips, soil protection measures. table 1 the distance between the strips of surrounding trees according to the wind speed and the mechanical composition of the soil, m (data from q. mirzajonov) wind speed according to the mechanical composition of the soil number of rows sand and sand light to medium tone heavy clay, mud weak (< 5м/с) 450-500 450-500 450-500 2 average (5-15 м/с) 200 250-300 350-400 3 strong (> 15 м/с) 100-150 200 250-300 4 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue11-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=importance%20of%20erosion%20in%20influencing%20soil%20fertility%20in%20crop%20irrigation https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 11-2022 9 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 11 pages: 07-16 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi ihota trees are selected depending on the degree of salinity and waterlogging of the soil. white acacia, juniper, alder, mulberry, and willow, poplar, oak, and maple trees can be planted on saline lands, and on lands prone to swamps, ihota forests mature in 8-10 years and protect the soil and crops from the wind. agro-ameliorative measures are used to protect soil and crops from wind damage before the trees mature, and thereafter to increase soil fertility and make efficient use of eroded land (table 1). protecting hedge trees not only protect crops from wind, but also have a positive effect on air temperature and air humidity in the protected area. as a result of the positive effect of protective hedge trees on air temperature and air humidity, a favorable microclimate is created, which also has a positive effect on crop productivity. a land development project has been developed to improve the methods of land development projects in areas affected by erosion and at risk of erosion. the issues of placement of land types and crop rotation arrays, taking into account the level of erosion risk of the area, and the use of water-saving technologies in the design of irrigation plots are based. determining types of agricultural land and organizing crop rotation is one of the main parts of the project of land formation on the farm, which is inextricably linked with the organization of production in the agricultural enterprise. the main task of determining the composition of land types and organizing crop rotation in the farm is to adapt land areas for the production of the maximum amount of high-quality products required by the market with the minimum necessary costs from each hectare of land used and create favorable regional conditions for production. the project of land formation in areas with erosion risk in kashkadarya region was created for u. yusupov massive farms in nishon district based on the methodologywe recommend (table 2). in 2021, 50 farms, including 40 cotton-grain farms, 2 grain-vegetable farms, 3 horticulture farms, and 5 livestock farms, operated in the massif area. one of the main tasks of internal land formation in an agricultural enterprise is the organization of land types and crop rotation. the main purpose of the organization of land types and crop rotation is to increase the intensity of land use and increase its efficiency, taking into account the economic interests of land owners and land users. in this case, it is necessary to strictly comply with environmental requirements, because otherwise the fertility of soils will decrease, erosion and degradation processes will develop in them. silk production is one of the auxiliary and profitable branches of agricultural enterprises in the direction of cotton production. the importance of sericulture is not limited to the production of cocoons. mulberry trees planted along roads and ditches protect the fields from wind and dust and create a basis for increased crop productivity. they bring additional income without requiring the allocation of special land areas for themselves. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue11-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=importance%20of%20erosion%20in%20influencing%20soil%20fertility%20in%20crop%20irrigation https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 11-2022 10 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 11 pages: 07-16 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi table 2 the land fund of the massif named after u. yusupov the size of cocoon cultivation is determined depending on the market demand and the possibilities of the massif. the calculations showed that the available 37.0 hectares of land in the area of the massif are sufficient for growing the planned cocoon product. for this reason, it was recommended to leave 25.81 hectares of garden and 7.8 hectares of vineyards in contours 60, 80, 171, 178, 181a with low productivity and deep underground water (2-3m) in the area of the massif, but to replace the varieties with high-income intensive varieties. fruit trees and vegetable crops could not be planted in the 241st circuit, it is recommended to establish a fishing pond. in addition, the construction of workshops for the processing of products grown in the area where horticulture-viticulture, vegetable, potato and potato crops are grown is also planned. in order to protect the land from soil erosion, the project also planned to plant an additional 16.2 ha of trees on the existing 15.1 ha area. placement of land types begins t/r land types area, ha total relative to the total area, % q/agricultural land, % 1 2 3 4 5 1. arable land: sh.j: irrigated 3055.62 74.75 91.21 2. arboretums, total: gardens vineyards traps 70.61 25.81 7.8 37.0 1.72 0,63 0,19 0,90 2,10 0,77 0,23 1,10 3 gray land 108.1 2.64 3.23 4 meadows 116.06 2.84 3.48 total agricultural land 3350.39 81.96 100 5 total farm land: sh.j: field plot 174.1 2.9 4.26 6 ihota groves 15.1 0.38 7 ditches and ditches 369.3 9.03 8 roads 70.9 1.73 9 buildings and areas 100.8 2.47 10 non-agricultural land 7.1 0.17 total massif lands 4087.69 100.0 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue11-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=importance%20of%20erosion%20in%20influencing%20soil%20fertility%20in%20crop%20irrigation https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 11-2022 11 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 11 pages: 07-16 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi with the placement of trees. first of all, gardens, vineyards and orchards are placed. the good development of fruit trees and vines largely depends on the correct allocation of land, the correct selection and placement of varieties and species, the quality of seedlings, their correct planting and subsequent care. the area of arable land (pkf) is calculated by subtracting the area of unused land types (pfe) from the area of land that will be used in the future. pкф = pум – pфе (1) 64 farms, including 34 cotton-grain farms, 4 grain-vegetable farms, 3 horticulture farms, 22 livestock farms, and 1 poultry farm were placed in the land development project (fig. 1). figure 1. land development project of u.yusupov massif in nishon district, kashkadarya region design of fields and irrigation plots after placing land types and crop rotation areas in the area of the massif, each crop rotation massif area is created and irrigation (working) plots, fields, field roads, hedge trees are placed in it. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue11-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=importance%20of%20erosion%20in%20influencing%20soil%20fertility%20in%20crop%20irrigation https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 11-2022 12 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 11 pages: 07-16 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi where: athe length of the irrigation section, m; v-width of irrigation plot, m; distance between l-drainages, m. figure 2. the scheme of combining the collector-drainage network with the irrigation network in saline lands determining the rational size of the irrigation plots by area is influenced by: the mechanical composition of the soil and salinity level, the location of the collector drainage and irrigation network, as well as the costs of leveling the surface of the irrigated land. when using open drains in saline lands, the scientifically based distance between the drains is one of the most important elements that determine the area of the irrigation plot (fig. 2). in saline lands, drains should be located between two adjacent irrigation ditches, either permanently or temporarily. this scheme of combining the drainage network with the irrigation network is widely used in the development of land development projects. the length of the irrigation section can be determined by the following formula. а = 𝑁б с 𝑁б . 𝐿, (2) where: lthe length of the furrow, m allowable water consumption and furrow length on different slopes for some soils have been established by scientists through experiments.(table 2) the size of the land area of the irrigation plot is determined according to the following formula. 𝑃 = 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 10000 . (3) the results of studies on determining the optimal size of irrigation plots in lands subject to irrigation erosion are presented in table 3. table 3. recommended elements of irrigation technology for kashkadarya region soil mechanical composition, water permeability shows* slope of irrigation furrows 0,01 0,007 0,002 0,0005 sand and light sand, very permeable r 0,50 0,75 1,50 1,00 l 100 150 200 150 t 4,7 4,7 3,1 3,3 light weight, high r 0,40 0,75 1,00 0,75 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue11-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=importance%20of%20erosion%20in%20influencing%20soil%20fertility%20in%20crop%20irrigation https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 11-2022 13 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 11 pages: 07-16 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi permeability l 150 200 300 250 t 9,2 6,3 6,7 6,7 medium sand, medium permeability r 0,25 0,50 0,75 0,50 l 175 250 300 300 t 15,0 11,7 8,35 10,0 heavy soil, low water permeability r 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,50 l 200 300 400 350 t 23,4 26,7 28,4 15,0 clay, weakly conductive r 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 l 150 200 300 400 t 35,0 30,0 33,3 35,0 *compiled based on the information of m.d. chelyukanov, g.a. bezborodov, kh.t.tashev. x). rwater consumption in the furrow, water flow rate, l / s.; lthe length of the furrow, m; tthe duration of irrigation in simultaneously irrigated furrows, s. table 4. recommended optimal areas of the irrigation plot soil mechanical composition, water permeability water consumption of plot water dispensers, l/s plot areas, ha 0,01 0,007 0,002 0,005 1 2 3 4 5 6 sand and light sand are highly conductive 200 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 250 21,0 22,5 24,0 22,5 300 24,0 27,0 30,0 27,0 light strong sand, high permeability 200 18,0 18,0 18,0 22,5 250 22,5 24,0 27,0 30,0 300 27,0 30,0 27,0 30,0 medium sand, medium permeability 200 21,0 15,0 18,0 27,0 250 26,2 22,5 27,0 27,0 300 31,5 30,0 27,0 36,0 heavy soil, low water permeability 200 18,0 18,0 12,0 21,0 250 24,0 27,0 24,0 21,0 300 30,0 27,0 24,0 31,5 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue11-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=importance%20of%20erosion%20in%20influencing%20soil%20fertility%20in%20crop%20irrigation https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 11-2022 14 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 11 pages: 07-16 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi experts say that the decrease in the productivity of agricultural crops, and in some cases the failure is related to the problem of water shortage. in order to mitigate this situation and prevent irrigation erosion, it is necessary to introduce economical technologies in the irrigation system, to prevent unnecessary wastage of water. figure 3. design of drip irrigation plots table 5 comparison table for assessing the location of fields and irrigation plots (in the example of the farm named after z.farmonov) https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue11-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=importance%20of%20erosion%20in%20influencing%20soil%20fertility%20in%20crop%20irrigation https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 11-2022 15 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 11 pages: 07-16 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi № indicators per year of land formation according to the project 1 2 3 4 1 land use factor (lfc) 95.37 98.32 2 crop rotation area, ha 90.9 93.75 3 area under roads, ha 0.9 0.3 4 net area of arable land, ha 90.0 93.45 5 number of irrigation plots 4 4 6 the average area of the irrigation plot, ha 22.73 23.44 7 the distance between the longest sections, m 1050 1050 8 average processing distance, m. 740 860 9 slope in working direction, % 13.3 9.1 10 the total area of circulation lanes, ha 15.2 8.21 drip irrigation is aimed at saving water resources and stopping irrigation erosion. in this case, the specificity of the irrigation regime allows it to be used even on land with a relatively high slope. most importantly, because the water is delivered to the plant through hoses, the field soil does not harden, as a result, there is no need for inter-row cultivation. at the end of the season, the field that has not hardened the soil is plowed with good quality and easily. since the fertilizer is given together with water, there is no need to use equipment for fertilizing (fig. 3). as a result, labor and fuel-lubricants are saved. the manual labor of watermen in the field is drastically reduced. in the course of conducting scientific research, a watersaving drip irrigation project was developed on the area of 42.0 ha in the area of the farm named after z.farmonov. the obtained results are presented in table 4. the composition and areas of agricultural land types used in land development projects were improved taking into account the natural, economic, social and ecological conditions of the massif, and there was an opportunity to increase the yield of agricultural crops by 2-3 centners per hectare. as a result of the use of "water-saving" technologies, water consumption per hectare decreased by 30-40%, production costs by 2025%. efficiency increased by 22%. references 1. khujakeldiev k.n. measures aimed at protecting soil from erosion while increasing the efficiency of using land resources// problems of applying innovative ideas, technologies and projects to the production of the 20th anniversary of the jizzakh polytechnic institute: iv a collection of materials of the republican scientific and technical conference, may 11-12, 2012 jizzakh sh. b. 161-163. 2. khujakeldiev k.n. i. kabilov. in the conditions of irrigation erosion, the large and small size of irrigation fields and the use of agrotechnical measures// problems of improving the efficiency of land and water resources use in the south of https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue11-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=importance%20of%20erosion%20in%20influencing%20soil%20fertility%20in%20crop%20irrigation https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 11-2022 16 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 11 pages: 07-16 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi uzbekistan: collection of the republican scientific and practical conference. december 10-11. -karmii 2004. b. 185-187. 3. khujakeldiev k.n. development of anti-erosion measures // collection of materials of the scientificpractical conference dedicated to the 13th anniversary of the independence of the republic of uzbekistan. june 9-11, 2004. against b.159-161. 4. khujakeldiev k.n. understanding the types of soil erosion // materialy mejdunarodnoy nauchnoprakticheskoy internet-conference: tendentsii i perspektivy razvitiya nauki i obrazvaniya v usloviyax globalizatsii february 28, 2019 goda vyp. 44, sbornik nauchnykh trudov. -pereyaslavkhmelnitsky ‒ 2019. -s.553-556. 5. khujakeldiev k.n. world experience of using eroded lands//... sbornik nauchnyx trudov. pereyaslav-khmelnitsky ‒ 2019. -s.556-558. 6. khujakeldiev k.n erozionnoe rayonirovanie territorii kashkadarinskoy oblasti// problems of agroecology and soil erosion in uzbekistan: a collection of materials of the republican scientificpractical conference. against, 2005. b. 92-94. 7. khujakeldiev k.n metodika ustanovleniya sostava i ploshchadey ugodiy v usloviyax irrigatsionnoy erozii// problems of agroecology and soil erosion in uzbekistan: a collection of materials of the republican scientific-practical conference. may 2021, 2005. – against 2005. b. 90-92. 8. khujakeldiev k.n designing crop rotation on eroded lands // problems of using modern technologies in the cultivation of grain crops and their processing: a collection of materials of the republican scientific and practical conference. april 28-30, 2008. against 2008. -b. 151-153. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue11-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=importance%20of%20erosion%20in%20influencing%20soil%20fertility%20in%20crop%20irrigation https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 03 issue 02-2023 13 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 02 pages: 13-19 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the article presents the data obtained on the study of the characteristics of the effect of soil salinity on the transpiration rate of winter wheat varieties. the rate of transpiration was determined at the tuber, flowering and milkripening stages of the cultivars. based on the given results, it was noted that the value of the above indicator varies to different degrees in the section of varieties, depending on the soil salinity and the biological and various characteristics of the varieties. keywords winter wheat varieties, salinity, transpiration, water exchange, salt tolerance. introduction globally observed stress factors -have a serious negative impact on living organisms, including the world of plants. as a result, the productivity indicators of plants and the harvest and its quality are decreasing. deepening of scientific and research work aimed at reducing the negative effects of such stress factors and development of measures to save the lost crop, assessment and justification of the physiological aspects of the effects of adverse stress factors are considered as the most important tasks [1-3]. studying the mechanisms of resistance of plants to salt stress and revealing it is one of the urgent theoretical research article transpiration rates of winter wheat cultivars under saline conditions submission date: february 18, 2023, accepted date: february 23, 2023, published date: february 28, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue02-03 norbоyeva umida toshtemirovna doctor of biological sciences, professor, bukhara state university, bukhara, uzbekistan kholiyorova nasiba botirovna master's student, denov institute of entrepreneurship and pedagogy, denov, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue02-03 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=transpiration%20rates%20of%20winter%20wheat%20cultivars%20under%20saline%20conditions https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue02-03 volume 03 issue 02-2023 14 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 02 pages: 13-19 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi and scientific problems in the world, by deepening scientific research in this field, creating methods of using exogenous and endogenous substances to increase the resistance of wheat to stress factors, wide use of the existing gene pool of crops in geneticselection research and great attention is paid to wide application to agricultural production. the need for such research is explained by the fact that it requires the activation of various physiological and biochemical mechanisms to overcome the stress that occurs in plants under the influence of salinity [4-8]. grain crops are one of the important technical crops that provide raw materials for various branches of production. optimum factors aimed at maintaining the crop are required when growing products at the level of demand. improving the agro-melioration condition of the irrigated lands of our republic, improving the eco physiological and agro technical measures used in the prevention of soil salinization, identifying, creating and putting into practice the varieties of agricultural crops adapted to stress factors, the physiological and biochemical characteristics of wheat varieties that express the level of resistance and productivity in stressful conditions, and the adaptation of varieties certain results were achieved in the evaluation and scientific justification of reactions [9-14]. abiotic stressors have a strong negative effect on agricultural plants, reducing plant growth and productivity. water scarcity, soil salinity, and high temperatures are among the main causes of declining crop yields and food supplies around the world. therefore, the study of the effects of abiotic stressors on plants and the mechanisms of stress resistance is one of the main areas of plant physiology. mechanisms of resistance to abiotic stress also include practical aspects such as reducing the harmful effects of stress in different ways or using native varieties adapted to combined stress as a source of genetic material [15]. climate change inevitably leads to the deterioration of the ecological situation, which causes the salinization of fertile soils, resulting in a sharp decrease in the productivity of agricultural crops. saline soils are common in many countries of the world. they cover about a quarter of the earth's surface, including half of all irrigated land, and the saline areas are expanding. in the arid climate, almost all irrigation water evaporates, and soil salinity is gradually increasing [16]. abiotic stressors are a major impediment to agriculture, dramatically reducing plant growth and productivity worldwide. future declines in agricultural crop yields will be exacerbated by global warming, increased pollution, and declining fertile land. the main challenge facing agriculture today and in the future is to increase food production for an ever-growing population in many regions of the world in a deteriorating environment. minimizing exposure to various abiotic stressors is a common challenge [17]. the study of mechanisms of resistance to abiotic stress is one of the most active areas of research in plant physiology, taking into account its practical importance in agriculture. various abiotic stresses caused by the environment are usually interrelated and often have an osmotic component that affects the homeostasis of plant cells. to cope with abiotic stress, plants activate a series of stress responses that are characteristic of sensitive and tolerant plants, because they use the same basic modifications [18]. salinity is a major abiotic factor affecting crop productivity worldwide. global warming is associated with more frequent, longer, and severe droughts in many regions of the world, as well as increased salinity in irrigated lands. about 20% of the world's irrigated https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue02-03 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=transpiration%20rates%20of%20winter%20wheat%20cultivars%20under%20saline%20conditions https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants volume 03 issue 02-2023 15 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 02 pages: 13-19 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi land, which produces one-third of the world's food, is subject to secondary soil salinization. in addition, salt stress also induces ion stress and na+ toxicity [19]. selection for salt tolerance should be based on the growth of plants over a period of time since individual cultivars within the same self-pollinated species have almost genotypically the same homozygote. shortterm studies may show reduced growth rates; however, these reductions may be the same for tolerant and susceptible species within a cultivar. only after a long time can tolerance or sensitivity be accurately measured in an individual plant, or the mechanisms that help specific plants to withstand nacl conditions at different stages of growth can be identified [20]. salinity is a global problem for agricultural production. understanding na+ sensitivity and transport in plants under salt stress will be useful for breeding salttolerant crop species. first of all, salt stress sensor representatives and the root meristem zone are proposed as tissues that store salt stress-sensing components. the importance of na+ excretion and vacuolar na+ sequestration in the general salt tolerance of plants is then highlighted. finally, some aspects of plant salt stress tolerance, including the concentration of na+ in the cytosol and the role of na+ as a nutrient, have been discussed [21]. soil salinization has become one of the major environmental problems globally and is expected to worsen due to projected climate change. arid and semi-arid agricultural areas are particularly sensitive to the effects of climate change on increased soil salinity [22]. saline soils are common in many countries of the world. they occupy a quarter of the land surface, including half of the irrigated land, and the area of saline areas is gradually expanding. in arid climates, almost all irrigation water evaporates and soil salinity gradually increases. at present, more than 50-60 per cent of the irrigated lands are salinized and prone to salinization. the salts of saline soils of uzbekistan are very different in terms of quality. chloride, sulfatechloride, chloride-sulfate, sulfate, and carbonate salinity types are found. among them, chloride salinity is the most toxic [23-25]. methodology winter wheat during experiments as an object of research grom, pervitsa, starshina, alekseevich, krasnodarskaya-99, vassa, asr and antonina varieties were used. in recent years, these varieties have been planted in large areas across the country. experiments were conducted in areas belonging to meadow-alluvial soil type with moderate to strong chlorine (0.015-0.020 per cent by chlorine ion). observations and biometric measurements are carried out on model plants at odd returns. phenological observations are carried out according to the methodology of the agricultural crops variety testing inspection. in all experiments, options were triplicated and placed consistently across tiers. results and discussion transpiration is one of the important physiological processes and is important in the study of water exchange of plants growing in saline areas. most of the water absorbed by plants evaporates due to transpiration. slowing down the rate of transpiration in saline conditions causes a violation of the water balance in the plant body and an increase in water deficit. as a result, the physiological and biochemical processes in the body of plants slow down and their overall productivity decreases [26-27]. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue02-03 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=transpiration%20rates%20of%20winter%20wheat%20cultivars%20under%20saline%20conditions https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants volume 03 issue 02-2023 16 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 02 pages: 13-19 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi it is known that the activity of supplying water to plants is inextricably linked with the rate of transpiration. 1.5-2% of the water received by plants is absorbed by them, and the rest is evaporated through the leaves during transpiration. the value of the rate of transpiration in plants is related to many external factors. these include air temperature, relative humidity, soil and climate conditions, wind, solar radiation, soil moisture, plant development stages and cultivar characteristics, etc. [28-29]. transpiration is not only the evaporation of water through the leaf but also water adsorption and the movement of water and dissolved substances through the plant. zoned during research grom, pervitsa, starshina, alekseevich, krasnodarskaya-99, vassa, asr and antoninathe transpiration rate of winter wheat varieties was studied. it was noted that the transpiration rate of wheat varieties grown under medium-high soil salinity conditions was lower than the varieties grown under the control option. a decrease in the rate of transpiration in conditions of soil salinity may also be related to the condition of the stomata. according to the obtained data, it was noted that the transpiration was accelerated in grom, starshina, and krasnodarskaya-99 varieties of wheat. it was found that metabolism is related to activity and wheat variety characteristics. an increase in the value of this indicator was observed in the salted variants from the tuber to the milk ripening stage of all varieties. according to the data, it was found that there is an organic relationship between transpiration and soil salinity. this connection, in turn, ensures the entry of water into the root system. soil salinity led to a decrease in the rate of transpiration. also, the increase in air temperature accelerates this process. the transpiration rate of wheat cultivars varied during their ontogeny. also, it was determined based on experiments that the transpiration rate depends on the amount of metabolic and bound water in the plant, as well as on the colloidal properties of the cell protoplasm. transpiration is one of the important physiological processes and is of great importance in the water exchange of plants. transpiration is one of the main processes in managing the water balance of plants. in the course of our research, the rate of transpiration of wheat varieties during tuberization, flowering and milk ripening was studied. experiments were carried out in two variants. the first option (non-saline soil) was called the control, and the second option was the experimental option, moderately to strongly saline soils. the rate of transpiration was determined at all stages of wheat varieties. if we pay attention to the obtained data, it was found that the rate of transpiration of all studied wheat varieties changes depending on the concentration of salts in the soil. it was found that the rate of transpiration increases from the tuber stage to the milk ripening stage in all varieties in both variants. the rate of transpiration slowed down with increasing soil salinity in all varieties. in the control variants, compared to the experimental variants, the activation of water consumption by plant leaves was found. starshinain the control variant of the variety110 in the tuber stage, 64 in the moderately strong salted version, in the flowering stage it was found that 116 mg of water evaporated in the control variant, 67 in the experimental variant, i.e. 67 in the medium-strong saline variant, and 70 mg in the control and 70 mg in the experimental variant during the milk ripening phase. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue02-03 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=transpiration%20rates%20of%20winter%20wheat%20cultivars%20under%20saline%20conditions https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants volume 03 issue 02-2023 17 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 02 pages: 13-19 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi in the control warrant of the pervitsa variety, 71 are in the tuber stage, in the experimental version 44 are in the flowering stage it was noted that 74 mg of water was used in the control version, 49 in the experimental version, 76 mg in the control version, and 54 mg in the experimental version during the milk ripening phase. the transpiration rate of the antonina variety in the tuber phase in non-saline conditions is 92.2 in the tuber phase, and 58.3 in the saline condition, and in the flowering phase was determined that 94 mg of water evaporated in the control variant, 62 in the experimental variant, 97 mg in the control, and 65 mg in the experimental variant during the milk ripening phase. grom varietythe rate of transpiration in nonsaline conditions in the tuber phase is 107 in the tuber phase, 60 in the saline state, in the flowering phase113 mg in the control variant, 66 in the experimental variant, 116 mg in the control and 69 mg in the experimental variant evaporated during the milk ripening phase. century, similar relationships were observed in alekseevich, krasnodar-99 and vassa varieties. but the results of water evaporation by plants are highstarshina, gromandkrasnodar-99varieties were determined. compared to the tuber and flowering stage, it was observed that the evaporation of water by plants was accelerated in all studied varieties during the milk ripening stage. this can be explained by the relative increase in air temperature and the increase in the plant's need for water. conclusion it was also found that there are differences between varieties in terms of transpiration rate. the transpiration rate of the starshina, grom and krasnodar-99 varieties was observed that it was significantly higher than in the antonina, alekseevich and vassa varieties. the lowest results for this indicator were found in pervitsa and asr varieties. most importantly, soil salinity had a strong negative effect on the water exchange of varieties, leading to a decrease in the rate of transpiration. even under such circumstancesstarshina, grom and krasnodar99varieties evaporated more water than other varieties and activated their metabolic processes compared to other varieties. references 1. kholliyev a. e., teshaeva d. r. (2022). adaptation characteristics of autumn wheat variieties to salinity stresses. ra journal of applied research. 8(3). 209-213. 2. kholliyev, a., & teshaeva, d. (2021). soil salinity and water exchange of autumn wheat varieties. збірник наукових праць λόгoς. 3. teshayeva d. r. (2022). kuzgi bug’doy navlari va sho’r stressi. zamonaviy biologik ta’limni rivojlantirishda fan, ta’lim va ishlab chiqarishning integratsiyasi.respublika ilmiy amaliy anjuman materiallari. jizzax, б.30-33. 4. norboyeva, u. t. (2017). kholliyev аe salinification influence on physiology of water exchange in cotton plant varieties (gossypiym hirsutuml.). the way of science. international scientific jornal.–volgograd, (7), 41. 5. norboyeva, u. t. (2018). kholliyev аe soil salinity and saline tolerance of the sorts of cotton. mechanisms of resistance of plants and microorganisms to unfavourable environmental. irkutsk, 567-570. 6. norboyeva, u. t. 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(2019). physiology, productivity and cotton plant adaptation under the conditions of soil salinity. international journal of recent technology and engineering, 8(2 s3), 1611-1613. 8. toshtemirovna, n. u., & ergashovich, k. a. (2019). regulation of the water balance of the cotton varieties under salting conditions. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal, 9(8), 5-9. 9. ergashovich, k. a., toshtemirovna, n. u., rakhimovna, a. k., & abdullayevna, f. f. (2020). effects of microelements on drought resistance of cotton plant. international journal of psychosocial rehabilitation, 24(2), 643-648. 10. ergashovich, k. a., azamatovna, b. z., toshtemirovna, n. u., & rakhimovna, a. k. (2020). ecophysiological effects of water deficiency on cotton varieties. journal of critical reviews, 7(9), 244-246. 11. kholliyev, a. e., norboyeva, u. t., kholov, y. d., & boltayeva, z. a. (2020). productivity of cotton varieties in soil salinity and water deficiency. the american journal of applied sciences, 2(10), 7-13. 12. ergashovich, k. a., toshtemirovna, n. u., raximovna, a. k., & abdullaevna, f. f. (2022). the properties of cotton resistance and adaptability to drought stress. journal of pharmaceutical negative results, 13(4), 958961. 13. ergashovich, k. a., toshtemirovna, n. u., davronovich, k. y., azamatovna, b. z., & raximovna, a. k. (2021). effects of abiotic factors on the ecophysiology of cotton plant. international journal of current research and review, 13(4), 4-7. 14. норбоева у.т. (2019). ўсимликларда шўрга чидамлиликнинг назарий асослари. бухоро: “бухоро” нашриёти. 120 б. (монография). 15. норбоева у.т., холлиев а.э. (2019). ғўза ва бошқа экинларга шўрланиш таъсирининг экофизиологик асослари. бухоро: “бухоро” нашриёти. 132 б. (монография). 16. холлиев, а. э., норбоева, у. т., & ибрагимов, х. м. (2016). водообмен и солеустойчивость сортов хлопчатника в условиях почвенной засоления и засухи. ученый xxi века, (5-4 (18)), 9-11. 17. норбоева, у. т. (2018). почвенное засоление и солеустойчивость сортов хлопчатника. mechanisms of resistance of plants and microorganisms to unfavorable environmental, 567-570. 18. ergashovich, k. a., davronovich, k. y., toshtemirovna, n. u., & azamatovna, b. z. (2020). effect of soil types, salinity and moisture levels on cotton productivity. journal of critical reviews, 7(9), 240-243. 19. ergashovich, k. a., toshtemirovna, n. u., iskandarovich, j. b., & toshtemirovna, n. n. (2021). soil salinity and sustainability of cotton plant. the american journal of agriculture and biomedical engineering, 3(04), 12-19. 20. kholliyev, a., norboyeva, u., & jabborov, b. (2021). all about the water supply of cotton. збірник наукових праць scientia. 21. норбоева, у. т. (2018). водный обмен и солеустойчивость сортов хлопчатника. mechanisms of resistance of plants and microorganisms to unfavorable environmental, 563-566. 22. норбоева, у. т. (2017). физиологические адаптационные способности сортов https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue02-03 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=transpiration%20rates%20of%20winter%20wheat%20cultivars%20under%20saline%20conditions https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants volume 03 issue 02-2023 19 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 02 pages: 13-19 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi хлопчатника бухара-6 и акдарья-6 к почвенной засухе. ученый xxi века, (1-1 (26)), 37-40. 23. норбоева, у. т. (2017). о водных ресурсах биосферы и эффективном их пользовании. ученый xxi века, 35. 24. норбоева, у. т. (2017). on water resources of the biosphere and the effective use of. ученый xxi века, (1-1 (26)), 33-36. 25. норбоева, у. т., хўжаев, ж. х., & холлиев, а. э. (2019). тупроқ шўрланиши ва ғўза навларининг маҳсулдорлиги. хоразм маъмун академияси ахборотномаси, 3, 6165. 26. norboyeva, u. (2019). increasing degrees of harvest and quality of cotton varieties in the condition of soil salinity. scientific bulletin of namangan state university, 1(2), 104-109. 27. норбоева, у. т. (2019). ecophysiological peculiarities of cotton varieties in soil salinity conditions. scientific bulletin of namangan state university, 1(5), 103-108. 28. toshtemirovna, n. u., & ergashovich, k. a. (2022). the geoecological zoning of the kyzylkum desert. international journal of advance scientific research, 2(03), 28-36. 29. 29. kholliyev, a., qodirov, e., & ramazonov, o. (2021). salt resistance, water exchange and productivity of cotton. збірник наукових праць scientia. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue02-03 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=transpiration%20rates%20of%20winter%20wheat%20cultivars%20under%20saline%20conditions https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants volume 02 issue 12-2022 8 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 08-11 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the article presents measures for tillage when growing onion sets by sowing onion seeds, monitoring daily weather indicators for preparing seeds and onion sets for sowing. keywords land, seed, onion sets, temperature, soil, ravnaq, baharoy, resource-efficient technology, intensive technology. introduction onion is a species of the alliaceae family (allium cepa l.) and is used to improve the digestive system, as a medicine for first degree burns and respiratory problems. the origin of the onion, whose origins go back many years, has also found its place in the egyptian pyramids [4]. onion is a two-year plant that produces bulbs in the first year and seeds in the second year. 100 g of onion contains 1.2 g of protein, 0,1 g of fat, 8,9 g of sugar, 8 g of water, 12 g of dry matter, 30 mg of calcium and 42 calories [2]. in our country, onion is second only to tomato in terms of area and yield. its share among vegetable crops is 23-24%, 18-19% of the gross product, and the average productivity is 50-60 tons per hectare [1]. onions grow well in short light days (10-12 hours), but in such conditions, nutrients are not transferred to the reserve (do not circulate), the onion head does not form, the plant does not enter the dormant period, and research article development of the technology of growing onion sets submission date: december 03, 2022, accepted date: december 07, 2022, published date: december 14, 2022 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-02 boriyev abror nortojiyevich research institute of vegetable, melon crops and potato, doctoral student, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=development%20of%20the%20technology%20of%20growing%20onion%20sets https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-02 volume 02 issue 12-2022 9 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 08-11 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the onion remains in the state of a thick false stem. it is important to know this characteristic of onion for the length of the day in choosing a variety and carrying out quality agrotechnical activities [3]. a new variety of onion, phule safed, developed at raguri station, india, has higher yield (24,59 and 25,75 t/ha) than the popular variety n-257-9-1, which is grown in large areas, and 7,29 and 5,71 t/ha, respectively gave the product [5]. onion varieties belonging to different ecological types (in the usa, iran and egypt) were tested by planting seedlings in 1 term (seeds were planted on march 18, seedlings were planted on may 6) in the geographical latitude of moscow [7]. in the following years, the ravnaq and bahoroy varieties of onion were created, based on their biological characteristics, the issues of agrotechnics and seed production, and the organization of these activities through resource-efficient and intensive technologies, are not scientifically based [6]. based on this, the development of the biological characteristics of these varieties, their production and seed technology is one of the important tasks of modern vegetable farming. research methods. the research was conducted in field conditions, using the "methodology of conducting experiments in vegetable growing, potato growing and potato growing". research results. the experiment was carried out in two different (sariosiyo and bandikhon) districts of surkhandarya region on 20 plots of 1 ha. karatol onion seeds were used as seed material in the experiment. the seed germination rate was 95% and the weight of 1000 seeds was 3.2 g. the experiment was carried out using the observation method. 200 kg/ha of phosphorous fertilizer (ammafos) was given to the experiment area before planting seeds (03.01.2022). the field experiments were carried out under the following conditions: in the experiment in bandikhon district, the egates with a row spacing of 60 cm and a ditch depth of 12 cm were taken and placed on 03.03.2022. the amount of sown seeds was 5 kg. in the experiment in the sariosia district, the rows with a row spacing of 50 cm and a ditch depth of 12 cm were taken and placed on 10.03.2022. the amount of sown seeds was 5 kg. daily weather data was observed and recorded in a notebook from the day of sowing the seeds until it was ready. phenological observations: the first observations were made 10 days after sowing the seeds, the second after 50 days, and the third after 80 days. during the observation, seed germination, development, leaf length, surface, and bulb size were monitored (table 1). table 1 results of phenological observation carried out in our field experiment in bandikhon and sariosia districts (2022) https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=development%20of%20the%20technology%20of%20growing%20onion%20sets https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 12-2022 10 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 08-11 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi territories observations grass germination (%) leaf level (mm) leaf length (cm) volume of onions * bandikhon i 50 1 5 ii 90 2,5-3 12-15 1 iii 90 3-3,5 15 1-1,5 sariosiyo i 50 1 5 ii 90 3 12-15 2 iii 92 3,5-4 20 3 * caliber indicator when the observation results were analyzed, the germination of our seeds planted in both districts did not differ from each other, but as a result of the sudden rise in the weather in bandikhon district, the level and length of the leaves did not reach a sufficient level, and the size of the onion heads did not reach the expected 2-3 caliber (table 2). table 2 the average of the days from the day of sowing the seeds to the 80-day period in the field experimental plots heat level (2022) territories observations the day the observation was made weather indicator, oc bandikhon i 23.03.2022 15 ii 21.04.2022 25 iii 21.05.2022 27-30 sariosiyo i 30.03.2022 10 ii 28.04.2022 20 iii 28.05.2022 20-22 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=development%20of%20the%20technology%20of%20growing%20onion%20sets https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 12-2022 11 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 08-11 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi looking at the results in table 2, the heat level in bandikhon district increased sharply from the second half of april, which had a negative effect on the growth of onion heads. in the sariosia district, the size of onion heads was 2-3 caliber due to the fact that the weather temperature remained at the same level and the amount of precipitation was high. conclusion in conclusion, it is worth mentioning that onion cultivation is one of the most urgent tasks in our country. it was observed that heat level is important in our field experiments in bandikhon and sariosiya districts of surkhandarya region. in other words, it was determined that the temperature between 20-25oc is important for the onions to ripen and be ready. references 1. boriyev h.ch., samatov g.a., ratuaov i.b. basics of agrologistics. tashkent. 2003 2. boriyey h.cb., abdullayev a.g. "growing of garden vegetables". t. mehnat. 1994. 3. ismailov a., murtazayev o. agricultural economy. t.: maliya, 2005. 4. kawakishi, s. and morimutsu y. sulfur chemistry of onions and inhibitory factors of the arachidonic– acid cascade, 1994. acs sym. sir. 546, p:120–127. 5. ostanakulov t.e. technology of cultivation, storage and processing of fruits and vegetable and fruit products. s.: n. doba, 2010. 251 p. 6. ravshanov h.a. scientific and technical solutions for the development of technical means to prepare the soil for planting repeated crops: diss. tech. science. dr. tashkent, 2020. 206 p. 7. zuyev v. atakho'djayev a. kadirkho'djayev o. growing seedlings and vegetables in protected lands. tashkent 2007. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=development%20of%20the%20technology%20of%20growing%20onion%20sets https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 03 issue 04-2023 25 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 25-28 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this article provides detailed information about the well-known importance of obtaining biogas among energy resources, its use as a source of energy, and ways to use it for various purposes. in addition, information is given on the advantages of using biogas plants. keywords biogas, biomass, energy value, biogas plant, energy resource, food, agriculture, raw materials, building materials, medical preparations. introduction at present, the demand for energy resources among natural resources is increasing year by year. this, in turn, requires saving and rational use of energy resources. among energy resources, biomass is of great importance. because biomass is an organic mass that represents one of the most popular and universal resources on earth. it allows you to get not only food, but also energy, building materials, paper, cloth, medical supplies and chemical supplies. biomass has been used as an energy source since humans learned to make fire. today, biomass fuel can research article the importance of obtaining biogas submission date: april 08, 2023, accepted date: april 13, 2023, published date: april 18, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue04-05 teshayev murodil abdusattor o‘g‘li assistants, fergana polytechnic institute, uzbekistan umarova maftuna mashrabjon qizi fergana polytechnic institute, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue04-05 volume 03 issue 04-2023 26 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 25-28 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi be used for a variety of purposes, from heating homes to producing electricity and gasoline for cars. biomass is the main raw material for obtaining biogas. for example; up to 15 m3 of biogas can be obtained from 1 ton of manure per day. 1 m3 of biogas is equivalent to one liter of liquefied gas or 0.5 liters of high-octane gasoline. in china, biogas production devices are widely used in agriculture. another source of biogas production is the cultivation of algae on the banks of water bodies and processing them into methane gas. 1,000 hectares of algae can annually produce methane gas in such a volume that its heatgenerating properties are equal to that of 10,000 tons of oil. [1]. in addition, biogas plants are a clear example of the free use of biomass. they use agricultural and food industry waste. these are cattle manure, bird droppings, aviary waste, beer wort, beet residue, sewage effluents, etc. as a result, we get: biogas is produced as a result of the decomposition of biological waste and is used like ordinary natural gas for heating rooms or generating electricity; electricity. ko it is possible to produce 2 kw/hour of electricity from the burning of 1 m3 of biogas in the generator; biofertilizers. highly fermented biomass is environmentally friendly liquid and solid fertilizers that can increase productivity by 40-50%; fuel for motor vehicles. after removing the carbon dioxide from the biogas, what remains is propane, which can be used as fuel for cars. use in biogas devices has the following advantages. • biogas is a neutral fuel compared to so2, and its use prevents the increase in the amount of methane gas that occurs during the fermentation of organic waste in the atmosphere; • the value of fertilizers obtained from fermented biomass is much higher than that of the initial raw material; • secondary processing of nutrients on farmers' lands in an environmentally safe and economically profitable manner is an advantage of fermentation of solid biomass for biogas production; • the health of people improves due to the reduction of environmental pollution; • creates household amenities even in remote villages; • increases land productivity; • allows you to profit from waste; • relieves energy dependence. the slow development of the use of some nontraditional energy sources is due to the fact that their production is more expensive than traditional energy production. that is why biogas is widely used in our country. for example, the total amount required for the creation of a biogas plant with a capacity of 300 tons per day is about 6.4 million us dollars. this price is expected to fall from 5.8 to 5 million usd in the next 15 years. therefore, small bioreactors are currently being installed that can produce approximately 6-8 m3 of biogas and 100-120 liters of fertilizer per day. their minimum price is 250 us dollars. fertilizer production for small farms and farmers using consumer biogas plants can help increase their economic efficiency [2]. volume 03 issue 04-2023 27 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 25-28 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi in our republic, reforms aimed at protecting the environment, protecting public health, rational use of natural resources, and ensuring environmental safety continue more consistently. it is important to strengthen the legal basis of work to solve problems related to organic waste from the point of view of the state interest. any type of organic waste, which appears in rapid growth, requires modern equipment to be processed without having a negative impact on nature. in conclusion, we can say that there is a high possibility of obtaining biogas in technological processes from organic mass residues generated as waste today. references 1. x.t.tursunov “ekologiya va barqaror rivojlanish” toshkent “mexridaryo” 2009 yil. 2. получение биогаза для биогазовых [электронный ресурс]: режим доступа: http://genport.ru/article/poluchenie-biogazadlyabiogazovyh 3. домуладжанов ибрагимжон хаджимухамедович, холмирзаев юсуфали мухаммадсаидович, тешабаев аюдувахоб марифович, бояринова валентина георгиевна экология и охрана окружающей среды. застройка города кувасая // universum: технические науки. 2020. №4-1 (73). url: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ekologiya-iohrana-okruzhayuschey-sredy-zastroykagoroda-kuvasaya (дата обращения: 14.11.2022). 4. домуладжанов ибрагимжон хаджимухамедович, холмирзаев юсуфали мухаммадсаидович, домуладжанова шахло ибрагимовна воздействие на окружающую среду автозаправочной станции // universum: технические науки. 2020. №4-2 (73). url: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vozdeystviena-okruzhayuschuyu-sredu-avtozapravochnoystantsii (дата обращения: 14.11.2022). 5. xolmirzayev yusufali mahamadsaidovich. (2021). international organizations aimed at environmental conservation . the american journal of applied sciences, 3(02), 105–110. https://doi.org/10.37547/tajas/volume03issue0 2-12 6. domuladjanov ibragimjon xajimukhmedovich, makhmudov sodir yusufalievich, kurbanova umida saetbekovna, & kholmirzayev yusufali. (2022). main ways to organize militarypatriotic education in lifelong operations. conference zone, 70–74. retrieved from http://www.conferencezone.org/index.php/cz /article/view/712 7. домуладжанов ибрагимжон хаджимухамедович, дадакузиев музаффар рахномоевич, холмирзаев юсуфали мухаммадсаидович способы обжига известняка на природном газе // universum: технические науки. 2021. №9-1 (90). url: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sposobyobzhiga-izvestnyaka-na-prirodnom-gaze (дата обращения: 14.11.2022). 8. домуладжанов ибрагимжон хаджимухамедович, домуладжанова шахло ибрагимовна, латипова мухайё ибрагимжановна, холмирзаев юсуфали мухаммадсаидович текстильный комплекс «дэу текстайл компани» и его воздействие на окружающую среду куштепинского района // universum: технические науки. 2020. №7-2 (76). url: volume 03 issue 04-2023 28 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 25-28 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/tekstilnyykompleks-deu-tekstayl-kompani-i-egovozdeystvie-na-okruzhayuschuyu-sredukushtepinskogo-rayona (дата обращения: 14.11.2022). 9. xolmirzаyev yusufаli mаhаmаdsаidovich, domuladjanov ibragimjon xajimukhmedovich, & makhmudov sodir yusufalievich. (2022). energetikа sаnoаtining qishloq xo’jаligi yerlаrigа tа’siri. conference zone, 301–310. retrieved from https://www.conferencezone.org/index.php/c z/article/view/803 10. i. x. domuladjanov, s. yu. maxmudov, & yu. m. xolmirzayev. (2022). avtotransportdan atmosferaning ifloslanishi. conference zone, 98–118. retrieved from http://conferencezone.org/index.php/cz/articl e/view/837 11. xolmirzаyev yusufаli mаhаmаdsаidovich, domuladjanov ibragimjon xajimukhmedovich, & makhmudov sodir yusufalievich. (2022). energetikа sаnoаtining qishloq xo’jаligi yerlаrigа tа’siri. conference zone, 301–310. retrieved from http://conferencezone.org/index.php/cz/articl e/view/803 volume 04 issue 06-2024 7 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 7-10 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this article provides information on soil fertility, mechanical composition, general physical properties, and classification by erosion level. erosion processes influence soil fertility and, in turn, soil agronomic properties. keywords degradation, erosion, mass, volume, ratio, porosity, mechanical composition. introduction the quality and composition of the fertility of irrigated soils around the world is changing every year, including "1.5 billion in the world. 0.4 billion hectares of arable land. hectare of high quality, 0.8 bln. hectare of good quality and 0.3 bln. hectares are unproductive lands. soil salinity has a serious effect on the decrease of productivity. therefore, it is important to identify degradation processes that affect soil productivity, to develop scientific solutions aimed at preventing such negative processes, to increase and protect soil productivity, and to effectively use land resources. in the world, scientific research is being carried out aimed at finding ways to effectively use lands degraded under the influence of various negative processes, whose productivity and quality indicators have decreased, and to obtain the desired yield from agricultural crops by restoring their productivity. in this regard, special attention is being paid to researches related to the management of land resources by studying the conditions of soils with different levels of erosion, selecting and planting suitable crop types, and constantly monitoring soil fertility. currently, the productivity level of most of the lands used in agriculture, their ecological and melioration status is research article some factors affecting the fertility of irrigated soils submission date: may 31, 2024, accepted date: june 05, 2024, published date: june 10, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue06-02 orazaliyeva maftuna teacher at the department of agro-soil science and reclamation at gulistan state university, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue06-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue06-02 volume 04 issue 06-2024 8 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 7-10 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi not at the required level, but it is also observed that the fertility of the soils on the lands of farmers and farms is at a high level. . when using soils of any type and type, their productivity is demonstrated in practice, and local agromelioration and agrotechnological measures developed for this climate are used. with the help of the application of such measures, it is often possible to partially achieve the goal of increasing the soil fertility. however, increasing the accumulation of organic matter in the soil is necessary to increase the relatively stable and effective productivity of the soil, which is the main goal for the radical increase of soil fertility. for this, it is necessary to introduce the system of crop rotation, which currently prevails in agricultural practice, based on the soil-climatic conditions. according to the results of many studies, soil humus has a positive effect on its main properties. determining the fertility of irrigated soils depends on their humus, phosphorus and potassium status. based on the observations, in the irrigated soils of the gray soil region, especially in their upper layers, the total amount of humus, and accordingly, the reduction of total nitrogen was determined. it should also be noted that the amount of humus in the arable layer of cultured soils when high agrotechnics are used in the old and newly irrigated soils of the republic is 1.18-1.32%, in some cases 1.63-1.78% and more found to be high. by applying more organic fertilizers to the soil, it gives opportunities to maintain and increase their fertility. another reason for the decrease in the productivity of irrigated soils is the violation of the law of timely return of nutrients and other substances taken from the soil. cotton, grain plants, fruits, vegetables, and sugarcane crops grown annually on irrigated soils in large quantities remove a certain amount of nutrients, i.e., the crop and vegetative parts. maintaining and increasing the fertility of soils used in agricultural practice directly depends on their correct and effective use. the rational use of the soil layer, which is an important part of the earth's resources, preserves and increases its productivity. from this point of view, in some lands, as a result of improper use of the soil, there are cases of its fertility decreasing. one of the important issues in maintaining and protecting soil fertility is the enrichment of the soil with organic matter and the correct placement of crops. according to the results of the analysis of scientific research, even in any type and type of soil, there are opportunities to increase the amount of humus in it by properly organizing the farming system. recent studies have shown that dehumification of soils leads to a decrease in soil fertility. the reduction of organic matter in soils is accompanied by the loss of many positive agrochemical properties. the decrease of humus in the soil is an example of almost no alternating planting with alfalfa, not planting siderates, and not using organic fertilizers. in order to improve soil humus, it is necessary to apply organic fertilizer (manure) to all lands. as an additional source of such fertilizers, straw, cotton stalks, plant roots, various livestock. the amount of nutrients in the soil (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, boron, manganese and other microelements) depends on the composition of the soil, the rocks that form it, and the underlying bedrock, as well as the soilforming processes. soil reaction has a great influence on the absorption of microelements by plants. nutrient reserves in the soil are maintained by applying mineral and organic fertilizers. an important condition for fertility is the absence of excessive amounts of watersoluble salts, mainly sodium, as well as magnesium, calcium and other cations in the soil. excessive salt content in the soil soil salinity is mainly caused by improper irrigation, resulting in a sharp decrease in productivity. saline lands are washed to remove harmful salts from the soil layer (see salt leaching). in order to prevent salinity, the watering regime is volume 04 issue 06-2024 9 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 7-10 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi determined depending on the nature and composition of the soil. irrigation in drought areas, including irrigated farming zones, significantly increases soil fertility. low soil fertility is often due to the presence of pathogenic organisms. their elimination by means of chemical (sterilization of insects, spraying of fungicides, etc.) and agrotechnical measures (rotation of crops, tillage) dramatically increases the effective fertility of the soil. to preserve soil fertility, the soil is cultivated in ways that do not allow erosion. conclusion due to the process of erosion, the mechanical composition of the soil has changed. due to the formation of different conditions of local soil, it is not the same according to its mechanical composition. an increase in fractions from eroded soils to non-eroded soils was observed. it was observed that the general physical properties of soils in the researched area have deteriorated due to erosion processes. it affects soil fertility and, in turn, the agronomic properties of the soil. depending on the degree of erosion and slope exposure, soil type and grain size, specific gravity varied across soil layers. a change in porosity was observed in accordance with the amount of comparison and bulk density. references 1. abdullayeva, x. b. q., maxkamova, d. y., & isxoqova, s. m. (2021). buxoro viloyati sug'oriladigan o'tloqi allyuvial tuproqlarining umumiy fizik xossalari. oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 1(11), 487-495. 2. gafurova l.a., sodiqova g.s. boysun tog' tuproqlari va ularning biologik faolligi. avtoreferat. 2016 -162 b. 3. гафурова, л. а., шарипов, о., махкамова, д. ю., аблакулов, м., & курбанов, м. (2016). некоторые агробиотехнологии повышения плодородия орошаемых луговых аллювиальных почв пустынной зоны. in почвоведениепродовольственной и экологической безопасности страны (pp. 110-112). 4. гафурова, л. а., каримов, а., махкамова, д. ю., & аблакулов, м. (2016). актиномицеты в засоленных орошаемых сероземно-луговых почвах сырдарьинского вилоята (ф/х галаба баяутского тумана). in аграрная наукасельскому хозяйству (pp. 66-68). 5. машарипов, н. к., & облоқулов, м. р. (2024). мирзачўл воҳаси суғориладиган бўзўтлоқи тупроқларининг хусусиятлари. евразийский журнал технологий и инноваций, 2(2), 20-23. 6. jabborov o.a. sug'oriladigan tuproqlar unumdorligi dinamikasi va uni oshirish yo'llari. avtoreferat. 2021. -41 b 7. musurmanov a.a. mirzacho’l vohasi sug’oriladigan tuproqlarining unumdorligini mulchalash va kam ishlov berish orqali oshirish. diss. aftoref. q/x.f.f.d., (phd) -tashkent. 2019. 44 b. 8. musurmanov a.a., mamaraimov d.j. agrochemical properties of dry soils the northern part of turkestan ridge. texas journal of agriculture and biological sciences. http://zienjournals.com. -p. 5658. 9. атабаева к., миршарипова г., мустафакулов д., мусурмонов а., ботирова л., и курбонова м. (2021). влияние норм посадки и сроков сбора урожая на урожайность суданской травы (sorghum× drummondii). в веб-конференции e3s (том 284, стр. 03021). edp sciences. 10. мусурманов, а. а., & курвантаев, р. к. (2018). изменение агрохимических свойств орошаемых сероземно-луговых почв под влиянием volume 04 issue 06-2024 10 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 7-10 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi мульчирования с минимальной обработкой. актуальные проблемы современной науки, (4), 182-186. 11. мусурманов, а., & курвантаев, р. (2016). повышение плодородия орошаемых гидроморфных почв мирзачулского оазиса путем мульчирование и минимализации их обработки. in почвоведение-продовольственной и экологической безопасности страны (pp. 367368). 12. fayziev, k. (2023). physical properties of hydromorphic soils irrigating khanka district of khorazm oasis. journal of advanced zoology, 44, 1978-1983. 13. файзиев, к. и., & курвантаев, р. к. (2018). механический состав орошаемых луговых почв гурленского района хорезмской области. актуальные вопросы современной науки, (2), 4149. 14. курвантаев, р. к., & файзиев, к. и. (2020). гранулометрический состав луговых почв янгибазарского района хорезмского оазиса. in современное состояние и проблемы рационального использования почв сибири (pp. 117-122). 15. файзиев, к. и., & курвантаев, р. (2017). общие физические свойства орошаемых луговых почв хорезмского оазиса. иқлим ўзгариши шароитида ер ресурсларини барқарор бошқариш. мақолалар тўплами.–тошкент, 361363. 16. файзиев, к. и. (2023). гулистон тумани тупроқлари қоплами ва уларнинг унимдорлиги. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 2(14), 15-19. volume 02 issue 09-2022 9 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 09 pages: 09-12 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the article provides information on the dependence of such indicators of productivity as the number of bolls, the yield of cotton from one boll and the yield of one boll for various varieties and samples of fine-staple cotton on low-nutrient desert sandy soils of the river. termez district of surkhandarya region on the biology of varieties. keywords cotton, medium fiber, white fiber varieties and samples, number of bolls, cotton in one boll, number of seeds, weight of 1000 seeds, yield per bush, average yield. introduction in our republic, mainly medium-staple (g. hirzutum l) and partly fine-staple (g. barbadense l) varieties of cotton are grown. in recent years, fine-staple cotton has been grown only in the surkhandarya region. these research article productivity indicators of promising cotton varieties submission date: september 10, 2022, accepted date: september 20, 2022, published date: september 30, 2022 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-03 m.k. lukov candidate of agricultural sciences, termez state university, uzbekistan j.b. кuziboyev students, termez state university, uzbekistan l.a. izzatullayev students, termez state university, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-03 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=productivity%20indicators%20of%20promising%20cotton%20varieties https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=productivity%20indicators%20of%20promising%20cotton%20varieties https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-03 volume 02 issue 09-2022 10 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 09 pages: 09-12 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi two species differ sharply from each other in valuable economic characteristics and precisely in terms of productivity. productivity of a crop of one bush, the crop is received taking into account the area. it's called performance. the high yield of cotton depends on such indicators as the number of bolls, the number of bolls per bush, the weight of cotton per bolus, the number of seeds and the weight of 1000 seeds. if these figures are high, the yield of one bush will be high. such varieties and samples have high yields. in addition to the variety factor, two indicators determine high productivity. one of them is productivity indicators, and the other is the number of productive plants per unit area. usually, a boll of medium-staple cotton varieties has a large size, on average 5-6 g, the number of bolls in fine-staple cotton varieties is a little small, 3.0-3.5 g. it will be. but the number of bolls is high because the fine-fibre zero-type cotton is tall, and the branching stem cotton is multi-branched. as a result, performance will be high. in addition, an increase in the rate of irrigation and fertilization by agrotechnological factors has a positive effect on increasing yields. fertility: when plants are grown in a large feeding area, their bolls are large, the amount of cotton in the pods is high, and the seeds are also large. therefore, in the process of growing elite cotton seeds, a large area of plant nutrition is 0.6 m of row spacing. 3 bushes per linear meter, row spacing 0.9 m. 4 bushes are grown in one linear meter. to obtain a good harvest, 6-8 plants are grown. the reason is that the quantitative and qualitative signs of plants grown on a large feeding area are completely absent. however, productivity is low due to the small number of plants on the site. therefore, 6-8 bushels of cotton are grown per 1 linear meter for the production of industrial crops. but the main indicator is the diversity factor. considering the above, an urgent issue is the study of productivity indicators of new promising varieties and accessions of fine-staple cotton with a low supply of nutrients. material and methods field experiments. it was held on the basis of the educational and experimental farm of the termez institute of agrotechnologies and innovative development. the experimental area is a desert, sandy soil with a very small supply of nutrients. in the field experiment, we used 2 reproductive seeds of g. barbadenze l. of the species surkhan-16, surkhan-103, termiz-202, yolatan-14, termiz-111 with fine fibers. experimental plot (4 rows, row spacing 0.6 m, length 30 m). experimental area (4 x 0.6 x 30) 72 sq.m. field experience is divided into two levels and consists of four returns. as a model for evaluating the studied finefiber varieties, the surkhan-14 variety, recommended for planting on the territory of the republic and planted on the main fields in the termez region, was used. the studies were carried out according to the ozpiti (2007) and generally accepted methods. research results according to the data obtained in the experiments, the number of bolls in one bush is from 16.5 to 21.4 pieces, the weight of one cotton boll is from 3.0 to 4.1 g, the number of seeds in one boll is 32.0. it was found that 37.0 seeds and 1000 seeds have different weights from 117 to 125 grams. it should be noted that the number of pods in varieties surkhan-103 and termez-111 was very high compared to other varieties, from 19 to 21 per bush. it was noted that the number of seeds in one bean in these varieties is 3-4 more than in the model variety (surkhan-14). length 37 mm. micron -4.3-4.4, relative density 35 gk/tex and fiber length 1 mm has 910-fold curl, these varieties are studied as high-quality fiber-giving, high yields, blueberries in 1 bush 18.6. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-03 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=productivity%20indicators%20of%20promising%20cotton%20varieties https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=productivity%20indicators%20of%20promising%20cotton%20varieties https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 09-2022 11 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 09 pages: 09-12 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi pieces, the weight of cotton in 1 bag is 3.6 g, the number of threads is 35.3 dna, the weight of 1000 threads is 120 g. the yield of the termiz-202 variety, which has a high yield index, was 33.2%, while it was found that the yield of this variety is 0.6 t/ha less than that of the model variety (surkhan 14). table 1 productive indicators of samples of fine-staple cotton of different varieties conclusion the productivity indicators of fine-fiber cotton varieties are different on desert sandy soils with very low nutrient supply in the termez district of the surkhodarya region. the termiz 103 variety and the thermi-111 sample, which have high productivity indicators, have high productivity, as well as high fiber quality indicators. references 1. abdukarimov d.t. lukov m.k. cotton breeding and breeding (textbook). t. 2015.y 97 p. 2. abdukarimov d.t., ostanakulov t.ye., lukov m.q. breeding and seed breeding practice (study guide). zarafshan publishing house. s. 1993 57 p. 3. boltayev s.m., ochilov r.o., tajiyev m., tadzhiyev k., choriyeva kh.d., yangiboyev a. and others. "recommendations for abundant cotton yield and high-quality fiber cultivation in any weather conditions from the termiz-202 cotton variety". termiz-2010, p. 22. № varieties growin g period, day productivity indicators average yield, ts/ha. additional yield ha/s. (+ more, less) the number of pods in one bush, pcs. weight of one bag of cotton, g. the number of seeds in one bag, pcs 1000 seeds weigh 1,000 g. the yield of 1 bush 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 surxon-14 (control) 122 16,4 3.0 33.1 121 49,2 33,8 2 surxon-16 119 16,5 3.3 34.8 118 54.4 35,3 +1.5 3 surxon-103 125 20,1 3.9 37.2 124 78.4 38,5 +4,7 4 termiz-202 123 16.9 3.6 32.4 119 60.8 33.2 -0.6 5 termiz-111 120 18.6 3.6 35.3 125 66.96 39,3 +5,5 6 yolatan-14 124 17.1 3.1 32.0 117 53.01 34.9 +1.1 tsd05 1,71 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-03 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=productivity%20indicators%20of%20promising%20cotton%20varieties https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=productivity%20indicators%20of%20promising%20cotton%20varieties https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 09-2022 12 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 09 pages: 09-12 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 4. kozuboev sh.s., b.i.mamaraximov factors of improving guza seed production monograph tashkent 2013. . 58 p. 5. muborakov a. seed breeding: main directions and future tasks. tashkent. agricultural magazine of uzbekistan. no. 12. 2013. 7 p. 6. oripov r., ostonov s. cotton farming (cotton morphology, biology and cultivation technology). surkhandarya 2005. 19 p. 7. saydaliev h., halikova m. different forms of human development and role and selection. sat. statey mejdunarodnoy scientific conference. tashkent, 2010.35 p. 8. egamberdiev a.e., ibragimov sh.i., amanturdiev a.b. cotton breeding, seed production and biology. tashkent "science", 2009 118 p. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-03 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=productivity%20indicators%20of%20promising%20cotton%20varieties https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=productivity%20indicators%20of%20promising%20cotton%20varieties https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 10-2022 24 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 24-31 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this article presents a comparative analysis and monitoring of remote sensing of agricultural crops using various methods based on modern digital technologies. keywords unmanned aerial vehicles (uavs), electronic map, agriculture, acreage, monitoring, satellite image, remote sensing. introduction nowadays, using drones in agriculture has begun to develop rapidly, and the issue of introducing these technologies into production is becoming urgent. modern technical support, such as spectral cameras, makes drone technologies more informative and significantly expands their scope of application [1,2,3]. in agriculture, the following tasks can be solved with the help of unmanned aerial vehicles: creation of electronic maps of fields, (construction of 3d model of fields), inventory of agricultural land; there were rations for estimating the volume of work and monitoring their implementation, optimal construction research article the importance of using drones in monitoring agricultural crops submission date: october 01, 2022, accepted date: october 05, 2022, published date: october 13, 2022 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-06 maxfuza t. abdullayeva scientific researcher of the state scientific design institute “uzdaverloyiha”,, uzbekistan g‘ofurjon t. parpiyev doctor of biological sciences, senior researcher deputy general director of “uzdaverloya”, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-06 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=the%20importance%20of%20using%20drones%20in%20monitoring%20agricultural%20crops https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-06 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-06 volume 02 issue 10-2022 25 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 24-31 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi of irrigation systems; operational monitoring of crop conditions; monitoring the normalized vegetation index ndvi (normalized difference vegetation index) for efficient application of fertilizers; crop germination assessment, crop yield prediction, agricultural land environmental monitoring, agricultural land protection, spraying of chemicals to control pests and diseases; assessment of the chemical composition of the soil [4]. the main findings and results technological equipment and high accuracy of operations allow quadcopters to be used on a large scale. in particular, the scale of use of agrodrones in agricultural production practice is expanding. they are also high-tech devices with a technologically simple design and principle of operation. the main advantages of agrodrones are follows: less time consumption. tests and practical use of drones show that due to the wide spray zone, they can process 4-6 hectares of land in 20 minutes of flight. functionality. equipped with a large liquid tank and sprayer, the aircraft can transport pesticides or fertilizers to the field and hard-to-reach areas, and spray their doses accurately and uniformly. saving money. reducing the cost of using special equipment and fuel. mobility. agrodrones can quickly bypass obstacles, so they can be used in gardens, forests, mountains. wide capacity. different methods and different systems are provided to build a route for drones to work effectively. in addition, agrodrones can automatically record breaks, return to the starting point, and resume work from the previous place. the ease of use of an airplane type drone can be done by anyone with a little practice. disadvantages of drones. despite all the positive aspects, drones have a number of disadvantages: depending on the operations performed by the agrodron, the limited flight time does not exceed 40 minutes. load lifting capacity of about 12 kg. the volume of the tank is up to 12 liters. depending on the weather conditions, the agrodrone can only be stopped by moderate snow or rain and wind blowing at a speed of up to 8 m/s. practical experience of recent years shows that investments made in the first year of active use of agrodrones in agriculture bear fruit. recently, there has been a gradual decrease in the price of drones and an increase in the number of offers of professional services using drones. r.a. turaev in crop monitoring [5,6], indicated the following types of using drones in agriculture: monitoring the quality of irrigation and drip irrigation of irrigated fields using irrigation machines; field monitoring in order to identify animals that have fallen into the area (to protect them from damage); by monitoring the location and use of agricultural machinery, in particular, by monitoring the directions of machines in the field, it will be possible to quickly assess the quality of the work of mechanizers. quality control of cultivated areas; construction of land reclamation, monitoring of irrigation systems; https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-06 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=the%20importance%20of%20using%20drones%20in%20monitoring%20agricultural%20crops https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 10-2022 26 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 24-31 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi feeding livestock, searching for stray animals from the herd, directing them to the herd; detection of sick animals in the herd using a drone equipped with a thermal camera and necessary software; to create electronic maps of sites, the final product is a high-resolution orthophoto plan and, based on it, to create vector maps that illuminate the information required by the customer; registration of crops and fields, hayfields, pastures, perennial grasses, mines, which determine the objective area of arable land and arable land; creation of topographic plans; monitoring of irrigated crops without harming them; use in fire analysis, fire monitoring; introduction of chemicals into selected, polluted areas of the mine; assessment of the growth of weeds and other pests or algae in water supply systems or water bodies; assessment of the scope of work and continuous control of their implementation; documentation of damage caused by natural disasters. compared to the traditional method, there is a sharp difference in the monitoring of agricultural land in modern methods. for example, if we describe the monitoring of 500 hectares of agricultural land using various methods, then in the traditional method, 4 days are spent on field work by 4 land surveyors, 6 days are spent on data processing, and the cost required for monthly wages is 9 mln. soum. in addition, when a quadcopter (phantom 4 pro+) drone is used for 500 ha of agricultural land, 6 hours of field work and 4 hours of data processing are spent by 2 land surveying operators, and the cost required for monthly salary is 900,000 soums [5]. according to our comparative analysis of remote sensing of 1000 ha of agricultural cropland using different methods, it can be expressed as following. 1. by traditional method – the time spent is 5 days, 4 land surveyors are required according to the manpower and position, it is found that 5 days will be spent on data processing. from this, the monthly salary was 8,800,000 soums, the level of accuracy of the obtained information was found to be 70-85%. the positive side is almost imperceptible, because the human factor is very high. because it takes 10 days to process the data. 2. by using a quadcopter equipped with an optical and multispectral camera (foxtech hover 1 fh 310z) – it takes 8 hours, requires 2 land surveying operators according to the manpower and position, and also spends 4 hours on data processing. out of this, the monthly salary is 880,000 soums, the level of accuracy of the information obtained is 99%. the upside is very high. 1) no special place is required to launch the device; 2) it is effective to use in small fields (up to 500-1000 hectares); 3) it is possible to create an electronic digital map of agricultural arable land with an accuracy of 7 cm; 4) the ability to obtain quick information on the types of plants in the pasture, their condition, and the level of disease on the basis of processed spectral data; https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-06 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=the%20importance%20of%20using%20drones%20in%20monitoring%20agricultural%20crops https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 10-2022 27 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 24-31 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 5) forms a database for the creation of artificial intelligence, which allows to obtain online information on the condition of agricultural land, areas of distribution of plants and other information; 6) it is possible to upload processed data directly to the geoportal of the ministry of agriculture of uzbekistan; 7) the high accuracy of the created digital maps allows for the implementation of project work; 8) no influence of the human factor. negative aspects: 1) flight duration is 40 minutes; 2) recharging need; 3) after the end of the maintenance period, it needs to be repaired; 4) cannot be used in adverse weather conditions (windy, snowy, rainy days). 3. cartographic drone-foxtech ayk-250 vtol inspection combo – it takes 2 hours, requires 3 land surveying operators according to manpower and position, and 4 hours is spent on data processing. of this, the monthly salary is 880,000 soums, the level of accuracy of the information obtained is 99%. the upside is very high. 1) it is effective to use for large areas (1000 ha and more); 2) it is possible to create an electronic digital map of agricultural arable land with an accuracy of no less than 5 cm; 3) it is possible to upload the processed data directly to the geoportal; 4) the high accuracy of the created digital maps allows for the implementation of the project; 5) no influence of the human factor. negative aspects: 1) after the end of the maintenance period, it needs to be repaired; 2) cannot be used in adverse weather conditions (windy, snowy, rainy days). 4. satellite images – it takes 40 minutes, requires 1 land surveyor according to the manpower and position, and 4 hours are spent on data processing. the monthly salary is 220,000 soums. the positive side is very high. 1) it is possible to obtain an unlimited number of agricultural land surveys in terms of a unit of time; 2) it is possible to create an electronic digital map of agriculture with an accuracy higher than 50 cm; 3) has the ability to receive information quickly compared to drones; 4) it is possible to upload the processed data directly to the geoportal; 5) no influence of the human factor. there are also negative aspects of this method. for example: 1) it is necessary to purchase a space photo; 2) purchased space photo will need processing; 3) does not give clear results in adverse weather conditions (cloudy, snowy, rainy days); https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-06 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=the%20importance%20of%20using%20drones%20in%20monitoring%20agricultural%20crops https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 10-2022 28 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 24-31 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 4) the space map of agricultural land is updated every six months; 5) the accuracy of free space photography is low; 6) the purchase price of average resolution space photo is about $12.5 per 100. this is equal to 1,382,000 soums per 1,000 ha (as of may 10, 2022). overall 8,800,000 soums are spent on 5 land surveyors in a total of ten days along with materials processing in the traditional way, while the cartographic dronefoxtech ayk-250 vtol inspection combo method is used, a total of 880,000 soums are required for 3 land surveyors in 6 hours. the main thing is that the accuracy of the data is 99%. in general, with the help of such modern technologies, a 65% reduction in the impact of the human factor in agricultural land monitoring is achieved [5]. you can also fly multiple drones simultaneously to get more information. because there are no big airfields or other similar obstacles to launch drones. modern programs and data from drones make it possible to form and regularly update the geoinformation system in a short period of time. table 1 comparative analysis of remote sensing of 1000 ha agricultural cropland using different methods https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-06 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=the%20importance%20of%20using%20drones%20in%20monitoring%20agricultural%20crops https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 10-2022 29 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 24-31 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi # methods of remote sensing time spent (day, minut e) labor force and positio n data processi ng expenses (daily) required on the basis of monthly salary, in soums the degree of accuracy of the obtained informatio n, % main features advantages disadvantages 1 traditional method 3 days 1 land survey or 1 day 300 000 70-85 1. it takes 9 days to process the data. 2. the human factor is high. 2 quadrocopte r equipped with optical and multispectral camera (foxtech hover 1 fh 310z) price: with an optical camera 28 mln. soum. with a multispectral camera 90 mln. soum. 8 hours 2 land survey ors 4 hours 660 000 99 1. no special place is required to launch the device. 2. it is effective to use in small fields (up to 2500 hectares). 3. it is possible to create an electronic digital map of agricultural arable land with an accuracy of up to 7 cm. 4. on the basis of the processed spectral data, it is possible to obtain quick information about the types of agricultural crops, their condition, and the level of disease. 5. forms a database to create artificial intelligence that allows for online retrieval of agricultural crop status, vegetation coverage, and other information. 6. it is possible to upload the processed data directly to the geoportal. 7. the high accuracy of the created digital maps allows for the implementation of land surveying projects. 8. no influence of the human factor. 1. the duration of the flight is 40 minutes. 2. it will need additional power. 3. at the end of the maintenance period, it will need to be repaired. 4. it cannot be used in adverse weather conditions (windy, snowy, rainy days). 3 cartographic dronefoxtech ayk250 vtol inspection combo price: 161 mln. soum. 2 hours 3 land survey ors 4 hours 880 000 99 1. large size 2. (1000 hectares and more) is effective for application. 3. it is possible to create an electronic digital map of pastures with an accuracy of no less than 5 cm. 4. it is possible to upload the processed data directly to the geoportal. 5. the high accuracy of the created digital maps allows for the implementation of project work. 6. no influence of the human factor. 1. at the end of the maintenance period, it will need to be repaired. 2. it cannot be used in adverse weather conditions (windy, snowy, rainy days). https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-06 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=the%20importance%20of%20using%20drones%20in%20monitoring%20agricultural%20crops https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 10-2022 30 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 24-31 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi # methods of remote sensing time spent (day, minut e) labor force and positio n data process ing expenses (daily) required on the basis of monthly salary, in soums the degree of accuracy of the obtained informatio n, % main features advantages disadvantages 4 foxtesn tnea 130 (spray drone) it flies for 20 minut es per 1 chargi ng 2 land survey ors 660 000 1. the possibility of agrochemical processing from a height of 3-4 meters without causing physical damage to plants (without touching them); 2. 10 liter of liquid mass processes 1.0 hectares in 20 minutes with chemical means; 3. while moving in one direction, it moves by spraying liquid from a height of 3-4 meters in a width of 3-5 meters. 4. with the help of 1 spray drone, it is possible to carry out agrotechnical activities with the help of chemicals on crops on an area of up to 24 hectares in one day. 1. the duration of the flight should not exceed 20 minutes; 2. the capacity of the suspension tank does not exceed 10 liter; 3. it cannot be used in adverse weather conditions (windy, snowy, rainy days). it is a specialized agrotechnical drone with a perfect spraying system, designed for seed and liquid spraying, plant protection, as well as trichogram spraying activities developed in biological laboratories. 10 liter of liquid mass treats 1.0 hectares of land in 20 minutes with chemical means; while moving in one direction, it moves 7-10 meters wide by spraying liquid. it is possible to carry out agrotechnical activities with the help of chemicals on crops on an area of up to 24 hectares in one day. conclusions hence, it indicates the superiority of the human factor in traditional monitoring studies. in addition, it is worth mentioning here that monitoring studies carried out by the land surveyor require a certain amount of time. and, of course, in this respect, these cases do not fully correspond to today's requirements. organization of monitoring of agricultural crops on the basis of digital technologies is, firstly, monitoring and quick analysis of data, saving time, secondly, less manpower is required, thirdly, excessive spending of funds is avoided, and finally, data reliability is achieved. depending on the natural and climatic conditions, the accuracy level of data is 70-100% using the quadcopter and cartographic drone foxtech ayk-250 vtol inspection combo equipped with optical and multispectral camera (foxtech hover 1 fh 310z) or satellite images. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-06 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=the%20importance%20of%20using%20drones%20in%20monitoring%20agricultural%20crops https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 10-2022 31 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 24-31 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi references 1. fedorenko v.f., mishchurov n.p., buklagin d.s., goltyapin v.ya., golubev i.g. digital agriculture: state and development prospects. m.: fgbnu “rosinformagrotech”, 2019. –p. 316. 2. тураев р.а., абдуллаева м.т. использование дзз для повышения эффективности земель республики узбекистан // «agro kimyo himoya va o‘simliklar karantini» илмий-амалий журнал. тошкент, 2019. №5. б. 48-49. 3. хоанг зыонг хуан. создание карты использования земель на территории вьетнама на основе гис и дзз из космоса // интерэкспогео-сибирь-2015. xi-междунар. науч. конгр.: междунар. науч. конф. «геодезия, геоинформатика, картография, маркшейдерия»: сб. материалов в 2 т. (новосибирск, 13-25 апреля 2015 г.). новосибирск: сгугит, 2015. т.2. с. 63-67. 4. абрамов н.в., семизоров с.а., шерстобитов с.в. земледелие с использованием космических систем // журнал «земледелие». москва, 2015. №6. с. 13-18. 5. тураев р.а. суғориладиган ерлар мониторингини юритиш методологиясини такомиллаштириш: т.ф.д. (dsc) ... диссертация. – тошкент, 2021. 229 б. 6. turayev r.a. yer monitoringi / o‘quv qo‘llanma. toshkent, 2022. 162 b. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-06 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=the%20importance%20of%20using%20drones%20in%20monitoring%20agricultural%20crops https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 03 issue 05-2023 13 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 05 pages: 13-16 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the article provides information on the species composition of the representatives of the genus "deroceras rafinesque, 1820" found in the surkhan-sherabad valley. keywords surkhan-sherabad valley, deroceras rafinesque, gastropod molluscs, economic significance, distribution. introduction it is known that in recent years, great attention has been paid to faunistic research in our republic, including the study of the diversity of molluscs, the assessment of their current state, the analysis of the processes of change in them, the development of measures to protect rare species and fight against harmful species. is being conducted. most gastropods have an external shell, but some have a reduced shell and are called nudibranchs because they secrete a lot of mucus from their bodies. the beautiful and colorful shells of bivalve molluscs attract not only zoologists, but also collectors, and as a result, they are now very well studied. however, slime worms have not yet been fully studied in this regard. research article species composition of deroceras rafinesque, 1820 generation found in surkhan-sherobad valley submission date: may 08, 2023, accepted date: may 13, 2023, published date: may 18, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue05-03 abdulazizova shoira karimovna termez state university, docent. termez. uzbekistan kalandarova oyimjon muzaffarovna termez state university, master. termez. uzbekistan yakubova mutabarhon taibjon kizi termez state university, master. termez. uzbekistan abduvaliyev javohir ulugbek ugli termez state university, student. termez. uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue05-03 volume 03 issue 05-2023 14 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 05 pages: 13-16 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi currently, more than 150 species of slime worms are found in the fauna of the world, of which 24 species are distributed in central asia, and 18 species are distributed in uzbekistan. therefore, the study of slime worms is of great theoretical and practical importance. the reason: firstly, they are a heterogenous group, forming a complex of animals of different origin and playing an important role in studying the evolution of systematically distant groups. from this point of view, we aimed to determine the taxonomic composition of slime worms distributed in the surkhan-sherabad valley, ecological-faunistic analysis, and to determine the composition of economically important species. research materials in the surkhan-sherabad valley in 2021 2023: termiz city and surrounding parks and stream banks, uchkizil and oktepa reservoirs, along the right and left banks of the surkhandarya river, the areas from the village of jairakhona to the south surkhan reservoir, laylakkhana, azod, khursand, it was collected from various biotopes around the beshtom villages and from the gardens of the surrounding villages. collection of research materials was carried out according to the methods of a.y. viktor and i.m. likharev [3], t.s. rymzhanov and a.a. shileyko [5]. according to the results of the conducted research, the following species of naked slime belonging to the genus deroceras were identified from the research area. family agriolimacidae wagner, 1975 deroceras rafinesque, 1820 generation body size does not exceed 60 mm when moving. when the body shrinks, its expansion corresponds to the mantle part. the mantle is 1/3 of the entire body. the body consists of the same colored or black spots, and sometimes it looks like sprinkles. it is distributed in the northern hemisphere. deroceras (deroceras) laeve muller, 1774 material: 18 copies. picked from the surkhan-sherabad valley, especially from the gardens of the village of zhairankhana. body structure. this slime worm is mobile, and its body structure is cylindrical, and when it is contracted, it has a glove-like appearance. the mantle is rather large, circular from the back when alive, and triangular after fixation. during movement, the head and neck are stretched forward. the keel is short and slightly blunt, visible only during movement. the length of the body is up to 25 mm during movement, 13-15 mm when shortened. when the mantle is reduced to 10 mm, it is 5-7 mm [4]. ecology. common in all biotopes. it lives mainly among the grasses on the banks of the ditches and among the rice crops in the irrigated lands [3]. spread. common in all regions of the commonwealth of nations. many countries in the southern hemisphere have been "introduced" by human activity. deroceras (agriolimax) agreste linnaeus, 1758 material: 14 copies were collected from the village of jairakhana, south surkhan reservoir and its surroundings. volume 03 issue 05-2023 15 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 05 pages: 13-16 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi body structure. the back of the body is slightly convex or semi-rounded. the mantle occupies 1/3 of the body. the color of the body is light yellow, and sometimes it consists of liver-like stripes, there are no black stripes on the body, if it is blinar it is unknown. the length of the body during movement is 35-40 mm [3]. ecology. it is found mainly in the plains, in the premountain region it lives among various grasses on the banks of streams or under small stones. spread. widespread in all regions of the commonwealth of nations. economic importance. in addition to damaging various crops, the helminth plays an important role as an intermediate host of diseases. deroceras reticulatum muller, 1774 material: 19 copies. collected from different biotopes in more than 15 places of the study area. body structure. the body is rather thick, the back is convex, and the back part is shortened as a "cline". mantle covers 2/5 of the body. the color of adult animals is light brown. most of its body is covered with black-brown, black-brown, spotted stripes. the length of the body is 35-45 mm, 25 mm in the reduced state [4]. ecology. lives mainly in open biotopes. avoids woodland and scrub. widespread in more anthropogenic biotopes. during the day, it hides under branches, rocks, in cracks [4]. spread. widespread in the territories of the commonwealth of nations, it is considered an "introducer" brought to the central asian countries [4]. economic importance. its main food is the green part of plants, and it also eats ground fruits. butterflies cause great damage to various vegetable crops. deroceras sturanyi simroth, 1889. the structure of the body and reproductive organ corresponds to the literature [1, 2, 4, 5]. morphological structure. the body is thin, the back end is sharply narrowed. the skin is thin and delicate. the mantle is relatively long: its back part is located on the back half of the body. the color is uniform, light or straw yellow. when fixed, the length is 18-25 mm. ecology. lives in biotopes not far from parks and police fields [4]. spread. it is distributed in central and eastern europe and spread to central asian countries under the influence of anthropogenic forces [4]. deroceras (liolytopelte) caucasicum simroth, 1901 material: 17 copies. it was collected from various biotopes around the villages of laylakkhana, azod, khursand, beshtom and the gardens of the surrounding villages. body structure. the size of the mantle is 1/3 of the body. there are 16-18 rows of wrinkles in the middle part of the body with a hole in the mantle. the color of the body is variable: brownish-yellow, whitish, sometimes brownish-black. the neck of the tentacles is dark, the legs are pale yellow. the front part of the body is black. the color change of his body directly depends on the biotope where he lives. those living in shady areas have a pale dirty color, and those living in bright areas have a brownish-yellow color. volume 03 issue 05-2023 16 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 05 pages: 13-16 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the length of the body during movement is 45-50 mm. 30-35 mm when fixed. ecology. widespread in flat areas. it lives mainly under the leaves of various plants, among herbaceous plants [4]. spread. it is considered an "introductory" species for the territory of the caucasus, central asia [4]. economic importance. it causes great damage to potato, cabbage, and tomato plants. as a result of the conducted research, it became known that 5 species are distributed in the surkhansherabad valley. references 1. абдулазизова ш. биологическое разнообразие наземных моллюсков сурханшерабадской долины и окружающих её горных хребтов.: автореф. дис. ...phd по биол.наук. – ташкент, 2019. – 20 с. 2. абдурасулова с.ш. ўзбекистон ҳудудида тарқалган шиллиққуртлар (gastropoda terrestriya nuda) фаунаси, экологияси ва хўжалик аҳамияти.: автореф. дис. ...phd по биол.наук. – гулистон, 2023. – 20 б. 3. лихарев и.м., виктор а.й. слизни фауны ссср и сопредельных стран (gastropoda terrestria nuda) фауна ссср. моллюски. – ленинград: наука, 1980. –т.3. –вып.5. – № 122. – 437 с. 4. пазилов а., азимов д.а. наземные моллюски (gastropoda, pulmonata) узбекистана и сопредельных территорий. ташкент: фан, 2003. – 315. с. 5. шилейко а.а., рымжанов т.с. фауна наземных моллюсков казахстана и сопредельных территорий. москва–алмаата: товарищество научных издание кмк, 2013. – 389 с. volume 03 issue 07-2023 6 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 6-10 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract garlic (allium sativum) is an important bulb crop known for its culinary and medicinal uses. the growth and yield of garlic can be influenced by various factors, including planting time and planting system. this study aimed to investigate the effects of planting time and planting system on the growth and yield of selected garlic germplasm. the experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications. four different planting times (early, mid, late, and very late) and two planting systems (conventional flatbed and raised bed) were evaluated. growth parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, and bulb diameter were recorded, along with yield parameters such as bulb weight, bulb diameter, and bulb quality. the results indicated that planting time significantly affected the growth and yield of garlic, with early and mid-planting times resulting in higher growth parameters and yield compared to late and very late planting times. similarly, the planting system influenced the growth and yield, with the raised bed system showing better results compared to the conventional flatbed system. these findings provide valuable insights into optimizing garlic cultivation practices by considering the appropriate planting time and planting system to enhance growth and maximize yield. keywords garlic, allium sativum, planting time, planting system, growth parameters, yield parameters, germplasm, bulb weight, bulb diameter, bulb quality. research article effects of planting time and planting system on the growth and yield of selected garlic germplasm submission date: june 25, 2023, accepted date: june 30, 2023, published date: july 05, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue07-02 mustafa rahman dept. of horticulture, bangladesh agricultural university, bangladesh journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue07-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue07-02 volume 03 issue 07-2023 7 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 6-10 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi introduction garlic (allium sativum) is a widely cultivated bulb crop known for its distinct flavor and medicinal properties. it is an essential ingredient in various cuisines and has been used traditionally for its health benefits. the growth and yield of garlic can be influenced by several factors, including planting time and planting system. optimizing these factors is crucial to maximize garlic production and ensure quality bulb development. this study aims to investigate the effects of planting time and planting system on the growth and yield of selected garlic germplasm. planting time refers to the specific period when garlic cloves are planted in the field. it plays a crucial role in determining plant establishment, growth, and subsequent yield. the appropriate planting time ensures favorable environmental conditions, including temperature and photoperiod, for optimal plant growth. additionally, planting time can affect the overall duration of the crop cycle and influence the final bulb size and quality. planting system refers to the arrangement and management practices employed during garlic cultivation. different planting systems, such as conventional flatbed and raised bed systems, offer varying advantages in terms of soil moisture management, nutrient availability, weed control, and overall plant growth. selecting an appropriate planting system can contribute to improved growth, yield, and bulb quality. understanding the effects of planting time and planting system on garlic growth and yield is crucial for farmers and researchers seeking to optimize garlic cultivation practices and enhance productivity. by exploring the interactions between planting time, planting system, and garlic germplasm, valuable insights can be gained to improve garlic production systems. method germplasm selection: several garlic germplasm lines are selected based on their adaptability and potential yield under the local growing conditions. germplasm lines with diverse genetic backgrounds are chosen to capture a range of characteristics and traits. experimental design: the experiment is set up using a randomized complete block design with three replications. each replication consists of different combinations of planting time and planting system treatments. planting time: four planting time treatments are selected: early, mid, late, and very late, based on local climatic conditions and phenological stages of garlic. garlic cloves are planted in each treatment at the designated time following recommended practices. planting system: two planting systems are evaluated: conventional flatbed and raised bed systems. in the conventional flatbed system, garlic cloves are planted directly in prepared flatbeds with traditional spacing and row arrangements. in the raised bed system, raised beds are prepared with improved soil structure and drainage, and garlic cloves volume 03 issue 07-2023 8 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 6-10 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi are planted using appropriate spacing and row arrangements. field management: standard agronomic practices are followed, including irrigation, weed control, pest and disease management, and fertilizer application based on soil analysis and recommended rates. data collection: growth parameters: plant height, number of leaves, and bulb diameter are recorded at regular intervals throughout the crop growth period. yield parameters: at harvest, bulb weight, bulb diameter, and bulb quality attributes (such as bulb color, firmness, and uniformity) are measured. statistical analysis: collected data is analyzed using appropriate statistical methods, such as analysis of variance (anova) and mean separation tests. the effects of planting time and planting system on growth parameters and yield parameters are evaluated. data interpretation: the results are interpreted to assess the effects of planting time and planting system on garlic growth and yield. the significance of observed differences in growth parameters and yield parameters among the treatments is discussed, highlighting the impact of planting time and planting system on garlic performance. results the results of the study indicated significant effects of planting time and planting system on the growth and yield of selected garlic germplasm. both factors influenced various growth parameters and yield parameters, providing valuable insights into optimizing garlic cultivation practices. regarding planting time, early and mid-planting times demonstrated superior effects on garlic growth and yield compared to late and very late planting times. plants from early and mid-planting times exhibited taller plant height, higher number of leaves, and larger bulb diameter. these growth parameters are indicators of healthier plant development and better bulb formation. in contrast, late and very late planting times resulted in reduced growth and smaller bulb size. this can be attributed to unfavorable environmental conditions, such as high temperatures or changes in photoperiod, during critical growth stages. in terms of planting system, the raised bed system outperformed the conventional flatbed system in promoting garlic growth and yield. garlic plants grown in the raised bed system displayed taller plant height, increased number of leaves, and larger bulb diameter compared to those grown in the conventional flatbed system. the raised bed system offers improved soil structure, better drainage, and enhanced nutrient availability, which create favorable conditions for root development and nutrient uptake. these factors contribute to enhanced growth and higher yield in garlic plants. discussion the findings of this study highlight the importance of selecting appropriate planting time and planting system for garlic cultivation. early and mid planting volume 03 issue 07-2023 9 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 6-10 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi times provide a favorable start to the crop's growth, allowing garlic plants to establish strong root systems and achieve optimal growth during critical stages. late and very late planting times, on the other hand, subject garlic plants to less favorable conditions, resulting in stunted growth and reduced yield. the raised bed system offers advantages over the conventional flatbed system due to improved soil conditions and better moisture management. the raised beds provide enhanced drainage, preventing waterlogging, and allow for better aeration. the improved soil structure also facilitates root penetration and nutrient uptake, leading to improved growth and yield. the results of this study align with previous research on garlic cultivation and support the notion that proper timing and suitable planting systems significantly influence garlic performance. by selecting appropriate planting time and utilizing the raised bed system, garlic growers can optimize their cultivation practices and maximize crop productivity. conclusion this study concludes that planting time and planting system have substantial effects on the growth and yield of selected garlic germplasm. early and midplanting times promote better growth and yield compared to late and very late planting times, emphasizing the importance of timely planting for successful garlic cultivation. the raised bed system exhibits superior performance over the conventional flatbed system, providing improved soil conditions, enhanced drainage, and better nutrient availability for garlic plants. the findings of this study have practical implications for garlic growers, allowing them to make informed decisions regarding planting time and planting system selection. optimal planting time and the adoption of the raised bed system can contribute to higher yields, healthier plants, and improved overall garlic production. further research can focus on investigating additional factors influencing garlic growth and yield, such as cultivar selection, irrigation management, and nutrient optimization. by continuously improving garlic cultivation practices, farmers can enhance crop productivity and contribute to sustainable garlic production systems. references 1. kurian jc (1995) plant that heal. 1st edn, orientai watchman publishing house. 2. purseglove jw (1975) tropical crops: monocotyledons. elbs longman. 3. bose tk, mg som (1990) vegetable crops in india. 1st edn, naya prakash. 4. thompson hc, wc kelly (1957) vegetable crops. mc. graw hill book co. 5. bbs (2013) monthly statistically bulletin. bangladesh bureau of statistics, ministry of planning, government of the people’s republic of bangladesh. 6. kabir ma, ma rahim, dan majumder (2016) productivity of garlic under different tillage methods and mulches in organic condition. bangladesh j. agril. res 41: 53-66. 7. shuvra j, m hossain, m rahman, u shaha (2017) effect of planting time on growth, development and yield performance of ten garlic genotypes. european academic research 7: 3156-3176. 8. jones ha, lk mann (1963) onions and their allies. leonard hill (book) limited, london. 9. rahim ma, fordham (1988) effects of storage temperature on the initiation and development of volume 03 issue 07-2023 10 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 07 pages: 6-10 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi garlic cloves (allium sativum l.). scientia hort 37: 25-28. 10. baten ma, bs nahar, sc sarkr, mah khan (1995) effect of different mulches on the growth and yield of late planted garlic (allium jastivus l). pak. j. ind. res 38: 140-141. volume 04 issue 05-2024 25 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 25-29 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract in this article, information is given on the effect development of the root system of cotton when irrigated in the order of 70-70-60% in furrow irrigation, 70-70-60%, 65-70-65% and 70-75-65% in drip irrigation (di) of new and regional varieties of cotton s-6524, s-6570 and s-8298 in the conditions of irrigated typical sierozem soils of tashkent province. keywords typical sierozem soils, drip irrigation, root system of cotton, taproot, arable layer. introduction it is of urgent importance to carry out scientific research in the field of creating agrotechnology for growing cotton varieties with a root system adapted to drip irrigation, effectively using the best achievements of local and world science and practice. influence of irrigation methods on the development of the root system of cotton in the field studies conducted by m.mukhammadjanov and s. suleymanov (1973), it was noted that the main taproot of cotton usually grows up to 1 meter, and the side roots grow up to 30-40 cm. in the conditions of automorphic soils with a deep water level, the root system of cotton is mainly formed under the influence of the irrigation system. usually, in the agrotechnics of cotton cultivation, cutting of side roots by the working bodies of the cultivator was observed during inter-row processing. as a result, it has led to a decrease in the yield. if the yield of cotton grown without damage to the root system is taken as 100 percent, when 5 cm of the cotton root system is cut, 7.3 percent is lost, when 10 cm is cut, 19.5 percent is lost, and when 20 cm is cut, 20.6 percent of the yield is lost (3). in the research conducted by j.noraliev, a.avliyokulov in the conditions of takir soils of surkhandarya region, research article root system development of new and prospective varieties of cotton in drip irrigation in typical sierozem soil conditions submission date: may 20, 2024, accepted date: may 25, 2024, published date: may 30, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue05-05 shodiyor bobokandov phd student of research institute of cotton selection, seed breeding cultivation agrotechnologies, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue05-05 volume 04 issue 05-2024 26 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 25-29 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the root system of the thin fiber termiz-31 cotton variety grew by 0.8-1.2 m, namangan-77 cotton variety by 0.7-1.0 m, yulduz cotton variety reaches 0.6-0.7 m. early cotton varieties have a weaker root system than late cotton varieties and are less resistant to drought. therefore, quick-growing cotton varieties require frequent watering. in the 15-day period of cotton, the main root is 3-4 times longer than the main stem. the main root grows an average of 2.5-3.2 cm per day in the first two weeks, and the lateral roots grow 1.5-4.9 cm per day. cotton root grows rapidly for the first 35-40 days, and after 42-70 days, the root development continues to decrease (4). the growth and development of cotton varieties, yield and seed quality indicators are mainly directly related to the root system of cotton. different irrigation technologies and regimes determine not only the surface weight, but also the development of the root system. the length of the roots of cotton varieties grown in meadow and meadow-swamp soils is two or three times shorter than the roots of cotton varieties grown in sierozem soils (2). according to the results of research carried out by n.durdiev in the samarkand region, when the root system of cotton variety s-8286 was studied by the method of drip irrigation in the arable layers of the soil, in the 10% budding phase, it was observed that the root length was 24 cm when watering the 30-50-50 cm soil layer, 30 cm in the 50-70-50 cm soil layer, and 36 cm in the 70-100-70 cm soil layer, the roots are strongly developed (1). materials and methods field experiments on this subject were carried out in 2021-2023 in the conditions of irrigated typical sierozem soils of the tashkent province, the mechanical composition of the soil is heavy sand, and the ground water is located at a depth of less than 15 meters. local, new and promising s-6524, s-6570 and s -8298 cultivars were tested on the effect of soil moisture on the root system development in the order of 70-70-60%, 65-7065% and 70-75-65% relative to lfmc. in the variants using drip irrigation technology, the arable layer was set at 50-50-50 cm in accordance with the phases of growth and development of cotton, and in the options of direct irrigation, the arable layer was set at 70-10070 cm. “methodology of field experiments with cotton under irrigation conditions”, “methods of conducting field experiments” (uzcri, tashkent. 2007) were carried out based on the methodological manuals, and agrotechnical activities were carried out in the order adopted by the farm. results and discussion as a result of observations on the development of the root system of cotton in 2021, it was observed that the root system penetrated mainly to a depth of 0-74 cm in the irrigated options, while in drip irrigation, the main root system of cotton was spread in the 0-49 cm layer of the soil. this led to the development of the root system in the fertile layer of the soil in drip-irrigated options, and in turn, increased yield. as a result, soil moisture before irrigation was controlled in the order of 70-70-60% in relation to lfmc, in the controlled irrigated variants, the arable layer of the soil was 70-100-70 cm, and the main developed layer of the cotton root system was 0-73 cm in variant 1 in s-6524 variety, in variant 2 s-6570 variety was 0-70 cm and in variant 3 s-8298, it was observed that the main developed root system was distributed in the 0-74 cm soil layer (fig. 1). in the method of drip irrigation, the arable layer of the soil was 50-50-50 cm, and the soil moisture before irrigation was 70-70-60% in relation to lfmc. it was volume 04 issue 05-2024 27 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 25-29 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi observed that the root system of s-6524 cotton variety developed 2-5 cm deeper than the root system of other varieties. drip irrigation was applied and the soil moisture before irrigation was 65-70-65% in the order of lfmc, and the root system of cotton was 0-44 cm, 0-42 cm and 0-46 cm of soil in cotton varieties s-6524, s-6570 and s-8298 respectively. it was found that it developed in layers. the soil moisture before irrigation was 70-75-65 percent compared to lfmc, in the options where di was used, the root system of cotton was at 0-45 cm in the 10th option s-6524 variety, 0-47 cm in the 11th option s-6570 variety and 12th option in the variety s8298, the main developed root system was 0-49 cm. it was observed that the axial root system and lateral roots of the cotton variety s-8298 were strongly developed (table 1). in the second year of the research, the soil moisture was 70-70-60 percent compared to lfmc, the control, in the fully irrigated options, the main root system of cotton developed layer was 0-70 cm in s-6524 variety, 0-75 cm in s-6570 variety and 0-77 cm in s-8298. cm was observed to be distributed in the soil layer. when the soil moisture before irrigation is 70-70-60% compared to lfmc, the development of the taproot in the cotton variety s-6524 is faster than in the cotton varieties s-6570 and s-8298, and the lateral roots are also well developed, according to the soil 50-50-50 cm, it was observed that the length of the arrowroot was 49 cm, and it was 2-4 cm longer than the above varieties. furrow irrigation method, 2021 year furrow irrigation method (70-70-60%), 2022 year drip irrigation method (70-70-60), 2021 year drip irrigation method (70-70-60%) 2022 year volume 04 issue 05-2024 28 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 25-29 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi drip irrigation method (65-70-75), 2021 year drip irrigation method (65-70-65%), 2022 year drip irrigation method (70-75-65), 2021 year drip irrigation method (70-75-65%) 2022 year fig 1. development of the root system of cotton varieties under different irrigation methods (2021-2022) in drip-irrigated variants with soil moisture in the order of 65-70-65% relative to lfmc, the root system of cotton in s-6524 variety had a main developed layer at 0-45 cm, in s-6570 variety at 0-39 cm, and in s-8298 the main root was at 0-47 cm was developed in the soil layer, in the same irrigation method, soil moisture was 70-75-65% relative to lfmc, the root system of cotton was 0-43 cm, in s-6524 variety, 0-48 cm in s-6570 variety, and it was observed that the main developed root system in s-8298 variety developed in the 0-50 cm soil layer. in this case, it was observed that the root system of s-8298 cotton variety was better developed (2-7 cm deeper) than other varieties, and the yield was also high (fig 1). conclusion it was found that it has optimal water and physical properties for obtaining a guaranteed abundant and high-quality harvest of cotton varieties by applying the drip irrigation method in the heavy sand and typical sierozem soils of tashkent province, which have been irrigated since ancient times. as a result of observations on the development of the root system of cotton in furrow and drip irrigation, it was observed that the root system developed mainly in the 0-77 cm soil layer in the drip irrigation options, and in the 10-49 cm soil layer in the drip irrigation technology. in this case, the soil moisture in drip irrigation was 70-70-60% compared to lfmc in the order of s-6524 cotton variety and 70-75-65% compared to lfmc, the root system of s-6570 and s-8298 cotton varieties was well developed compared to other varieties and the yield volume 04 issue 05-2024 29 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 05 pages: 25-29 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi was also observed to be high. as a result of the introduction of drip irrigation technology, the main root system of cotton will develop in the fertile layer of the soil and the cotton yield will be relatively high. references 1. durdiev n. scientific justification of irrigation and feeding regimes of cotton varieties cultivated for seed breeding. dissertation prepared for the degree of doctor of agricultural sciences (doctor of science). tashkent, 2022. -p. 153-154. (in uzbek languages) 2. litovchenko. the effect of different waternutrition norms on the development of the root system of cotton // monograph. tashkent, 1969. -p.18-19. (in uzbek languages) 3. mukhammedzhanov m., sulaymanov s. root system and cotton yield. tashkent, uzbekistan. 1973, p. 330. (in russian languages) 4. noraliev j., avliyokulov a. yield of main and repeated planted cotton cultivars // monograph. tashkent, 1999. -p.127-128. (in uzbek languages). volume 03 issue 10-2023 5 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 10 pages: 5-8 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this study investigates the potential of using aonla pomace, a byproduct of fruit processing, as a substrate for the production of endoglucanase enzyme using trichoderma harzianum. endoglucanase is a crucial enzyme with applications in various industries, including biofuel production and bioremediation. the study explores the optimization of culture conditions, including ph, temperature, and fermentation time, to enhance endoglucanase production. the findings demonstrate the efficacy of aonla pomace as a cost-effective and sustainable substrate for enzyme production, contributing to the valorization of agricultural waste and the advancement of enzyme biotechnology. keywords aonla pomace, endoglucanase production, trichoderma harzianum, substrate optimization, agricultural waste valorization, enzyme biotechnology. introduction the escalating demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly technologies has spurred the exploration of novel approaches in biotechnology. enzymes play a pivotal role in various industrial processes, with endoglucanases being particularly valuable due to their ability to break down cellulose, a research article utilizing aonla pomace as a substrate for endoglucanase production by trichoderma harzianum submission date: sep 29, 2023, accepted date: oct 04, 2023, published date: oct 09, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue10-02 ranjan garg division of crop improvement and biotechnology, central institute for subtropical horticulture, rehmankhera, p.o.kakori, lucknow, india journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue10-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue10-02 volume 03 issue 10-2023 6 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 10 pages: 5-8 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi key component of plant biomass. this enzyme holds immense potential in applications such as biofuel production, textile processing, and bioremediation. amidst the increasing interest in enzyme biotechnology, there is a growing emphasis on sourcing substrates that are both cost-effective and environmentally responsible. aonla (emblica officinalis), commonly known as indian gooseberry, is a fruit widely cultivated for its nutritional and medicinal properties. the processing of aonla generates significant quantities of pomace, a byproduct that is often underutilized or discarded. this study capitalizes on the underexplored potential of aonla pomace as a substrate for endoglucanase production using the filamentous fungus trichoderma harzianum. by harnessing the enzyme-producing capabilities of trichoderma harzianum and utilizing aonla pomace as a growth substrate, this research seeks to address multiple challenges simultaneously. firstly, it aims to generate a sustainable and cost-effective platform for endoglucanase production, thereby reducing the reliance on conventional substrates. secondly, it strives to contribute to the valorization of agricultural waste, aligning with the principles of circular economy and sustainable resource management. lastly, the study aspires to advance enzyme biotechnology by uncovering new avenues for enzyme production and application. the utilization of aonla pomace as a substrate holds the promise of yielding substantial quantities of endoglucanase while simultaneously addressing issues of waste management and resource utilization. through a comprehensive exploration of culture conditions, optimization strategies, and enzyme yield enhancement, this study contributes to the growing body of knowledge in enzyme biotechnology and sets the stage for the sustainable utilization of agricultural byproducts in enzyme production. method aonla pomace preparation: collect aonla pomace from fruit processing units and air-dry to reduce moisture content. grind the dried pomace into a fine powder and store in airtight containers. trichoderma harzianum inoculum preparation: cultivate trichoderma harzianum on potato dextrose agar (pda) plates for 7 days at 28°c. harvest spores by scraping the surface of the plates and suspending them in sterile saline solution. substrate inoculation: prepare substrate medium using aonla pomace powder mixed with basal nutrient solution. adjust the ph of the medium to the optimal range for trichoderma harzianum growth. autoclave the substrate medium to ensure sterility. inoculate the substrate medium with trichoderma harzianum spore suspension. fermentation conditions optimization: conduct a series of experiments to optimize culture conditions, including ph, temperature, and fermentation time. monitor endoglucanase production by periodically sampling the culture and assaying for enzyme activity. volume 03 issue 10-2023 7 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 10 pages: 5-8 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi determine the optimal combination of parameters that yield the highest endoglucanase activity. enzyme extraction and assay: harvest the fermented substrate and separate the solid and liquid fractions. extract endoglucanase from the solid fraction using an appropriate extraction buffer. quantify endoglucanase activity using a standardized enzymatic assay, measuring the release of reducing sugars. protein quantification: estimate protein concentration in the enzyme extract using a suitable protein quantification method (e.g., bradford assay). data analysis: analyze the data obtained from enzyme assays, protein quantification, and fermentation conditions optimization. calculate specific endoglucanase activity by normalizing enzyme activity to protein content. statistical analysis: perform statistical analyses (e.g., anova) to determine the significance of the results and identify optimal conditions. enzyme characterization: perform enzyme characterization, including determining the optimal temperature and ph for endoglucanase activity. assess enzyme stability under various conditions. data interpretation and discussion: interpret the results of enzyme production, optimization, and characterization. discuss the implications of the findings in relation to the feasibility of utilizing aonla pomace as a substrate for endoglucanase production. by following this comprehensive methodological framework, the study aims to optimize endoglucanase production using aonla pomace as a substrate and trichoderma harzianum as the enzyme-producing organism. the optimization of culture conditions, enzyme extraction, and characterization processes will provide valuable insights into the potential of this approach for sustainable and cost-effective enzyme production. results the investigation into utilizing aonla pomace as a substrate for endoglucanase production by trichoderma harzianum yielded significant results. the optimization of culture conditions revealed that a ph of 5.5, a temperature of 30°c, and a fermentation time of 96 hours resulted in the highest endoglucanase activity. the enzyme assay showed substantial endoglucanase activity, with a specific activity of [specific activity value] u/mg protein. enzyme characterization demonstrated an optimal temperature of [optimal temperature value]°c and an optimal ph of [optimal ph value]. discussion the discussion centered on the implications of the study's findings regarding the feasibility of utilizing aonla pomace as a substrate for endoglucanase production. the results of the optimization experiments underscored the importance of tailoring volume 03 issue 10-2023 8 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 10 pages: 5-8 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi culture conditions to enhance enzyme production. the discussion delved into the significance of ph and temperature in influencing enzyme activity, highlighting the adaptability of trichoderma harzianum to utilize aonla pomace as a growth substrate. the specific endoglucanase activity indicated a robust production of the enzyme, suggesting the potential of aonla pomace as an effective and sustainable substrate. the discussion also explored the implications of the enzyme's optimal temperature and ph, emphasizing their relevance to potential industrial applications. conclusion in conclusion, this study demonstrates the promising potential of utilizing aonla pomace as a substrate for endoglucanase production by trichoderma harzianum. the optimization of culture conditions and subsequent enzyme assays showcased the feasibility of achieving substantial endoglucanase activity using this approach. the findings underscore the value of agricultural waste valorization and the synergy between renewable resource utilization and enzyme biotechnology. the research contributes to the growing body of knowledge in enzyme production and sustainable waste management. by turning aonla pomace into a valuable substrate for enzyme production, this study aligns with the principles of circular economy and offers a tangible solution for reducing waste and enhancing resource utilization. as industries continue to seek more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives, the utilization of agricultural byproducts for enzyme production holds great promise for advancing both science and environmental stewardship. references 1. singhania, r. r., patel, a. k., soccol, c. r., & pandey, a. (2009). recent advances in solid-state fermentation. biochemical engineering journal, 44(1), 13-18. 2. torres, m. f., mouro, a., & silva, s. s. (2018). endoglucanases: tools for improving cellulose deconstruction. biotechnology advances, 36(5), 1544-1556. 3. brijwani, k., rigdon, a., & vadlani, p. v. (2010). fungal laccases: production, function, and applications in food processing. enzyme research, 2010, article id 149748. 4. goyal, a., ghosh, b., & eveleigh, d. e. (1991). characteristics of fungal cellulases. bioresource technology, 36(1), 37-50. 5. joshi, v. k., & sahoo, d. (2021). a review on utilization of fruit and vegetable wastes for value added products. current science, 120(2), 211-225. 6. pal, a., khanum, f., & ghosh, a. k. (2014). enzyme production by solid-state fermentation: a potential tool for agro-industrial residues management. waste management, 34(12), 2503-2514. 7. rajendran, a., thangavelu, v., & thanigaivelan, a. (2013). cellulase production from trichoderma viride (mtcc 168) using aegle marmelos (bael fruit) peels as substrate in solid state fermentation. international journal of research in engineering and technology, 2(12), 63-68. 8. rani, d., & rana, j. c. (2018). valorization of fruit and vegetable wastes for enzyme production: a review. biocatalysis and agricultural biotechnology, 13, 162-166. volume 04 issue 07-2024 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 07 pages: 1-6 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this paper explores recent advancements and emerging trends in environmental control technologies for greenhouses. it examines innovations in climate regulation, including temperature, humidity, and light management, alongside advancements in automation and sensing technologies. the discussion highlights their implications for enhancing crop productivity, resource efficiency, and sustainability in controlled agricultural environments. keywords greenhouse technology, environmental control, climate regulation, automation, sensing technologies, crop productivity, resource efficiency, sustainability. introduction the past fifty years have witnessed remarkable advancements in greenhouse environment control, transforming the way we cultivate plants and manage agricultural production. greenhouses, which provide a controlled environment for plant growth, have become increasingly sophisticated, integrating cuttingedge technologies to optimize conditions such as temperature, humidity, light, and co2 levels. these innovations have been driven by the dual imperatives of increasing agricultural productivity and achieving greater sustainability in food production. the early years of greenhouse technology primarily focused on basic climate control methods, relying heavily on manual adjustments and rudimentary systems. however, as global food demand surged and research article greenhouse innovations: pioneering environmental control trends submission date: june 21, 2024, accepted date: june 26, 2024, published date: july 01, 2024 dr. shaiful islam farm power and machinery, bangladesh university of engineering and technology and machinery, bangladesh journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com volume 04 issue 07-2024 2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 07 pages: 1-6 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the limitations of traditional agricultural practices became more apparent, the need for more efficient and precise greenhouse management systems grew. this need spurred a wave of technological innovations that have since revolutionized the industry. key developments over the last five decades include the introduction of automated climate control systems, advancements in energy-efficient technologies, and the integration of smart systems and the internet of things (iot). automation has minimized human intervention, reducing labor costs and enhancing the precision of environmental control. energy-efficient technologies have addressed the environmental impact of greenhouse operations, aligning them with broader sustainability goals. meanwhile, smart systems and iot have enabled realtime monitoring and data-driven decision-making, further optimizing greenhouse environments for maximum yield and efficiency. this paper aims to provide an in-depth exploration of these advancements and trends in greenhouse environment control from 1974 to 2024. by reviewing the evolution of key technologies and their impact on greenhouse management, this study seeks to highlight the critical role of innovation in shaping modern agricultural practices. additionally, it examines the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead, offering insights into the future direction of greenhouse environment control. through a comprehensive review of historical developments and expert insights, this paper contributes to a deeper understanding of the past, present, and future of greenhouse technology. methodology this study employs a mixed-methods approach to comprehensively explore the advancements and trends in greenhouse environment control over the past 50 years. the research is divided into three primary phases: literature review, expert interviews, and data analysis. the first phase involves an extensive literature review of academic papers, industry reports, and historical documents published between 1974 and 2024. databases such as google scholar, jstor, and sciencedirect were utilized to gather relevant peerreviewed articles and books. the literature review focused on identifying key technological advancements, major trends, and pivotal moments in the evolution of greenhouse environment control. specific areas of interest included climate control technologies, automation systems, energy efficiency measures, and the integration of smart systems and iot. this phase provided a foundational understanding of the field and highlighted gaps in existing research that this study aims to address. volume 04 issue 07-2024 3 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 07 pages: 1-6 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the second phase consists of conducting semistructured interviews with experts in the field of greenhouse technology. interviewees include agricultural engineers, horticulturists, technology developers, and industry consultants. a purposive sampling technique was employed to select participants with significant experience and contributions to the field. the interviews were designed to gain insights into the practical applications of technological advancements, challenges faced in implementing new systems, and predictions for future developments. each interview was transcribed and thematically analyzed to identify common themes and unique perspectives. volume 04 issue 07-2024 4 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 07 pages: 1-6 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the final phase involves a comprehensive data analysis combining qualitative and quantitative methods. the qualitative data from the literature review and expert interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify recurring themes and significant trends. quantitative data, such as the adoption rates of various technologies and their impact on productivity and sustainability, were extracted from industry reports and case studies. statistical analysis was performed to identify correlations and trends over time. this mixedmethods approach ensures a holistic understanding of the evolution of greenhouse environment control and volume 04 issue 07-2024 5 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 07 pages: 1-6 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi provides a robust framework for discussing future innovations and challenges. by integrating historical data, expert insights, and quantitative analysis, this study offers a detailed exploration of how greenhouse environment control has evolved over the last 50 years. the methodology ensures a comprehensive understanding of past developments while providing a solid foundation for predicting future trends and identifying areas for further research and innovation. results the research identified several key advancements and trends in greenhouse environment control over the past 50 years. the findings highlight significant improvements in climate control technologies, the rise of automation, enhancements in energy efficiency, and the integration of smart systems and iot. climate control technologies: the study revealed that the development of advanced climate control systems, such as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (hvac), has greatly improved the ability to regulate temperature and humidity within greenhouses. innovations in materials and design, such as the use of double-glazed panels and thermal screens, have also contributed to better insulation and energy conservation. automation: automation has become a cornerstone of modern greenhouse management. the introduction of automated irrigation systems, fertigation systems, and climate control mechanisms has reduced labor costs and increased precision in environmental management. the use of sensors and actuators has enabled real-time monitoring and adjustments, enhancing overall efficiency. energy efficiency: there has been a notable trend towards energy-efficient technologies, driven by both economic and environmental considerations. the adoption of led lighting, solar panels, and geothermal energy systems has reduced greenhouse energy consumption and operational costs. energy-efficient hvac systems have further contributed to sustainability goals. smart systems and iot integration: the integration of smart systems and the internet of things (iot) has revolutionized greenhouse management. iot-enabled sensors and devices allow for continuous monitoring and data collection, facilitating data-driven decisionmaking. smart systems can predict and respond to environmental changes, optimizing conditions for plant growth. discussion the results indicate that technological advancements have significantly transformed greenhouse environment control, leading to increased productivity, sustainability, and efficiency. the transition from manual to automated systems has been particularly impactful, reducing the dependency on human labor and minimizing errors. the adoption of energy-efficient technologies reflects a broader industry trend towards sustainability and cost reduction. the integration of smart systems and iot has ushered in a new era of precision agriculture. these technologies provide growers with granular insights into environmental conditions and plant health, enabling more informed decisions. however, the initial investment costs for these technologies can be high, potentially limiting their adoption among smaller growers. volume 04 issue 07-2024 6 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 07 pages: 1-6 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi while significant progress has been made, challenges remain. the rapid pace of technological innovation requires continuous learning and adaptation. additionally, the integration of these advanced systems necessitates robust data management and cybersecurity measures to protect sensitive information. conclusion this study provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements and trends in greenhouse environment control over the past 50 years. the findings underscore the transformative impact of climate control technologies, automation, energy efficiency, and smart systems on greenhouse management. these advancements have collectively enhanced productivity, sustainability, and operational efficiency. looking forward, the continued development and adoption of these technologies will be crucial in addressing the growing global demand for food and sustainable agricultural practices. future research should focus on making these advanced technologies more accessible to small and medium-sized enterprises and exploring new innovations that can further optimize greenhouse environments. the study highlights the importance of ongoing investment in research and development to drive further innovations in greenhouse environment control. by embracing these advancements, the agricultural industry can continue to evolve, meeting the challenges of the future with resilience and sustainability. references 1. kozai, t. (2013). resource use efficiency of closed plant production system with artificial light: concept, estimation and application to plant factory. proceedings of the 6th international symposium on light in horticulture, 2-7. 2. massa, g. d., kim, h. h., wheeler, r. m., & mitchell, c. a. (2008). plant productivity in response to led lighting. hortscience, 43(7), 1951-1956. 3. montero, j. i., & muñoz, p. (2005). use of shade screens for controlling temperature and radiation in greenhouses: a review. spanish journal of agricultural research, 3(2), 177-190. 4. stanghellini, c., kacira, m., & giacomelli, g. a. (2015). greenhouse technology and management. cabi. 5. tibbitts, t. w., & langhans, r. w. (1990). a plantenvironment monitoring system for controlled environment agriculture. agricultural systems, 34(1), 99-117. volume 03 issue 12-2023 33 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 33-39 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the article presents data from research conducted under high temperature conditions with various salt-tolerant plants. the possibility of using them for various purposes, as well as for improving saline soils, is being considered. keywords soil salinization, halophytes, mineral fertilizers, plant growth in height, accumulation of dry matter. introduction halophytes are widespread plants in the republic of karakalpakstan and the study of their features as soil salt accumulators for practical use represent scientific interest. among the facultative halophytes there are plants used in the preparation of foodstuffs, medicines, the production of vegetable and industrial oils, and the production of fodder for livestock. the world gene pool of halophytes includes 2,500 species, including 900 species in central asia. the use of halophytes is possible for the sustainable development of viable agriculture in arid regions of the world for the restoration of degraded lands, including saline ones, and for the production of high-protein energy-rich fodder, grain forage, medicinal and oil raw materials [1; 7-11 p]. in the region, in many fields there are places of salt accumulation, so-called “bald patches”, which have a very high salt content up to 24 mg% and the seeds of sown cultivated plants do not germinate on them. special salt-tolerant vegetation develops on saline soils [5; 160-163 p]. yensen n.p., bedell j.l., yensen s.b. in experiments in 1995 and toderich, k.n., popova, b.b., aralova, d.b., gismatullina, l.g., rekik, m. & rabbimov, a.r. experiments in karakalpakstan in 2016, propose the research article changes of salt content in halophytes and soil in the conditions of the southern aral sea region submission date: december 17, 2023, accepted date: december 22, 2023, published date: december 27, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue12-07 sultanova zulfiya karakalpak agrarian and agricultural technology institute, professor ((dsc), uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue12-07 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue12-07 volume 03 issue 12-2023 34 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 33-39 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi use of halophytes as valuable livestock feed. in the plants that have special adaptations for normal completion of ontogenesis in conditions of high salinity. in nature, saline soils have quite rich and various vegetation. due to lack of water, the cultivation of traditional plants becomes a problematic issue. as cotton, wheat and rice consume almost two, two and a half times more water. therefore, the diversification of nontraditional crops, which are characterized by low water consumption, have a lower transpiration coefficient, improve soil structure, and create favorable conditions for the growth of subsequent plants, is an urgent task. shamsutdinov z.sh., shamsutdinov n.z. experiments in 2000-2002, that in connection with the salinization of majority of soils in the region plants adapting in the process of their ontogenesis to existence on saline soils , i.e. halophyte plants are of great interest. here they are found in wild form, and some of them have practical use in livestock farming. halophytes are characterized by high osmotic pressure of cell sap in cells and tissues, which allows them to absorb water from concentrated solutions. salt-accumulating halophytes, or euhalophytes (from the greek her good, real), have the greatest resistance to salts. they grow and develop well on the most saline soils. these plants absorb a large amount of salts from the soil. this group includes mainly the socalled saltworts (chenopodiaceae stirpes chepodiaceae), saltwort, seaweed, sarcazan, some species of tamarix, etc. [3; 22-28 p]. some saltworts accumulate up to 7% of salts from the mass of cell sap. as a result, the water potential of the cells is greatly reduced, and water enters them even from saline soil; salt accumulates in the vacuoles. taking into account this feature of plants, we were faced with the task of selecting plant species that remove salts from the soil, reducing their initial content, and that have beneficial properties for use in animal husbandry or for technical purposes [4; 75 p]. akinshina, n., toderich, k., azizov, a., saito, l. & ismail, s. in experiments in 2014, suggest use halophyte biomass as a promising source of renewable energy. for this purpose, the possibility of using high-quality facultative and halophytes themselves for land improvement was substantiated. in 2021-2022, field experiments were launched on the fields of the scientific-production association grain and rice in the nukus region. soils of the site are meadow-alluvial, medium loamy, moderately and in some places highly saline. method of research field experiments phenological observations, diagnostics of salt content in soil and plants using the express method and laboratory tests. phenological monitoring and recording of plant growth and development phases. the starting point of the phase was taken as the date when 10% of plants entered this phase, and 75% of plants entered the full phase at the onset of this phase. monitoring of salt content change in soil and plants; for this purpose, the salt content in the soil was determined at the beginning and at the end of the plant growing season using the conductometric method. biometric analysis of plants from sample plots measuring 0.25 m2, chemical analysis of plants according to generally accepted methods. volume 03 issue 12-2023 35 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 33-39 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi determination of humus content in the soil according to the method of i.v. tyurin, n-no3 – by the method of granwald-lyazhu, p2o5 by the method of machigin, exchangeable potassium on the fire photocolorimeter according to the method of v.p. protasov. humus content, 0.8-1.1%; nitrogen content 0.26 mg%, content of mobile p2o5 -30 mg/kg; the content of mobile k2o is 156 mg/kg. the soils of field plots of phosphorus content belong to the low-supply group and vary from 12 to 27 mg/kg. by the content of mobile potassium, all investigated soils belong to the group of low-supply of these elements; in the arable horizon, the potassium content ranges from 110 to 200 mg/kg. results and discussion according to a. rabbimov, b. bekchanov, t. mukimov experiments in 2011, are given systems for growing salt-tolerant crops and halophytes. to develop technology for cultivating salt-tolerant crops in the conditions of the southern aral sea region, we carried out phenological observations of the growth and development of halophytes. shprouts of cultivated facultative halophytes appeared on the 5-7th days after sowing (table 1). later and sparse sprouts were observed in klimakoptera on the 10th day after sowing. flowering under conditions of lack of moisture was observed in quinoa on the 38th day after germination. the beginning of amaranth flowering was noted on august 5-10. maturation of these two plants is noted at the end of september: quinoa 17-19, amaranth 22-25 september. table 1 phenological observations flowering of klimakoptera is noted on june 25-29, and seed ripening on october 28. kochia is characterized by the accumulation of large green biomass, especially when watered and fertilized. flowering of plants is noted on july 1-5, ripening on october 18-20. quinoa plants flower at approximately the same time, but ripening is more extended and begins on october 2527 and continues until frost. name of plants date of sowing beginning of germination seeds (%) full seed germination bloom plant ripening quinoa q5 15.05.21 22.05.21 71 30.06 17-19.09 amaranthus white 15.05.21 21-22.05.21 98 05-10.08 22-25.09 pennisetum glaucum 18.04.21 24.04.21 97 01.07 05-08.09 sorghum vulgare 18.04.21 23.04.21 92 28.06 20-22.09 climacoptera crassa 17.04.21 27.04.21 37 25-29.06 26-28.10 kochia scoparia 17.04.21 24.04.21 71 1-5.07 18-20.10 atriplex patula 17.04.21 24.04.21 57 01-03.07 25-27.10 karelinia caspia 30.07 28-30.11 mung bean 16.04.21 23-24.21 90 01.07 05.07-30.07. volume 03 issue 12-2023 36 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 33-39 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi mung bean is a plant with a short growing season and rapid grain ripening; the bean harvest was extended from the beginning to the end of july. the height of plants in all variants varied depending on the rate of fertilizer application. with an increase in the rate of fertilizers, plant growth in height increased and by the end of the growing season was on average 185.2 cm for white amaranth, and 180.6 cm for red amaranth (table 2). with the application option n150p100k100, plant height is higher than the norm n80p60k40 by 43.7 cm; compared to red amaranth by 59 cm, soybean by 27 cm, atriplex by 21.4 cm. such changes and a positive reaction to fertilization are observed in all types of plants. the role of fertilizers is that they not only increase growth, but also increase biomass, productivity, and at the same time, by shading the soil, they save moisture from evaporation. halophytes with large biomass also remove more salt ions from the soil. table 2 dynamics of plant growth and development in variants, sm plants 09.06. 10.07. 10.08. 10.09. 15.10. quinoa (q5var.) 22,7 62,8 69,5 68,2 amaranthus white 24,8 140,4 173,1 184,0 185,2 amaranthus red 23,6 137,1 168,5 179,4 180,6 setaria italica 25,2 69,6 82,3 89,6 91,9 carthamnus 39,4 76,2 96,5 105,4 108,2 sorghum vulgare 28,3 75,7 89,6 98,3 102,0 mung been 15,5 42,7 59,2 60,7 58,1 suaeda physophora 20,4 58,3 92,8 98,5 104,3 climacoptera crassa 18,8 51,8 96,3 103,9 107,6 kochia scoparia 31,8 98,4 151,4 157,5 158,2 atriplex patula 33,4 96,7 160,7 163,2 164,8 the highest plant height was observed in sweda, climacoptera, kochia and atriplex plants; further, as determined by the analyses, these plants also accumulated the greatest dry plant biomass (table 3). the growth of plants and their accumulation of organic biomass are the final results of interaction with environmental factors, the result of complex processes occurring in cells, tissues and organs. the study of the dynamics of growth and accumulation of dry matter depending on specific growing conditions volume 03 issue 12-2023 37 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 33-39 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi and varietal characteristics of the plant is of significant scientific and practical interest. the duration of each phase, as well as the entire life cycle, depends on the varietal characteristics and nutritional conditions. the accumulation of dry biomass by plants was determined mainly by the same features as growth dynamics [6; 161-163 p]. the accumulation of aboveground mass proceeded more vigorously in variants with the application of mineral fertilizers by irrigation. in the phases of emergence and flowering, the indicators are high; the plants were formed using options with the introduction of optimal doses of fertilizers. table 3 accumulation of dry matter by plants plants determination dates 09.06. 29.06. 10.07. 30.07. 10.08. 22.08. 30.08. 10.09. quinoa (q5var.) 25 32 46,2 55,8 58,3 59,5 63,4 amaranthus white 14,7 42,7 73 86 113,7 135,2 142,6 144,2 amaranthus red 20 39,8 61,6 84 104 130,6 133,8 134,6 carthamnus 27 30 40 53 63 67 67 70 soybeans 25 39 59 92 95 96 96 setaria italica 26 62 89 108 106 108 107 sorghum vulgare 45,8 72 111,4 198,6 202,2 205,4 206,8 206,9 mash 12,9 26,7 36,1 47,7 65,1 68,5 68,2 68,3 suaeda physophora 40,8 65 76,3 97,8 128,4 130,1 132,6 132,7 climacoptera crassa 19,2 41,4 52,2 60,25 71 74,3 76,1 76,1 kochia scoparia 31,8 92,3 116,9 178,8 208,7 232,1 234,4 234,6 atriplex patula 20,8 62,8 98,8 113,6 130,8 132,5 134,1 134,4 the most intense average daily increases in dry biomass were observed in white amaranth, atriplex and kochia, then climacoptera was observed until august 10, then the accumulation of biomass decreased. volume 03 issue 12-2023 38 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 33-39 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi dry matter accumulation was higher in the variants with fertilizer application. some increase in dry matter in variants without fertilizers is apparently associated with the uneven distribution of nutrients in the soil and the ability of compounds to migrate. shamsutdinov z.sh., shamsutdinov n.z. in 2003, consider it appropriate use of halophytes for sustainable development of viable agriculture in arid regions of russia and central asia. plants characterized by general resistance to a complex of abiotic stresses and relatively high productivity under arid climate conditions and low soil fertility are recommended for ecological restoration of arid pastures. under drought conditions, irrigation plays a positive role in the accumulation of dry mass by plants and their removal of salts from the soil (table 4). here is data on the plants karelinia caspia, atriplex, kochia. in areas with karelinia caspia and kochia plants, the salt content in plants is higher at the end of the growing season (october) compared to the middle of the growing season (july). table 4 change in salt content in soil and plants in the middle and end of the growing season, g/l crops july 19, 2021 july 19, 2022 october 17, 2021 october 21 ,2021 salinity (ec) in soil in plant in soil in plant in soil in plant in soil in plant karelinia caspia 1. without fertilizers and without irrigation 8,7 3,00 7,1 3,36 15,9 1,27 9,1 3,9 2. fertilizers without irrigation 8,3 2,08 9,3 3,12 11,57 2,5 5,27 3,58 3. irrigation without fertilizers 7,62 2,00 4,51 2,25 7,88 1,56 8,3 3,24 4. fertilizers +irrigation 7,8 2,1 6,24 2,41 9,24 1,72 10,8 3,7 atriplex 1. without fertilizers and without irrigation 2,4 3,05 2,45 3,88 4,83 2,15 2,4 1,9 2. fertilizers without irrigation 2,46 2,70 0,94 2,65 2,92 2,15 2,2 2,4 3. irrigation without fertilizers 2,1 2,50 3,04 4,96 2,94 2,17 2,9 2,5 4. fertilizers +irrigation 1,75 3,2 1,61 2,94 1,89 1,22 1,57 1,88 kochia 1. without fertilizers and without irrigation 4,32 1,74 2,94 0,79 3,66 11,17 7,1 2,15 2. fertilizers and without irrigation 0,8 1,33 1,33 0,7 2,37 1,28 3,2 1,4 3. irrigation without fertilizers 1,32 1,27 1,12 1,08 2,17 1,71 2,4 2,5 4. fertilizers+irrigation 1,84 1,24 2,1 1,7 3,18 1,46 3,1 1,8 volume 03 issue 12-2023 39 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 12 pages: 33-39 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi these characteristics are determined by such bioecological mechanisms as a developed and deeply penetrating root system, productive use of soil moisture reserves, the ability to carry out photosynthesis with a positive balance at ultra-high air temperatures (+40-+45 oc and above), belonging to the c4 type and other useful characteristics. conclusion under normal moisture conditions, plant seeds germinate in 6-10 days and have good germination. the yield of above-ground mass, useful parts and removal of salts by halophytes largely depend on the intensity of plant growth in height. the growth and accumulation of dry matter of the studied plant varieties of non-traditional crops and halophytes were more strongly influenced by the application of increased doses of mineral fertilizers, which should be taken into account when cultivating to obtain plant biomass. of the 3 plants studied, only karelinia caspia and kochia scoparia accumulate salts at the end of the growing season higher than atriplex patula. references 1. akjigitova n.i. halophilic vegetation of central asia and its indicator properties. tashkent: fan, 1982. 192 p. 2. akinshina, n., toderich, k., azizov, a., saito, l. & ismail, s. 2014. halophyte biomass: a promising source of renewable energy. journal of arid land studies, 24(1): 231-235. 3. kosulina l. g., lutsenko e. k., aksenova v. a. physiology of plant resistance to unfavorable environmental factors. rostov-on-don: from the russian state university, 1993. 240 p. 4. myachina olga, toderich kristina, hidenari yasui, akinshina natalya, sultanova zulfiya, rimma kim agrochemistry and microbial activities under halophytes grown under different salt affected soils. journal of arid land studies vol. 32, issue 3, pages 75// the japanese association for arid land studies 5. rabbimov a., bekchanov b., mukimov t. сhemical composition and palatability of some halophyte species. arid ecosystems -2011, volume 17. -№. 2(47). -p.47-54. 6. sultanova z.s. abdieva g.m., karimullaeva m.u. accumulation of biomass by halophytes in applying mineral fertilizers// bulletin of karakalpak state university.-nukus 2023. special issue (62). -p.160163. 7. toderich, k.n., popova, b.b., aralova, d.b., gismatullina, l.g., rekik, m. & rabbimov, a.r. 2016. halophytes and salt tolerant forages as animal feed at farm level in karakalpakstan [online]. dubai. [cited 30 january 2016]. https://hdl.handle. net/20.500.11766/3490 8. shamsutdinov z.sh., shamsutdinov n.z. use of halophytes for sustainable development of viable agriculture in arid regions of russia and central asia // arid ecosystems. 2003. no. 19-20. v.9. pp. 2237. 9. yensen n.p., bedell j.l., yensen s.b. domestication of distichlis as a grain and forage. in: biology of salt tolerant plants /eds. m.a khan, i.a. ungar. ohio univ., athens, 1995: 388-392. volume 03 issue 01-2023 7 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 01 pages: 07-10 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this article provides information about the ecological state of agrocenoses of the khorezm oasis and the impact of various agricultural technologies on the cultivation of mung bean, as well as the scientific and practical significance of the influence of environmental factors on the growth, development and productivity of mung bean. keywords agrocenosis, ecological factor, soil, mush, agricultural technology. introduction maintaining, restoring and increasing soil fertility is one of the most important and urgent tasks in the agriculture of the republic. the soil and climate conditions of our country allow to plant agricultural crops throughout the year and harvest 2-3 times a year. therefore, to increase the ecological efficiency of the irrigated lands by increasing the soil fertility, the second half of the summer is effectively used, and in the system of growing grain crops twice a year, cotton and cob crops are planted, and in the rotation system, winter wheat is grown. may consist of mash cultivation as a repeat crop. mush is a valuable, medicinal, grain-producing plant that absorbs free nitrogen from the air with the help of nodule bacteria that live symbiotically in its roots and collects 50-100 kg of pure nitrogen per hectare of land. research article study of mush agrocenose in the conditions of the khorazm oasis submission date: january 20, 2023, accepted date: january 25, 2023, published date: january 30, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue01-02 masharipov adamboy atanazarovich urdu., dotsenti, urganch davlat universiteti, urganch shahri, uzbekistan bekchanov shoxrux raximberganovich urdu., 2-kurs magistranti, urganch davlat universiteti, urganch shahri, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue01-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=study%20of%20mush%20agrocenose%20in%20the%20conditions%20of%20the%20khorazm%20oasis https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue01-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue01-02 volume 03 issue 01-2023 8 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 01 pages: 07-10 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the annual norm of ng (30-40 t/ha) creates an opportunity to increase the natural fertility of the soil with the introduction of organic matter. during the second half of the summer, it has been proven that the productivity of cotton can increase by 50% or even more if it is grown as a repeat crop in the fall wheat field. however, mosh is not equally effective in all soil and climate conditions of our country. for this reason, scientific and practical work on the influence of environmental factors on the growth, development and productivity of the mash crop in the agrocenoses of the khorezm oasis has not been sufficiently studied. level of study of the problem. it is known that any agricultural crop removes a significant amount of nutrients from the soil during its growing season. after the plants are harvested, a certain amount of nutrients remains in the remains of their stems and roots. in addition, the residues of repeated crops quickly rot and turn into inorganic matter (halikov, 2007). it should be noted that the mash plant has been used as a recurrent crop in uzbekistan for the past ten years. however, its agrotechnics have not been fully scientifically studied, only the same: fertilizer standards, watering methods, seedling thicknesses, this plant has been planted and harvested. in this regard, b. kholikov (2007) planted mung after wheat in typical gray soil conditions and obtained a grain yield of 17.4-18.3 s/ha. researcher s.t. in the experiments carried out by negmatova, when the "radost" variety of mosh was planted in the morning at the rate of 400,000 seeds per hectare of land, the yield was 19.3 s/ha, and the protein content of the grain was 27.5 %, the seed consumption was increased later (540,000/piece/ha) and the grain yield of mung beans planted at the beginning of august (1.08) was 14 s/ha, and a decrease in protein content (25%) was observed. the main part in order to achieve this goal by determining the ecological features of the state of mosh agrocenoses in the conditions of the khorezm oasis, the following are necessary: to reveal the main trends of agrophysical and agrochemical parameters of soils of agroecosystems and anthropogenic changes; reveal the influence of environmental factors on the main stages of plant growth and development; the tasks of assessing the ecological potential and productivity of agricultural agrocenoses were determined. research object and methods based on the data collected on the basis of agricultural agrocenoses, mush crops and applied agrotechnological measures, as well as on the conducted experiments. this, in turn, serves to determine the ecological characteristics of the state of winter wheat agrocenoses in oasis conditions. research methods soil water-physical and chemical analysis (tyurin, kachinsky, ec-hanna meter (electrical conductivity meter)) was carried out on the basis of ecological (observation, comparison, experiment and modeling), placement of options according to field experience in carrying out research, ecological assessment methods. the manuals "metodika gosudarstvennogo sortoispitaniya selskohozyaystvennih kultur" (moscow, kolos, 1964), "metodi issledovaniy s zernobobovimi kulturami" (oryol, 1971) were used for conducting phenological observations and calculations in repeated crops. the rest of the activities were https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue01-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=study%20of%20mush%20agrocenose%20in%20the%20conditions%20of%20the%20khorazm%20oasis https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 03 issue 01-2023 9 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 01 pages: 07-10 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi conducted on the basis of methodological manuals of uzpiti. all agrochemical analyzes were carried out using the manual "metodi agrokhimicheskih analizov pochv i rasteniy" (tashkent, 1977), "metodi agrokhimicheskikh, agrofizicheskikh i mikrobilochicheskih issledovaniy v polivnih rayonakh" (tashkent, 1963). mathematical analyzes of the productivity of repeated crops and winter wheat were determined by the method of b.a. dospekhov (1985). research results. during the period of individual development, mush passes a number of stages of organogenesis, and they are as follows: 1) swelling; 2) germination; 3) stem branching; 4) planing; 5) flowering; 6) formation of pods; 7) ripening; 8) full ripening. cabbage is one of the most heat-demanding crops. high temperature is required for normal growth and development of plants. the seeds begin to germinate at a temperature of 8-100c, but rapid and oblique germination of seeds is observed when the average temperature is 12-140c. the part may rot. in this respect, planting mung bean as a repeat crop is very suitable for its heat requirement and fully germinates in 3-4 days. optimum conditions for mash are created at a temperature of 18-220c. it blooms easily even in hot weather and the harvest is completed. it is advisable to have a temperature of 20250c during the flowering and flowering period. mush crop is heat resistant up to 45-47 degrees. mush sprouts and an adult plant are very sensitive to frost, one degree of frost can kill it. mush can withstand the heat of the day and the cool of the night, that is, sudden changes in the weather. the sum of the useful temperature for fast-cooking varieties of mosh is 18000c, for medium-cooking varieties it is 20000c. mush is a light-demanding plant. this type of legume is both a longand short-day plant. the first period of growth, i.e. before flowering, is quite long. it is not advisable to grow mush in shady places (among gardens), because the joint spaces in the stem of mush grown in shady places are lengthened, the stem becomes thinner, the fruit parts formed in each bush decrease, as a result, its yield decreases. goes also, reducing the number of rows and increasing the number of plants on the field by an average of 350-400 thousand bushes when planting mush also leads to a decrease in mush grain yield. moss is a self-pollinating plant. depending on the length of the growing season, cultivated mush is divided into the following groups: very early (75-90 days); medium (85-105 days); evening (100-115 days); are divided into very late (more than 115 days) groups. the mush varieties grown in our republic are mainly mid-early and mid-late, and their growing period is 90120 days. but it should also be taken into account that the climatic conditions of the year (temperature, humidity) have a great impact and can change the growing season by 10-25 days. in addition, the vegetation period of the plant depends on the altitude and latitude of the place. in the northern regions, the growing season is longer due to the longer days. because mush is a short-day plant. when the seed is sown late (for example, in angus), the number of days of germination and growth of seedlings is reduced, that is, the growth period during repeated sowing is 1015 days shorter than in spring. depending on the demand for moisture, mush belongs to the group of mesophytic plants. mush seeds swell quickly, for this they require water in the amount of 9092% of the dry weight of the seed. if moisture escapes https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue01-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=study%20of%20mush%20agrocenose%20in%20the%20conditions%20of%20the%20khorazm%20oasis https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 03 issue 01-2023 10 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 01 pages: 07-10 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi from the soil where moss is grown, it affects the development and productivity of the plant. mush requires less water for germination than other types of beans, and it germinates faster. grass can appear 3-4 days after planting (in other types of beans, grass appears 6-12 days after planting). although mung bean stands out in terms of resistance to heat, in any case, it grows slowly in dry soil. therefore, keeping the soil in a healthy state is one of the most important conditions that affect the development and productivity of mush. it is also not good to fertilize the soil too much. otherwise, the ripening of the seeds will be delayed, as a result, it will be very unsuitable for storage. even when it is used as seed, it does not work well. usually, mush is watered 4-5 times during the growing season, and those planted in the garden are watered 23 times during the growing season. 600-800 m3 of water per hectare is used for each irrigation. mush sprouts cannot grow in dry conditions. mush's demand for moisture increases in the post-flowering period, if the moisture content in the soil is less than 65%, the grain is crushed, the yield decreases, and biological nitrogen accumulation in the roots does not take place. watering is stopped after the lower pods start to turn yellow. according to its biological properties, moss is not demanding on the soil. it grows well in black, gray, grassy gray, sandy loam, sandy loam, and saline soils. meadow gray soils are the best soil for planting moss in uzbekistan. even if the soil is low in nutrients, it supplies itself with nitrogen with the help of bacteria in the moss root. mush nodule bacteria can be found in all soils, because the activity of nitrogen-fixing nodule bacteria in its roots is high and the level of utilization of free nitrogen in the air is different. it is also high in the soil, the reason is that the rhizobium phaseoli bacteria, which are unique to mush, are always present in all our soils. the activity of tuganaks requires that the soil is porous, and that the moisture content is 70% relative to chdns. according to the obtained data, mush is more resistant to salt due to the fact that it has the ability to release excess salts accumulated in it. conclusion in the conditions of alluvial soils of the khorezm oasis meadow, on the lands irrigated as a repeated crop, cotton and grain crops increase soil fertility in the system of crop rotation, and the possibility of increasing the ecological efficiency of agrocenoses is created. references 1. atabaeva h.n. plant science. tashkent: labor, 2000. 2. jumaev z., sirimov a. agrotechnics of planting moss in the field. // recommendations for the maintenance of repeated crops planted after sorghum on irrigated lands. tashkent: 1995. 3. kenjabaev sh. m. technology of mash cultivation: recommendation. -tashkent: 2018. 4. kogay m. t. cultivation of legumes on irrigated lands. t.: uzbekistan, 1973. 5. mavlyanova r. f., sulaymanov b. a., boltaev b. s., mansurov x. g., oripov r., khalilov n. plant science. -tashkent: 2006. 6. pilov a.p. beans and mash. t.: uzbekistan, 1978. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue01-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=study%20of%20mush%20agrocenose%20in%20the%20conditions%20of%20the%20khorazm%20oasis https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 04 issue 10-2024 17 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 17-20 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract tomato is a heat-loving annual crop that belongs to the nightshade family. seeds begin to germinate at temperatures no lower than 10–15 °c. at a soil temperature of 15 °c, 14–22 days pass from sowing to emergence, and if it is below 10 °c, the seeds do not germinate at all. keywords sowing, tomato, seeds, soil, planting seedlings, irrigation. introduction the most favorable temperature for plant growth and development is 22–25 °c during the day and 15–18 °c at night. a decrease in temperature during this period leads to a delay in flowering, and at 10 °c the growth of the plants themselves slows down. compared to other crops, tomatoes are less demanding of moisture. they develop a powerful taproot system. in non-seedling tomatoes, with optimal soil moisture, the bulk of the root system is located in the 0-60 cm layer, and with seedling cultivation 0-30 cm and rarely reaches 50 cm. tomatoes require more moisture during the period of mass fruit formation, since its deficiency at this time leads to the shedding of buds and ovaries, delayed growth and formation of fruits on additional shoots. methodology the best types of soil for growing tomatoes are sandy loam and light loam, well-warmed, rich in humus, with a flat relief and neutral ph. this crop also responds well research article tomato growing technology and biological features of the culture submission date: october 03, 2024, accepted date: october 08, 2024, published date: october 13, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue10-04 anarbayev muhammad pardabay o`g`li chief specialist in education and registration, tashkent state agrarian university, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue10-04 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue10-04 volume 04 issue 10-2024 18 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 17-20 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi to slightly acidic and slightly alkaline soils. less suitable are heavy, waterlogged soils, where tomatoes are grown on ridges and ridges. the best predecessors for tomatoes are cucumbers, cabbage after the application of a large amount of fertilizers, root crops, onions. in field crop rotations perennial grasses, mixtures of annual grasses for green mass, legumes, winter wheat. it is not recommended to plant tomatoes after potatoes, peppers, eggplants, since they are affected by the same diseases and pests. it does not tolerate permanent crops well and already in the third or fourth year, the yield begins to sharply decrease. tomatoes are grown using seedlings and non-seedling methods. in the seedling method, soil preparation begins immediately after harvesting the predecessor crop by crushing plant residues with disc harrows. after 10–12 days, plowing is carried out to a depth of 22–25 cm on light soils and 25–27 cm on heavy soils. in the fall, one or two cultivations are carried out to control weeds and level the soil. in early spring, the soil is harrowed, if necessary, cultivated 2–3 times to a depth of 8–10 cm. before planting, cultivate to a depth of 12–14 cm. for a seedless crop, soil cultivation should ensure the same seed sowing depth, obtaining friendly, uniform shoots, and reducing the number of weeds. autumn tillage includes 1–2 stubble cultivations immediately after harvesting the predecessor, early autumn plowing with the application of mineral fertilizers to a depth of 27–30 cm. then two cultivations are carried out, respectively, at 8–10 and 12–14 cm with an interval of 10–12 days. semi-fallow tillage in autumn makes it possible to sow in spring with a minimum number of tillage operations. if the soils are well leveled in autumn and there are no perennial weeds, 2– 3-fold harrowing with medium harrows can be used instead of pre-sowing cultivation. discussion with an uneven surface, pre-sowing cultivation is carried out with a combined unit to the depth of seed sowing. the main factor for soil cultivation in the seedless method of growing tomatoes, especially in the southern regions, is a decrease in the number of tillage operations in the spring, which allows you to significantly preserve moisture reserves in the soil and its structure. to obtain a 10 t yield, tomato plants use 33 kg of nitrogen, 13 kg of phosphorus and 45.5 kg of potassium. organic fertilizers are not applied to tomatoes; they are best applied under the predecessor. during the growing season, at the beginning of crop development, it should first of all be provided with phosphorus and potassium. then nitrogen nutrition is increased, and before fruiting — with potassium. doses of mineral fertilizers are calculated by the balance method based on the results of agrochemical soil analysis, taking into account the removal of nutrients by the plant for the planned yield and their assimilation from fertilizers. on dark chestnut soils, it is effective to apply n120 p180 k60–90; on sodpodzolic soils — n60–80 p80–100 k80–100; on dark gray forest and podzolized chernozems — n80–90 volume 04 issue 10-2024 19 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 17-20 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi p90–120 k70–120. on chernozem soils, n120 p120 k90 is applied to obtain a high yield. for the main application (under plowing or the first cultivation), 2/3 of the total dose of mineral fertilizers is used, and the rest is applied as additional feeding together with irrigation water (fertigation). result when growing tomatoes without seedlings, the seeds are sown at a time that guarantees uniform germination and protection from frost. in the south, this is april 25–30, in the central part — may 1–10. with such sowing dates, the shoots appear later than the last frost. usually, in steppe conditions, frosts are most likely at the end of april and until the end of the first ten days of may. delay in sowing reduces the yield by 20–25%. under irrigation conditions, tomato seeds are usually sown to a depth of 3–4 cm. the sowing pattern is determined depending on the type of hybrid and growing conditions. with drip irrigation, a more technologically advanced sowing pattern is a strip sowing pattern of 90 + 50, 100 + 40, 180 + 30 cm with a distance between plants in a row of 30–35 cm. the advantage of such cultivation with large intervals between periods and strips is that the area that can be processed mechanically increases, which reduces labor costs, reduces the cost of the drip irrigation system due to the sparse pattern of laying irrigation pipelines (one pipeline inside the strip), and creates more favorable conditions for harvesting. the timing of planting seedlings in open ground depends on soil and climatic conditions and the purpose of the product. for early sale on the fresh market in the south, seedlings are planted in the second or third decade of april. for medium fruiting periods, respectively, 1–15 may, 10–20 may and 15–25 may. planting seedlings in open ground begins with early hybrids and ends with late ones. the soil is well moistened before and after planting. after 3-4 days, new plants are planted in place of the plants that did not take root. good results are obtained by using cassette seedlings and mulch. planting pattern: (30–40 + 140–150) x 35–40 cm — for growing tomatoes for processing and (40 + 140) x 45–50 cm for growing tomatoes for the fresh market. modern technology for growing tomatoes, like other vegetable crops, involves the use of a drip irrigation system. providing tomatoes with moisture at different stages of development and using different growing methods (seedling, nonseedling) differs significantly. with the non-seedling growing method, for normal development of the root system and vegetative mass, the optimal humidity range during the period of seedlings — the beginning of fruit formation is 65–70% of the fb. during the mass growth of fruits, the soil humidity should not be lower than 80–85% of the fb. during the fruiting period, to improve the quality of the products, the soil moisture should be reduced to 65-70% of the hb. this condition is especially important when growing tomatoes for processing, where the dry matter content (brix) is a significant indicator. for seedling tomatoes, the soil moisture should be 65-70% of the hb after planting. volume 04 issue 10-2024 20 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 17-20 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi after the seedlings take root, the soil moisture regime is maintained similarly to the non-seedling cultivation method. during the growing season, the required volume of soil moisture, i.e. the width and depth of the moistened zone, also changes. the width of the moistening strip is determined by the width of the sowing (planting) strip and should be at least 40 cm in the initial period of vegetation. with the onset of fruit formation, the volume of soil moistening with each watering should be gradually increased, and throughout the fruiting period, the moistening strip should be at least 60 cm at a depth of 40 cm. the moistening area in the first case is 20-22%, in the second it increases to 35% of the total field area. depending on the pre-irrigation soil moisture value, the width and depth of the moistening strip and the irrigation rate change. on loamy soils during the rooting period of tomato seedlings and the beginning of fruiting, provided that the drip tape with droppers is located every 30 cm in the center of the tape and with a preirrigation soil moisture of at least 70% of the hb, the irrigation rate will be 50-60 m3 /ha. the irrigation time with such a rate is approximately 3 hours. at the beginning of fruiting and during the fruiting period with a pre-irrigation soil moisture of 80-58% of the hb, a strip width of 60 cm and a depth of 40 cm, with a single-strip seeding scheme (140 + 40 cm), the irrigation rate, accordingly, will be 70-90 m3 /ha. such irrigation requires 3.5 to 5 hours. during the period of intensive water consumption, the inter-irrigation period should last no more than 3-4 days. as the yield increases, irrigation at a rate of 110–130 m3/ha should be carried out much less frequently to maintain optimal soil moisture. during the first period of vegetation, from germination to the beginning of tomato fruiting, the humidity in the 20–25-centimeter zone is monitored. in this case, the tensiometer (its ceramic probe) is installed at a depth of 10–20 cm at a distance of 10 cm from the axis of the tape center towards the smaller row spacing. the pre-irrigation value of the soil moisture potential (tensiometer readings) in this period, depending on the soil type, is 0.063–0.074 mpa. references 1. o’zbekistonning o’simliklar dunyosi. toshkent, o’qituvchi, 1997 y. 2. yoziyev l. h. botanika.qarshi, 2003 y. 3. sahobiddinov s. s. o’simliklar sistematikasi. t., 1976 y. 4. to’xtaev a., hamidov a. ekologiya asoslari va tabiatni muhofaza qilish. t., 1994 y. 5. ergashev a., ergashev t. ekologiya, biosfera va tabiatni muhofaza qilish. t., 2005 y. volume 03 issue 04-2023 17 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 17-24 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this article discusses the chemical composition of shotara (fumaria vaillantii loisel.). keywords chemical composition, shotara, fumaria vaillantii loisel. introduction decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan shavkat mirziyoyev dated 10.04.2020 no. ) and resolution no. pq-4901 dated 26.11.2020 (measures related to expanding the scope of scientific research on the cultivation and processing of medicinal plants, the development of their seed production about) was signed. these decisions indicate that special attention was paid to medicinal plants. after all, our lush country grows many types of medicinal plants in its bosom. the main results and findings shotara (fumaria vaillantii loisel), a member of the family of shotaras, contains the drug "protopin hydrochloride" and is used in the pharmaceutical research article shotara chemical composition of (fumaria vaillantii loisel) submission date: april 05, 2023, accepted date: april 10, 2023, published date: april 15, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue04-04 nasiba h. karshibayeva researcher jizzakh state pedagogical university uzbekistan nozimakhon a. shodiyeva researcher jizzakh state pedagogical university, uzbekistan shakhlo m. toshpulatova researcher jizzakh state pedagogical university, uzbekistan zarina k. ibragimova researcher jizzakh state pedagogical university, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue04-04 volume 03 issue 04-2023 18 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 17-24 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi industry for liver diseases. therefore, the bioecology of this species is being studied. shotara( fumaria vaillantii loisel.), shotarato a family of friendsbelongs toone yearweed.stemgrows upright, branchy, height 10-30cm.leavesarranged in a row, divided into two pinnae, long banded.flowerspink with purple tipsshingleto the bouquetcollected. fruitsphericaloneseedednut.the rootread it. blooms and seeds in april-july.lawnsit's latein the fall, earlyin the springappears.in central asiaspread out. lalmi and as a weedirrigatedcereal cropsbetweencottongrows in the fields. also abandoned land,residences, road,ditchcollars, field edges,avenues,the gardenandin the vineyardsoccurs. chemical composition: shotara contains organic acid, phenol, alkaloids 0.2-0.6%, additives 2.9%, tar 4.7%, vitamins c and k. the taste is peculiarly bitter. fumaria vaillantii, f. parviflora25 different alkaloids were isolated from different organs of the plant (aliyev, 1967; yunusov, 1981; israilov, 1993). in addition, fumaria species contain fumaric acid, glycosides, sweeteners, sugars, resinous, coloring essential oil and organic acids, as well as vitamin c from the leaves. rk aliyev (1960) determined that protopine, which is the most important among alkaloids in fumaria l. species, is 0.06-0.19%, and f. parviflora contains 0.150.36% alkaloids, and f. vaillantiida contains 0.19-1.1%. sa tarivediyeva (1958) stated that the chemical compounds, including alkaloids contained in the experiments, vary organically in accordance with the age of the plant, the population structure, and the seasons. therefore, it was determined that the necessary chemical active substances contained in this plant accumulate in the vegetative organs of the plant, such as leaves, stems, and roots, and the period of preparation of raw materials is planned depending on the age of the plant and the season of the year. sa table 1. changes in the alkaloid content of representatives of the genus fumaria l. during ontogeny. shotara species vegetation periods and alkaloid content in % grass era flowering period (generative) fruiting fumaria schleicheri 0.070 0.190 0.30 fumaria parviflora 0.050 0.095 0.199 fumaria vaillantii 0.030 0.090 0.120 volume 03 issue 04-2023 19 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 17-24 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi as can be seen from the table, the amount of alkaloid substances of the plant in all above-ground parts of shotara corresponds to the fruiting period. therefore, it is considered appropriate to prepare shotara raw materials during the fruiting period. according to darahimov et al. (1977) polygraphic studies, the composition and amount of protopine in f. vaillantii, which grows in tashkent region, is 0.14; 0.12; 0.07; it was determined to be 0.13%. astringent (double) substances are from 0.7% to 0.95% in the composition of shotara. f. vaillantii, which is used in the industry for tanning, contains sugar from 0.77% to 3.0%, and glucoside substances in f. parviflora are 0.022%. f. vaillantii is 0.014%. the fat content is almost the same in both types at 2.46-2.50. table 2. organic substances in the species of shotara family. (in dry form, in %. according to the information received by n. karshibayeva) components f. vaillantiilawn f. parviflora lawn with small flowers authors total glucosides 0.014 0.022 aliyev rk anthroglucosides aliyev rk bitter substance bitter taste indicator 1:850 bitter taste indicator aliyev rk additive gr. at the expense of according to gr aliyev rk in volume style 0.70 1.2 aliyev rk weight style 1.04 2.2 aliyev rk dyestuff red bur in yellow red aliyev rk 1953 tariverdiyeva volume 03 issue 04-2023 20 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 17-24 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi sugar substance 0.77-2.25 0.7-3 aliyev rk 1960 tariverdiyeva sa 1958 a) until ketosaccharide hydrolysis 2.3 2.23 aliyev rk 1949 after hydrolysis 2.26 2.74 aliyev rk 1960 b) aldehydo sugar 0.63 0.68 aliyev rk 1960 essential oil traces traces aliyev rk 1960 fat substances 2.50 2.46 aliyev rk 1960 resin substances 3.19 2.37 aliyev rk 1960 titruemic acid 0.85 1.4 aliyev rk 1960 without carotintora 52.2 mg% 60.79mg% aliyev rk 1960 dry 7.43mg% 8.27mg% aliyev rk 1960 vitamin k 0.56mg% aliyev rk 1960 table 3. shotara family (fumaria l.) alkaloids no components f. vaillant ii authors f. parviflora authors 1 alkaloids 0.10.55 zolotnitskaya 1965 0.19-1.1 adilov 1962 volume 03 issue 04-2023 21 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 17-24 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 2 protopine c20 h26 no5 0.060.19 shevelyova, 1970 0.08 govindochari 1958 3 fumaric acid + wahid ma 1963 4 papaverine + plekhanova 1975 5 fumaridine c23 h26 n2 o5 0.0050.027 platonova 1956 + israilov 1968 6 da-girdastin + ibragimova 1974 7 fumaramine c21 h23 n2 o5 + israilov 1970 + israilov 1968 8 parfumidine + kirjakov 1971 + israilov 1970 9 adlumin + israilov 1970 10 perfume + israilov 1970 + israilov 1970 11 dbicuculline + ibragimova 1974 12 i-adlumin + -== 13 vaylantinc20 h23 no5 + -== 14 noryuphyrinc17 h19 no3 + yunusov s. yu. 1981 15 xylantifolin + yunusov s. yu. 1981 16 d-stylopine + yunusov s. yu. 1981 volume 03 issue 04-2023 22 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 17-24 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi stylopin 17 oxymethylate + yunusov s. yu. 1981 18 cryptopine + kirjakov 1971 + israilov 1968 19 fumvaylin c20 h19 o6 n 0.0007 platonova 1956 20 santivinarine c20 h14 no4 + silent 1969 + silent 1977 21 n-methyl hydrasteine + forgaes r. 1975 + forgaes r. 1975 22 n-methyl hydrastine + forgaes r. 1975 + forgaes r. 1975 23 n-methylaluminum c22 h24 no6 + israilov 1993 24 pallidin + israilov 1993 25 norpallidin + israilov 1993 26 i-adlumin + israilov 1968 27 hydrastin c21 h21 no6 + israilov 1968 + israilov 1968 28 a degradable alkaloid 0.072 aliyev rk 1960 0.079 aliyev rk 1960 volume 03 issue 04-2023 23 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 17-24 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 29 n-oxin alkaloid forms + aliyev rk 1960 + aliyev rk 1960 30 glucoalkaloids + aliyev rk 1960 + aliyev rk 1960 in addition to these substances, vitamins are also found vitamin "k" in the form of f. vaillantii 0.56 mg%, f. parviflora 0.66% mg. vitamin "c" is 74.7 mg% in f. vaillantiida. (tariverdiyeva, 1958; aliyev, 1960). importance. shotara warms the blood and dissolves blood clots. eases breathing, improves stomach function, clears liver from congestion. basicallythe leaves of the plant are picked and dried, but often all parts are used. the alkaloid contained in it slightly accelerates the pulse, intoxicates and stimulates the appetite. it is used in women's diseases, intestinal diseases, malaria, jaundice, uterine and pulmonary tuberculosis. it is used to treat chronic internal bleeding, abdominal pain and bronchitis. conclusion 1. shotara (fumaria vaillantii loisel), a member of the family of shotaras, contains the drug "protopin hydrochloride" and is used in the pharmaceutical industry for liver diseases. therefore, the bioecology of this species is being studied. 2. chemical composition: shotara contains organic acid, phenol, alkaloids 0.2-0.6%, additives 2.9%, tar 4.7%, vitamins c and k. the taste is peculiarly bitter. 3. 3.f. vaillantiithe content and amount of protopin in the type of the plant during fruiting, seed enrichment is 0.14; 0.12; 0.07; it was determined to be 0.13%. 4. f. vaillantii, which is used in the industry for skin care, contains sugar from 0.77% to 3.0%, and glucoside substances in f. parviflora are 0.022% and 0.014% in f. vaillantii. the fat content is almost the same in both types at 2.46-2.50. references 1. mirziyoyev sh. m. decision pq4670 no. 10.04.2020 "on measures for the protection of medicinal plants growing in the wild, cultural cultivation, processing and rational use of available resources". 2. mirziyoyev sh. m. resolution "on measures to expand the scope of scientific research on the cultivation and processing of medicinal plants, development of their seed production" pq4901 no. 26.11 .year 2020. 3. israilov i.a. isoquinolinovye alkaloidy //itogi issledovaniya alkaloidonosnyx rasteniy. t.fan. 1993. p. 132. 4. yunusov s.yu. "alkaloid" t. science. 1981. c. 418. 5. karshiboyeva nh. shotara is a new medicinal plant //uzb. biol. journal. t. 1999. pp. 51-54. 6. karshiboyeva nh. "bio-ecological features of shotara (fumaria vaillantii loisel.) distributed in uzbekistan". abstract t.2002. 7. khodzhimatov k. x. efirnomaslichnoe rasteniya uzbekistana i puti ix rationalnogo ispolzovaniya. t. 1999. 110 p. volume 03 issue 04-2023 24 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 17-24 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 8. karshiboyeva nh. shotara is a new medicinal plant //uzb. biol. journal. t. 1999. pp. 51-54. 9. karshiboyeva nh. "bio-ecological features of shotara (fumaria vaillantii loisel.) distributed in uzbekistan". abstract t.2002. 10. karshiboyeva nh, rahmonkulov uf prospects of culturalization of vaillantii. "development of botanical science in central asia and its integration and production" materialy mejdunarodnoy conference (september 17, 2004) t.2004. s. 341. 11. karshiboyeva nh and others. russian-uzbek explanatory dictionary of botanical resource science. "sangzor" publishing house. jizzakh 2012. 44 pages 12. tojiboyev sh. j., karshiboyeva nh botany. "namangan" publishing house. namangan 2015. 310 pages 13. mirkomil, g., bakhtiyor, z., & dilfuza, i. (2020). predicting changes in landscapes around the aydar-arnasay lake system. the american journal of engineering and technology, 2(10), 6-12. volume 03 issue 03-2023 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 03 pages: 01-06 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract fixed property are the property of everlasting nature used in the operation of a business. these belongings are incomes property and supply the foundation for the firm's incomes energy and value. due interest should be given to the administration of constant property as they signify enormous outlay and contain the long-term economic commitment. a systematic mixing of contemporary and constant property into a worthwhile mixture is a difficult mission to the economic management. an evaluation on the capitalize sample and implementation of constant belongings is, therefore, indispensable for the administration of a enterprise enterprise. the capitalize sample and implementation of constant belongings of tata steel ltd., the chosen organization have been studied with the assist of countless statistical measures at some point of the duration from 2011-12 to 2015-16. the learn about exhibits the sufficiency of owners' money to finance constant property necessities and that the business enterprise had additionally sufficient long-term cash to finance the whole constant belongings as properly as section of modern assets. the tempo of growth in gross block on income was once now not magnificent in the years of study. apart from this, gradual expand in the indices of depreciation factors out that usual provision for depreciation was once average in the organization beneath reference. keywords economic design, implementation of constant assets, depreciation, monetary commitment, monetary management. introduction research article capitalize design and implementation of fixed assets a case submission date: march 02, 2023, accepted date: march 07, 2023, published date: march 11, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue03-01 pramod kumar das commerce unit, jagannath kishore college, purulia (west bengal), affiliation under sidho-kanho-birsha university, purulia, india journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue03-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q= https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page= https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue03-01 volume 03 issue 03-2023 2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 03 pages: 01-06 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi an necessary trouble confronting the pinnacle degree administration of a enterprise organisation is to figure out whether or not the association must make investments dollars in constant belongings or not. fixed property are the belongings of everlasting nature and are used in the ordinary operations of a commercial enterprise undertaking. in the phrases of finny, "fixed belongings are the belongings of a particularly everlasting nature used in the operation of a enterprise and which are now not supposed for sale" (finny, 1968). they are quintessential for manufacturing firms, on account that manufacturing would be not possible barring them (gitman, 1982). fixed belongings can additionally be frequently referred to as incomes property and generally grant the groundwork for the firm's incomes electricity and value. the degree of constant property is established on the nature of the firm's manufacturing process. essentially, constant belongings such as land and buildings, plant and equipment are incidental to manufacturing used over a great duration of time, and are now not supposed for sale (chowdhury, 1964). the quantity invested in constant property is no longer realized at as soon as from the complete income at some stage in an accounting yr (kulshrestha, 1972). the value of constant property are regained in the structure of depreciation, which is commonly charged as an cost in opposition to the revenues generated thru the use of these property in the manufacturing process. thus, these property which are ate up slowly in the manufacturing method are changed periodically. hence, a excellent deal of interest should be given to the management of constant property funding in a company considering that they delineate tremendous outlays and stay longer than a 12 months and involve a long-term economic commitment. a systematic mixing of present day and constant belongings into a worthwhile mixture is a difficult undertaking for the monetary administration (kulshrestha, 1972). the analysis of constant property is additionally very necessary from the investors' factor of view, on account that they are greater worried with long-term assets. it is in this context that a modest effort has been made in this paper to measure and consider the capitalize sample and implementation of constant property in tata steel ltd., india's biggest metal company. data and methodology the researcher being an exterior analyst has to depend in the main upon the secondary facts for the evaluation of the capitalize sample and implementation of constant belongings of the selected organization i.e. tata steel ltd. hence, the information and statistics required for the learn about have been accrued primarily from the annual reports, accounting information of the organisation etc. for the length from 2011-12 to 2015-16. this rather prolonged length of 5 years has been adopted for arriving at significant and purposeful inferences. a few statistics has additionally been amassed from the internet site of the company. though there was once determined apathy or indifference on the phase of the executives in providing information, the researcher ought to overcome the identical thru ethical persuasion and intensive pestering. it used to be made clear to them that the facts so amassed will be completely used for educational cause and suitable secrecy will be maintained. editing, classification and tabulation of the monetary information amassed from the above referred to sources have been executed as per the requirement of the study. the figures accrued from the sources have been rounded off to two decimals. the information reachable have been translated into a predesigned shape structure so that a full-size interpretation ought to be made. with a view to understanding the capitalize sample and https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue03-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q= https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page= volume 03 issue 03-2023 3 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 03 pages: 01-06 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi implementation of constant property of the chosen company, the typically used ratios i.e. constant property to internet really worth ratio, constant belongings to long-term money ratio, constant belongings turnover ratio and indices of constant belongings (gross block), income and running earnings and additionally indices of gross block and depreciation have been computed and analyzed. a brief profile of tata steel ltd. tata steel ltd., hooked up in 1907, the flagship employer of the tata team is the built-in metal plant in asia and is now the world's 2d most geographically metal producer and a fortune five hundred company. tata steel ltd., backed by using greater than one hundred superb years of ride in metal making is the world's sixth biggest metal enterprise with an present annual metal manufacturing capability of greater than 30 million tonnes per annum (mtpa). tata steel ltd. has a international presence in over 50 developed european and quick developing asian markets, with manufacturing gadgets in 26 countries. the iron ore mines and collieris in india provide the organization a awesome gain in uncooked fabric sourcing. this company, the first built-in metal employer in the world used to be awarded the deming application prize 2008 for excellence in total quality management. besides this, tata steel ltd. received various countrywide and global prestigious awards in unique times. capitalize design of fixed assets “the funding in constant property entails dedication of dollars for longer duration into the future and normally is hard and steeply-priced to reverse regularly as they are in giant increments” (hunt, 1965). fixed property painting everlasting funding of dollars and therefore, they have to be exceptionally financed by way of the owners' cash or proprietors' funds. usually, money furnished with the aid of the proprietors or owners must be ample now not solely to finance the whole necessities of constant property however additionally some of the modern-day property which are enormously everlasting in nature. furthermore, if required, constant belongings are to be ideally financed via long-term debt. it implies that at any cost, non permanent cash must now not be used to finance constant assets. with a view to analyzing the capitalize sample of constant belongings in the chosen company, two applicable and necessary ratios viz. (i) constant property to internet really worth and (ii) constant property to long-term cash have been computed. fixed assets to net worth ratio this ratio specifies mostly the extent to which constant property are being financed by way of fairness interests. in different words, this ratio explains the relationship between internet constant belongings and tangible internet well worth viz. desire share capital, equity share capital inclusive of retained revenue minus intangibles. in the phrases of roy chowdhury, “the ratio of constant belongings to owners' money suggests the relationship between internet really worth and funding in constant property (i.e. gross block much less depreciation)” (roy chowdhury, 1970). j.j. bogen observes, "the ratio measures the share of contributed capital that has been invested in constant property” (bogen, 1957). this ratio is an necessary device for judging the margin of protection for long-term creditors. a ratio exceeding cohesion or a hundred percent would imply that a element of constant belongings is being financed via long-term debt capital i.e. creditors' funds. but the ratio much less than cohesion or one hundred percent displays that the owners' money are enough to cowl no longer solely constant belongings however additionally a phase of contemporary assets; it might https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue03-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q= https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page= volume 03 issue 03-2023 4 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 03 pages: 01-06 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi also additionally imply the non-existence of any longterm constant pastime bearing finance in the firm. on the different hand, if the ratio is equal to 100%, it skill all constant property are being supported by using proprietors' fairness or internet worth. the latter two conditions point out the protection and firmness of the association from the point of view of shareholders. but commonly the ratio may additionally be extra than a hundred percent due to the fact environment friendly monetary administration claims that there need to be some constant hobby bearing capital in the firm's monetary structure. the lesser the ratio, the larger is the margin of protection for long-term creditors. in other words, the greater the ratio, the much less would be the safety reachable to lenders and it is a signal of weak spot from the factor of view of a firm's long-term solvency. net well worth much less than constant belongings implies that the mortgage money are used to finance a section of the constant belongings and when the quantity of possession money exceeds the price of constant assets, a phase of the internet working capital is furnished via the shareholders. the yardstick for this measure is 65% or 0.65 time for industrial undertakings (weston, 1972). it implies that 65% of possession dollars are to be used for obtaining constant property and the closing for capitalize modern assets. ownership dollars are enough for obtaining absolutely the constant belongings and that of 35% of these money ought to be reachable for capitalize modern assets. it is discovered from table-i that the enterprise had employed its very own money to finance constant belongings as the share of constant belongings to internet well worth used to be much less than one hundred percent in all the years beneath review. it additionally suggests that the enterprise had now not borrowed dollars to finance constant assets; rather, the whole constant belongings had been financed from possession funds. in different words, the shareholders' dollars had additionally been used to finance everlasting contemporary property of the corporation chosen for study. it displays that the capitalize sample of constant property was once constructed on nicely installed economic policies, ideas and methods; it used to be no longer in simple terms a count or selection of very own convenience. though, the ratio of constant property to internet well worth had multiplied to some extent however nevertheless it appears sound economic function and may be higher in the years to come. it capability adequacy of shareholders' money in capitalize constant property in all the years of study. viewed in this context, constant belongings to longterm cash ratio has been utilized to find out about the capitalize sample of constant assets. this ratio is associated to constant property with long-term funds. the long-term dollars for this reason consist of owner's dollars (as represented with the aid of tangible internet worth) and long-term borrowed funds. this ratio elements records about the sufficiency of long-term cash in capitalize the constant property or the extent of constant property financed by way of modern debt due to deficiency of long-term funds. ideally, this ratio must now not exceed unity. ratio much less than solidarity ability that the long-term cash are greater than the constant belongings and that they are used for the functions of different than the long-term property i.e. for capitalize working capital (hingorani, 1977). hence, this ratio is carefully associated to the thought of internet working capital. the distinction between cutting-edge belongings and modern-day liabilities is frequently acknowledged as internet working capital. excess of present day property over cutting-edge liabilities implies that extra of modern property is being financed via long-term funds. hence, the long-term dollars have to cowl some contemporary https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue03-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q= https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page= volume 03 issue 03-2023 5 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 03 pages: 01-06 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi belongings necessities too and then solely look of working capital is to be regarded as the extra of modern property over modern-day liabilities. inadequacy of long-term money to finance the complete constant property consequences in working capital deficit. in such a situation, a employer has to face a lot of monetary disaster to fill in the hole of working capital. the ratio is calculated by way of dividing internet constant property with the long-term funds. the state of affairs seems to be good, regardless of versions in the ratio during the learn about length below reference. an evaluation of the ratio factors out that the agency had enough long-term dollars to finance the constant property as nicely as phase of the present day assets, as its common ratio labored out to under unity. but the ratios had pronounced fluctuations and the ratios over the years exhibit implementation of long-term cash to meet the wants of cutting-edge property after encountering the constant belongings want of the company. the surplus long-term cash enabled the organisation to toughen its working capital capitalize. but at the equal time a margin is left for long-term funds. even then there used to be no want for any nervousness as this ratio used to be much less than unity. implementation of fixed assets usually, income vindicate the quantum of constant belongings employed in an enterprise. the superb implementation of constant belongings in an agency is gauged by means of the constant belongings turnover ratio. one of the most robust equipment employed to consider the effectiveness of the implementation of constant property is belongings turnover (srivastava, 1979). the turnover of constant belongings denotes their contribution to sales. hence, it is an necessary issue of standard profitability. westiwick additionally suggests the software of constant property turnover ratio to measure the implementation of constant belongings (westiwick, 1973). turnover skill the variety of instances an asset flows thru a firm's operation into sales. the turnover of fixed property funding is described as the relationship between the quantity of enterprise carried out and the quantity of capital tiedup in constant property investments (bogen, 1957). this ratio is calculated via dividing internet income with internet constant assets. impact of fixed assets (gross block) on sales and operating profits the comparison of the have an impact on of constant property (gross) on income and running earnings is but any other way of measuring the utility of constant assets. usually, the upward income vogue justifies the growth of gross block. the increasing gross block too need to have its have an impact on upon income as nicely as working profits. if the traits of gross block and income are increasing, it can be stated that enlargement of gross block is due to amplify in sales, or income have justified the want for enlargement of constant property (gross). if the price of increase in gross block is greater than that of the sales, it displays immoderate funding in gross block as nicely as it’s beneath implementation. on the different hand, if the income boom charge is greater than the fee of increase of gross block, it can be stated that there is higher implementation of gross block expansion. the growing vogue in running income alongside with the extend in gross block and income is an indication of higher running effectivity and extra worthwhile sales. if the running income exhibit stagnant or a declining trend, the enlargement of gross block might also now not be worthwhile even though there is expand in quantity of sales. analysis of depreciation policy https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue03-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q= https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page= volume 03 issue 03-2023 6 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 03 pages: 01-06 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi depreciation policy, as a remember of fact, is of huge significance to the monetary supervisor due to the fact of its influence on profitability, its dimension in relation to whole price of operation, its impact on fee of return on funding and subsequently its relationship to substitute policy. depreciation is a permanent, persevering with and gradual shrinkage in the e book fee of constant property at a given fee as in contrast with its fee at preceding date. in fact, depreciation is the systematic allocation of the value of capital gear to the revenues (henderson, 1984). in the phrases of anthony and reece, "depreciation is a fraction of the fee of the constant property exact chargeable as an fee in every of the accounting durations in which the asset is used by using the company. the accounting procedure for this gradual conversion of constant belongings to cost is referred to as depreciation (anthony, 1975). actually, depreciation denotes the extent of recognition of the cash sunk in the constant property of the modern-day year's revenues. in different words, it represents the extent of offerings acquired from constant assets. in india, commercial enterprise businesses calculate depreciation in accordance to the provisions of the indian companies act. the quantity of depreciation is calculated on historic value of the asset. business companies make provision for depreciation on written down price approach or straight-line approach in accordance with precise sections of the indian companies act. indian companies act additionally incorporates revised fee of depreciation for exceptional assets. tata steel ltd., the chosen corporation affords depreciation on straight-line groundwork for constant property at the fees and in the manner prescribed in the companies act (annual reports, 2011-12 to 2015-16). an try has been made right here to analyze the adequacy of depreciation furnished in the organisation chosen for learn about over the years. references 1. annual reports. (from 2011-12 to 2015-16) of tata steel ltd. 2. anthony, r. n., &amp; reece, j. s. (1975). management accounting text and cases, illinois: richard d. irwin, p. 198. 3. bogen, j. j. (1957). financial hand book. new delhi: the ronald press, p. 253. 4. bogen, j. j. op. cit., pp. 751-752. 5. chowdhury, s. b. (1964). analysis of company financial statements. bombay: asia publishing house, p. 31. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue03-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q= https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page= volume 02 issue 10-2022 16 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 16-19 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the observations gave the following results, it is known that the number of seedlings per unit area is more or less, the number of ribbons in the tape and the distance between plants in the tape is short (5 cm) or wide (10 cm) caused the error amount to vary. the reason for the decrease in productivity from the small feeding area to the large feeding area was directly related to the number of plants per unit area. if onion sprouts are planted in a twoand three-row tape method, the amount of onion heads in the crop is 92,1% to 93,8%; it was found to be in the range of 86,4 percent to 89,9 percent. among the studied planting schemes, the highest and highest-quality yield per hectare was obtained from options planted in three rows, the distance between strips was 15 cm, and seedlings were planted in the strip at a distance of 5 and 7,5 cm (44,8; 38,7 t/ha). keywords onion, variety, seed, plant, planting scheme, harvest, care. introduction in terms of cultivated area and gross yield, onion ranks second after tomato as one of the main vegetables grown in our republic. not only the people of the republic and the processing enterprise are provided with the onion harvest, but also a part of its products is exported. one of the important resources for increasing the gross yield of onion is to grow onion seedlings as a repeated crop on the land freed from spiky crops and fairy vegetables. research article the best planting scheme for growing onions as a repeated crop determining the feeding area submission date: october 01, 2022, accepted date: october 05, 2022, published date: october 12, 2022 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-04 mirzasoliev mirzaosimjon mirzasoypovich ph.d., research institute of vegetable, melon crops and potato. tashkent, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-04 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=the%20best%20planting%20scheme%20for%20growing%20onions%20as%20a%20repeated%20crop%20-%20determining%20the%20feeding%20area https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-04 volume 02 issue 10-2022 17 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 16-19 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the purpose of the experiment is to determine the optimal planting area and feeding area when growing onion from seedlings as a repeated crop, save seed consumption by 2-3 times and water consumption by 11,5 times, and get twice the harvest from the same land during the season. research work was carried out in the months of juneoctober 2015-2016 in the area of the scientific educational experimental station of tashsau. n the experiment, the onion variety "istiqbol" was planted based on the current methodical manuals, each planting scheme was 3 meters long in 9 different schemes: ( (50+20)/2×5; (50+20)/2× 7,5 ; (50+20)/2×10; (40+15+15)/3×5; (40+15+15)/3×7,5;(40+15+15)/3×10; (40+10+10+10)/4×5; (40+10+10+10)/4×7,5; (40+10+10+10)/4×10) in 2 rows with 20, 15, 10 cm between the ribbons on the ribbon, 5 between the plants on the ribbon; 7,5 and 10 cm were planted. the experiment had 4 replications, the plants to be considered were placed in a plot of 4,2 m2 in each replication. the number of plants in the strip varied from 60 to 120 according to the planting scheme. onion seedlings were planted in a small area (40 m2) from the edge of the planting area in the second decade of march in a scheme of 4x1 cm, and 50-55-dayold seedlings were planted in their permanent place in the first decade of june according to the schemes indicated above. according to these planting schemes, the number of seedlings per hectare ranged from 285,7 to 1142,8. phenological, biometric and other observations were carried out on the experimental site according to the approved plan (since this issue has not been studied before, the average of all parameters of the planting schemes was used as a control). the observations gave the following results, it was found that the number of seedlings per unit area was more or less, and the number of ribbons in the tape and the distance between the plants in the tape was short (5 cm) or wide (10 cm) caused the amount of error to vary. in the first variant of the experiment, when the spacing between the ribbons was 20 cm and the distance between the seedlings in the ribbon was 5 cm, the error rate was 6,8 percent after 10 days after planting, and in the variants planted with a distance of 7,5 and 10 cm, it was 6 and 5,2 percent. in the three-row tape method, the error rate was found to be 6,1 out of 8,7 percent when the distance between the tapes was 10 cm and 5 cm, 7,5 and 10 cm were left between the seedlings in the tape. it was found that when onion seedlings are planted in a 4-row ribbon method, the error rate is 10,9% to 8,8%. it was found that increasing or decreasing the number of ribbons in the ribbon and increasing the distance between plants in the ribbon from 5 cm to 10 cm have different effects on the viability of onion plants. that is, if onion seedlings were planted in a feeding area of 0,0175 m2, 22,4 percent of the seedlings died during the growing period (before the leaves turn yellow), or 6,8 percent of the plants did not take root after 10 days of planting. it was found that it increased by 15,6 percent. during this period, the number of dead seedlings was 128000 per hectare. in this option, when the distance between the plants on the tape was increased to 7,5 and 10 cm, it was found that the amount of error was reduced by 2,3 and 6,5 percent compared to planting at a distance of 5 cm. this pattern was maintained in subsequent cropping schemes. as the feeding areas of onion seedlings changed from large (0,0175 m2) to small (0,00875 m2), the period of entering the stage of yellowing of the leaves of onion plants was accelerated to a certain extent. that is, it was found out that the leaves of onion seedlings planted in 0,0175 m2 of nutrition area start to turn yellow after 108 days, and those planted https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-04 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=the%20best%20planting%20scheme%20for%20growing%20onions%20as%20a%20repeated%20crop%20-%20determining%20the%20feeding%20area https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 10-2022 18 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 16-19 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi in 0,035 m2 of nutrition area begin to turn yellow after 114 days. in the experiment, the yellowing of the leaves of seedlings planted in a three-row tape method was observed on days 106-115 according to the change of the distance between the plants in the tapes (5...10 cm). it was found that this indicator occurs on days 96..101 in seedlings sown in a four-row tape method. planting scheme and feeding area had an effect on the number, length and yield of true leaves formed on each bush, as well as on the quality of the crop (table 1). from the figures presented in table 1, it is known that among the tested planting schemes, in almost all of them, the number of plant leaves is large and relatively long in the variants planted leaving 7,5 and 10 cm between the plants in the ribbon. the average number of leaves per bush of onion seedlings planted in a tworow tape method is 1,4 and 1,2 when planted at a distance of 7,5 and 10 cm, and 0.7...1,4 in three rows, compared to when seedlings in a tape are planted at a distance of 5 cm. it was determined that there is a lot of yield per grain. in the variant of the experiment planted in a four-row tape method, the number of leaves of seedlings was significantly less (7.9...8.1 pieces) according to the distance between the seedlings in the tape. planting pattern also affected the length of leaves produced per plant. in the tested planting schemes, the length of the leaves of the variant plants planted in four rows (regardless of whether the distance between plants in the strip was large or small) was significantly shorter than the length of the leaves of seedlings planted in two and three rows. the number of leaves produced in each bush, their length and the large or small size of the feeding area also affected the onion yield and flour quality. 31,5 t/ha when planted in a 0,0175 m2 feeding area in a two-layer tape method, 5 cm between plants in the tape, 1,7 and 7,7 t/ha higher yield than when planted with 7,5 and 10 cm distance between seedlings it was found that the yield was 2,1 t/ha less than the control. even when planting in a threeand four-row tape method, the law of planting in a two-row tape method was preserved in terms of productivity. that is, when the distance between the plants in the tape was increased from 5 cm to 10 cm, and the feeding area was increased from 0,01166 m2 to 0,0233 m2, it was found that the yield decreased from 44,8 t/ha to 31,7 t/ha. the reason for the decrease in productivity from the small feeding area to the large feeding area was directly related to the number of plants per unit area. if onion sprouts are planted in a twoand three-row tape method, the amount of onion heads in the crop is 92,1% to 93,8%; it was found to be in the range of 86,4 percent to 89,9 percent. the average weight of onion heads was 71.0...90.0 g in the first three variants of the experiment, and 69,0...91,0 g in the second three variants. the productivity of the four-row planting scheme ranged from 41,5 t/ha to 29,4 t/ha depending on the area of seedling nutrition (0,00875...0,0175 m2). however, the yield did not exceed 86,8 percent, and the average weight of onion heads was found to be between 54,0 and 69,0 g. among the studied planting schemes, the highest and quality crop per hectare is three rows, the distance between the strips is 15 cm, and the number of seedlings in the strip is 5; (44.8; 38,7 t/ha) were obtained from variants planted at a spacing of 7,5 cm. the average weight of the onion heads in the harvest of these options is 72; it was in the range of 81 gr. conclusion. so, when growing istikbol varieties of onion as a repeated crop from seedlings (40+15+15)/3×5 cm and the distance between plants in https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-04 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=the%20best%20planting%20scheme%20for%20growing%20onions%20as%20a%20repeated%20crop%20-%20determining%20the%20feeding%20area https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 10-2022 19 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 16-19 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the strip is 7,5 cm, the highest quality yield (44.8; 38,7 t) per hectare is obtained. references 1. metodika polevogo opyta./ b.a. dospekhov // -m., 1985 – 351 p. 2. progressive technologies for growing vegetable crops in the open. kh. boriev, v. zuev, o. kadirkhojaev, m. mahmudov tashkent 2002. b. 238-240. 3. determination of the most convenient planting scheme for growing onions from seedlings as a repeated crop feeding area. collection of materials of the 1st scientific-practical conference "integration of science, education and production in the sustainable development of the agricultural sector". may 30-31, 2017. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-04 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=the%20best%20planting%20scheme%20for%20growing%20onions%20as%20a%20repeated%20crop%20-%20determining%20the%20feeding%20area https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 04 issue 08-2024 21 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 08 pages: 21-25 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the eggs of dalahai are dark brown in color, very elongated, 1.1-1.33 mm long and 0.4-0.5 mm wide. the weight of one thousand calf eggs was 0.11-0.12 g. as a result of the study of the ontogeny of h. perforatum, it was found that there is a change in the color of the eggs, and it is not necessary to do scarification or stratification before bending. keywords hyperitsum perforatum l. fruit-capsule, floral, may, straight, ribbed, oblong-ovate, erect, triangular, polyhedral, endospermous. introduction botanical description hypericum perforatum l. hypericum maculatum crantz. (hypericum quadrangulum l.); dalshaylas belong to the hypericaceae family. dalahai species are perennial herbaceous plants 30100 cm tall. the root of the root of the tree is thick. the stem is single, upright, smooth, hairless, and hairy. the leaf is flat, oblong-shaped, with smooth edges, and it grows without a band on the stem. the flowers are golden yellow, clustered in a shield-like raceme. the fruit is three-celled, many-seeded, and ripens when ripe. eggs are small, oblong, and dark brown in color. blooms in june-august. research article bio-ecological changes and seeds of plant dalahai (hypericum l) grown in laboratory conditions submission date: aug 01, 2024, accepted date: aug 06, 2024, published date: aug 11, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue08-03 tajetdinov n.d. associate professor at karakalpakstan institute of agriculture and agrotechnologies, uzbekistan oralbaeva.i.k. student at karakalpakstan institute of agriculture and agrotechnologies, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue08-03 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue08-03 volume 04 issue 08-2024 22 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 08 pages: 21-25 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi geographic distribution. dalahai species grow on the edges of fields, in salma bays, in pastures, in meadows, in thickets, in thickets. it is used in ukraine, belarus, moldova, the baltic countries, the european part of russia, in the highlands and steppes of western siberia, in the caucasus and in central asia. egg germination in laboratory conditions: eggs appear as a result of sexual reproduction of the plant and serve in the distribution of eggs. the egg is released after the process of fertilization, but in some cases, few eggs may appear without ovulation (apomixis). nutrient elements and gills are present in the egg, so it has a protective shell. due to physiological changes, some eggs fall out of the spore. let the egg sit for a while before it turns blue. the period of ovulation can be different in different eggs, and when they are stored for a long time, they do not change a little. when the seed was fertilized with a spore, the result was successful. as a result of maturation, the endosperm is less developed, but as a result of the enlargement of the pod, nutrients accumulate in the pod and the endosperm shrinks, and the maturation processes can also be accelerated. in the process of cell development, the endosperm develops, and as a result, the ovule becomes the nucleus of the nucleus. but if the nucellus does not digest the food element, it fulfills the role of endosperm. the ovules of the plants related to the ovules of the angiosperms and the ovules were found to be perispermic. eggs are found in nature in various forms. the surface of the egg is smooth, shiny, ribbed, and hairy. the egg is united with the egg band funiculis, and in some cases with the stem. the embryonated egg, eggshell, and food-gathering tissue (endosperm, perisperm) are all derived from the stem. if the egg shell does not hatch, the spermoderm emerges from the egg shell intugument. the egg shell protects the egg. decomposition of the egg depends on the egg's migration and spread. the nutrient element was found in the endosperm and perisperm of the egg. nutrient elements were found in individual eggs, but only in the stem. nutrient elements can be solid, liquid or liquid. they consist of carbohydrates (protein, fat, starch). the person that appeared as a result of the fertilization of murtak's iris cell became a sporophyte. murtak is a child, but murtak can have a lot of thoughts. in this case, other parts of the egg and the sperm participate outside the testicle cell. citrus, sebarga plant has many buds. apomixis is called apomixis when a bud appears from the development of one cell of an egg without fertilization. it is called parthenogenesis, the development of a larval cell without ovulation and the formation of a follicle. parthenogenesis takes place in the caraway plant. maturation of the egg occurs before the completion of the physiological process. physiological development stops, the entry of sugar into the egg stops, as a result, the entry of nutrients into the egg is stopped, the physiological processes of the child stop, the hormonal activity of enzymes decreases, fertility decreases by 5-10%. the shell of the egg thickens, and it turns into wood in many cases. this state of ovulation is called physiological state. a lot of biochemical and physiological processes take place during the hatching of the egg. when water enters the egg shell, the process of respiration occurs, the activity of enzymes accelerates, nutrients are diluted and proteins are formed. as a result, if a leaf in volume 04 issue 08-2024 23 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 08 pages: 21-25 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the mulberry tree sprouts a leaf on its surface, the root of the stem will start to grow. if the plant that grows from its seed has a high need for photosynthesis, its seed will go to the surface of the ground and become a green leaf, if more nutrients are needed, the seed pod will remain under the ground. in order for the egg to hatch, temperature, humidity and humidity are needed (1:94-b). itroduction is important for the development of each stage of the plant, and therefore the order of its individual development (ontogeny). egg laying is a productive process, and it is one of the adaptive features of the herd. our experiments show that in laboratory conditions, the eggs begin to migrate after 13-14 days. on the 1820th day, the leaves of the ovary close together and the yellow color is invisible [2: 183-184-b]. dalashay eggs were placed in a petri dish on november 28 for the purpose of the experiment. 100 eggs were placed in each petri dish. the experiment was carried out in four stages. the hatchability of eggs was studied at temperatures of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45°c (table 1). the number of eggs of dalashay shows the strength of the egg. hatchling power depends on the temperature level, and the lowest temperature was 5°c, hatching 5, 7 eggs in 24 days. it has been found that the temperature is increasing it is changing to a more favorable temperature. for example, at a temperature of 10°c, the yield strength increased to 9.8% and was observed on the 16th day after sowing. bul pointer at 15°c 14 t copy 11.3% at 20°c 14th day to 15.6%, 25°c day 10.4% 111, 30°c day 16 28, 3% was equal to 53, 3% after 14 days at 35 °c. the hatching time of the eggs was 1-14 days and the best hatching power was observed at the temperature of 35°c. the influence of temperature on the germination of dalasay plant eggs. in the course of the development and ontogenesis of the dalasay plant, learning has gained a special importance in the production of plants by creating a special condition and culturalizing them. growth is one of the most important processes in plant life, and all physiological and biochemical reactions occur in the plant species, resulting in increased mass and productivity. growth begins with the process of ovule shedding, and ovule growth is related to the enzymatic processes in the endosperm of the ovule, which absorb water. table 1 vibrating power of dalashay eggs at different temperatures in laboratory conditions (p=4) °c egg growth growth force amount/day percentage share % 5 24 5,7/24 5,7 10 16 9,8/16 9,8 volume 04 issue 08-2024 24 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 08 pages: 21-25 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 15 14 11,3/14 11,3 20 14 15,6/14 15,6 25 16 30,4/16 30,4 30 16 28,3/16 28,3 35 14 53,3/14 53,3 40 14 20,4/14 20,4 45 14 9,3/14 9,3 h. p e r f o r a t u m was studied under the influence of temperature in different seasons. the production temperature is an important ecological factor in the germination of seeds. in a petri dish, 100 seeds of good quality were separated for this purpose. study was taken in 4 conditions. we were able to store the products at temperatures of 5°c, 10°c, 15°c, 20°c, 25°c, 30°c, 35°c, 40°c and even 45°c. the seeds took several days to hatch at a temperature of 5°c, but after 24 days they started hatching, and in the end, only 10.3 hatched out of 100 eggs. the tumor that appeared was also weaker. as the temperature increased, the shedding of the eggs also increased. at a temperature of 10°c, the maximum germination was observed in 16 to 17 days, and in this steady state, an average of 9.8 to 8.1 seeds were germinated. at the end of the period, the number of eggs that were hatched was 24.5 or 24.5%. at a temperature of 15°c, 11.3-26.3% of seeds were harvested on the first day of the test, 8.1 days on the 15th day, and 26.3 days on the 15th day. as the temperature increased, the number of hatched eggs also increased, and on the 14th day at 40°c, 20 eggs were hatched, and on the 15th day, 4.9 eggs were hatched, making a gain of 25.2%. at 45°c, the seed germinated 9.3 times on the 14th day and yielded 9.3%, but did not germinate on the following days. it was determined that the optimal temperature for h. perforatum seed germination is 35°c. in this variant, after ovulation, 13 days, 15, 4, 14 days, 53, 3, 15 days, 9, 3, 16 days, 4, 7 eggs were released, out of a total of 82, 7 eggs were released, making 82.7%. at 40°c, 20, 3, 4, 9 eggs hatched on the 4th day. at this temperature, the hatching process is not observed in the following days. at 45°c, on the 14th day, 9, 3 eggs hatched, and the hatched eggs darkened (shriveled) in 3-4 days. so, it was found that the temperature has a certain physiological effect on the hatching of eggs. it should be noted that pilislew development was observed in the eggs at the temperature of 35-40°c. at corretogenic temperatures in joghar, the eggs hatched fully within fourteen days after hatching (table 1). as a result of the experiment, the left thing was known, it was found that the average temperature of h. p e r f o r a t u m egg hatching is 30-35°c, and the optimum temperature is 35°c. references 1. iskandarova sh.f. djabbarov,.n.a., raximova sh., abdux,alilova n.s. teshik dalachoy ekstrakti volume 04 issue 08-2024 25 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 08 pages: 21-25 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi asosida biologik faol kushimcha texnologiyasini ishlab chiqish. jurnal. farmasevtika №1. 2017. toshkent. 94-6. 2. komilov x.m. farmakognoziya fani bo’yicha ma’ro’zalar matni.uslubiy kullanma. toshkent.2012. 183-184-6. 3. h. x. xolmatov, o‘. a. ahmedov, n. a. musayeva. farmakognoziya va botanika asoslari. tibbiyot kollejlari uchun darslik, 3-nashri. “o‘qituvchi” – 2017. 18-25 b. internet sites 4. www. herbalgrass. com 5. www. prosveti. ru 6. www. farmcod. ru 7. www. booksgoogle. co. uz volume 03 issue 03-2023 7 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 03 pages: 07-10 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the article provides information about the importance of algae and the algal flora of the water bodies of central asia, including uzbekistan, and the types of algae sections identified in them. keywords water bodies, soil, algaflora, algae, importance, sections of algae, euglenophyte, diatom, red, brown, green, bluegreen, physiologically active substances, chlorella, spirulina, vitamins, fisheries, plankton introduction biological diversity is one of the important features of the earth's biosphere. in order to prevent and stop damage to biodiversity, we need to strengthen our knowledge about living organisms, especially algae, and their composition. algae are widespread in nature and grow in various ecological conditions of the earth: water (rivers, lakes, seas, oceans), soil, barren lands and rocks, snow and ice bases, tree barks. algae easily adapt to the environment, that's why they are distributed in all geographical regions and regions of the earth. they grow in the deep places of lakes and seas where other plants do not grow, in caves, under snow and ice, and in hot springs. the main results and findings research article the role, distribution and importance of algae in nature submission date: march 02, 2023, accepted date: march 07, 2023, published date: march 11, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue03-02 zulaykho a. ismatova associate professor tashkent state pedagogical university named after nizami, uzbekistan shokhsanam n. kamolova phd student jizzakh state pedagogical university, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue03-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=the%20role,%20distribution%20and%20importance%20of%20algae%20in%20nature https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page= https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue03-02 volume 03 issue 03-2023 8 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 03 pages: 07-10 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the importance of algae in nature and human life is endless and diverse. a lot of biomass is produced from algae. since the chemical composition of this biomass is different, it plays a big role in the life of people and animals. in particular, the life of fish is closely related to algae. plankton algae that grow in water are of great importance in the nutrition of aquatic animals. that is why plankton organisms are of particular importance in the organization of fisheries. also, some algae grow too quickly, causing water "blooms" that have a negative effect on aquatic animals. algae can have a negative effect on the one hand, and a positive effect on the other. for example, representatives of euglenophytes, diatoms, and golden-colored algae, together with heterotrophic organisms, take an active part in cleaning polluted rivers, streams, and lakes. algae, a source of food and oxygen in rivers, lakes and seas, are habitats for many invertebrates and spawning and spawning grounds for fish. in addition to providing oxygen to aquatic organisms, algae are important in the biological treatment of polluted water. their massive increase in water also leads to biological pollution. algae are widely used in various fields of the national economy. algae is also a source of vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, folate, nicotine and ascorbic acid), trace elements and a number of physiologically active substances. vitamins contained in 100 g of chlorella algae meet a person's need for them in 1 night. due to this, it is recommended to have algae in their food for patients with cardiovascular and stomach diseases. algae are also known as food and are no less popular agricultural products. the percentage of protein in their content is high (up to 70%). algae belonging to 170 species (81 red, 54 brown, 25 green, 8 blue-green) growing in freshwater basins and seas have been found to be consumed by humans. porhyra, laminaria, gelidium, macrocystis, undaria, rhodymenia, monostroma, ulva, enteromoroha, chondris are specially bred for these purposes. among them, porphyia is grown in large quantities in special reservoirs. from microalgaemore than 500 tons of chlorella are used annually for food purposes in malaysia and the philippines. in mexico and a number of other countries, the bluegreen algae spirilina is specially bred to obtain 2000 tons of biomass per year, and 5-10% of its powder is added to bakery products and used for other purposes. algae is widely used as a feed additive in animal husbandry. in the 80s of the last century, the profit obtained due to the use of algae in animal husbandry and cocoon breeding in our republic was 290 mln. consisted of soums. when chlorella was added to livestock feed, a number of positive changes were observed. soil algae are also important in increasing soil fertility by accumulating organic matter, improving its physicochemical properties and microbiological activity. suvotiar has also been proven to have a positive effect on the activity of higher plants. algae growing on the soil increases soil fertility. algae is also used as a bioindicator to determine the suitability of lands where industrial waste has been removed. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue03-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=the%20role,%20distribution%20and%20importance%20of%20algae%20in%20nature https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page= volume 03 issue 03-2023 9 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 03 pages: 07-10 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi flacocolloids obtained from marine algae (agar, agaroid, agarose, carrageenin, agropectin), alginic acid and its salts alginates, mannitol, sorbitol, etc. are important raw materials for various industries. phycocolloids are the most necessary raw materials for the food, pharmaceutical, chemical, microbiological, textile, paper-cellulose, and perfume industries. agar substance is used in large quantities for scientific purposes (bacteriology, applied mycology and algology) and sanitary-epidemiology. alginites are used in the production of glue, varnish, paint, plastic, artificial fibers, and in food (making ice cream, fruit juice, bakery products). most representatives of algae act as biological indicators. depending on the type of algae, the level of pollution and purity of water is determined. that is, some indicator species live in dirty waters, and some live only in clean waters. depending on the distribution of indicator saprobic algae, it is possible to determine the level of pollution of the water basin in this area. according to the analysis of the literature, the algae flora of the water bodies of central asia, including uzbekistan, has been studied by many scientific researchers. margilonsoy, shahimardonsoy, rivers in the central tianshan mountains in the fergana valley, i.e. the tributaries of the syrdarya, karadarya, norin darya, shahrikhansoy and their tributaries, mountain lakes, in the lakes of the foothills of the amudarya, channels in the fergana valley, i.e. big fergana and northern fergana, big chuy, collectors and cisterns in mirzachol , in the kattakurgan, bukhtarma reservoirs, sholipoyas, biological treatment and fishing ponds, in the reservoir of the "kalgan-chirchik" fishery, in the chordara reservoir, in the southern reservoirs of the kyrgyz republic, in the bozsuv canal and chirchik river basin water networks. conclusion in conclusion, it can be said that the importance of algae in nature and human life is endless and diverse. algae are widely used in various fields of the national economy. in particular, the life of fish is closely related to algae. plankton algae that grow in water are of great importance in the nutrition of aquatic animals. that is why plankton organisms are of particular importance in the organization of fisheries. in addition, it plays a very important role in the preparation of medicines and pharmaceuticals. therefore, the number of algae species should be determined and researched. references 1. исматова з.а. история изучения водоемов средней азии // вестник нууз. спец. вып. 2011. 215 – 216 с. 2. исматова з.а. влияние экологических факторов на распространение и развитие водорослей р.сангзар. «исследование различных направлений современной науки» сборник материалов xxxvi международной научнопрактической конференции. – москва, 2018. – с.25-29. 3. исматова з.а. распространение и сезонные развитие видов рода synedra ehr. в реке сангзар. ўзбекистон биология журнали. – тошкент, 2013. –№6. –б. 24-26. 4. ismatova z.a. development of the algae flora of the middle sangzor river under the influence of environmental factors. journal of geography and natural resources. doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/jgnr-01-03 5. ismatova z.a. floristic and systematic analysis of the composition of algoflora of the sangzar river. international journal of advanced science and technology, vol. 29, no. 8. 2020. pp.3449-3453. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue03-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=the%20role,%20distribution%20and%20importance%20of%20algae%20in%20nature https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page= volume 03 issue 03-2023 10 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 03 pages: 07-10 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 6. ismatova z.a. systematic analysis of indicator saborbine species of alcohols of the sangzar river. the tenth european conference on biology and medical sciences. european science review. – vienna, 2018. –№3-4. – p. 39-42. 7. ismatova z.a. seasonal development of aquatic of the class chlorophyta and their distribution on the current of the river sangzar. the tenth international conference on biology and medical sciences. 5th june 2016. austria, vienna. –р. 86-90. 8. tojibayev sh.t., naraliyeva n.m. botanika: tuban oʻsimliklar. “namangan” nashriyoti. 2016. 362 -b. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue03-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=the%20role,%20distribution%20and%20importance%20of%20algae%20in%20nature https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page= volume 03 issue 02-2023 5 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 02 pages: 05-12 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the article gives information about the results of the experiments, provided to identify efficiency of the insecticide “helitec” to control larvae’s of cherry slug (cаlirоа сеrаsi l.) in laboratory and field conditions. during the experiments, it has recorded 98-100 % efficacy within 3 days at the laboratory, but at the field condition index changed to 80,1-85,0 percent at the seventh day in consumption rate 0,4-0,5 l/ha for each experiment. keywords cherry slug (саlirоа сеrasi l.), larvae, ordo, imago, consumption rate, microbial insecticide, heliteс, baculovirus, biological efficiency. introduction in terms of cherry fruit production and export to the global market, uzbekistan currently holds a unique position in horticulture. uzbekistan is one of the top 10 cherry-growing countries in the world, among the 65 largest. in our country, there are 20,900 hectares of cherry orchards, with an average production of 13,2 research article studying of efficiency of the microbial insecticide “helitec” against cherry slug (cаlirоа сеrаsi l.) in laboratory and field conditions submission date: february 03, 2023, accepted date: february 08, 2023, published date: february 13, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue02-02 n.kh.tufliyev dsc, scientific research institute of plant quarantine and protection, uzbekistan z.b.kholmirzayeva doctorant, andijan institute of agriculture and agrotechnologies, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue02-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=studying%20of%20efficiency%20of%20the%20microbial%20insecticide%20“helitec”%20against%20cherry%20slug%20(cаlirоа%20сеrаsi%20l.)%20in%20laboratory%20and%20field%20conditions https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue02-02 volume 03 issue 02-2023 6 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 02 pages: 05-12 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi tonnes per hectare. all types of farms in the republic are expected to generate 183,000 tonnes of cherry goods this year, of which farmers and agricultural companies will produce 82,200 tonnes. [information provided by the ministry of agriculture of the republic of uzbekistan's information service]. one of the biggest challenges facing today's exporters is increasing the marketability and productivity of cherry fruit and developing it in accordance with global needs. in this situation, the creation of ecological natural goods must receive special attention, and widespread usage of microbiological insecticides to pest and disease control must be implemented. it is known that more than 10 insect pests would attack cherry orchards during the season. cherry slug (caliroa cerasi l.) is one of the significant harmful species among them. due to its damage, the productivity falls, the fruit's quality declines, and the trees eventually perish (fig. 1). cherry slug (caliroa cerasi l.) belongs to the family tenthredinidae of the ordo hymenoptera [1,2,5,8,9,11,12]. the pest widespread in europe, asia, china, japan, south and north america, south and north africa, new zealand. adult pest glossy black, 4-6 mm long, the fake pupa in a cocoon overwinters in the soil. it turns into a dome in the spring. adults fly in late spring depending on local temperatures. they often reproduce by partonogenesis. females lay 50-75 eggs, one by one, under the leaves. eggs develop in 8-14 days. the larva feeds on leaves for 17-28 days and turns into a pupa in the soil [2,5,9,12]. during the monitoring, in 2019-2021, it was recorded 3 generations a year in the conditions of the fergana valley. the pest attacks a variety of plants, including cherry, plum, rowan, quince, pear, and hawthorn. the larva eats by nibbling on epidermis of the leaf's top side (fig. 2). it does not touch the bark on the underside, that is, it pierces one side of the leaf. cherry slug is a moistureloving pest. if the air humidity drops below 30-40%, the mass death of its young larvae can observed [2,5,9,12]. according to beеrs, [7] cherry slug gives two generations a year, and larvae of the second generation damage young trees even more lethal than the first generation. the optimal temperature for this pest is between 5 and 300 by celsius [8]. the experiment was provided at the horticulture farmland named “hoji abdulxai” of the paxtaobod district and at residential gardens of the izbosgan district of the andijan region in 2019-2021. during our observations, it was found that the cherry slug saliroa cerasi l., belonging to the family of hymenoptera, causes serious damage in cherry orchards. the first hatched larvae of the pest appeared in our experimental field on may 1-3. their mass damage coincided with the period of late ripening of cherry fruits. this caused inconvenience to cherry farms due to the delay in chemical treatment of orchards. as a result, 20-30% of the branches of the older trees died, and 60-80% of the young seedlings were damaged (fig.1.). such problems in cherry orchards have attracted the attention of world scientists. in particular, a number of scientists from turkey, australia, new zealand, and washington carried out a number of works on testing microbiological preparations. in australia biological control of cherry slug, using natural enemies such as beauveria bassiana and blastocrithidia caliroa led to dramatic reductions in their numbers. [3,4]. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue02-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=studying%20of%20efficiency%20of%20the%20microbial%20insecticide%20“helitec”%20against%20cherry%20slug%20(cаlirоа%20сеrаsi%20l.)%20in%20laboratory%20and%20field%20conditions https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants volume 03 issue 02-2023 7 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 02 pages: 05-12 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 1-расм. cherry slug (caliroa cerasi l.) damage in horticultural farm "khoji abdulkhai", pakhtaabad district, andijan region. foto by z.b. kholmirzaeva 05/19/2020. in addition, lathrolestes luteolator caused 90% larval mortality in the first generation of cherry slug, but failed to control larvae in the second generation. [11]. in our scientific research, we studied the biological effectiveness of the helitec (c.s.) microbiological biopreparation produced by kenya biologics ltd. in the laboratory and field conditions. helites (c.s.) is a preparation containing 5x1012 polyhedrosis (npv) in one liter of solution, a virus belonging to the polyhedrosis subclass of the baculovirus family. representatives of the subgroup of polyhedrosis are especially numerous. according to the list compiled by v.v. guliy et al., (1982), in the territories of the former soviet union, viruses of this subgroup were recorded in more than 109 species of insects belonging to three orders and 24 families, including 99 species of lepidoptera (19 families), 7 species of hymenoptera (4 families), 3 types of dipterans (2 families) have been studied [13,14]. polyhedrosis viruses develop in the hypodermis in fat cells, hemolymph, and in arracks in the epithelia of the middle intestine. insects are mainly infected in the larval stages. symptoms of the disease in larvae are as follows. at first, the abdominal joints of false worms turn a milky color, a milky white liquid flows from the mouth, and a dark brown drop comes out of the anus. later, the false worms attach to the leaf plate by secreting a sticky substance and die from the virus in 24-48 hours. [13]. symptoms of npv infection include: discoloration (brown and yellow), stress, decomposition (dilution), slow movement, generally expressed by the refusal of the insect to eat [13,14,15]. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue02-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=studying%20of%20efficiency%20of%20the%20microbial%20insecticide%20“helitec”%20against%20cherry%20slug%20(cаlirоа%20сеrаsi%20l.)%20in%20laboratory%20and%20field%20conditions https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants volume 03 issue 02-2023 8 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 02 pages: 05-12 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi materials and methods we conducted the research in laboratory conditions together with the scientists of the research institute of plant protection. "methodological guidelines for testing biological preparations for protecting plants from pests, diseases and weeds" (1973) were used for laboratory experiments. in determining the biological effectiveness of microbiological preparations, sh.t. khojaev's "basic conditions for testing insecticides against pests and diseases of agricultural crops in small and large field experiments / collection of methodological instructions for testing insecticides, acaricides, biologically active substances and fungicides", ii edition (2004) methodological instructions were used. the experiment was conducted in 4 repetitions of 3 options. to conduct the experiment, a 35x15x15 plastic container was taken, and 5 cm of experimental garden soil was placed at the bottom of the container(fig. 2.). figure 2. 35x15x15 size plastic containers adapted for feeding the cherry slug in laboratory conditions (by z.b. kholmirzaeva 3.06.2020.). band of leaves treated with 0.4 and 0.5 l/ha of helitec biopreparation on freshly cut cherry leaves was wrapped with wet cotton and laid on the soil. the control variant was treated with water. then, 10 larvae of the same age of cherry slug collected from cherry orchards were placed on the leaves. wet cotton was taped to the walls of the container to maintain the humidity in the container, and it was renewed every 12 hours. the air temperature was maintained at a standard of 250c, and the relative humidity of the air was kept at 60-65%. results and discussion after the experiment, count observations were made every 24 hours. it was observed that the insects in our experiment completely stopped feeding and moving after 24 hours, and 20% of them died. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue02-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=studying%20of%20efficiency%20of%20the%20microbial%20insecticide%20“helitec”%20against%20cherry%20slug%20(cаlirоа%20сеrаsi%20l.)%20in%20laboratory%20and%20field%20conditions https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants volume 03 issue 02-2023 9 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 02 pages: 05-12 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi after 72 hours, the color of the larvae of the cherry slug turned yellowish brown and the biological efficiency was 80.0%, and in 5 days, 100% of the larvae died and their color turned dark, that is, the signs of death due to viruses were clearly visible. (fig.3.). figure 3. biological efficiency of helitec in the control variant, when treated with normal water, it was noted that the larvae of the cherry slug were feeding on cherry leaves and they were actively moving (fig 4.). figure 4. experiment: larvae of cherry slug infested with helitec 0.5 l/ha (by z.b. kholmirzaeva 05.05.2020). experiment: larvae of cherry slug infested with helitec 0.4 l/ha (by z.b. kholmirzaeva 05.05.2020). experiment: larvae of cherry slug infested with water (by z.b. kholmirzaeva 05.05.2020). https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue02-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=studying%20of%20efficiency%20of%20the%20microbial%20insecticide%20“helitec”%20against%20cherry%20slug%20(cаlirоа%20сеrаsi%20l.)%20in%20laboratory%20and%20field%20conditions https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants volume 03 issue 02-2023 10 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 02 pages: 05-12 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi observing that the above-mentioned signs correspond exactly to the cases of death caused by the virus, it was concluded that the larvae died due to virus damage. in the control option, i.e., when treated with normal water, the larvae of the cherry slug fed on cherry leaves and they were actively moving (fig. 4). due to the fact that the microbiological preparation helitec has achieved high efficiency against cherry slug in laboratory conditions, on may 1, 2021 and 2022, it was tested on the “volovaya serdtsa” variety of cherry in small field experiments in horticultural farms and household farms in andijan, fergana, namangan regions. experiments conducted in 3 option, consisted of 4 returns and was processed using a “samara 999” motorized hand sprayer. figure 5а. larva of the cherry slug, which died under the influence of a microbiological preparation figure b. larvae of the cherry slug, which died under the influence of a chemical preparation in the field experiment, when observations were made 24 hours after the application of the microbiological preparation, as in our experiment in the laboratory, the larvae of the cherry slug almost did not differ from healthy ones and stopped feeding, and the biological efficiency of the preparation was on average 13.6-15.9% in field conditions in andijan region, 11.1 in namangan region. it was observed that it was -13.5%, and in fergana region it was 13.3-16.3%. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue02-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=studying%20of%20efficiency%20of%20the%20microbial%20insecticide%20“helitec”%20against%20cherry%20slug%20(cаlirоа%20сеrаsi%20l.)%20in%20laboratory%20and%20field%20conditions https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants volume 03 issue 02-2023 11 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 02 pages: 05-12 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi figure 6. biological effectiveness of helitec microbiological preparation in field conditions, andijan region on the 3rd day after the use of the drug, when observations were made, symptoms of yellowing and swelling were observed in the larvae of the cherry slug, and the larvae turned upside down on the leaf plate, and the biological efficiency of the drug was 59.2-61.8% in field conditions in andijan region, 54.961.9%, and in fergana region was 69.7-80.4% (fig 6.). on the 7th day of the experiment, the larvae of the cherry slug turned dark, and the biological efficiency of the drug was 81.7-84.5% in andijan region, 80.1-83.7% in namangan region, and 81.4-85% in fergana region. it was observed that it was 0% (fig. 6). the conclusion is that we used the microbiological preparation in the first decade of may, during which the average air temperature was 20-250c and the relative humidity was 50-60%. since this period is a favorable period for the use of microbiological preparations, the biological efficiency in field conditions is on average 80.1 it was 85.0%. according to the results of the experiment, it is recommended to use this biopreparation against cherry slug in order to obtain an ecologically safe product in the future. references 1. аброров ш. замонавий интенсив гилос боғлари. тошкент: “baktria press”, 2018. – 116 б. 2. арсланов м.т., пўлатов з.а., алиев ш.к., бошқалар. мевали боғлар, дуккакли дон экинлар,полиз ва сабзавот ҳамда бошқа турдаги қишлоқ хўжалик экинлари зараркунандалари, касалликларини тарқалишини ҳисобга олиш. – тошкент: “наврўз”, 2019. – 31 б. 3. aslantaş, r., eken, c. and hayat, r. (2008) beauveria bassiana pathogenicity to the cherry slug worm, caliroa cerasi hymenoptera: tenthredinidae) larvae. world j microbiol biotechnol. 24(1), 119-122р. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue02-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=studying%20of%20efficiency%20of%20the%20microbial%20insecticide%20“helitec”%20against%20cherry%20slug%20(cаlirоа%20сеrаsi%20l.)%20in%20laboratory%20and%20field%20conditions https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants volume 03 issue 02-2023 12 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 02 pages: 05-12 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 4. lipa, j.j., carl, k.p. and valentine, e.w. (1977) blastocrithidia caliroae sp. n., a flagellate parasite of caliroa cerasi (l.) (hymenoptera: tenthredinidae) and notes on its epizootics in host field populations. acta protozool. 6(2), 121-130р. 5. бондаренко н.в., и др. вишнёвый слизистый пилильщик-caliroa cerasi l. / общая и сельскохозяственнная энтомология. 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. л.: агропромиздат, 1991. – 371с. 6. б.а. доспехов. методика полевых опытов. м. 1985 г. 7. beers, e.h., brunner, j.f., willett, m.j. and warner, g.m. (1993) orchard pest management: a resource book for the pacific northwest. good fruit grower, yakima, washington.276p.) 8. bado s. g. and hughes a. n. preliminary results of caliroa cerasi l. (hymenoptera: tenthredinidae) thermal requirements in laboratory conditions argentina sbado@chubut.inta.gov.ar 9. david v. alford. pests of fruit crops a color handbook. – cambridge, uk: “manson publishing”, 2007. 10. хўжаев ш.т. қишлоқ хўжалик экинларини зараркунандалари ва касалликларига карши инсектицидларни кичик ва катта дала тажрибаларида синашнинг асосий шартлари /инсектицидлар, акарицидлар, биологик актив моддалар ва фунгицидларни синаш буйича услубий кўрсатмалар тўплами, iiнашр. тошкент 2004, 6-12б. 11. wearing, c.h., marshall, r.r., attfield, b.a. and colhoun, k. (2011) insecticidal control and the phenology of cherry slug (caliroa cerasi (l.)) (hymenoptera: tenthredinidae) on organic pears in central otago. new. zeal. j. crop.hort. 39(3), 187-201р. 12. яхонтов в.в. ўрта осиё қишлоқ хўжалиги экинлари ва махсулотларини зараркунандалари ва уларга қарши кураш чоралари. тошкент, 1962. 13. хамраев а.ш., хасанов в.а., сулаймонов в.а., кожевникова а.г. ўсимликларни биологик ҳимоя қилиш воситалари – тошкент -2012, 39б 14. www. en.m.wikipedia.org. 15. www. ru.m.wikipedia.org. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue02-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=studying%20of%20efficiency%20of%20the%20microbial%20insecticide%20“helitec”%20against%20cherry%20slug%20(cаlirоа%20сеrаsi%20l.)%20in%20laboratory%20and%20field%20conditions https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants volume 03 issue 08-2023 10 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 08 pages: 10-14 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) form mutualistic symbiotic associations with the roots of the majority of land plants, playing a crucial role in enhancing plant growth and nutrient uptake. the diversity of amf species and their interactions with various plant hosts have been subjects of extensive research in recent years. this review aims to provide an overview of the significance of amf diversity and its importance in promoting plant growth. the symbiotic relationship between amf and plant roots involves the exchange of nutrients, including phosphorus, nitrogen, and micronutrients, resulting in improved plant nutrient acquisition. furthermore, amf contribute to enhanced plant resistance to abiotic stresses, such as drought and salinity, and biotic stresses, including pathogen attack. the exploration of amf diversity and their interactions with different plant species sheds light on the potential for harnessing these beneficial associations in sustainable agricultural practices and ecosystem restoration. this review discusses the key findings from various studies on amf diversity and its positive impact on plant growth promotion, contributing to a deeper understanding of the intricate interactions between these fungi and their plant partners. keywords arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, amf diversity, plant growth promotion, nutrient uptake, symbiotic relationship, abiotic stress, biotic stress, sustainable agriculture, ecosystem restoration. introduction research article unveiling the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: exploring diversity and their significance in enhancing plant growth submission date: aug 02, 2023, accepted date: aug 07, 2023, published date: aug 12, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue08-03 ankita joshi department of biological sciences, cbsh, g.b. pant university of agriculture & technology, pantnagar, india journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue08-03 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue08-03 volume 03 issue 08-2023 11 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 08 pages: 10-14 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) form a fascinating symbiotic relationship with the roots of the vast majority of land plants, representing one of the most widespread and ancient mutualistic associations in the plant kingdom. this remarkable association has been recognized for its pivotal role in enhancing plant growth and nutrient acquisition, making it a subject of considerable interest in modern agricultural and ecological research. amf are a diverse group of fungi belonging to the glomeromycota phylum, and they colonize the root systems of plants, forming intricate structures called arbuscules and vesicles. these structures facilitate the exchange of nutrients between the fungus and the host plant, primarily involving the transfer of phosphorus, nitrogen, and various micronutrients from the soil to the plant, while the fungus receives carbon compounds in return. this mutualistic nutrient exchange is of utmost significance in nutrient-poor soils, where plants often struggle to access essential elements required for their growth and development. over the years, scientists have recognized the existence of a vast diversity of amf species, each exhibiting unique interactions with different plant hosts. understanding this diversity and unraveling the complexities of these interactions is a critical aspect of exploring the potential benefits of amf in promoting plant growth and enhancing agricultural productivity. by tapping into the ecological diversity of amf and their compatibility with various plant species, we may unlock novel strategies to address challenges related to food security and sustainable agriculture. this review aims to shed light on the significance of amf diversity and its importance in enhancing plant growth promotion. we will delve into the mechanisms behind the symbiotic relationship between amf and their plant partners, exploring how nutrient exchange and other interactions contribute to improved plant health and productivity. moreover, we will examine the impact of amf in mitigating abiotic stresses, such as drought and salinity, and their role in enhancing plant resistance against biotic stresses, including pathogen attacks. as the world faces mounting challenges related to global food security, environmental degradation, and climate change, harnessing the potential of amf in sustainable agriculture and ecosystem restoration becomes increasingly pertinent. by gaining insights into the intricate dynamics of amf diversity and their interactions with plants, we can identify opportunities to optimize their use in agriculture, reduce the reliance on chemical fertilizers, and foster more resilient and productive plant systems. this review will consolidate findings from various studies and research endeavors that have contributed to our current understanding of amf diversity and their significance in promoting plant growth. ultimately, this exploration of the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi will contribute to the growing body of knowledge aimed at addressing the challenges facing modern agriculture and paving the way for a more sustainable and ecologically balanced future. methodology literature search: the research methodology involved an extensive and systematic literature search to identify relevant scientific articles, research papers, reviews, and book chapters related to the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) in enhancing plant growth and the diversity of these fungi. databases such as pubmed, web of science, scopus, and google scholar were utilized to access peer-reviewed publications. volume 03 issue 08-2023 12 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 08 pages: 10-14 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi inclusion and exclusion criteria: articles were included in the review if they focused on amf diversity, their interactions with various plant species, and their impact on plant growth promotion. studies that provided insights into amf-mediated nutrient uptake, abiotic stress tolerance, and biotic stress resistance in plants were given priority. publications in languages other than english or those with insufficient scientific rigor were excluded from the review. data extraction and analysis: data from the selected articles were extracted systematically, including details on amf species, plant species, experimental setups, growth parameters, nutrient uptake, stress tolerance responses, and other relevant findings. the collected data were analyzed and synthesized to identify common trends and significant observations. exploration of amf diversity: a dedicated section of the review focused on exploring amf diversity. studies reporting on the taxonomic identification and morphological or molecular characterization of amf species were reviewed. this section aimed to provide an overview of the distribution and diversity of amf in different ecosystems and their associations with various plant hosts. mechanisms of plant growth promotion: the review investigated the mechanisms through which amf enhance plant growth and nutrient acquisition. emphasis was placed on understanding the nutrient exchange process between amf and plants, with a particular focus on the uptake of phosphorus, nitrogen, and micronutrients. studies exploring the impact of amf on root architecture and mycorrhizal colonization patterns were also considered. impact of amf on abiotic stress tolerance: the review examined studies investigating the role of amf in enhancing plant tolerance to abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, heavy metals, and nutrient deficiencies. data on changes in plant physiological and biochemical responses, as well as growth parameters, were analyzed to understand the mechanisms underlying amf-mediated stress tolerance. impact of amf on biotic stress resistance: another aspect of the review was to assess the role of amf in enhancing plant resistance to biotic stresses, including pathogens and herbivores. studies reporting on changes in plant defense-related enzymes, secondary metabolites, and disease incidence were analyzed to understand the mechanisms of amfmediated biotic stress resistance. critical analysis and discussion: throughout the review, critical analysis and discussion of the findings were conducted. the strengths, limitations, and implications of the reviewed studies were evaluated, and areas for further research were identified. the synthesis of the data facilitated the identification of knowledge gaps and avenues for future investigation. conclusion based on the comprehensive analysis of the literature, the review concludes with a summary of the main findings, highlighting the significance of amf diversity in enhancing plant growth and promoting sustainable agriculture. the conclusion also provides insights into volume 03 issue 08-2023 13 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 08 pages: 10-14 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the potential applications of amf-based strategies in addressing global challenges related to food security and environmental sustainability. overall, the methodology employed in this review ensured a rigorous and systematic exploration of the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in promoting plant growth and the importance of understanding their diversity for harnessing their benefits in agriculture and ecological contexts. the synthesis of findings from diverse sources provides a comprehensive overview of the intricate interactions between amf and plants, contributing to the understanding of these mutualistic associations and their potential implications for sustainable agriculture and ecosystem restoration. results the review of the literature on the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) in enhancing plant growth revealed a wealth of evidence supporting their significance in promoting plant growth and nutrient acquisition. the studies consistently demonstrated that amf form mutualistic symbiotic associations with the roots of plants, facilitating the exchange of nutrients and water between the fungus and the host plant. the diversity of amf species was found to be extensive, with different fungal species interacting with various plant hosts, leading to diverse outcomes in terms of plant growth and response to environmental stresses. discussion the results highlight the importance of amf diversity in enhancing plant growth and nutrient acquisition. different amf species exhibit varying efficiencies in nutrient uptake and transfer, leading to differences in plant growth promotion. the diversity of amf in different ecosystems and soil types underscores their adaptability and ecological significance. understanding the mechanisms underlying amfmediated nutrient uptake and transfer is essential for harnessing their potential in sustainable agriculture and ecosystem restoration. amf play a vital role in enhancing plant tolerance to abiotic stresses, such as drought and salinity. the formation of extensive hyphal networks improves water and nutrient uptake, allowing plants to better withstand challenging environmental conditions. additionally, amf colonization induces changes in plant physiology and gene expression, contributing to improved stress tolerance. in the context of biotic stresses, amf colonization enhances plant resistance to pathogens and herbivores. studies have shown that amf activate plant defense mechanisms, such as the production of secondary metabolites and the induction of defenserelated enzymes, leading to reduced disease incidence and herbivore damage. the discussion also highlights the potential applications of amf-based strategies in sustainable agriculture. utilizing amf to enhance nutrient uptake and stress tolerance can reduce the reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, leading to more environmentally friendly agricultural practices. furthermore, promoting amf diversity in agroecosystems can enhance ecosystem resilience and stability. conclusion the review concludes that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi play a significant role in enhancing plant growth and promoting sustainable agriculture. the diversity of amf species and their interactions with various plant hosts contribute to the variability in plant growth volume 03 issue 08-2023 14 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 08 pages: 10-14 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi promotion and stress tolerance responses. understanding amf diversity and the mechanisms underlying their beneficial effects on plants is essential for optimizing their use in agricultural systems. by harnessing the potential of amf, we can develop innovative strategies to improve nutrient uptake, enhance stress tolerance, and reduce the environmental impacts of conventional agricultural practices. emphasizing amf diversity in agricultural management can lead to more resilient and productive agroecosystems, contributing to global efforts to address food security and environmental sustainability challenges. in conclusion, the review sheds light on the intricate role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in enhancing plant growth and the significance of exploring their diversity. the findings provide valuable insights into the potential applications of amf-based strategies in sustainable agriculture and ecosystem restoration. as we unveil the multifaceted role of amf, their importance in enhancing plant growth and sustainable agriculture becomes increasingly evident. future research in this field holds promise for developing novel approaches to address global challenges and foster a more sustainable and resilient food production system. references 1. smith se, read dj. mycorrhizal symbiosis. 3rd edition. academic press; 2008. 2. bonfante p, genre a. mechanisms underlying beneficial plant-fungus interactions in mycorrhizal symbiosis. nat commun. 2010;1:48. 3. giovannetti m, avio l, barale r, ceccaroli p, cristofani r, iotti m, et al. at the root of the wood wide web. front plant sci. 2018;9: 363. 4. johnson nc, wilson gwt, bowker ma, wilson ja, miller rm. resource limitation is a driver of local adaptation in mycorrhizal symbioses. proc natl acad sci u s a. 2010;107(5):2093-2098. 5. bucher m. functional biology of plant phosphate uptake at root and mycorrhiza interfaces. new phytol. 2007;173(1):11-26. 6. porcel r, ruiz-lozano jm. arbuscular mycorrhizal influence on leaf water potential, solute accumulation, and oxidative stress in soybean plants subjected to drought stress. j exp bot. 2004;55(403):1743-1750. 7. jung sc, martinez-medina a, lopez-raez ja, pozo mj. mycorrhiza-induced resistance and priming of plant defenses. j chem ecol. 2012;38(6):651-664. 8. pozo mj, lopez-raez ja, azcon-aguilar c, garciagarrido jm. phytohormones as integrators of environmental signals in the regulation of mycorrhizal symbioses. new phytol. 2015;205(4):1431-1436. 9. li t, hu y, hao z, zhang x, yin s, xu x, et al. mycorrhizal symbiosis induces c-fringed pectin formation on the hyphae-walls for maintaining cell integrity in host plant. proc natl acad sci u s a. 2019;116(39):15629-15638. 10. wu q-s, srivastava ak, zou y-n, xu d, li m. effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on iron nutrition of plants: an overview. in: arbuscular mycorrhizas and stress tolerance of plants. springer; 2017. p. 27-45. volume 04 issue 10-2024 21 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 21-27 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract in this article, the influence of the relative vertical pressure force applied to the roller of the combined plowing machine on plowed land on its performance was determined based on theoretical and experimental experiments, and the results were determined. keywords combined, aggregate, leveler, rolling, moisture, density, fraction, pressure, force, experimental. introduction currently, pre-planting of plowed fields for planting repeat and winter cereals is carried out with a variety of separate aggregates, which leads to longer planting periods, loss of soil moisture and increased operating costs. it is possible to eliminate the shortcomings of plowed land by using machines that combine all the technological processes of preparing the soil for planting in one pass, including a machine equipped with a roller. of the lands perform some or all of the technological processes performed in the pre-planting treatment in one pass of the field. this leads to the reduction of the negative impact of tractors and agricultural machines research article of comparative vertical pressure force on its performance indications submission date: october 08, 2024, accepted date: october 13, 2024, published date: october 18, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue10-05 mamarasulova manirakhan tursunboyevna phd, docent, andijan village farm and agtotechnologies institute, andijan the city, uzbekistan makhmudov rafiqdjon yusupovich phd, docent, andijan institute of agriculture and agrotechnologies, pakhtabad district, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue10-05 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue10-05 volume 04 issue 10-2024 22 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 21-27 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi on the soil, the reduction of fuel consumption, the increase of work quality and productivity, the reduction of the period of tillage, and the preservation of moisture accumulated in it. combined aggregates and machines that combine the technologies of basic and pre-planting treatment to the soil are now widely used in developed countries with a high agricultural culture and allow to get a high yield of agricultural crops with low labor and investment. currently, in foreign countries, various options of combined units have been created to prepare the soil for planting, and various disc rollers and levelers are used as working parts of soil cultivation. pre-tillage machines perform some or all of the tillage processes in one pass through the field. this leads to the negative impact of tractors and agricultural machines on the soil, as well as a decrease in fuel consumption, an increase in the quality and productivity of work, a reduction in the duration of soil cultivation, and the preservation of moisture accumulated in it [1;2]. this paper presents theoretical and experimental results of vertical loading applied to a roller for application in a combination machine. the vertical load applied to the roller was determined from the condition that it is submerged to a specified depth and was generally expressed as follows (fig. 1) 1 2 ,q n n= + (1) where n 1 is the requirement for immersing the roller plates into the soil vertical load to be achieved, n; n 2 the requirement to sink the foundations of the roller into the ground vertical loading, n. volume 04 issue 10-2024 23 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 21-27 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi figure 1. scheme for determining the vertical load applied to the coil we determine the vertical load required to sink the planks of the roller into the soil for one plank completely immersed in it, and it is equal to 1 ,пn b b= (2) where s is the relative resistance of the soil to vertical crushing, pa. s in the expression (1) by the volume compression coefficient of the soil, the speed of movement and the depth of immersion of the roller into the soil [6] ( )2 0 01 ,v uq k v h = + (3) where q 0 is the volume compression coefficient of the soil, n/m 3 ; к v – proportionality coefficient, s 2 /m 2 . q o n bn h о volume 04 issue 10-2024 24 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 21-27 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi taking (3) into account, expression (2) is written as follows ( )2 1 0 01 .v u пn q k v h b b= + (4) we can express the vertical load required to sink the foundation of the roller into the soil as follows 2 1 ,a a b n n l   = +    ( 5) where n a is the requirement for submerging one base of the roller into the soil vertical loading, n. n a according to the following expression [3; 7] ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) 22 0 0 0 01 2a v u a п a п a п a п an q k v h b r h h r h h h h h h h h= + − + − + − + − − + −  ( ) ( )( ) ( ) 2 0 0 0 2 arcsin . п a п a п a a п a r h h h h h h h h r h h r h h − + − + − − + − − + − +  (6) taking this into account, the expression (2.40) takes the following form ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) 22 2 0 0 01 2v u a п a п a п a п an q k v b r h h r h h h h h h h h= + − + − + − + − − + −  ( ) ( )( ) ( ) 2 0 0 0 2 arcsin 1 . п a п a п a a п a a r h h h h h h h h b r h h r h h l − + − + − − +   − − + +  − +    ( 7) n 1 and n 2 according to the expressions (4) and (7) into the expression (3.36), the following expression is derived to determine the vertical load applied to the coil ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) 22 0 0 0 01 2v u п a п a п a п a п aq bq k v h b b r h h r h h h h h h h h  = + + − + − + − + − − + −  volume 04 issue 10-2024 25 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 21-27 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi ( ) ( )( ) ( ) 2 0 0 0 2 arcsin 1 . п a п a п a a п a a r h h h h h h h h b r h h r h h l − + − + − − +   − − + + − +     (8) both sides of this expression by v , we determine the specific vertical load per unit span of the coil. ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) 22 0 0 0 01 2c v u п a п a п a п a п aq q k v h b b r h h r h h h h h h h h  = + + − + − + − + − − + −  ( ) ( )( ) ( ) 2 0 0 0 2 arcsin , п a п a п a a a п a r h h h h h h h h r h h n r h h − + − + − − +  − − +  − +    (8, a ) where a a a b l n bl + = the number of bases corresponding to the coverage width of 1 m of the coil, units/m. d k =0.1 m, h 0 =0.05 m, φ 1 =30°, φ 2 =40°, b n =0.01 m, q 01 =2·10 6 h/m 3 , [4 , 5] k v =0.01 c 2 / m 2 , b a =0.006 m, h p =0.04 m, h m =0.02 m, h a =0.02 m, l a =0, 25 m, n a =4 units/m and v u =1.75-2.25 m/s are accepted, and the calculations made according to the expressions mean that the diameter of the coil is at least 36 cm, the number of plates to be installed on it is 12 pieces, their length is 27 cm, the coil showed that the angle between the teeth is 90°, the step of the teeth of the planks is 4 cm, the diameter of the roller base is 30 cm, the vertical load applied to each meter of coverage should be in the range of 1.04-1.06 kn/m [8,9] in the experiments, based on theoretical studies, the specific vertical load applied to the roller was changed from 500 n/m to 1100 n/m at intervals of 200 n/m, and the effect of these changes on its performance was studied. 10 pieces, the angle of installation of the planks relative to the axis of rotation of the roller was 15 ° . the results of the experiments are presented in figure 2. it can be seen from them that with the increase of the specific vertical pressure force applied to the roller, the degree of crushing of the soil, that is, the amount of fractions with a size smaller than 25 mm in it, increased. this is due to the fact that with the increase of the vertical pressure force applied to the roller, the degree of soil crushing of the roller plates increases, and as a result, the soil is well compacted. due to the above reason, the specific vertical load applied to the roller from 500 n/m to 1100 n/m increases its specific drag resistance from 203 n/m to volume 04 issue 10-2024 26 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 21-27 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 286 n/m and from 235 n/m at speeds of 6 and 8 km/h, respectively. up to 309 n/m, and caused the soil density to increase from 1.08 g/cm 3 to 1.22 g/cm 3 and from 1.06 g/cm 3 to 1.2 g/cm 3 , respectively [10] the relationships shown in figure 2 can be expressed by the following empirical formulas determined by the method of least squares: a ) according to the level of soil fertility (%): v =6 km/h, f <25 = -8.75 q 2 +23.3 q +70.748, ( р 2 =0.9528) (9) when v =8 km/h f <25 =-12.5 q 2 +28 q +68.225; ( r 2 =0.9857) (10) b ) by soil density (g/cm 3 ): r when v =6 km/h =-0.4375 q 2 +0.925 q +0.72938, ( р 2 =0.98911) (11) v = 8 km/h; when r = -0.4375 q 2 +0.925 q +0.70938; ( р 2 =0.98911) (12) c ) according to the specific resistance of the coil to the pull (n/m): v = 6 km/h, r = -175 q 2 +4015 q +78.95, ( р 2 =0.9969) (13) r =-100 q 2 +308 q +71.1 when v =8 km/h . ( r 2 =0.9635) (14) based on the experimental researches, we can conclude that the compaction quality and density of the soil meet the agrotechnical requirements, and to ensure that the relative resistance of the gear-plate roller is minimal, the vertical pressure force applied to it should be in the range of 700-900 n/m. according to the technical and economic calculations, the use of a row tillage machine on plowed lands equipped with a toothed plate roller reduces labor costs by 34.4% and costs per hectare of cultivated area by 38% [8; 9] references 1. mamarasulova mt, mamadaliyev mk, abdirkhmonov ra theory and experimental results of surveys to determine the diameter of teeth plank //international journal of mechanical engineering. – 2022. – t. 7. – no. 3. – s. 578-581. 2. mamarasulova mt determination of the optimal values of the parameters of the roller funnel of the machine for continuous monitoring of arable land //nammti scientific-technical journal. 2020. no. 3. s. 129-134. 3. tukhtakuziev a, imomkulov q, mamarasulova m. research of angular fluctuations of the skating rink of the car for proc essing the plowed fields // international journal of advanced research in science, engineering and technology. – india , vol. 6 issue 4, april 2019 issn: 2350-0328. volume 04 issue 10-2024 27 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 21-27 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 4. mamarasulova, m., & boltaboev, b. (2024). comparative evaluation conducted on the selection of the type of roller shredder for the cultivation of plowed land. in e3s web of conferences (vol. 497, p. 03023). edp sciences.https://www.e3sconferences.org/articles /e3sconf/abs/2024/27/e3sconf_icecae2024_03023/ e3sconf_icecae2024_03023.html 5. tursunboyevna, mamarasulova manirakhan, boltaboev bakhodir ro'zievich, and kochkarov sobirjon karimjonovich. "determination of the acceptable values of the parameters of the vehicle processing that provide track work to arrivaled land." mechanics and technology 2.15 (2024): 138-142. 6. мамадалиев м. х. современное состояние подготовки почвы к севу //экономика и социум. – 2023. – №. 11 (114)-2. – с. 759-766. 7. мамарасулова м. т., маматожиева м. а. шудгорланган ерларга изма-из ишлов берадиган машина ғалтакмоласига ўрнатиладиган планкалар сонини аниқлаш //ta'lim va rivojlanish tahlili onlayn ilmiy jurnali. – 2023. – т. 3. – №. 1. – с. 179-181. 8. tursunboyevna m. m. et al. results of comparison tests for choosing the type of roller //american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations. – 2024. – т. 4. – №. 10. – с. 6-10. 9. абдимоминов и. и. и др. кўчат экиш учун ерларни тайёрлашда изма-из ишлов берадиган машина планкали ғалтакмоласининг ишлаш шароитини ўрганиш бўйича ўтказилган тадқиқотларнинг натижалари //science and innovation. – 2024. – т. 3. – №. special issue 30. – с. 15-19. volume 03 issue 06-2023 17 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 17-22 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract greek walnut leaves (juglans regia) are known for their medicinal properties and have been used for centuries in traditional medicine. the leaves contain a variety of active compounds, including tannins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and juglone, which contribute to their health benefits. as a result, the article presents the investigation of the analysis of the components of greek walnut leaves in the condition of karakalpakstan. keywords plant, walnut, leaf, greek walnut, components, elements, benefits, medicine. introduction juglans regia is a large deciduous tree, attaining heights of 25–35 metres (80–120 feet), and a trunk up to 2 m (6 ft) in diameter, commonly with a short trunk and broad crown. the bark is smooth, olive-brown when young and silvery-grey on older branches, and features scattered broad fissures with a rougher texture [4]. like all walnuts, the pith of the twigs contains air spaces; this chambered pith is brownish in color. the leaves are alternately arranged, 25–40 cm (10 to 16 in) long, odd-pinnate with 5–9 leaflets, paired alternately with one terminal leaflet. the largest leaflets are the three at the apex, 10–18 cm (4 to 7 in) long and 6–8 cm (2 to 3 in) broad; the basal pair of leaflets are much smaller, 5–8 cm (2 to 3 in) long, with research article the analysis of the component of greek walnut leaf in the condition of karakalpakstan submission date: june 07, 2023, accepted date: june 12, 2023, published date: june 17, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue06-05 gulxan genjemuratova phd on chemistry, karakalpak state university ruz, nukus, uzbekistan kudiyarova aygul phd on chemistry, karakalpak state university ruz, nukus, uzbekistan safarboeva nargiza student, karakalpak state university ruz, nukus, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue06-05 volume 03 issue 06-2023 18 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 17-22 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the margins of the leaflets entire [6, 171-173]. the male flowers are in drooping catkins 5–10 cm (2 to 4 in) long, and the female flowers are terminal, in clusters of two to five, ripening in the autumn into a fruit with a green, semi fleshy husk and a brown, corrugated nut. the whole fruit, including the husk, falls in autumn; the seed is rage, with a relatively thin shell, and edible, with a rich flavor [1, 77-83]. greek walnut leaves contain a variety of chemical elements, including potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and sulfur. they also contain trace amounts of iron, zinc, copper, and manganese. these elements play important roles in various bodily functions such as muscle and nerve function, bone health, and immune system function. additionally, the active compounds in walnut leaves such as tannins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and juglone are also chemical elements that contribute to their health benefits [5]. 1. potassium: greek walnut leaves are a rich source of potassium, an essential mineral that plays a vital role in regulating fluid balance, muscle and nerve function, and blood pressure. potassium also helps to maintain healthy heart function and is important for bone health. 2. calcium: calcium is an essential mineral that is crucial for strong bones and teeth. greek walnut leaves contain a significant amount of calcium, which makes them a valuable dietary source of this mineral. 3. magnesium: magnesium is another essential mineral that is important for maintaining healthy bones, muscle and nerve function, and cardiovascular health. greek walnut leaves are a good source of magnesium, which helps to regulate blood pressure and promote relaxation. 4. phosphorus: phosphorus is an important mineral that is essential for the growth and repair of tissues and cells in the body. it also plays a key role in maintaining healthy bones and teeth. greek walnut leaves contain phosphorus, which contributes to their overall nutritional value. 5. sulfur: sulfur is a chemical element that is important for the formation of proteins and connective tissues in the body. it also plays a role in maintaining healthy skin, hair, and nails. greek walnut leaves contain sulfur, which makes them a valuable dietary source of this element [2,21]. 6. iron: iron is an essential mineral that is necessary for the production of red blood cells and the transport of oxygen throughout the body. greek walnut leaves contain trace amounts of iron, which contributes to their overall nutritional value. 7. zinc: zinc is an important mineral that is essential for immune system function, wound healing, and dna synthesis. greek walnut leaves contain trace amounts of zinc, which makes them a valuable dietary source of this mineral. volume 03 issue 06-2023 19 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 17-22 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 8. copper: copper is an essential mineral that plays a role in the formation of red blood cells, connective tissues, and bone health. greek walnut leaves contain trace amounts of copper, which contributes to their overall nutritional value. 9. manganese: manganese is an important mineral that is essential for bone health, wound healing, and metabolism. greek walnut leaves contain trace amounts of manganese, which makes them a valuable dietary source of this element. 10. flavonoids: greek walnut leaves contain flavonoids, which are plant compounds that have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. flavonoids may help to protect against chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. 11. tannins: tannins are plant compounds that have astringent properties and may help to reduce inflammation and protect against certain types of cancer. greek walnut leaves contain tannins, which contribute to their overall health benefits. 12. vitamins: greek walnut leaves contain vitamins such as vitamin c and vitamin e, which are important for immune system function and skin health. they also contain vitamin k, which is essential for blood clotting and bone health. 13. essential oils: greek walnut leaves contain essential oils, which are aromatic compounds that have therapeutic properties. these oils may help to reduce stress, improve mood, and promote relaxation [3,223230]. 14. fiber: greek walnut leaves contain fiber, which is important for digestive health and may help to reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases such as heart disease and diabetes. 15. protein: greek walnut leaves contain protein, which is important for muscle growth and repair. they also contain amino acids, which are essential for the formation of proteins in the body. overall, the combination of these active compounds makes greek walnut leaves a potent natural remedy with a wide range of health benefits. some of the potential uses of walnut leaf extract include: treating skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and acne reducing inflammation and pain boosting the immune system fighting off infections promoting wound healing supporting liver function lowering blood sugar levels reducing the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer. the following table illustrates the components of greek walnut leaves cultivated in the condition of karakalpakstan: component result stat. err. lld llq element line intensity(cps/μa) al2o3 8,03% 0.142 0.290 0.689 l:al-kα 0.44060 volume 03 issue 06-2023 20 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 17-22 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi sio2 13.0% 0.0749 0.0768 0.230 l:si-kα 2.577960 p2o5 3.47% 0.0287 0.0519 0.156 l:p-kα 1.85944 so3 4.17% 0.0179 0.0239 0.0717 l:s-kα 6.06696 cl 20.0% 0.0190 0.0070 0.0211 l:cl-kα 118.72558 k2o 9.50% 0.0896 0.0969 0.291 l:k-kα 0.63735 cao 38.4% 0.116 0.0848 0.254 l:ca-kα 2.99934 tio2 0.244% 0.0171 0.0409 0.123 l:ti-kα 0.02853 mno 0.126% 0.0041 0.0077 0.0230 m:mn-kα 0.07560 fe2o3 2.60% 0.0120 0.0051 0.0153 m:fe-kα 2.28604 nio 0.0167 mass% 0.0009 0.0020 0.0060 m:ni-kα 0.03801 cuo 0.0209 mass% 0.0007 0.0014 0.0041 m:cu-kα 0.07047 zno 0.0442 mass% 0.0007 0.0009 0.0028 m:zn-kα 0.21913 as2o3 0.0032 mass% 0.0002 0.0004 0.0013 m:as-kα 0.03687 br 0.0113 mass% 0.0002 0.0002 0.0007 m:br-kα 0.26257 rb2o 0.0036 mass% 0.0001 0.0003 0.0009 m:rb-kα 0.10788 volume 03 issue 06-2023 21 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 17-22 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi sro 0.301 mass% 0.0007 0.0003 0.0010 m:sr-kα 9.53339 zro2 0.0251 mass% 0.0007 0.0005 0.0014 h:zr-kα 0.09791 it is clear from the table that greek walnut leaves are rich in chemical components. the highest amount in the result belongs to the component cao which is 38%, while the least amount is as2o3 which is 0.0032%. conclusion in conclusion, greek walnut leaves contain a variety of active compounds that contribute to their health benefits. these include tannins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and juglone, which have antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. as such, walnut leaf extract may be a useful natural remedy for a wide range of health conditions. references 1. аслонова и.ж., кароматов и.д., тураева н.и. химический состав грецкого ореха // биология и интегративная медицина. 2019. № 10 (38). с. 77–83 2. еникеева р.а. исследование по фармакогностическому изучению и стандартизации сырья и препаратов орех грецкого (juglans regia l.): автореф. дис. … канд. фарм. наук. м., 2008. 21 с 3. литвиненко а.а., мыкоц л.п., жилина о.м., степанова н.н. изучение адсорбционных свойств природных сорбентов, полученных из ореха грецкого (juglans regia l.). в сборнике: беликовские чтения. материалы viii всероссийской научно-практической конференции. пятигорск: пятигорский медико-фармацевтический институт – филиал фгбоу во волггму минздрава россии, 2020. с. 223–230 4. ничепуренко в.в., красина и.б. использование листьев грецкого ореха для производства кондитерских изделий // современные наукоемкие технологии. – 2004. – № 2. – с. 159-159; url: https://toptechnologies.ru/ru/article/view?id=21718 (дата обращения: 10.06.2023). 5. сквиря максим алексеевич. разработка технологии помадных конфет с использованием листьев грецкого ореха : диссертация ... кандидата технических наук : 05.18.01 / сквиря максим алексеевич; [место защиты: кубан. гос. технол. ун-т]. краснодар, 2008.179 с.: ил. ргб од, 61 095/744 6. суслова, а. в. использование листьев грецкого ореха при производстве функциональных продуктов питания / а. в. суслова. — текст : непосредственный // молодой ученый. — 2011. — № 4 (27). — т. 2. — с. 171-173. — url: https://moluch.ru/archive/27/2798/ (дата обращения: 10.06.2023). volume 03 issue 06-2023 22 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 06 pages: 17-22 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi volume 02 issue 12-2022 20 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 20-26 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the article describes the results of research on phenological indicators and productivity of 28 varieties of sweet pepper and 10 f1 hybrids, which were repeatedly studied in the conditions of the central region of uzbekistan. the total productivity of the high-yielding varieties was 110.6-124.8% higher than the standard variety. the varieties tong, podarok moldovy, bolgarsky 79, pamir, kaliforniyskoe chudo, pp10674, pp10678, d11000, d11520, s7103, whose productivity is almost equal to the standard variety, were also isolated. their yield was 27,7-29,0 t/ha. in the hybrids of the first generation, the yield was slightly higher. standard f1 jaihun hybrid yield was 40,9 t/ha. this is a 145% higher result compared to the standard dar tashkenta variety. keywords sweet pepper, repetition period, variety, hybrid, morphology, productivity. introduction the homeland of pepper is considered to be the mexican and guatemalan countries of south america. from here it spread to europe, africa and south asia. sweet pepper fruit is rich in vitamins, mineral salts and dry matter. its fruit surpasses all vegetables in terms of the formation of ascorbic acid (vitamin c). during the period when the fruit is technical, 100 g of the resulting mass contains 54-118 mg%, and when fully biologically research article results of the study of sets of sweet pepper variety samples and f1 hybrids in the repeated term submission date: december 07, 2022, accepted date: december 13, 2022, published date: december 17, 2022 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-04 rasulov fakhriddin fakhmuddinovich phd research institute of vegetables, melon crops and potato, ''kuksaray'' settlement, tashkent district, tashkent region, 111106, keles str., uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-04 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=results%20of%20the%20study%20of%20sets%20of%20sweet%20pepper%20variety%20samples%20and%20f1%20hybrids%20in%20the%20repeated%20term https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-04 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-04 volume 02 issue 12-2022 21 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 20-26 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi made, up to 368-535 mg% of ascorbic acid. in addition to vitamin c, there are vitamins a (carotene) – 4,60 mg, b1 (thiamine) – 0,06 mg, b2 (riboflavin) – 0,01 mg. uzbekistan occupies a leading position in central asia in the cultivation of vegetables, melons and potato crops. the peculiarities of vegetable growing in our country are that there are opportunities to get two or more crops from one land in a year and to grow a crop of many crops very early by correctly selecting planting vegetable crops using natural climatic amenities wisely. this feature makes it possible to greatly increase the economic efficiency of farms now. this field has always been supported by our government [1, 4, 5]. based on the data presented in the literature and the results of the experiments carried out by many researchers in various soil and climatic conditions with the aim of studying the influence of sweet pepper varieties, planting dates and schemes on yield, which are one of the main vegetable crops, they expressed their opinion as follows. discussion the catalog of varieties created in the regions of central asia and the post-caucasian region based on the initial sources of the all-caucasian vegetable center contains information about the valuable economic properties of sweet pepper 25 varieties of specimens. including, in kazakhstan, bayan sulu, kozi korpesh, krasnoe chudo, kaz-thai varieties, in kyrgyzstan 06366007, vio3170, rr0636-6056, avpp0408 lines, avpp0912, avpp1115, vio3217, avpp0911, avpp0108 lines, nabat is in turkmenistan, shadlik and sabo varieties are in uzbekistan, mili, emily, natalie, loshtak, mira, naridj in armenia and tayvanuri variety is in georgia and and khumai varieties are in azerbaijan. this directory is home to varieties such as sabo, naridj, which turn yellow when physiologically ripe [3]. volume 1 of the state register (2017), which allowed the application of selection achievements in the russian federation, included 742 varieties and hybrids of sweet pepper, of which 300 are f1 hybrids and 442 are varieties. in 2017 itself, it was allowed to plant 21 f1 hybrids and 19 varieties, a total of 40 varietal specimens. 94-95% of varieties and hybrids of sweet pepper are included in this register in the last 17 years from 2000, which means that there is an increasing demand for sweet pepper, its new varieties and hybrids from year to year [2]. in total, 41 sweet pepper varieties and hybrids were included in the state register of agricultural crops recommended for planting on the territory of the republic of uzbekistan in 2017, of which 8 are varieties and 33 are hybrids. of this, 8 varieties and 1 hybrids were created in our country, 19 belong to the dutch, 7 french, 3 italian, 2 korean and 1 german breeding. in 2015, the list was 38, and in 2016 3 new foreign hybrids were included and 41, and in 2017 not a single variety and hybrid was included [6, 7]. research results 28 samples of varieties of sweet pepper and 10 hybrids of f1 were studied by sowing in 2013-2014 in a repeated period. dar tashkent, jaikhun f1, which included the state register in uzbekistan, was selected as the standard variety. of the varieties and hybrids studied, 10 were created in uzbekistan, 11 are samples from italy, 2 from japan, holland, spain, turkey, south korea, russia, 1 from france, usa, moldova, germany. the study of the periods of development of varieties and hybrids studied in the iterative term and the duration of the growth period has a very important https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-04 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=results%20of%20the%20study%20of%20sets%20of%20sweet%20pepper%20variety%20samples%20and%20f1%20hybrids%20in%20the%20repeated%20term https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 12-2022 22 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 20-26 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi significance. after germination, 10-16 days were required for varietal specimens until the seedlings were germinated to the cover. some varieties sprouted 3-4 days later than the standard variety. these include emerald, podarok moldovi, pamir, cmorogd, bulgarskiy 79, californiyskoe chudo,, ec01144, c7103. only two varietal specimens germinated one, two days before the standard variety c24177 and d11000. the period from the germination of seeds to the flowering of plants to the cover was divided into 2 groups (table 1). table 1 the duration of the development phases of sweet pepper varieties and hybrids planted in a repeated period № variety name of specimens and hybrids from seeded day to germination, day from germination to germination..., day until flowering until the fruit is technically ripe 10% 75% 10% 75% 10% 75% 1 dar tashkent (st) 10 12 67 71 97 102 2 zarya vostoka 11 13 65 70 100 110 3 zumrad 12 15 72 79 112 127 4 nargiza 10 12 66 70 90 100 5 tong 8 12 62 67 92 100 6 sabo 12 14 68 75 100 110 7 yulduz 9 12 65 70 97 104 8 shodlik 10 13 66 72 96 102 9 lastochka 11 14 65 70 98 106 10 podarok moldovi 12 15 68 74 100 110 11 pamir 13 16 72 80 112 122 12 maxi bell 9 11 68 75 108 115 13 gampion 10 14 66 72 96 102 14 smorogd 12 16 68 73 100 106 15 bulgarskiy 79 11 15 65 70 98 105 16 californiyskoe chudo 13 16 72 80 110 120 17 pp 10674 10 13 64 70 94 100 18 pp 10676 9 12 63 68 92 100 19 d 11200 10 14 64 70 95 100 20 d 08018 9 11 64 70 91 97 21 pp 10678 10 13 65 72 98 105 22 с 24177 8 10 62 66 92 98 23 с 24043 9 12 63 68 92 100 24 ec 01-144 12 15 65 72 92 105 25 d 11000 9 10 63 67 91 98 26 d10130 11 13 66 71 96 105 27 d11520 10 12 64 68 94 102 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-04 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=results%20of%20the%20study%20of%20sets%20of%20sweet%20pepper%20variety%20samples%20and%20f1%20hybrids%20in%20the%20repeated%20term https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 12-2022 23 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 20-26 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi № variety name of specimens and hybrids from seeded day to germination, day from germination to germination..., day until flowering until the fruit is technically ripe 10% 75% 10% 75% 10% 75% 28 с7103 12 15 65 72 97 108 29 jaykhun f1 (st) 10 12 66 72 98 106 30 el real f1 12 14 70 75 105 115 31 adriatico f1 8 12 68 73 102 110 32 figаro f1 10 13 72 80 110 124 33 donna f1 8 10 64 70 96 102 34 vedrana f1 8 10 65 70 97 105 35 dovras f1 9 11 68 73 100 108 36 pkocraft f1 10 12 70 76 105 112 37 с30393 f1 8 10 65 70 97 105 38 с30414в f1 9 11 64 70 96 102 v% 4,2 4,7 5,9 6,7 х= 66,0±2,8 72,0±3,4 98,2±5,8 106,6±7,2 the first group included varieties with a duration of this period of up to 70 days, the second group included varieties with a duration of more than 70 days.the first group included varieties zarya vostoka, nargiza, tong, yulduz, lastochka, bulgarsky 79, pp10674, pp10676, d11200, d08018, c24177, c24043, d11000, d11520. from the second group, the varieties dar tashkent, zumrad, nargiza, sabo, shodlik, podarok moldovi, pamir, maxi bell, californiyskoe chudo, gampion, smorogd, pp10678, ec01-044, c7103 took place. the same situation was observed in f1 hybrids. in the standard jaihun f1 and el real f1, adriatico f1, figaro f1, dovras f1, pkocraft f1 standings, it took 72-80 days from germination to germination to flowering to the top, while in the hybrids donna f1, vedrana f1, c30393 f1, c30414v f1, 70 days. the duration of the period or period of growth, from the germination of plants to the initial technical maturity of fruits, was 98-127 days in the studied varieties. when the yield of sweet pepper varieties and hybrids grown in the repeated term was determined, the highest yield was observed in the varieties zumrad, sabo, yulduz, shodlik, pp10676, d11200, d08018, and it was 31,2-35,2 t/ha. the total yield of varieties with high yields was 110.6124.8% higher than that of the standard variety. varieties tong, podarok moldovi, bulgarskiy 79, pamir, californiyskoe chudo, pp10674, pp10678, d11000, d11520, c7103 were also distinguished, the yield of which is almost equal to the standard variety. their yield was 27,7-29,0 t/ha. the yield of other studied varieties was 85,5-96,1% compared to the standard variety. in the first-generation hybrids, the yield was slightly higher. the yield in the standard f1 jayhun hybrid was https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-04 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=results%20of%20the%20study%20of%20sets%20of%20sweet%20pepper%20variety%20samples%20and%20f1%20hybrids%20in%20the%20repeated%20term https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 12-2022 24 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 20-26 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 40,9 t/ha. this is 145% more than the standard dar tashkent variety. a slightly higher yield compared to the standard hybrid was observed in the hybrids adriatico f1, figaro f1, vedrana f1, dovras f1, pkocraft f1 and amounted to 42,9-45,0 t/ha. this is a result of 104,9-110,0% more than a standard hybrid. commodity yield amounted to an average of 89,294,0% of the total yield. the best indicator in this is dar tashkent, d11200, d08018, sabo, yulduz, shodlik, pp10676, zarya vostoka, 92,5 – 94,2% in zumrad varieties, 92,5-94,7% in hybrids of the first generation adriatico f1, figaro f1, dovras f1 and pkocraft f1. according to observations, the non-commodity crop sweet pepper was 1,6-3,2 t/ha or 6,6-10,8% in varietal samples. in the first-generation hybrids, an indicator of 2,3-3,8 t/ha or 5,3-9,7% was recorded. the average yield of 5,8-10,8% compared to the total yield is certainly higher. there are several reasons for this, indicating the need for research in subsequent studies (table 2). table 2 yield indicators of varieties and hybrids of sweet peppers grown in repeated terms № the name of the variety and hybrids productivity commodity yield non-commodity yield t/ha % t/ha in relation to the total yield, % t/ha in relation to the total yield, % 1 dar tashkent (st) 28,2 100,0 26,3 93,3 1,9 6,7 2 zarya vostoka 24,1 85,5 22,5 93,4 1,6 6,6 3 zumrad 33,3 118,1 30,8 92,5 2,5 7,5 4 nargiza 25,3 89,7 23,1 91,3 2,2 8,7 5 tong 28,7 101,8 26,4 92,0 2,3 8,0 6 sabo 31,4 111,3 29,5 93,9 1,9 6,1 7 yulduz 31,2 110,6 28,9 92,6 2,3 7,4 8 shodlik 32,9 116,7 30,5 92,7 2,4 7,3 9 lastochka 24,5 86,9 22,5 91,8 2 8,2 10 podarok moldovi 28,2 100,0 25,8 91,5 2,4 8,5 11 pamir 29,6 105,0 26,4 89,2 3,2 10,8 12 maxi bell 26,9 95,4 24,6 91,4 2,3 8,6 13 gampion 26,3 93,3 24,0 91,3 2,3 8,7 14 smorogd 25,6 90,8 23,2 90,6 2,4 9,4 15 bulgarskiy 79 27,7 98,2 25,2 91,0 2,5 9,0 16 californiyskoe chudo 28,5 101,1 26,0 91,2 2,5 8,8 17 pp 10674 29,0 102,8 26,4 91,0 2,6 9,0 18 pp 10676 32,9 116,7 31,0 94,2 1,9 5,8 19 d 11200 35,2 124,8 33,1 94,0 2,1 6,0 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-04 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=results%20of%20the%20study%20of%20sets%20of%20sweet%20pepper%20variety%20samples%20and%20f1%20hybrids%20in%20the%20repeated%20term https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 12-2022 25 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 20-26 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi № the name of the variety and hybrids productivity commodity yield non-commodity yield t/ha % t/ha in relation to the total yield, % t/ha in relation to the total yield, % 20 d 08018 34,8 123,4 32,4 93,1 2,4 6,9 21 pp 10678 27,9 98,9 25,1 90,0 2,8 10,0 22 с 24177 27,1 96,1 24,5 90,4 2,6 9,6 23 с 24043 26,9 95,4 24,2 90,0 2,7 10,0 24 ec 01-144 26,9 95,4 24,5 91,1 2,4 8,9 25 d 11 000 28,4 100,7 26 91,5 2,4 8,5 26 d10130 26,5 94,0 24,1 90,9 2,4 9,1 27 d11520 28,9 102,5 26,1 90,3 2,8 9,7 28 с7103 28,4 100,7 26 91,5 2,4 8,5 29 jaykhunf1 st 40,9 100 37,5 91,7 3,4 8,3 30 el real f1 34,9 85,3 31,4 90,0 3,5 10,0 31 adriatico f1 43,7 106,8 41,2 94,3 2,5 5,7 32 f1 figаro 42,9 104,9 39,7 92,5 3,2 7,5 33 donna f1 37,8 92,4 34,2 90,5 3,6 9,5 34 vedrana f1 43,2 105,6 39,8 92,1 3,4 7,9 35 dovras f1 45,0 110 42,3 94,0 2,7 6,0 36 pkocraft f1 43,1 105,4 40,8 94,7 2,3 5,3 37 с30393 f1 39,7 97,1 36,0 90,7 3,7 9,3 38 с30414в f1 39,0 95,4 35,2 90,3 3,8 9,7 r=0,99±0,02 the classification of the fruit of the studied varietal specimens is considered one of the important indicators. the fruit of the standard dar tashkent variety is conical, the color is light green during technical ripeness, the thickness of the fruit flesh was 3-4 mm. such fruits are considered to be haridorgir in the domestic and foreign markets. varieties whose fruit is conical, light green in color include: nargiza, yulduz, lastochka, podarok moldovi, gampion, rr10678, c24177, ec01-144. of the hybrids of the first generation, the jaykhun f1, adriatico f1 were distinguished, which embodied such signs. in most hybrids, it was observed that the shape of the fruit was prismatic, the color was green, dark green. many of these hybrids are brought from european qualifications, and the demand for such varieties or hybrids in the domestic market of our country is not so great at the moment. however, the future demand for varieties and hybrids of this indicator will definitely increase. references 1. abdullaev h.p., tursunkhajaev m.l., khusanov d.n., the efficient use of agricultural land is a factor https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-04 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=results%20of%20the%20study%20of%20sets%20of%20sweet%20pepper%20variety%20samples%20and%20f1%20hybrids%20in%20the%20repeated%20term https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 12-2022 26 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 20-26 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi in ensuring the food security of qualification. // tashkent, turan-iqbal. 2016. – pp. 127-133. 2. the state register of breeding achievements approved for use. // volume–1. plant varieties. sweet pepper. moscow, 2017. – pp. 182-194. 3. catalog of zoned and promising varieties of vegetable crops in central asia and the caucasus. // tashkent, 2015. – pp. 11-16. 4. resolution of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated february 7, 2017 no. 4947 pf "on the strategy of actions for the further development of the republic of uzbekistan". // http:/ www.lex.uz. 2017. 5. the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated june 1, 2017 no. 3027 "on measures to place repeated crops in areas vacating grain crops with spikes in 2017, to supply the material and technical resources required for planting in its term". // http:/www.lex.uz. 2017.-1 p. 6. state register of agricultural crops recommended for planting on the territory of the republic of uzbekistan. // sweet pepper. tashkent, 2015. – pp. 48-49. 7. http://www.fao.org/faostat/foodsecurity. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-04 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=results%20of%20the%20study%20of%20sets%20of%20sweet%20pepper%20variety%20samples%20and%20f1%20hybrids%20in%20the%20repeated%20term https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 08-2022 6 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 08 pages: 06-09 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this article features a few parts of pesticides defilement in food varieties and consequently the public authority of nepal's involvement with structure mrls of insect poison on food. utilization of pesticides in horticulture crop includes an extraordinary worry to all or any. steady with the stockpile gave by food regulation, administration of nepal fixes mrls of insect spray on food items. potential items answerable for insect poison use gets need in guideline setting. the question of pesticides starts at the ranch level and go on at various phase of taking care of and stockpiling. accordingly, viable coordination between partners working with various phases of food taking care of should team up to disentangle this issue. during this association, a few significant issues and proposition in overseeing legitimate utilization of pesticides are featured. keywords pesticides, greatest buildup limits (mrls), food immunityand quality introduction pesticides are compound substances characterized as toxic substances and used in specific conditions to kill explicitly designated bugs. these profoundly steady mixtures can keep going for quite a long time prior to separating. they course universally, and extended pesticides delivered in one a piece of the planet are in research article guideline structure on bug spray residue to form guaranteed food resistance submission date: august 05, 2022, accepted date: august 10, 2022, published date: august 20, 2022 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue08-02 shrestha shanta p. himalayan school of horticultural science and innovation, nepal journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue08-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q= https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query= https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue08-02 volume 02 issue 08-2022 7 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 08 pages: 06-09 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi many cases shipped through a rehashed course of vanishing and store through the climate to districts far off from the primary source. pesticides are poisonous in nature and don't separate among focused on and non-designated species, and subsequently ought to basically be dependent upon protected and prudent use. on account of unwise and unpredictable utilization of pesticides, numerous mishaps have happened in a few pieces of nepal, and presence of pesticides in food varieties, organic products, vegetables climate and, surprisingly, in moms milk might involve grave concern. objective the overall target of the paper is to introduce the stock of guideline s system for the insect spray buildup limits in guaranteeing the food handling. the exact targets are: to evaluate the use of pesticides to introduce insect spray buildup information in food to shape individuals aware of insect poison consequences for human and climate to supply the component of system guideline s of insect spray buildup limits in food to evaluate the potential in controlling insect poison residue. approach public experience of guideline s of the insect spray buildup limits for guaranteeing food immunitywas arranged under the system of lawful arrangement and optional information of insect poison utilized and insect spray residue investigation. past concentrate on insect spray residue a sum of 1 thousand and 34 examples of different food items were broke down for discovery of organochlorine (ddt, bhc) and organopohsophorus (malathion, parathion, methyl parathion) insect spray deposits. among all examples investigated 12.1% of the whole examples were distinguished with the residue of pesticides including malathion (3.9%), bhc (3.1%), methyl parathion (2.8%), ddt (1.8%) and parathion (0.3%). item wise identification of bug spray sediment showed the absolute best degree of defilement in root vegetables (11.9%) trailed by verdant vegetables (10.9%) (dftqc, 1995some intense insect poison poisonings were accounted for by clinics in kathmandu valley. large numbers of whom were ranchers. fishing snare is another perilous practice, which is truly becoming wellbeing risks in palpa, chitwan and darn. essentially, some of the more intensely poisonous substances like endrin and endosulphan were apparently utilized for fishing. a few irregular instances of lethal harming had been accounted for in nearby papers (gorkhapatra, 1989). a few examinations show that occasionally though composers and wholesalers don't bite the dust rapidly demise from bug spray abuse, they're still at risk for persistent medical issues thanks to their delayed expoassured to pesticides. the concentrate likewise shows that long haul expoassured to most pesticides causes serious medical conditions, which can happen months or years after starting openness. guideline ization board of mrls on pesticides sediment a food guideline ization council is made to hold out the capabilities as spread out in the food act and this guideline. the panel is to line the guideline and breaking point of amount of the food and exhortation legislature of nepal in regards to the guideline and amount kept up with and noticed. the advisory group https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue08-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q= https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query= https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 08-2022 8 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 08 pages: 06-09 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi might welcome, where required, a specialist inside the concerned field, to require part, as a spectator, inside the gathering of the board of trustees. the board might frame, as required, a sub-panel for a particular capability. the capabilities, obligations, powers and strategies of such sub-advisory group will be as determined by the board of trustees. the council might approach important by-regulations to line its methods. given, nonetheless, that such by-regulations will acquire force just upon endorsement of territory of nepal. the advisory group will liaise with administration of nepal, for the most part through the service of farming and cooperatives. legislature of nepal has set the required insect poison buildup limits according to food regulation and guideline. the name of pesticides, food product, and their most extreme buildup limits (mrls) are advised for public in nepal journal. conclusion and recommendations pesticides are the potential wellbeing dangers, which stand out of food interior control organizations, certificate bodies, global local area and exchanging accomplices. because of the lack of ordinary checking plan of mrl on pesticides, it's impacted the product of tea, honey and other food wares inside the new years. likewise, the certificate of natural food varieties has dealt with issue thanks to the shortfall of this checking plan. for the improvement in current circumstance with respect to the insect spray use, bug resistant to pesticides, ecological pollution, and danger to ranchers likewise in light of the fact that the customers from the poisonous synthetic compounds, the ensuing proposals are recommended. ranchers or makers of agro-food items ought to follow great agribusiness rehearses, which assesses legitimate utilization of confirmed synthetic substances inside the supported sum or restricted portion. the abuse and maltreatment of such synthetic compounds builds the resultant sediment issues in food items likewise as ecological contamination. references 1. sahal, l., s.l. dough puncher and b.k. gyawali, 1990. advancing legitimate utilization of pesticides in nepal, arep consultancy report no. 10, winrock global, nepal. 2. dftqc, 2002. branch of food innovation and inward control, yearly report, nepal. fao/who, 2003. food immunityrisk investigation, part ii, contextual analyses, food and agrarian association of the unified countries (fao), world wellbeing association (who). 3. giri, n.p., 1995. pesticides contamination in vegetable yield in kathmandu valley, m.sc. proposal, branch of zoology, tribhuvan college, nepal. 4. gorkhapatra, 1980. gorkhapatra day to day (nepali), 2 may 1980. 5. maroni, h. m., 1993. concentrating on the results of pesticides on people (global commission on word related wellbeing). 1993. procedures of the fourth worldwide studio, 58 jun 1990, global place for insect poison wellbeing, busto garolfo, milan, italy. icoh, geneva, switzerland. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue08-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q= https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query= https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 08-2022 9 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 08 pages: 06-09 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 6. palikhe, b.r., 2000. pesticides contamination the board in nepal: consonant with nature, horticulture and climate correspondence issue, min. of agri. what's more, coop., kathmandu, nepal. severe, j.c., 1985. 7. insecticide and thusly the framework. in: r.p. sharma (ed.), immunologic contemplations in toxicology vol.3. crc press. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue08-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q= https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query= https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 04 issue 04-2024 19 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 04 pages: 19-22 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the article proposes a cluster scheme for the production of dried grapes in the regions of the republic of uzbekistan and describes the features of cleaning dried grapes in farms specializing in the cultivation and processing of commercial grapes. keywords grape products, commercial grapes, national economy, farming, dried grapes, cluster system. introduction in the world, work is underway to create environmentally friendly products of viticulture, fruit and sheep farming and melon crops in order to ensure food security. if we consider that "every year there are research article substantiation of the cluster scheme for the production of dried grapes in the regions of the republic of uzbekistan submission date: april 20, 2024, accepted date: april 25, 2024, published date: april 30, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue04-05 raxmatullaev ravshan kushmurodovich doctor of philosophy of technical sciences (phd), gulistan state university, uzbekistan turakulov mamaraym candidate of technical sciences, docent, gulistan state university, uzbekistan batirov bakhtiyor kunishovich lecturer at gulistan state university, uzbekistan ermatov valijon abdivaitovich lecturer at gulistan state university, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue04-05 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue04-05 volume 04 issue 04-2024 20 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 04 pages: 19-22 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 70-75 million tons of grapes in the world and 3.5-4.3 million tons of them are brought to "drying" [1], then one of the most important tasks is the development of energy-intensive resource-saving technical environments and an installation with high quality of work and productivity for the production of dried grapes, i.e. kishmish. in this regard, certain successes have been achieved, including in the usa, france, spain, portugal, the russian federation, ukraine, the republic of belarus, the republic of moldova, turkey, china, india, australia and other countries, and in them "special attention is paid to developments in the field of technical and technological upgrades of resourcesaving technical environments for processing and drying of grapes" [2]. methods as is known, commercial grapes are produced primarily for the production of dried wine products: kishmish, raisins and coriander. according to the international organization of viticulture and winemaking, more than 1.6 million tons of dried fruits are produced in the world. dried grapes are produced in 19 countries of the world: usa, turkey, greece, uzbekistan, etc. about 90% of exports on the world market are carried out by greece, turkey, afghanistan, and australia. the world importers of dried grapes are: england, germany, the cis, canada, japan, france and the netherlands [3]. of the post–soviet states, dried fruits are grown in moldova, ukraine, and the southern regions of russia, and the main suppliers of these products are the central asian states: uzbekistan, tajikistan and turkmenistan, which are characterized by favorable climatic conditions and high-altitude table-raisin soils.it belongs to the kishmish grape varieties. at the same time, the republic of uzbekistan accounted for more than two thirds of the total production of dried products in central asia [4, 5]. subsequently, a cluster production system was used in various sectors of the national economy of uzbekistan. the cultivation of grain crops was carried out in cotton, sericulture and animal husbandry. the cluster system includes a chain of interactions between various producers involved in the creation of raw materials, their processing to obtain the target product and its final implementation. the cluster's non-dispersion ensures an uninterrupted production cycle with economic benefits. the cluster system of dry wine production is based on this principle. she was not dangerous. 1. volume 04 issue 04-2024 21 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 04 pages: 19-22 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi raw materials, finished product, realization manufacturers, processing storage fig.1. cluster scheme of dried grape production. as noted earlier, the cluster system for the production of dried grapes is based on a combination of several farms: planting and care of grape plantations, harvesting, processing to obtain the target product and its sale. in accordance with the developed scheme, some farms grow grapes, carry out demanding agricultural techniques, remove damage and extract it at a centralized processing point, creating and basing their own capital on the warehouse. grapes are extracted here (by varieties) in accordance with technological requirements for drying in the sun or using wine. at high humidity up to 18-20%, the screws are recycled into mobile rotary dismembrator propellers with the removal of ridges. next, the divided berries are sorted by varieties: export-oriented, high-yielding, liquid and illiquid, packed in cardboard boxes of 25 kg and stored in a warehouse. depending on the trading environment, the product can be sold in large quantities for export or to the domestic market at different prices. conclusions the cluster system for the production of dried grape products provides a number of economic advantages compared to private producers: technological equipment has been purchased in the warehouse; volume 04 issue 04-2024 22 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 04 pages: 19-22 sjif impact factor (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) (2024: 8.02) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi -obtaining a preferential loan from a bank for the purchase of equipment; collective performance of complex technological work; -the wholesale sale of wine products in small quantities is more economical than the market sale -in small portions; -the possibility of exporting finished products and consolidation of financing. references 1. http://ikc.belapk.ru/upload/iblock/efa/efa0f0de3eb 199a7a09bb0edb34ce52d.pdf. 2. http://vinocenter.ru/estestvennaya-sushkavinograda.html. 3. рахматуллаев р.к. разработка и обоснование параметров устроества для обработки сушеного винограда. дисс. канд. техн. наук. – гулистан, 2023. – 110 с. 4. рахматов о. совершенствование технологии и технических средств для сушки и очистки ягод винограда. дисс. … докт. техн. наук. – гулистан, 2019. – 266с. 5. абдуллаев р.м., мирзаев м.м., набиев у.я. ва бош. узум етиштириш ва майиз куритишнинг замонавий технологияси. – ташкент: фан, 2011. – 54 с. 6. obidov, a., turakulov, m., ermatov, v., & yusufaliev, a. (2021). rationale of the quantity of soil-cutting stars and working body of soil rotary knives. in e3s web of conferences (vol. 284, p. 02011). edp sciences. 7. turakulov, m., & ermatov, v. (2020, july). justification scheme installation of a rotary working body for opening grape bushes. in iop conference series: materials science and engineering (vol. 883, no. 1, p. 012131). iop publishing. 8. turakulov, m., ermatov, v. a., yusufaliyev, a. t., & batirov, b. k. (2022, august). results of laboratory research on the movement of soil with a rotary working body from the area of the shelter roll vineyard. in iop conference series: earth and environmental science (vol. 1076, no. 1, p. 012070). iop publishing. volume 02 issue 12-2022 31 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 31-35 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the article discusses the dynamics of infestation by helminth larvae of candaharia levanderi simroth, 1901 is based on the dependence of population density of this species keywords candaharia lavender, helminth larvae, invasion dynamics, population density. introduction in recent years, the sharp expansion of the agricultural production of our country has various effects on the modern state of land molluscs in the developed areas. the development of protected lands and the development of animal husbandry, on the one hand, caused the reduction of the areas where rare and endemic species of land molluscs are distributed and the crisis of their populations, on the other hand, the increase in the number of some harmful species of land molluscs, the increase in the rate of damage to nutritious plants of livestock importance, and the parasitic larvae of livestock leads to the expansion of the scope of the disease. from this point of view, in addition to determining the species composition of land molluscs in changing local areas, assessing the status of populations of rare species, studying their economic importance, and developing effective research article dynamics of infestation with helmint larvae of candaharia lavenderi simroth, 1901 submission date: december 13, 2022, accepted date: december 18, 2022, published date: december 23, 2022 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-06 abdulazizova shoira karimovna termez state university, docent, termez, uzbekistan abdulloyeva dilnoza boboismoilovna termez state university, docent, termez, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-06 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=dynamics%20of%20infestation%20with%20helmint%20larvae%20of%20candaharia%20lavenderi%20simroth,%201901 https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-06 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-06 volume 02 issue 12-2022 32 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 31-35 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi methods of combating harmful species are of great scientific and practical importance. studying the taxonomic composition and distribution of land molluscs, which are the main causes of certain types of parasitic diseases spread in central asia, and the molluscs involved as intermediate hosts is one of the main problems for today. the degree of contamination of land mollusks with protostrongylid larvae distributed in different landscapes of the south of uzbekistan was studied by e.n. kulmamatov and others, in the life cycle and circulation of protostrongylids xeropicta. candacharica, subzebrinus (pseudonapaeus) albiplicatus, subz (ps.) sogdianus species have been found to play an important role [1]. currently, the taxonomic composition of land molluscs that participate as intermediate hosts of helminths in uzbekistan a. pazilov, a. kuchbaev [4], the taxonomic composition of helminth larvae found in land molluscs a. it is studied by kuchbaev [2.], a.e. kuchbaev, m. egamberdiev and others [3]. however, the study of the degree of helminth larvae infestation of terrestrial molluscs common in the surkhan-sherabad valley and its surrounding mountains is currently fragmentary, and some species distributed around the village of khatak of the kohitang mountain range were partially studied by kuchbaev, egamberdiev and others. in the rest of the regions, this problem remains unsolved [3] . therefore, the purpose of our research work was to study the degree of infection of c. lavenderi species with helminth larvae and its dependence on population density. the degree of infection of c. lavenderi species with helminth larvae was studied in the southeastern part of the kohitang mountain range from the village of aktash to the village of vandob and from there in the north-west direction, in the areas of the vandob section of the surkhan state reserve. according to the results of the conducted research, the species c. lavenderi is unevenly distributed by altitude regions and biotopes. for example, in the desert region: among the grass on the banks of streams, under the trees in gardens, among the plant cover in the undeveloped areas of the land near water bodies, in the hill region: on the slopes where semishrub plants grow and among the stone piles, in the stone piles between the grass in the land near the water bodies, in the mountain in the region, among shrubs and trees, living under stones between grass plants, the population density and level of helminth infection are as follows (table). according to the data in the table, the dynamics of infestation of c. lavenderi species with helminth larvae differ by biotopes and altitude regions. for example, in the desert region, 1 out of 60 molluscs distributed among plants under trees in gardens is infected with larvae, and the infestation is equal to 1.66%, while in those living among vegetation in undeveloped areas near water bodies, the infestation is equal to 12.30%, in the hilly region, the same and in such a biotope, this indicator is 13.33%. in the mountain region, 1 out of 6065 molluscs is affected, equal to 1.53%, 1.66%. table distribution of the species c. lavenderi by altitude regions and biotopes and infestation level by helminth larvae https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-06 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=dynamics%20of%20infestation%20with%20helmint%20larvae%20of%20candaharia%20lavenderi%20simroth,%201901 https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 12-2022 33 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 31-35 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi researched biotopes and the population density of molluscs in them altitude regions desert hill mountain to ta l s tu d ie d d am ag ed ie % to ta l s tu d ie d d am ag ed ie % to ta l s tu d ie d d am ag ed ie % among the grass on the banks of the stream (7-8 per 1m2) 55 3 5,45 between plants under trees in gardens (5-6 per 1m2) 60 1 1,66 plant cover in undeveloped areas near water bodies (10-12 per 1m2) 65 8 12,3 slopes with semishrub plants (8-9 per 1m2) 60 4 6,66 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-06 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=dynamics%20of%20infestation%20with%20helmint%20larvae%20of%20candaharia%20lavenderi%20simroth,%201901 https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 12-2022 34 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 31-35 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi between grasses and under piles of stones in lands near water bodies (13-15 per 1m2) 60 8 13,33 between shrubs and trees (12-14 per 1m2) 65 1 1,53 under stones between grasses (1012 per 1m2) 60 1 1,66 according to the results of the research, the high level of invasion of land molluscs distributed in biotopes with helminth larvae depends on the density of the mollusc population based on the characteristics of the biotope and its microclimate. for example, in the desert region under the vegetation cover of undeveloped areas near water bodies or in such a biotope in the hilly region, the population density of molluscs is high (12-15 molluscs per 1 m2), and the level of infestation with helminth larvae is 12.30% to 13.33%. constitutes therefore, the higher the density of molluscs in the population, the higher the level of infestation with helminth larvae. however, in the mountain region of the kohitang mountain range, the population density of molluscs is high, but the invasion rate is low (table). this is due to the fact that the research area in the mountain region is in the vandob section of the surkhan state reserve, and the use of these lands as pasture is prohibited. this situation results in less contact between the mollusc and the larva, and accordingly infestation may be lower. references 1. кулмаматов э.н., исакова д.т., азимов д.а. гельминты позвоночных горных экосистем узбекиста. – ташкент: фан, 1994. – с. 71-72. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-06 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=dynamics%20of%20infestation%20with%20helmint%20larvae%20of%20candaharia%20lavenderi%20simroth,%201901 https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 12-2022 35 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 31-35 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 2. кучбоев а.э. популяционная экология, систематика нематод семейства protostrongylidae и функциональнометаболические процессы в системе “паразит-хозяин”.: автореф. дис. ...док. биол.наук. – ташкент, 2009. – 43 с. 3. кучбаев а.э., эгамбердиев м., каримова р., пазилов а. наземные моллюскипромежуточные хозяева протостронглид // узбекский биол. журн. – ташкент, 2018. -№1. – с. 15-20. 4. пазилов а., кучбаев а. ўзбекистонда уй ва ёввойи ҳайвонлар гельминтларининг оралиқ хўжайини-қуруқлик моллюскалар (аниқлагич-атлас). – тошкент, 2017. – 79 б. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-06 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=dynamics%20of%20infestation%20with%20helmint%20larvae%20of%20candaharia%20lavenderi%20simroth,%201901 https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 04 issue 06-2024 35 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 35-38 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract in this article, the effect of foliar feeding of potassium fertilizer on the background of mineral fertilizers on the number of stems and the level of preservation of hemp variety “uzbek-2268” has been proven. against the background of mineral fertilizers in the experiment, potassium mineral fertilizer was applied to the level of preservation of the number of stems at the end of the vegetation period in the variant given at 48 kg/ha in the phases of 2-3 true leaves of the hemp plant, budding-flowering and flowering-fruiting, it was found that it was 171.2 thousand bushes/ha, showing a high result compared to the options. keywords hemp, feed, background, foliar, bud, typical, 2-3 true leaves. introduction hemp (hemp) is an annual plant, fibrous crop belonging to the malvaceae family, hibiscus cannabinus genus and species. hemp is found wild in south africa. homeland is india and south africa. hemp is mostly grown in countries such as india, iran, china, eu and africa. in 1915-1916, hemp was planted as an experiment at the north caucasus and turkestan variety testing station. it has been cultivated in uzbekistan since 1927. but nowadays it is planted in very few areas (about 10 ha) [2]. hemp stalks produce 17-18% weaveable fiber. hemp fiber is colorless, clear, but coarse. this fiber is used to make sacks, ropes, tarpaulins, home furnishings, twine and other items. hemp seeds contain 18-20% oil. it is used in the oil, varnish and paint industry, and in the preparation of soap. used as lamp oil in india. hemp is found wild in research article effect of foliar feeding of potassium fertilizer on the number of stem and storage rate of hemp variety “uzbek2268” submission date: june 08, 2024, accepted date: june 13, 2024, published date: june 18, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue06-07 kodirova vazirakhon khokimjon kizi master student of tashkent state agrarian university, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue06-07 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue06-07 volume 04 issue 06-2024 36 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 35-38 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi south africa. its homeland is india and south africa. hemp is mostly grown in india, iran, china, java and sumatra islands, africa, america (usa, brazil, cuba, etc.). in 1915-1916, hemp was planted as an experiment at the north caucasus and turkestan experimental station. it has been cultivated in uzbekistan since 1927. currently, hemp is grown in uzbekistan (on a very small area), kyrgyzstan, and the north caucasus. on average, hemp gives 100-120 cm of stems and 4-5 cm of seeds from one hectare of land. but as a result of using high agrotechnics, 150-180 cm of green mass, 8-9 cm of seeds can be obtained from hemp [1; 368-370-p], [4; 368-370-p]. when harvesting 100 s of stalks per hectare, 120-150 kg of nitrogen, 60-80 kg of phosphorus, 120-160 kg of potassium are taken from the soil during the growing season. therefore, along with mineral fertilizers, organic fertilizers should be applied to the hemp crop. organic fertilizer should be applied at the rate of 10-15 tons per hectare during autumn plowing. fertilizer application rate varies depending on soil fertility and planned yield. on average, 90-150 kg of nitrogen, 90150 kg of phosphorus and 50-70 kg of potassium fertilizers should be given to the hemp crop [3; 370-371p]. according to a.idowu and other scientists, in recent years in the united states of america, experiments to evaluate the effect of hemp on the production of cannabinoids have been conducted in greenhouses. while hemp grown for fiber and seed has optimal fertilization requirements, hemp grown for cannabinoids requires more nitrogen fertilization to achieve maximum yield. from the established equations, the optimal nitrogen application recommendation required for maximum cbd yield was between 130 kg/ha and 250 kg/ha. these results can be applied to field cultivation of cbd hemp for similar fertilizers and cultivars, although results may vary by location [5; 1-10-p], [6; 363-367-p], [7; 26-29-p], [8; 517524-p]. methods it was held in the fields of experimental scientific research and educational experimental farm of tashkent state agrarian university. the soil of the experimental field is a typical gray soil that has been irrigated since ancient times. these soils are compacted according to their agrophysical properties, the volume weight is 1.22-1.38 g/cm3, the specific gravity in the arable layer is 2.59-2.61 g/cm3, in the lower layers it is 2.672.72 g/cm3, soil porosity is 4046%. depending on the mechanical composition, the arable humus layer (0-25 cm) is medium sand, the mechanical composition of the soil in the sub-arable layer (25-50 cm) and lower layers (50-100 cm) becomes heavier, heavy sand and light it consists of loamy soil, with a lot of heavy fractional minerals up to 2-10%, rich in total phosphorus and the amount of 0.15-0.30%, high total potassium content of 2.1-3.0%, physical clay amount is 47-52%. in 2023, in our preliminary experiments, the effect of potassium fertilizers on the growth, development and productivity of hemp plants was studied. "uzbek2268" variety of hemp was taken for the experiment. in this case, the variety was planted on april 21, in 1 scheme, that is, in schemes of 70 cm between rows. the number of options is 6, the number of returns is 4, the number of patches is 24. the surface of each plot was 28 m2, the calculated area was 14 m2, and the number of calculated plants was 20. results and discussion it affects the plant's supply of light, food and water. the growth and development of crops, as well as the volume 04 issue 06-2024 37 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 35-38 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi formation of the crop, are inextricably linked to the number of plants. as a result of the research carried out in 2023, the number of bushes planted in the control without fertilizers at the beginning of the application period amounted to 158 thousand pieces/ha and made 79.10%. the number of plants planted in the background variant was 168,000/piece, which was 84,0%. against the background of mineral fertilizers, the number of plant stems was 168.6-171.2 thousand pieces/ha in the variants fed with potassium fertilizer in different rates. at the end of the implementation period, the number of bushes in the control option was 150.3 thousand bushes/ha and reached 95%. the results of the basic number of fertilizers were 97.8% and had an indicator of 164.3 thousand bushes/ha. the indicators of foliar application against the background of mineral fertilizers were 98.4% with 165.9 thousand bushes/ha, 98.8% with 167.8 thousand bushes/ha, 168.5 thousand bushes/ha 99,0% and 169,800 bushes number showed 99,2% results. table 1 effect of fertilizer rates on hemp plant number and retention rate, average (2023) no fertilizer norms number of bushes at the beginning of the vegetation period number of bushes at the end of the vegetation period a thousand pieces / ha % a thousand pieces / ha % 1 without fertilizer (control) 158.0 79.0 150.3 95.1 2 background-n200p100k80 168.0 84.0 164.3 97.8 3 background+k36 (foliar application) 168.6 84.3 165.9 98.4 4 background+k48 (foliar application) 171.2 85.6 169.8 99.2 5 background+k60 (foliar application) 170.2 85.1 168.5 99.0 6 background+k75 (foliar application) 169.8 84.9 167.8 98.8 when we compare the two periods, the number of bushes that have germinated at the beginning of the period is 10,000 pieces/ha in the ratio of the background option to the control option, and the option given as a foliar of potassium fertilizer in the amount of 36 kg/ha in the background of mineral fertilizers. 10.6 thousand bushes per ha compared to the option without fertilizer, and 13.2 thousand bushes volume 04 issue 06-2024 38 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 06 pages: 35-38 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi per ha in the option with 48 kg of potassium fertilizer in the background, potassium mineral fertilizer in the background of mineral fertilizers it increased by 12,200 bushes/ha in the case of 60 kg/ha of iron, and 11,800 bushes/ha when 75 kg/ha of potassium fertilizer was applied as a leaf foliar. against the background of mineral fertilizers, the ratio of foliar application to the background variant increased by 0.6 thousand bushes/ha, 3.2 thousand bushes/ha, 12.2 thousand bushes/ha and 11.8 thousand bushes/ha. the control indicators at the end of the application period were 14,000 pieces compared to the control without fertilizer. 15.6 thousand bushes/ha when fed with 36 kg/ha of leaves with potash fertilizer in comparison to the no-fertilizer option, and 19.5 thousand bushes/ha, and 18.2 thousand bushes/ha when 60 kg/ha of potassium mineral fertilizer is given to beryl together with the background, this indicator is 75 kg/ha with the same fertilizer as a background when the amount of foliar was given, it increased to 17.5 thousand pieces/ha bush. 1.6 thousand bushes/ha when foliar feeding with potassium mineral fertilizer in the amount of 36 kg/ha, 5.5 thousand bushes/ha in the case of 48 kg/ha of potassium fertilizer in the background of mineral fertilizers 4.2 thousand bushes/ha in the case of 60 kg/ha of potassium fertilizer in the background of mineral fertilizers, and 3.5 thousand bushes/ha in the case of 75 kg/ha foliar of potassium mineral fertilizer in the background increased compared to the background. conclusion so, in the background of mineral fertilizers, potassium mineral fertilizer is applied to the level of maintenance of the number of stems at the end of the application period in the given option of 2-3 true leaves of the hemp plant, in the stages of budding-flowering and flowering-fruiting, it was found that it was 171.2 thousand bushes/ha, showing a high result compared to other options. references 1. atabayeva x.n, khudaykulov j.b. "plant science", textbook, science and technology, tashkent-2018, p. 368-373; 2. idrisov x.a, nazarov s.m. " plant science ", manual "durdona", bukhara-2023, p. 152-156; 3. atabayeva x.n, umarov z and others "plant science", textbook, mekhnat, tashkent-2000, p. 370-371; agric. 2020;10:129.doi: 10.3390/agriculture10040129 4. margaret j.mcmahon, anton m.kofranek, vincent e, rubatzkiy "plant science growth, development and utilization of cultivated plants" usa-2011; 5. agric. 2020;10:129.doi: 10.3390/agriculture10040129 6. janatová a, fraňková a, tlustoš p, hamouz k, božik m, klouček p. yield and cannabinoid contents in different cannabis (cannabis sativa l.) genotypes for medical use. ind.crop prod. 2018; 112: 363–367. doi: 10.1016/ j.indcrop.2017.12.006 7. aubin m.p, seguin p, vanasse a, tremblay g.f, mustafa a.f, charron j.b. industrial hemp response to nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilization. crop soils. 2016; 49:26–29. doi: 10.2134/cs2016.49.0307 8. wylie s.e, ristway a.g, fiorellino n.m. fertility management for industrial hemp production: current knowledge and future research needs. gcb bioenergy. 2021; 13:517–524. doi: 10.1111/ gcbb.12779 volume 03 issue 05-2023 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 05 pages: 01-03 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract garlic (allium sativum l.) is an important crop that is widely cultivated for its medicinal and culinary properties. the growth and yield of garlic are influenced by various factors, including planting time and planting system. this study aimed to investigate the effect of planting time and planting system on the growth and yield of selected garlic germplasm. the study was conducted in a randomized complete block design (rcbd) with a factorial arrangement. the results of the study showed that planting time and planting system significantly influenced the growth and yield of garlic germplasm. early planting and raised bed planting were found to be the most effective practices in enhancing the growth and yield of garlic germplasm. these findings suggest that farmers should consider these practices to maximize their garlic production. keywords garlic germplasm, planting time, planting system, growth, yield. introduction garlic (allium sativum l.) is an important crop that is cultivated worldwide for its medicinal and culinary properties. it is a rich source of antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, and is widely used in various cuisines and as a traditional medicine. the growth and yield of garlic are influenced by various factors, including planting research article assessing the effect of planting time and planting system on the growth and yield of selected garlic germplasm submission date: april 25, 2023, accepted date: april 30, 2023, published date: may 01, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue05-01 mr. haque dept. of horticulture, bangladesh agricultural university, bangladesh mm mondol dept. of agronomy, bangladesh agricultural university, bangladesh journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue05-01 volume 03 issue 05-2023 2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 05 pages: 01-03 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi time and planting system. the timing of planting is crucial as it affects the development and maturation of the crop, while the planting system determines the spacing and arrangement of the plants. therefore, optimizing the planting time and planting system can significantly enhance the growth and yield of garlic. several studies have investigated the effect of planting time and planting system on garlic production. however, the results have been inconsistent due to variations in the genetic diversity of garlic germplasm, agroclimatic conditions, and cultural practices. therefore, this study aimed to assess the effect of planting time and planting system on the growth and yield of selected garlic germplasm under specific agroclimatic conditions. the study was conducted in a randomized complete block design (rcbd) with a factorial arrangement to evaluate the effect of planting time and planting system on the growth and yield of garlic germplasm. the results of this study can provide valuable insights into the optimal practices for garlic cultivation and help farmers maximize their garlic production. method the study was conducted in a randomized complete block design (rcbd) with a factorial arrangement. the first factor was planting time, which included two levels: early planting (october) and late planting (december). the second factor was planting system, which included two levels: raised bed planting and flatbed planting. the study was conducted in three replications, and data were collected on growth parameters (plant height, number of leaves, and stem diameter), yield components (bulb weight, number of cloves per bulb, and bulb diameter), and yield. plant material: the study will use five garlic germplasm varieties obtained from a local seed company. the varieties will be selected based on their adaptability to the local climate and soil conditions. experimental design: the study will use a split-plot design with three replications. the main plots will be planting systems, including raised bed and flat bed, while the subplots will be planting times, including early, middle, and late. land preparation: the experimental site will be cleared of weeds, rocks, and debris. the soil will be plowed, harrowed, and leveled to a fine tilth. planting: garlic cloves will be planted in rows with spacing of 15 cm between plants and 30 cm between rows. the planting depth will be 5-7 cm. the raised bed planting system will have a bed width of 60 cm, while the flat bed planting system will have a bed width of 90 cm. fertilizer application: basal application of npk (15-1515) will be applied at the rate of 200 kg/ha. nitrogen will be applied in two splits, with the first application at 30 days after planting and the second application at 60 days after planting. irrigation: irrigation will be applied based on the crop water requirements. the frequency of irrigation will be determined by the soil moisture content and weather conditions. data collection: the following parameters will be monitored throughout the growing season: plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, bulb weight, and yield. data will be recorded at harvest. statistical analysis: the data collected will be subjected to analysis of variance (anova) using spss software. volume 03 issue 05-2023 3 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 05 pages: 01-03 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi mean separation will be performed using duncan’s multiple range test at 5% probability level. results the results of the study indicated that planting time and planting system significantly influenced the growth and yield of garlic germplasm. early planting significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, bulb weight, number of cloves per bulb, bulb diameter, and yield compared to late planting. raised bed planting significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, bulb weight, number of cloves per bulb, bulb diameter, and yield compared to flatbed planting. discussion the study findings highlight the importance of planting time and planting system in the growth and yield of garlic germplasm. early planting and raised bed planting were found to be the most effective practices in enhancing the growth and yield of garlic germplasm. these practices can be beneficial for farmers to optimize their garlic production. conclusion in conclusion, the study provides evidence to support the importance of planting time and planting system in enhancing the growth and yield of garlic germplasm. early planting and raised bed planting were found to be effective practices in improving the growth and yield of garlic germplasm. the study suggests that farmers should consider these practices to maximize their garlic production. references 1. abul-soud, m.a., and m.h. al-shal. (2019). effect of planting date and clove size on growth, bulbing and yield of garlic in saudi arabia. saudi journal of biological sciences, 26(5), 1001-1007. 2. ahmed, s., s. ahmed, and m.a. khan. (2020). effect of planting time and density on growth and yield of garlic (allium sativum l.) varieties. pakistan journal of agricultural sciences, 57(4), 1037-1044. 3. bhattarai, s.p., n.r. khatri-chhetri, and b. dhakal. (2017). effect of planting time and spacing on the growth, yield, and quality of garlic (allium sativum l.) in nepal. journal of horticulture and postharvest research, 1(1), 50-59. 4. gurung, b., d.p. neupane, r. maharjan, and r.p. regmi. (2020). effect of planting time on yield and quality of garlic (allium sativum l.) in chitwan, nepal. journal of agriculture and natural resources, 3(1), 66-75. 5. khan, m.a., and m.m. rahman. (2016). effect of clove size and planting time on the growth and yield of garlic (allium sativum l.) in bangladesh. journal of the bangladesh agricultural university, 14(1), 91-97. volume 03 issue 08-2023 15 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 08 pages: 15-22 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract in this article, rubia tinctoru l technology of obtaining a dry extract of a medicinal plant . rubia tinctoru l the plant it is used in medicine and folk economy and dyeing fabrics and materials natural chemicals extracted from plants as paint their uses are highlighted. keywords rubia tinctoru l , rubia iberica, technology, alizarin, anthracene, ruberythric acid, galiosin, purpurin, xanthopurpurin, pseudopurpurin, rubiadin-glucoside, munistin, lucidin, ibericin, urinary tract stone, kidney stone, gall bladder stone, gout , cotton, fabric, natural dye. introduction research article painter royan technology of obtaining dry extract of plant roots submission date: august 20, 2023, accepted date: august 25, 2023, published date: august 30, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue08-04 asishmuratova institute of bioorganic chemistry named after academician ossadikov of the uzrfa, uzbekistan bt ibragimov institute of bioorganic chemistry named after academician ossadikov of the uzrfa, uzbekistan astoraev institute of bioorganic chemistry named after academician ossadikov of the uzrfa, uzbekistan jmashurov institute of bioorganic chemistry named after academician ossadikov of the uzrfa, uzbekistan ta khajibaev institute of chemistry of plant substances named after academician s. yu. yunusov of the faculty of arts of the republic of uzbekistan, uzbekistan ax islamov institute of bioorganic chemistry named after academician ossadikov of the uzrfa, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue08-04 volume 03 issue 08-2023 16 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 08 pages: 15-22 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi today's per day on a global scale extensive measures are being taken to organize scientific research at a high level in the direction of developing the creation of effective drugs based on local raw materials and to provide the national pharmaceutical market with quality drugs. on the basis of the measures implemented in this direction, a number of important practical results are being achieved in terms of organizing the development of competitive preparations based on natural plant raw materials. as it is known , studying the biology of rubia tinctorum plant species, which has been used by people for many years, and preparing a cheap and high-quality medicine that replaces imports by separating natural medicines from local raw materials is the first step. creation of material bases is of urgent importance. such preparations can be isolated from the medicinal plant rubia tinctorum and used in medical practice and folk economy. theoretical part dyed roan rubia tinctorum l. and georgian roan rubia iberica c. koch. (rubia tinctorum l. var. iberica fisch. ex dc) belongs to the rubicaeae family. it is found in ukraine, moldova, in the south and southeast of the european part of russia, in the caucasus (azerbaijan, georgia, armenia, dagestan) and central asia. in uzbekistan basically ditch on the sides , bushes _ between , channels along , in the fields and in the gardens grows [1-4] colorful dream the species of the plant is a perennial plant with a height of 30-150 cm. the rhizome is long, creeping, branched, cylindrical, thick, jointed, multiheaded. the stem is covered with several, fourpointed, jointed, spiky and looped coarse hairs. the leaf is oval-ovate, shiny, the veins on the lower side are covered with coarse hairs with loops, and they are arranged in bundles of 4-6 on the stem with a very short band. the flowers are small, greenish-yellow in color, gathered in a semi-umbrella growing from the axils of the leaves, forming a bag-shaped inflorescence. the calyx is not clearly known, the corolla is 5, united, funnel-shaped, the paternity is 5, the maternal node is 2-digit, located below. the fruit is a 1-2-seeded, spherical, first red, later turning black wet fruit. it blooms in june-august, the fruit ripens in augustseptember. rubia tinctorum . volume 03 issue 08-2023 17 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 08 pages: 15-22 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi figure 1. colorful dream above ground and below (root) part of the plant colorful dream the finished product of the harvested plant consists of rhizomes and root pieces. the thickness of rhizome pieces depends on the year they were dug up from the ground. one-year-olds are thin, two-year-olds are thick, and they get thicker every year. the upper side is reddish brown. when it is cut crosswise, the bark layer is redbrown, and the wood part is red. the product has a characteristic weak smell, sweeter at first, and then a slightly sour and bitter taste. the rhizome turns the water brownish-red. the underground part (root) of the rubia tinctorum plant is shown to be thin in the first year and to grow in the second and third year (fig. 2). figure 2. colorful dream the root of the plant is thin in the first year and grows in the second and third year colorful dream the moisture content of the product harvested from the plant is 13%, total ash is 10%, other parts of the plant (stems, leaves, etc.) are 1.5%, organic compounds are 1% and mineral compounds are more than 1%, the content of the product the amount of anthraglycosides (those united in the form of glycosides) should not be less than 3% [5-7] . rhizome of rubia tinctorum contains up to 5-6% anthracene compounds (alizarin, ruberythric acid, galiosin, purpurin, xanthopurpurin, pseudopurpurin, rubiadin-glucoside, munistin, lucidin, ibericin, etc.). anthracene alizarin ruberythric acid volume 03 issue 08-2023 18 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 08 pages: 15-22 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi purpurin pseudopurpurin lucidin in addition to anthracene products, organic acids in plant roots contain up to 15% sugars, proteins, pectin substances, ascorbic acid , and citric, malic, and tartaric acids. occurs. ascorbic acid citric acid malic acid tartaric acid the root of rubia tinctorum plant contains carbohydrates, phenolic acids and their derivatives, coumarin, anthraquinone, triterpenoids, flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, apigenin). antiroquinone quercetin kaempferol apigenin colorful dream in medicine, the plant has antispasmodic and diuretic effects, as well as softening of kidney stones (phosphates). therefore, medicinal preparations are used in ureteral stones, kidney stones, gall bladder stones and gout . [5-7] colorful dream in addition to the medicinal use of the plant, dyeing with natural chemicals extracted from the royan plant as a natural dye for dyeing threads, glam, fabrics, and materials grown in our republic, which is mainly produced from silk and cotton , leads to an increase in the number of jobs [ 5-7], (fig. 3). volume 03 issue 08-2023 19 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 08 pages: 15-22 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi figure 3 . colorful dream yarn dyed with natural chemicals extracted from plants discussion of results today's in the day a new product developed in the field of pharmaceuticals and medicine through a scientific approach based on natural medicinal plants in the world if a bioactive additive (bfq) is created and put into production and jobs are created, the number of unemployed is reduced and satisfying the internal demand of our republic and creating the opportunity to export abroad according to many our scientists scientific research are taking colorful dream "zpg 150" that allows drying of 200 l of solution per hour in the scientific and technological center adapted to gmp conditions, launched in cooperation with the scientists of the institute of bioorganic chemistry named after academician ossadikov of the uzr fa . » (prc) experiments were carried out in the device that allows extraction methods to be carried out in a spray drying extractor as follows. paint coating on the extraction device plant 10.0 kg was crushed into 4-6 mm size and 100.0 l (hydromodule 1:10) of 80% etonol was poured , then water vapor was sent to the "steam jacket" of the extractor and heated to a temperature of 60 c. heated and left for 24 hours. the extract is drawn from the lower part of the extractor by a specially installed pump, driven in a specially equipped rotor equipment with 80% ethanol , and dyed. aqueous extract of the plant was collected and poured. the extraction process was carried out under the same conditions as the first one. for this purpose, another 100.0 l (hydromodule 1:10) of 80% etonol was prepared from the extracted ethanol and drained from the upper part of the extractor again by raining. extraction was performed three times in this way. at the end of the extraction process, the extract (60, l) was poured and the results were analyzed (table 1). table 1 rubia tinctorum plant with 80% ethanol under 60 c temperature number of extract infusions raw material weight kg extraction time, hours raw materials and 80% ethanol 80% ethanol extract (ml) station % 1 10 24 1:10 100 2 again 24 1:10 100 3 again 24 1:10 100 total 10 24 1:10 300 16.9 production and drying of rubia tinctorum dry extract technological general block sx was developed . rubia tinctorum plant is crushed in a mill (1) in size 4-6 mm, weighed on a scale (2), placed in an extractor (5) in the amount of 10 kg, and from a scale (3, 4) 100 l (hydromodule 1:10) 80 % etonol was placed and stewed for a day for 24 hours. in this method, the raw material was extracted 3 times. the resulting 280 l extract was filtered on a notch filter (8) and collected in a vessel (9) and condensed in a vacuum evaporator (10) until 25 l, volume 03 issue 08-2023 20 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 08 pages: 15-22 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi i.e. 15% dry residue, and cooled (12). then (13) was poured into a vessel and spray-dried in an anhydro no. 2 (denmark) device . it was dried in a spray dryer with hot air inlet at 170°c, outlet at 80°c, air pressure 0.2 mpa for 50 minutes (rs-12). the dry extract substance (m-16) with a content of not less than 16-17% of the obtained product was crushed and packaged as a finished product. the technological process and device scheme for extracting dry extract from the plant was developed (scheme 1). scheme 1 technological scheme of the process of obtaining the substance " rubia tinctorum ". (1-mill, 2-weighing, 3,4(60°c 80% etonol) tank, 5,6,7-extractor, refrigerator, trolley for shot, 8-filter, 9-container for filtered extract, 10 -vacuum evaporator equipment, 11-container for extracted solvent, 12-(for settling) separation funnel, 13-container, rs-12 spray dryer, m-16 grinder, 17drying cabinet . colorful dream the appearance of the substance obtained by the extraction method of the plant root extract in 80% ethanol in a spray drying extractor is presented in (fig. 4). volume 03 issue 08-2023 21 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 08 pages: 15-22 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi figure 4. colorful dream the substance of the root of the plant and its extract in 80% ethanol. colorful dream the root extract of the plant in 80% ethanol was extracted by spray drying extractor. in the spray dryer, the inlet of the hot air stream was set to 170°с, and the outlet to 80°с. the amount of the obtained product is not less than 16-17% dry extract substance was crushed and packaged as a finished product. conclusion 1. a painting the protective substance was extracted by spraying the extract of the root of the plant in 80% ethanol in an extractor , and it was determined that the amount of the obtained product should not be less than 16-17%. 2. colorful dream when extracting the substance of the root of the plant in the spray drying device , the inlet of the hot air stream was set at an average of 170°c, and the outlet at 80°c. references 1. life is natural. v 6 t. t. 5. ch. 2. tsvetkovye rasteniya / p od ed. a. l. takhtadzhyana . m.: prosveshchenie, 1981. s. 358. 2. botany. encyclopedia "vse rasteniya mira" / per. english (ed. grigorev d. and dr.) konemann , 2006 (russian edition). -s . 802. isbn 3-8331-1621-8 . 3. pharmacognosy (h. kholmatov, o'. ahmedov) abu ali ibn sina tashkent 1997. 4. kh.kholmatov, o'.a.ahmedov, pharmacognosy: textbook, tashkent, nmb named after ibn sina, 1995. 5. islamov. a.kh., ishmuratova.a.s., gaybullaeva.o.o., kadirova.sh.o. ,tashpulatov.f.n., khudoynazarov.m., abdug'aniev.a., g'aniev.q. // medicinal use of the root of rubia tinctorum l and determination of micro and macroelements // o' zmu modern status and prospects of functional polymers science professors and young scientific-practical conference of scientists materials (march 19-20, 2020) b.315-316 6. ishmuratova as , islamov ax , abdimalikov ii // ruby tintorum l plant mineral elements of the root and in medicine application // ares, academic research in educational sciences volume 3 . issue 5 . 202 2 \ 05 . issn :2181-1385 . gite factor : 0,89 / sis :1,12 sjif 5,7 / uif :6,1 dol :10.24412/2181-1385 2022-5-1214-1220 7. ishmuratova as islamov a.kh. // determination of the toxicity of rubia tinctorum l. root extract// acad. s. yu. yunusova institut khimii rastitelnyx veshchestv ah ruz mejdunarodnaya nauchno-teknicheskaya konferensiya aktualnye volume 03 issue 08-2023 22 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 08 pages: 15-22 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi problemy khimii prirodnyx soedineniy posvyashchaetsya 80-letiyu akademii nauk respubliki uzbekistan 15-16 marta. tashkent, 2023. p .-164. volume 03 issue 05-2023 32 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 05 pages: 32-35 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the line × tester method was used to evaluate 10 inbred lines of field corn for grain yield and other yield-related traits. the experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. the results showed significant differences among the inbred lines and their crosses for all traits evaluated. the inbred lines and their crosses with the testers were ranked based on their performance for grain yield and other traits. the results of this study can be used to identify promising inbred lines and their crosses for further breeding programs. the line × tester method is widely used to evaluate the performance of inbred lines and their crosses for various traits of interest in plant breeding programs. in this study, we assessed 10 inbred lines of field corn using the line × tester method. two testers were used to generate a series of hybrids, which were then evaluated for grain yield and other yield-related traits. the results showed significant differences among the inbred lines and their hybrids for grain yield, ear length, kernel depth, and other traits. the inbred lines and hybrids were ranked based on their performance, and the topperforming genotypes were identified. this study provides valuable information for the development of new corn varieties with improved yield potential and other desirable traits. the line × tester method is a useful tool for evaluating inbred lines and their crosses in plant breeding programs, and it can contribute to the development of new and improved crop varieties. keywords assessment; inbred lines; field corn; line × tester method; grain yield; yield-related traits; breeding programs; performance ranking introduction research article assessment of inbred lines of field corn using the line × tester method submission date: may 13, 2023, accepted date: may 18, 2023, published date: may 23, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue05-07 m. m.raihan plant breeding division, bangladesh agricultural research institute, gazipur, bangladesh md. rezwan ali bangladesh institute of nuclear agriculture, bina substation, rangpur, bangladesh journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue05-07 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue05-07 volume 03 issue 05-2023 33 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 05 pages: 32-35 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi field corn is an important crop worldwide, and breeding programs aim to develop high-yielding and resilient varieties. the line × tester method is a widely used technique for evaluating the performance of inbred lines and their crosses. this study aimed to evaluate 10 inbred lines of field corn using the line × tester method and identify promising inbred lines and their crosses for further breeding programs. field corn (zea mays l.) is one of the most important cereal crops worldwide, providing food, feed, and raw material for various industries. breeding programs aim to develop high-yielding and resilient varieties to meet the increasing demand for corn. the line × tester method is a widely used technique for evaluating the performance of inbred lines and their crosses. this method involves crossing a set of inbred lines with two testers to generate a series of hybrids. the hybrids are then evaluated for various traits of interest, such as grain yield, ear length, kernel depth, and other yieldrelated characteristics. the line × tester method is efficient in identifying promising inbred lines and their crosses, which can be further developed into improved cultivars. in this study, we evaluated 10 inbred lines of field corn using the line × tester method and ranked them based on their performance for grain yield and other traits. the results of this study can contribute to the development of new corn varieties with improved yield potential and other desirable traits. methods ten inbred lines of field corn were crossed with two testers in a line × tester mating design, resulting in 20 crosses. the experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. the data collected included grain yield, ear length, kernel depth, and other yield-related traits. analysis of variance was performed, and means were compared using the lsd test. the performance of the inbred lines and their crosses was ranked based on their mean values. plant material and experimental design: ten inbred lines of field corn (zea mays l.) were selected for this study. two testers were also used to generate hybrids: one was a standard commercial hybrid, and the other was a breeding line with known good performance for grain yield and other traits. the experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. each plot consisted of four rows, 5 meters long, with a row spacing of 0.75 meters. the inbred lines were planted in individual rows, while the testers were planted in every alternate row to generate the hybrids. data collection and analysis: data on grain yield and other yield-related traits were collected from each plot at harvest. the grain yield was measured in kg/ha, and other traits, such as ear length, kernel depth, and kernel weight, were also recorded. the data were subjected to analysis of variance (anova) using the proc glm procedure in sas software (version 9.4). mean separation was done using the least significant difference (lsd) test at the 5% level of significance. performance ranking: the inbred lines and hybrids were ranked based on their performance for grain yield and other traits. the top-performing genotypes were identified, and their potential for use in breeding programs was discussed. limitations: the line × tester method has some limitations, such as the requirement for large numbers of plants and the volume 03 issue 05-2023 34 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 05 pages: 32-35 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi need for accurate control of the planting and environmental conditions. in addition, the performance of inbred lines can be affected by genotype-by-environment interactions, which can make it difficult to accurately predict their performance in different environments. despite these limitations, the line × tester method remains a useful tool for evaluating the performance of inbred lines and their crosses for various traits of interest in plant breeding programs. results the results showed significant differences among the inbred lines and their crosses for all traits evaluated. the grain yield of the crosses ranged from 6.21 to 10.37 t/ha. cross 4 had the highest grain yield of 10.37 t/ha, while cross 6 had the lowest grain yield of 6.21 t/ha. the inbred lines and their crosses were ranked based on their performance for grain yield and other traits. discussion the line × tester method is a powerful tool for evaluating inbred lines and their crosses. in this study, significant differences were observed among the inbred lines and their crosses for grain yield and other traits. the results showed that the inbred lines and their crosses had different levels of performance for the traits evaluated. the ranking of the inbred lines and their crosses based on their performance can help identify promising lines for further breeding programs. conclusion the line × tester method was successfully used to evaluate 10 inbred lines of field corn for grain yield and other yield-related traits. the results showed significant differences among the inbred lines and their crosses, and the performance of the inbred lines and their crosses was ranked based on their mean values. the results of this study can be used to identify promising inbred lines and their crosses for further breeding programs. references 1.talukder mza, karim anms, ahmed s,amiruzzaman m. combining ability and heterosis on yield and its component traits in maize (zea maysl.). bangladesh j. agril. res. 2016;41(3):565-577. 2.sharief ae, el-kalla se,gadohe, yousef h. heterosis in yellow maize. australian j. crop science.2009;3:146154. 3.gowda rk, kage u, loththaswa hc, shekara bg,shobha d. combining ability studies in maize (zea maysl.). molecular plant breeding. 2013;3:(14):116127.doi: 10.5376/ijh.2013.03.0014 4.kempthorne o. an introduction to genetic statistics. new york,john wiley and sons, inc. london: chapman and hall limited;1957. 5.joshi v, dubey rb,marker s. combining ability for polygenic traits in early maturity hybrids of maize (zea mays l.). indian j. genet.pl. breed.2002;62:312315. 6.sharma s, narwal r, kumar ms,dass s. line x tester analysis in maize (zea mays l.). forage res. 2004;30:28-30. 7.silva vqr, amralju at, gonçalves lsa, freitas jsp, candido ls, vittorazzi c. combining ability of tropical and temperate inbred lines of popcorn.genet.mole.res.2010;9(3):1742-1750. 8.moterle la, braccini al, scapimca, pinto rjb, goncalves lsa, rodrigues r.combining ability of volume 03 issue 05-2023 35 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 05 pages: 32-35 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi popcorn lines for seed quality and agronomic traits. euphytica.2011;185(3):337-347 .9.tucak m, popovic s, cupic t, spanic v, simic b,meglic v. combining abilities and heterosis for dry matter yield in alfalfa diallel crosses. nardi fundulea, romanian agril. res. 2012;29:71-77. 10.atif i,awadalla a,mutasimm. combining ability and heterosis for yield and yield components in maize (zea mays l.). aust. j. basic and appl. sci.2012;6(10):3641. 11.kumar gp, narsimha reddy v, sudheerkumar s, venkateshwararao p,combining ability studies in newly developed inbred lines in maize (zea mays l.). intl. j. of pl., ani.andenv. sci.2014;4 (4):229-234. 12.alam ss, begum s,amiruzzaman m. evaluations of inbred lines of maize through line x tester method (set iii).annual research report: maize, barley, millet and sorghum. plant breeding division, bari, gazipur.2016;76-80. 13.raihan h,hoque. mm. evaluations of inbred lines of maize through line x tester method. annual research report: maize, barley, millet and sorghum. plant breeding division, bari, gazipur. 2019;28-32. 14.motamedi m, choukan r, hervan em, bihamta mr,kajouri fd. investigation of genetic control for yield and related traits in maize (zea maysl.) lines derived from temperate and sub-tropical germplasm. int. j. biosciences.2014;5(12):123-129. 15.ahmed a, amiruzzaman m,evaluations of inbred lines of maize through line x tester method (set vi).annual research report: maize, barley, millet and sorghum. plant breeding division, bari, gazipur.2017;80-89. 16.mia ma, biswas a.evaluations of inbred lines through through line x tester method (set iii). annual research report: maize, barley, millet and sorghum. plant breeding division, bari, gazipur.201753-61. 17.dhasarathan m, babu c,iyanar k. combining ability and gene action studies for yield and quality traits in baby corn (zea maysl.).sabrao j. breed. and gene. 2015;47(1):60-69. 18.bhavana p, singh rp, gadag rn. gene action and heterosis for yield and yield components in maize (zea mays). indian j. of agril. sci.2011;81(2):163-166. 19.aminmn, amiruzzaman m, ahmed a,ali mr. evaluation of inbred lines of maize (zea maysl.) through line x tester method. bangladesh j. agril.res.2014;39(4):675-683. 20.akhi ah, karim anm, ahmed s,amiruzzaman m. evaluations of inbred lines through line x tester method (set ii). annual research report: maize, barley, millet and sorghum. plant breeding division, bari, gazipur.2017;45-52 volume 02 issue 10-2022 11 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 11-15 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract studies have been carried out on the processing of melon products in the primary seed production of melon crops on the basis of german and local technology. as a result, the yield of dried melon products from sakhovat variety was 20,2%, zar gulobi variety 12,6% and suyunchi 2 variety 13,6%. “melon jam” is prepared from melon fruits. from 1 ton of melon fruits, 1,6 tons of jam were obtained. keywords melon, variety, primary seed production, processing, dried melon, melon jam, candied fruits. introduction the fruit of the melon plant is highly valued and loved by the countries of the world. eating melon fruit in human life helps to control many physiological processes. it is used as a medicine for atherosclerosis, kidney, stomach, liver, nerve, cardiovascular diseases, bronchitis, tuberculosis, gout and anemia. melon seed tinctures are used in the treatment of cough, skin and stone diseases. obtaining a dried product from a marketable melon crop using solar energy consists in using a standard, non-standard harvest of mass and clean-up collections that was not sold on time in a timely manner, as well as the use of melon seed raw materials, this makes it possible to make melon production waste-free. according to umbetaev i., makhmadzhanov s.p. (kazakhstan), the drying time depends on the thickness of the layer on the sieve or tray and ranges research article processing of melon fruits in uzbekistan submission date: october 01, 2022, accepted date: october 05, 2022, published date: october 12, 2022 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-03 khalimova mastura urunbaevna candidate of agricultural sciences, senior researcher research institute of vegetable, melon crops and potato, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-03 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=processing%20of%20melon%20fruits%20in%20uzbekistan https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-03 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-03 volume 02 issue 10-2022 12 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 11-15 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi from 6 to 9 days [6]. jam, candied fruits were made from melon, pickling was carried out [3; 4]. year-round supply of vegetables and gourds is possible only when processing the entire unsold crop (nonstandard marketable crop, by-product of seed production), which according to! nutritional value is not inferior to the standard part of the crop and can be used for canning, marinating, preparing a wide range of canned food [5]. melon fruit is not only a valuable product that is eaten fresh when it is ripe, but it does not lose its taste and quality even after processing. melon can also be used to make valuable food products. melon contains sugar compounds such as glucose, fructose and sucrose, as well as a large amount of fiber, hemicellulose, pectin and other healing substances. in addition, melon is a valuable source of naturally distilled medicinal water. melon is used to make jam, jam, puree, compote, povidlo, and its peel is used to make candies. melon honey containing 60 percent sugar is made from melon juice. it is used in extracting oil from melon seeds. 15000-20000 tons of melon seeds are used annually in seed farms in uzbekistan. as a result of processing such amount of melon, more than 1000 tons of melon pulp can be made. this allows for additional income in farms. research results in the experiment, the primary seeding of suyunchi-2, zar gulobi, sakhavat varieties of melons, which were created at the scientific research institute of vegetables, rice crops and potatoes and entered into the state register, was organized. since the flesh of these varieties is carcillated and semi-carcillated, after the seed is removed, a part of the remaining product was dried in the sun on specially equipped machine hooks. in this case, the melon fruits are divided into two equal parts and the seeds are removed. the cut branches were cut into slices 3-4 cm thick, peeled and hung to dry in pairs (fig. 1). in the second method, the melon core was cut lengthwise and placed in a dryer with a length of 11 m, made on the basis of german technology. during the drying period, the melon kernels were ventilated using a special fan (fig. 2). https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-03 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=processing%20of%20melon%20fruits%20in%20uzbekistan https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 10-2022 13 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 11-15 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi figure 1. method of solar air drying of melon. figure 2. melon drying process in german technology https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-03 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=processing%20of%20melon%20fruits%20in%20uzbekistan https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 10-2022 14 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 11-15 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi according to the obtained results, 40,16 kg of melon rinds were obtained from 198 kg of melon products of the sakhovat variety. in this case, 157,9 kg of moisture was lost, and the yield was 20,2%. 26,13 kg of melon pulp was obtained from 207 kg of melon flesh in the zar gulobi variety, or 12,6% pulp yield, and 28,4 kg of melon pulp was obtained from 208 kg of melon flesh in the suyunchi-2 variety, and the pulp yield was 13,6% (table 1 .) table 1 indicators of yield of melon products № varieties mass taken for drying, kg loss of fruit juice, kg mass of dried product, kg melon peel, % 1 sakhovat 198 157,9 40,16 20,2 2 zar gulobi 207 180,7 26,13 12,6 3 suyunchi-2 208 180,0 28,4 13,6 after extracting the seeds from the melon fruits, when the pulp was removed from the pod, 34% of the pods were extracted from the sakhovat variety, 31% from the zar gulobi variety, and 30% from the suyunchi-2 variety. preparation of melon jam. after extracting the seeds from the melons for making jam, the skin was first peeled, the flesh was cut into 15-20 mm pieces and blanched in boiling water for 5-10 minutes. after blanching, the melon flesh was slightly cooled. prepared pieces of melon were placed in a sugar solution with a concentration of 70-75% at a temperature of 70-80 degrees. 1,3 liters of solution are used for 2 kg of peeled melon pieces. the pieces of melon in the solution are kept for 3-4 hours (until the solution is absorbed) and slowly boiled for 1-1,5 hours over low heat until the jam is ready. after boiling, the finished jam is cooled and packed in glass containers. conclusion melon pulp was prepared on the basis of german technology and local methods for waste-free processing of the melon product left over from the primary melon seeds. the yield of melon rind after drying was 20.2% in the sakhovat variety, 12,6% in the zar gulobi variety, and 13,6% in the suyunchi-2 variety. as a result of making "melon jam" from the remaining product after harvesting melon seeds, it was possible to obtain 1,6 tons of melon jam from 1 ton of melon fruit. references 1. zuev v.i., i dr. voice actor eto pisha i lekarstvo. tashkent, 2016 2. rasulov a. i. storage of vegetables, potatoes and potato products. tashkent "mekhnat" 1995. p. 184-188. 3. sannikova t.a. machulkina v.a. puchkov m.yu. antipenko n.i. vliyanie sposobov pererabotki na https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-03 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=processing%20of%20melon%20fruits%20in%20uzbekistan https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 10-2022 15 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 11-15 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi osnovnoy khimicheskiy sostav produktsii iz dyni // perspektivy razvitiya nauki i obrazovaniya.ch.4. tambov: consulting company yukom, 2015. s. 125128 4. sannikova t.a., ivanova e.i., machulkina v.a., ivanov a.p. pererabotka tovarnogo urojaya i pobochnogo syrya semenovodstva bachchevyx kultur // agrarnaya rossiya. №3. 2007. s. 22-23. 5. sannikova t.a., machulkina v.a. taranova e.s. vliyanie sposobov pererabotki na kachestvo bakchevyx kultur //oroshaemoe zemledelie– sposoby i tekhnologii intensifikatsii.astrakhan:sorokin roman vasilevich, 2013.s. 86-89 6. umbetaev i., makhmadzhanov s.p. bezotkhodnoe proizvodstvo dyney // "nauka i mir" mejdunarodnyi nauchnyi journal, no. 5 (21), 2015, volume 3. st. 132134.). 7. halimova m.o'. development of primary seed production of productive and exportable local melon varieties suitable for soil and climate conditions of khorezm region. report 2021. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-03 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=processing%20of%20melon%20fruits%20in%20uzbekistan https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 04 issue 10-2024 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 1-5 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract in the context of egyptian agriculture, where potato cultivation plays a crucial role in food security and economic stability, the efficiency of planting techniques significantly impacts crop yield and quality. this study presents the design, development, and evaluation of a cutting-edge small potato planter tailored to the unique needs of egyptian farmers. the proposed planter integrates advanced mechanical and technological features to enhance planting precision, reduce labor intensity, and optimize resource use. key innovations include adjustable planting depth, improved seed spacing mechanisms, and a robust yet lightweight construction suited for small to medium-sized farms. field trials demonstrate that the new planter significantly improves planting accuracy and operational efficiency compared to traditional methods. results show a notable increase in crop uniformity and yield, along with reduced planting time and labor costs. this innovation holds promise for transforming potato farming practices in egypt, offering a practical solution to enhance productivity and sustainability in the sector. the study concludes with recommendations for further refinement and widespread adoption of the new planter to support the advancement of egyptian agriculture. keywords potato planter, small-scale agriculture, egyptian farming, planting efficiency, agricultural innovation, crop yield, planting precision, mechanized planting, resource optimization, field trials. research article a cutting-edge small potato planter for improved efficiency in egyptian agriculture submission date: september 21, 2024, accepted date: september 26, 2024, published date: october 01, 2024 ismail z. darwish department of agricultural engineering, king faisal university, saudi arabia riccardo guidetti department of agricultural engineering, king faisal university, saudi arabia journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com volume 04 issue 10-2024 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 1-5 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi introduction potato cultivation is a critical component of egyptian agriculture, contributing significantly to food security and the national economy. despite its importance, traditional planting methods in egypt often face challenges related to efficiency, labor intensity, and resource management. as the demand for high-quality potatoes continues to rise, there is a pressing need to modernize planting techniques to meet both agricultural and economic goals. this study introduces a cutting-edge small potato planter designed to address these challenges and enhance planting efficiency in egyptian agriculture. the new planter represents a significant advancement over conventional methods by incorporating innovative design elements tailored to the specific needs of egyptian farmers. traditional potato planting in egypt typically involves manual labor-intensive processes that can result in inconsistent seed placement and inefficient use of resources. the development of this new planter aims to streamline the planting process through automation and precision engineering, thus reducing the physical labor required and improving overall planting accuracy. key features of the new potato planter include adjustable planting depth, which ensures optimal seed placement for different soil types and crop conditions. additionally, the planter is equipped with advanced seed spacing mechanisms that promote uniform crop growth and higher yields. its robust yet lightweight construction is designed to withstand the challenging conditions of small to medium-sized farms while remaining easy to maneuver and operate. field trials have demonstrated that the new planter not only enhances planting precision but also significantly reduces labor time and operational costs. by improving planting accuracy and efficiency, the planter contributes to increased crop uniformity and higher yield potential, addressing key concerns in potato cultivation. the introduction of this innovative planter aligns with broader efforts to modernize egyptian agriculture, offering a practical solution to enhance productivity and sustainability in the sector. in summary, this study presents a transformative tool for egyptian potato farmers, promising to revolutionize planting practices and contribute to the advancement of agricultural efficiency. the new small potato planter stands as a testament to the potential for technological innovation to address pressing agricultural challenges and support the growth of egypt's vital potato industry. method the development and evaluation of the cutting-edge small potato planter were approached through a comprehensive methodology encompassing design, fabrication, and field testing phases. the primary objective was to create a planter that addresses the specific needs of egyptian agriculture by improving planting efficiency, accuracy, and resource utilization. the design phase involved a thorough analysis of existing planting methods and their limitations. collaborating with agricultural engineers and local farmers, key design criteria were identified, including adjustable planting depth, uniform seed spacing, and durability. the design team utilized computer-aided design (cad) software to model the planter's components and ensure compatibility with the diverse soil types and farming conditions found in egypt. the planter features a modular design to facilitate customization based on field requirements. a key volume 04 issue 10-2024 2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 1-5 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi innovation is the adjustable planting depth mechanism, which allows for precise control over seed placement to optimize germination and growth. this feature was achieved through the integration of a hydraulic system that adjusts the depth settings according to soil conditions. additionally, the planter includes a sophisticated seed spacing system that ensures even distribution of seeds, thereby enhancing crop uniformity and yield potential. for construction, high-quality materials were selected to ensure the planter's robustness and longevity while maintaining a lightweight profile for ease of use. the fabrication process involved advanced manufacturing techniques, including laser cutting and precision welding, to assemble the planter's components. rigorous quality control procedures were implemented to verify that each unit met design specifications and performance standards. field trials were conducted across various farms in egypt to assess the planter's performance under realworld conditions. the testing involved comparing the new planter with traditional planting methods in terms of planting accuracy, labor efficiency, and crop yield. several metrics were used to evaluate performance, including planting depth consistency, seed spacing precision, and operational time. the trials were structured to account for different soil types and environmental conditions, ensuring comprehensive evaluation of the planter's effectiveness. data was collected on planting efficiency, including the time required to complete planting over a specified area and the labor costs associated with its use. crop yield data was gathered to assess the impact of the planter on overall productivity and crop quality. feedback from farmers was also incorporated into the evaluation process. this included user experiences regarding the ease of operation, maintenance requirements, and overall satisfaction with the planter's performance. the feedback was analyzed to identify areas for potential improvements and to validate the planter's suitability for widespread adoption. the collected data was analyzed to determine the planter's impact on planting efficiency and crop yield. statistical methods were employed to compare the performance of the new planter with traditional methods, highlighting improvements in accuracy and efficiency. based on the analysis, further refinements were made to optimize the planter's design and functionality. the methodology for developing and evaluating the cutting-edge small potato planter involved a detailed design process, rigorous fabrication standards, and comprehensive field testing. the results demonstrate that the new planter offers significant advancements over traditional methods, improving planting efficiency, accuracy, and overall crop yield in egyptian agriculture. results the implementation of the cutting-edge small potato planter has yielded promising results, demonstrating substantial improvements in planting efficiency and crop yield for egyptian agriculture. field trials conducted across various farms revealed significant advantages over traditional planting methods. the new planter's advanced features, including adjustable planting depth and precise seed spacing, contributed to enhanced planting accuracy and uniformity. data from the trials indicate that the planter reduced planting time by approximately 30% compared to conventional methods, translating to lower labor costs and increased operational efficiency. the adjustable depth mechanism allowed for optimal seed placement across different soil types, leading to a more consistent volume 04 issue 10-2024 3 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 1-5 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi germination rate and improved crop uniformity. this innovation was particularly beneficial in varying soil conditions, where traditional methods often struggle to maintain consistent planting depth. in terms of crop yield, the new planter demonstrated a 15% increase in average potato yield per hectare compared to fields planted using traditional techniques. this improvement in yield can be attributed to the uniform seed spacing and the precise depth control provided by the planter, which ensured better nutrient uptake and growth conditions for the potatoes. additionally, the feedback from farmers highlighted increased satisfaction with the planter's ease of use and reduced physical strain, further supporting its practical benefits. overall, the results confirm that the cutting-edge small potato planter significantly enhances planting efficiency, reduces labor requirements, and boosts crop yield. the successful integration of advanced design features has positioned this planter as a valuable tool for egyptian farmers, promising to advance agricultural practices and contribute to the sustainability and productivity of potato cultivation in the region. discussion the introduction of the cutting-edge small potato planter represents a significant advancement in agricultural technology, particularly for the context of egyptian farming. the results from field trials underscore the planter's effectiveness in addressing several critical challenges associated with traditional planting methods. by enhancing planting efficiency and accuracy, the new planter offers a practical solution to optimize potato cultivation, which is essential for meeting the growing demands of the agricultural sector in egypt. the reduction in planting time by approximately 30% and the 15% increase in yield per hectare are compelling indicators of the planter's impact. these improvements are largely attributable to the planter's innovative design features, including adjustable planting depth and precise seed spacing. the ability to adapt the depth setting to varying soil conditions ensures that seeds are planted at the optimal depth for germination, which is crucial for achieving uniform crop growth and maximizing yield. the enhanced seed spacing mechanism further contributes to this by preventing overcrowding and ensuring that each plant has sufficient resources to thrive. from a practical standpoint, the planter’s ease of use and reduced labor requirements address common issues faced by egyptian farmers, such as high labor costs and physical strain. the positive feedback from farmers highlights the planter’s user-friendly design and its effectiveness in reducing manual labor, which is a significant advantage given the labor-intensive nature of traditional planting methods. moreover, the successful integration of advanced technologies into the planter’s design suggests a promising direction for future agricultural innovations. the results support the notion that modernizing planting equipment can lead to substantial gains in both efficiency and productivity. however, it is essential to consider the broader implications of adopting such technology, including the cost of implementation and the need for training to ensure effective use. the cutting-edge small potato planter demonstrates considerable potential for transforming potato cultivation in egypt. its ability to improve planting efficiency, enhance crop yield, and reduce labor costs aligns with the broader goals of advancing agricultural practices and supporting sustainable farming. as the volume 04 issue 10-2024 4 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 1-5 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi agricultural sector continues to evolve, innovations such as this planter will play a crucial role in meeting the demands of modern agriculture and fostering growth in key crop sectors. conclusion the development and implementation of the cuttingedge small potato planter mark a significant advancement in egyptian agriculture, addressing key challenges associated with traditional planting methods. this innovative planter, with its adjustable planting depth and precise seed spacing mechanisms, has demonstrated substantial improvements in planting efficiency, crop yield, and overall operational effectiveness. field trials reveal a notable reduction in planting time and labor costs, coupled with a 15% increase in yield per hectare, underscoring the planter's impact on enhancing productivity and resource utilization. the successful integration of advanced design features in the new planter reflects a promising shift towards modernizing agricultural practices in egypt. by reducing the physical demands of planting and optimizing seed placement, the planter not only supports higher crop yields but also contributes to the sustainability and economic viability of potato farming. the positive feedback from farmers further validates the planter's practicality and effectiveness in realworld conditions. in conclusion, this cutting-edge potato planter represents a significant step forward in agricultural technology, offering a valuable tool for egyptian farmers seeking to improve efficiency and productivity. its potential to transform potato cultivation practices aligns with broader goals of advancing agriculture and supporting food security. as technology continues to evolve, innovations like this planter will play a crucial role in meeting the challenges of modern agriculture and fostering sustainable growth in key crop sectors. references 1. agric. st. yearbook (2008). published by egyptian min-istry of agric. 2. altuntas e. (2005), the effects of some operational parame-ters on potato planter’s performance. ama, 36(2): 71-74. 3. buitenwerf h., hoogmoed w.b., lerink p. and müller j.(2006), assessment of the behaviour of potatoes in acup-belt planter. biosystems engineering, 95 (1): 35-41. 4. celik a., ozturk i. and way t.r. (2007), effects of variousplanters on emergence and seed distribution uniformityof sunflower. applied engineering in agriculture vol.23(1): 57-61. 5. gosensive f.g. and ismail z.e. (1985), testing a new de-sign for potato planter model kcm-6. paper ofgorkaveckover. selkhoz aka., bssr 78-85 6. griepentrog h.w. (1998), seed distribution over the area.eurageng. 98-a-059, oslo. 7. hatem s.a., ismail z.e. and aly abo-almged (2002), de-velopment a planter use to plant tuber previously grownbuds. j. agric. sci., mansoura univ. 19 (7): 2321-2343. 8. iritani w.m., thorntaon r., weller l. and leary g.o.(2002), relationships of seed size, spacing, stem num-bers to numbers of yield of russet burbank potatoes. anpotato j., 49: 463-469. 9. ismail z.e. (2004), the first report of project (developingthe metering unite of the pneumatic planter) financedby mansoura university researches unite. 10. james w.c., lawrence c.h. and shih c.s. (1999), yieldlosses due to missing plants in potato crops. am potatoj. 50: 345-352. volume 04 issue 10-2024 5 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 1-5 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 11. karayel d. and ozmerzi a. (2002), effect of tillage meth-ods on sowing uniformity for maize planting. canadianbiosystems engineering 44: 2.23-2.26. volume 03 issue 02-2023 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 02 pages: 01-04 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the article presents the results of studies of various norms of mineral fertilizers, on varieties of spring wheat. varieties adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of the cultivation zone tolerate adverse weather conditions well. the use of mineral fertilizers on such varieties at optimal rates is a promising direction for stabilizing and increasing yields without any special additional costs. keywords spring wheat, seeding rate, yield, growing season, extreme conditions, climate, variety, seeds, mineral fertilizers, karakalpakstan. introduction we know that in modern conditions, agricultural production places high demands on varieties of grain crops. the new variety should be highly profitable, stable yield and high grain quality. in order to increase productivity in a sharply continental climate, as well as to increase the gross grain harvest, it is necessary to research article influence of mineral fertilizers on the harvest of spring wheat varieties submission date: february 01, 2023, accepted date: february 05, 2023, published date: february 10, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue02-01 bekbanov bisenbay arepovich candidate of agricultural sciences, head of the laboratory of the karakalpak scientific research institute of agriculture, uzbekistan nagimetov orakbay candidate of agricultural sciences, project manager of the karakalpak research institute of agriculture, uzbekistan otebaev dauletiyar master of the karakalpak institute of agriculture and agrotechnology, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue02-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=influence%20of%20mineral%20fertilizers%20on%20the%20harvest%20of%20spring%20wheat%20varieties https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue02-01 volume 03 issue 02-2023 2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 02 pages: 01-04 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi introduce new highly productive varieties of spring soft wheat into production. in solving the tasks of the agro-industrial complex to increase the yield and quality of grain of spring soft wheat, an important role is played by the adaptability of the variety to growing conditions, as well as the correct use of mineral fertilizers. it is known that the intensification of agricultural production is associated with a constant increase in the use of mineral fertilizers, primarily nitrogen. the introduction of large doses of nitrogen fertilizers under crops requires the study of migration and leaching, mobile nitrogen compounds in the soil. these issues are also relevant because the introduction of unreasonably high doses of nitrogen, readily soluble forms of nitrogen fertilizers in water, causes the danger of environmental pollution water bodies, rivers, etc. when placing field crops in zones, natural conditions and biological characteristics of plants are taken into account. but the issue of zoning varieties of spring grain crops adapted to certain soil and climatic conditions has not yet found a proper solution. this is primarily due to the lack of spring wheat varieties for different regions and their seed production. the right choice of varieties and a number of other factors, such as tillage and fertilization, sowing, care of crops, timely harvesting, occupy one of the important places for obtaining high-quality crops. the aim of the research was to study the formation of yields of spring soft wheat varieties, when using various doses of mineral fertilizers in the extreme conditions of karakalpakstan. material and method three varieties of spring wheat (semurg, saratovskaya29 and zhanub gavhari) were sown with three norms of mineral fertilizers. the norms of mineral fertilizers were distributed according to the development phases from 30 to 75 kg / ha (active in-va) for top dressing. the size of the plots is 20 m2, in triplicate. the experiment was carried out on a plot of medium salinity (chloride-sulphate), medium loamy soils of the meadow type. in such areas, without prior washing, it is impossible to obtain full-fledged seedlings. before sowing, the soil was washed 2 times. groundwater occurs at a depth of 0.5 to 3.0 meters. the total nitrogen does not exceed 0.12 0.15%. soils are less provided with humus and nitrogen. records and observations were carried out according to the methodology of the state variety testing of agricultural crops (1989). yield data were processed by the analysis of variance according to dospekhov (1989). results. to obtain high yields, plants must be provided with the necessary living conditions in certain combinations and quantities at each stage of growth and development. as can be seen from the data obtained, the cultivars started the booting phase with a difference of 5-6 days between cultivars. thus, the plants of the zhanub gavkhari variety, against the background of p70k50, where 30 kg were applied for plowing, and 60 kg of nitrogen during tillering, started the booting phase on april 27, the saratovskaya variety on may 29, and the semurg variety on may 4. these varieties, at a rate of mineral fertilizers of 210 kg/ha, started the booting phase on april 28, may 7 and may 4, respectively. depending on external conditions, the duration of the ripening phases differs in different varieties in different ways. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue02-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=influence%20of%20mineral%20fertilizers%20on%20the%20harvest%20of%20spring%20wheat%20varieties https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants volume 03 issue 02-2023 3 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 02 pages: 01-04 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi as the data show, against the background of p70k50, where 30 kg were applied for plowing, and 60 kg of nitrogen were applied for tillering and ploughing, the plants of the zhanub gavhari variety reached maturity on june 20, the saratovskaya variety 29 june 28, and the semurg variety 24june. excessive standing density can also cause a decrease in grains per ear and a grain weight of one ear and a weight of 1000 grains. on the other hand, grain crops are able to some extent to compensate for the low density of standing, the increased number of grains and the mass of grain of one ear. variety saratovskaya 29, with the introduction of 150 kg of nitrogen against the background of p70k50, a crop of 27.5 was obtained; zhanub gavhari 22.6; semurg 25.3c/ha. with an increase in the doses of fertilizers up to 210 kg/ha, a crop was obtained from saratovskaya-29 38.4; zhanub gavhari 32.5; semurg 35.0 q/ha. discussion as a rule, in the field, depending on the weather and agricultural practices, there are significant differences in the yield of wheat over the years. comparative assessment of the development of spike productivity elements in varieties of spring soft wheat will make it possible to identify varieties or groups of varieties that compare favorably with others in terms of the balance of development of productivity elements. the number of spikelets of an ear, as is known, depends on the length of the ear, as well as on the distance between them on the stem. according to the number of nongrained spikelets, significant varietal differences were observed, which was a consequence of unfavorable conditions during the period of flowering and the formation of grains. wheat requires a longer day to enter the generative phase. plants in this phase react significantly to the lack of water, nutrients, especially nitrogen. in solving the problems of increasing the yield and grain quality of spring soft wheat, an important role is played by the adaptability of the variety to growing conditions [1]. the largest reserve for increasing grain production, which ensures the sustainable development of the grain economy, is the use of mineral fertilizers. calculations show that in the future, about 40% of the increase in the gross grain harvest will be provided due to this reserve [2]. fertilizers applied to the soil cannot be fully used by plants, since some of them are assimilated by microorganisms, washed out, or transferred into a form that is inaccessible or difficult to access for plants [3]. nitrogen fertilizers promote the development of vegetative organs, increase tillering energy and protein content in grain. when compiling a fertilizer system, special attention is paid not only to the total amount of nutrients, but also to the distribution of fertilizers according to the timing and methods of application [4]. the average yield of a variety under stressful conditions characterizes the genetic flexibility of the variety [5]. the higher this indicator, the higher the degree of correspondence between the variety genotype and various environmental factors. conclusion proper feeding of plants in the phases of development is of great importance. also, the choice of placement and density of plants on the field, on which normal growth and development, as well as productivity, depends. and so, the targeted selection of varieties https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue02-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=influence%20of%20mineral%20fertilizers%20on%20the%20harvest%20of%20spring%20wheat%20varieties https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants volume 03 issue 02-2023 4 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 02 pages: 01-04 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi that are well adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of the cultivation zone, as well as the use of mineral fertilizers in optimal norms, is a promising direction for stabilizing and increasing yields without any special additional costs. in conditions of insufficient and unstable moisture, local varieties, as more adapted to the conditions of the zone, form a high yield, and in drought conditions, they are distinguished by large, leveled grains with good performance. one of these areas is a variety adapted to the conditions of its cultivation. references 1. дворникова, е. и. урожайность сортов яровой мягкой пшеницы в зависимости от агрометеорологических условий возделывания / е. и. дворникова, с. в. жаркова, а. в. нечаева. – текст: непосредственный // вестник алтайского государственно-го аграрного университета. – 2019. – № 6 (176). – с. 5-10. 2. степанов н.с. действие и последействие мочевины на урожай и качества зерна пшеницы. //агробиология, № 3. 3. смирнова–иконникова м.и., веселова е.п. влияние биологических стимуляторов роста на урожай растений. тр. по прикладной ботанике, генетике и селекции, 29,вып.3 4. райт х. влияние условий питания в ранний период формирования урожая. в сб. «биологические основы повышения качества семян сельскохозяйственных растений» м.: «наука» 1964, 185 с. 5. пакудин в.з., лопатина л.м. оценка экологической пластичности и стабильности сортов сельскохозяйственных культур. // сельскохозяйственная биология,1984.№ 4.с. 103–113. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue02-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=influence%20of%20mineral%20fertilizers%20on%20the%20harvest%20of%20spring%20wheat%20varieties https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants volume 04 issue 10-2024 28 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 28-32 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the article provides information on the economic importance of bivalve molluscs and measures to preserve their biodiversity. keywords anthropogenic, biodiversity, severity. abiotic, shell mollusk, density, river, temperature. introduction in the world, as representatives of macrozoobenthos susceptible to abiotic and anthropogenic influences, special attention is paid to identification of species composition, assessment of distribution and involvement in production of molluscs. in this regard, among other things, mollusk species in continental water ecosystems were inventoried, an international database of their registration was created, and economically effective species were introduced into production networks. it should be said that the viability of bivalve mollusk species, which have historically formed in large water bodies in arid regions, is research article the influence of aquatic environmental factors of the sanzzordarya coast on the variability of the weight and shells of biphalled molluscs submission date: october 20, 2024, accepted date: october 25, 2024, published date: october 30, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue10-06 a.a. azamkulov assistant, jizzakh polytechnic institute, jizzakh, uzbekistan yusupov shake associate professor, university of south kazakhstan named after m.avezov, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue10-06 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue10-06 volume 04 issue 10-2024 29 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 28-32 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi particularly dependent on the change in the seasonal hydrological regime and physico-chemical properties of river waters. in recent years, the reduction of the size of the river saturation source, the creation of artificial water ecosystems, and the expansion of agriculture provide a change in the species composition of the malacfauna distributed in seasonal or non-stagnant water bodies, the loss of most species, and the expansion of the range of newly adapted invasive representatives that are not typical for the area. it should be noted that the accidental introduction of new bivalve mollusk species into water bodies under the influence of the human factor determines the transformation or crisis of historically formed malacafauna communities. accordingly, it is of great scientific and practical importance to assess the current state of bivalve mollusk species in aquatic ecosystems, identify populations of communities prone to crisis, and develop recommendations for the introduction of economically important species into practice. existing inland waters in the territory of uzbekistan are important for irrigating land, soil formation, and plant development. they provide water to industrial enterprises of the national economy, irrigate crops and in household life is important. protection of the nature and natural resources of uzbekistan rational use of fossil resources necessary for humans, keeping water and air clean, protecting soils from erosion, preserving and restoring flora and fauna in their natural state, and preserving beautiful places such as waterfalls, springs, etc. includes. [7] ditch waters also have an impact on the pollution of uzbekistan's water bodies. because the water from the ditch brings all kinds of dissolved salts, solutions of various poisonous chemicals sprayed on cotton and other crops to the rivers, as a result it pollutes the water. in order to prevent the sangzor river from being polluted by sewage, it is necessary to stop dumping it into rivers, ditches or reservoirs as much as possible. hydrabionts are a good indicator of water quality in sangzor river water ecosystems. in 1920, i. kolkvits, r. maresson classified water according to pollution. according to the information of the committee of ecology and environmental protection of the republic of uzbekistan, there are clean, moderately polluted and dirty waters on the sangzor river bank. [8] the middle stream was analyzed in the region of ghallaorol (sangzor village) and the downstream region after the city of jizzakh (khairabad village). the content of o2 in the gallaorol area (sangzor village) of the middle stream is 4.9±1.1 mg/l, oil and oil products are 0.04±0.02 mg/l, and the level of mineralization is 884±62 mg/l. the weight of the 5-year-old sinanodonta gibba type is 380 grams, the length of the shell is 146±3.1, the height of the shell is 68±2.1, the convexity of the shell is 74±2.6; the weight of corbiculina volume 04 issue 10-2024 30 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 28-32 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi ferghanensis is 3.1 grams, the length of the shell is 21.5±2.3, the height of the shell is 18±2.4, and the convexity of the shell is 12±1.1. since this area is located in the middle part of the river, hydrochemical indicators of water did not exceed rem. the content of o2 in the water near the village of khairabad located in the lower part of the river is 5.7±1.0 mg/l. and the abundance of this amount in the middle stream may be related to the abundance of algae in the downstream, besides, in the downstream, oil and oil products are 0.06±0.01 mg/l, mineralization level is 1014±42 mg/l, and 5-year-old sinanodonta gibba species weight 312 grams, shell length 131±3.1, shell height 57±2.1, shell convexity 65±2.2, corbiculina ferghanensis species weight 2.4 grams, shell length 17.5±1.6, shell height 14.9±1.3, shell swelling is 9.4±1.0. in this area, the hydrochemical indicators of the waters showed that they were higher than the permissible level. effect on weight and shell variability of bivalve molluscs (n=10, m2/piece) koʻrsatkichlar oʻrta oqim gʻallaorol (sangzor q.) hududi populyatsiyasi. o2 4,9±1,6 m/g (rem k-4 yo6), nyeft va neft maxsulotlari 0,04±0,02 mg/l (0,05), minerallanishi 884±62 m/g (1000) quyi oqimi jizzax shaxridan oʻtgach (xayrobod q.) hududi populyatsiyasi. o2 5,7±0,9 m/g (rem k-4 yo6), nyeft va neft maxsulotlari 0,06±0,01 mg/l (0,05), minerallanishi 1014±43 m/g (1000) sinanodonta gibba mollyuskalar ogʻirligi, g 380±9,4 312±8,9 chigʻanoq uzuligi, mm 146±3,1 131±3,1 chigʻanoq balandligi, mm 68±2,1 54±2,1 chigʻanoq qabariqligi, mm 74±2,6 65±2,2 corbiculina ferghanensis mollyuskalar ogʻirligi, g 3,1±0,6 2,4±0,3 chigʻanoq uzuligi, mm 21,5±2,3 17,5±1,6 chigʻanoq balandligi, mm 18±2,4 14,9±1,3 chigʻanoq qabariqligi, mm 12±1,1 9,4±1,0 volume 04 issue 10-2024 31 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 28-32 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the hydrochemical indicators of the water are oil and oil products, the level of mineralization is not higher than rem, and the water temperature, flow speed, and clarity are favorable for bivalve molluscs. near the gallaorol region (sangzor village), the weight, shell length, height and bubble growth of molluscs are high. was determined. after the city of jizzakh downstream (khairabad district), oil and oil products in the water, the level of mineralization is higher than rem, pollution of water environment factors, the weight of bivalve molluscs, the length, height, and bubble growth of the shell have a certain limiting effect on the growth of the shells, the size of the shells. was observed to be small. the species found in the coastal water ecosystems of the sangzor river were grouped into catarophilic living in clean water, oligosaprobic in moderately polluted waters, and mesasprobic in polluted waters. we propose to implement protective measures in order to preserve the populations of the species distributed in the springs, springs, rivers and reservoirs of the coastal water ecosystems of the sangzor river. references 1. andreev n.i., andreeva s.i., babushkin ye.s. fauna i raspredeleniye dvu stvorchatyx molluskov (bivalvia) v basseyne r. maly yugan (srednee priobye) // ruthenica. ‒ 2016. ‒ vol. 26. ‒ no. 3–4. ‒ p. 191–201. 2. boymurodov h., egamkulov a., otakulov b., bobomurodov z.a. "ecological groups of bivalve molluscs of the family unionidae and corbiculidae distributed in the tuyatortar channel". proceedings of the international scientific-practical conference on "problems and solutions of the introduction of innovative technologies in the field of engineering communication" part ii. samarkand, 2020. pp. 106-108. 3. boymurodov h., izzatullaev z., suyarov s., otakulov b., khojiev m., bobomurodov z., turekhanov f. " economic importance and protection of endemic, rare and scarce bivalves of the zeravshan river.” current problems of ecology and environmental management, collection of scientific papers of the international scientific and practical conference. in three volumes volume 1 moscow, april-september 2020 moscow, 2020. 48-52 bet. 4. boymurodov x. t., izzatullayev z., egamkulov a., otakulov b., xojiyev m., bobomurodov z. sovremennoye sostoyaniye populyatsii colletopterum bactrianum rolle 1897 v vodoyemax uzbekistana bulletin of science and practice scientific journal.volume 6, issue 1. t. 6. №1. 2020. 21-27 s. 5. boymurodov x., jumaboyev b., xasanov n., “populyatsii dvuxfaznыx mollyuskov semeystv unionidae i corbiculidae vshurkulskom vodoxraniliщa”. volume 04 issue 10-2024 32 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 28-32 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 6. teoreticheskiye i prakticheskiye osnovы nauchnogo progressa v sovremennom obщestve sbornik statey mejdunarodnoy nauchnoprakticheskoy konferensii 10-oktyabrya. – moskva, 2020 g. 8-9 bet. boymurodov h.t., mardonova f., normurodov d. biodiversity and distribution of bivalve molluscs on the banks of the zarafshan river // sustainable development in the industrialized regions of uzbekistan. a collection of materials of the republican scientific-practical conference on the topic of 2. navoi, 2019.74-77 bю volume 04 issue 09-2024 19 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 09 pages: 19-24 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract one of the most convenient ways to increase soil fertility is siderate crops. they enrich the soil with organic matter, increase the activity of microorganisms in the soil and enrich the soil with necessary nutrients due to biomass. keywords siderate crops, organic fertilizers, trace elements, rapeseed, vetch, radish, leguminous crops. introduction there are many ways to increase soil fertility, and siderate crops are considered the best. green manures are planted in order to enrich the soil with organic matter and nitrogen. this type of crops is an economically useful and ecologically safe source of soil enrichment with organic fertilizers. they fundamentally improve the properties of the soil, the activity of microorganisms in the soil, prevent erosion and salinity, and increase the quality of the product. the effectiveness of planting siderate crops is close to the effectiveness of manure. the green mass of this type of crops is rich in nitrogen, protein, starch, sugar and various microelements. unique nodular bacteria are formed in the roots of any plant, they absorb free nitrogen from the air and play an important role in increasing soil fertility. but if the siderates remain on the ground for a long time without being harvested in time, its coarse stem becomes a source of viral and fungal diseases without rotting well under the soil. when the ground covered by the siderate plant is turned over, the green mass can oversaturate the soil with nitrogen. as a result, the next crop cannot digest it and begins to burn. for this reason, you should not wait until siderat crops begin to ripen. in order to avoid research article effects of siderate crops on soil biomass and fertility submission date: sep 20, 2024, accepted date: sep 25, 2024, published date: sep 30, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue09-04 khaitboyeva nodira alimkulovna gulistan state university, graduate student, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue09-04 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue09-04 volume 04 issue 09-2024 20 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 09 pages: 19-24 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi such a situation, it is necessary to determine the expected yield before planting siderate crops. also, before planting, it is necessary to study the agrotechnical characteristics of siderat crops well. these types of plants include rapeseed, oats, triticale, rye and others. according to e.v.shatskikh, d.m.galiev, i.v.rogozinnikova, a.n.masliuk [7], the inclusion of perennial legumes in the crop rotation system has a positive effect on the biological activity in the soil. the number of microorganisms in the soil increases, the decomposition of plant residues improves, soil fertility increases. v.s.polous, s.p.stepanov, l.o.prokopova, s.n.osaulenko [13] analyzed the work carried out on the use of organic mineral fertilizers, microorganisms and resource-saving technologies to stabilize the biological activity of the soil. as a result of cultivation and irrigation, the irrigated gray-meadow soils of the mirzachol oasis have gone through various evolutionary stages and have their own properties and characteristics [5,6,8-11]. increasing the soil fertility in saline areas, using it as a drain will lead to a decrease in the level of seepage water in cultivated areas, and an improvement in soil reclamation [1,2,3,4,12]. one of the main activities in increasing soil fertility by improving soil properties is the use of intercrops as siderates. the application of green manures enriches the soil with organic matter, improves its general physical properties and enhances microbiological processes, and leads to an increase in the amount of nitrogen and mobile phosphorus in the plowed layer of the soil. green manures have a positive effect on the state of the soil aggregate, volume mass, water permeability, soil moisture and temperature, the amount of nutrients and many other properties. table 1 amount of biomass remaining under the influence of siderates, t/ha (2023-2024 years) № options 2023 year 2024 year average 1 without controlsiderate 0 0 0 2 rapeseed 17,2 16,6 16,9 3 vika 13,4 16,8 15,1 4 radish 15,8 15,5 15,6 5 oats 14,4 15,9 15,1 siderate crops increase soil biomass, as a result, soil fertility increases, microbiological processes accelerate, and the amount of humus increases. the average biomass in the areas planted with siderate crops (2023-2024) was 15.1-16.9 t/ha. in the volume 04 issue 09-2024 21 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 09 pages: 19-24 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi experimental field, the highest biomass was observed in the rapeseed plant, 16.9 t/ha (table 1). planting siderate crops is one of the best ways to improve soil fertility, but it is not widely used. green manures are important in enriching the soil with organic matter and thereby improving the physical properties of the soil. in the experimental options, when studying the condition of soil volume weight before planting and after siderates, we observed that the volume weight of the soil of the experimental area is equal to 1.36-1.41 g/cm3 on average, and after planting siderates, the soil volume weight changed to 1.26-1.33 g/cm3 possible among the experimental variants, the best volume weight difference change can be seen in the radish plant variant of 0.11% (table 2). table 2 changes in soil volume weight under the influence of siderates (2023-2024 years) т/р experience options layer depth, cm volume weight, g/cm3 before planting after siderates difference (±) 1 without controlsiderate 0-30 1,32 30-50 1,41 2 rapeseed 0-30 1,36 1,28 0,08 30-50 1,39 1,31 0,08 3 vika 0-30 1,38 1,29 0,09 30-50 1,41 1,31 0,10 4 radish 0-30 1,37 1,26 0,11 30-50 1,39 1,28 0,11 5 oats 0-30 1,38 1,31 0,07 30-50 1,39 1,33 0,06 volume 04 issue 09-2024 22 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 09 pages: 19-24 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi siderate crops also affect the physical and physicalmechanical properties of the soil. the physical properties of the soil are improved, the porosity of the soil increases, as a result, the volume mass of the soil decreases.in the experiment, we can see that the soil porosity in the 0-30 cm layer of siderate planted areas before planting was 49.26-51.41%, and after planting siderate crops, we can see that the porosity in the fields of experimental options increased to 52.3654.67%. (table 3). table 3 changes in soil porosity under the influence of siderates (2023-2024 years) т/р experience options layer depth, cm general porosity, % before planting after siderates difference (±) 1 without controlsiderate 0-30 47,4 30-50 45,6 2 rapeseed 0-30 49,82 52,77 2,95 30-50 50,71 53,55 2,84 3 vika 0-30 51,41 54,58 3,17 30-50 51,21 54,67 3,46 4 radish 0-30 49,26 53,33 4,07 30-50 49,64 53,62 3,99 5 oats 0-30 49,82 52,36 2,55 30-50 50,18 52,33 2,15 conclusion in conclusion, it can be said that siderate crops such as rapeseed, vetch, radish, oats planted in the volume 04 issue 09-2024 23 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 09 pages: 19-24 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi experimental options have a positive effect on several properties of the soil. in this case, we can see that the highest biomass of the soil is accumulated in the rapeseed plant, on average 16.9 t/ha, and the physical properties of the soil are improved, having a positive effect on the soil volume weight and soil porosity. the best index of soil density was observed in radish plant, which was 1.37 g/cm3 in khaydov layer before planting, and 1.26 g/cm3 after siderates. the difference in the change of soil porosity under the effect of siderates is around 2.15-4.07%, and the best porosity is 3.99-4.07% observed in siderate of radish plant. in general, the use of siderate crops as green manure improves the general physical properties of the soil, reduces soil salinity, their roots serve as drainage, reduces the amount of tillage, weeds, diseases and insects, softens the soil, prevents erosion and improves soil fertility with other positive properties increases. references 1. kholboev b . amount of easily soluble salts in water, type and level of salinity in irrigated meadow-gray soils of zomin cone spread and its effect on soil melioration. texas journal of agriculture and biological sciences issn no: 27718840 https://zienjournals.com 30-11-2022. p 122126crops with mineralized water. american journal of biomedical science pharmaceutical innovation.4(01),71–75.2024. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/volume04issue01-11 2. kholboev b., japakov n., rakhmonov i., akhunboboyev m., oblokhlov m. formation, morphology and mechanical composition of meadow-alluvial soils in the jizzakh desert. bio web of conferences 105, 05001 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202410505001 aegisd-iv 2024 p 3. kholboev b., khujabekova d., esanbaeva n., nurulayeva sh. assessment of land reclamation condition of mirzachol. web of agriculture: journal of agriculture and biological sciences,2(5), 1–6., 2024. retrieved from https://webofjournals.com/index.php/8/article/vie w/1295 4. kholboyev b.e. (2024). reasons for changes in the soil-air regime as a result of irrigation of crops with mineralized water. american journal of biomedical science & pharmaceutical innovation, 4(01), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/volume 04 issue 0111 5. musurmanova m.m. turdimetov sh.m. siderat ekinlarni ekishda begona o’tlarning tarqalishini oldini olish va ularga qarshi agrotexnik kurashish choralari. // o‘zbekistonda fanlararo innovatsiyalar va ilmiy tadqiqotlar jurnali. 2024. 28-son. b. 72-75. 6. musurmanova m.m. turdimetov sh.m. sideratlarining tuproq unumdorligini oshirishidagi ahamiyati. // pedagog respublika ilmiy jurnali. 2024. 7 – tom, 3 – son. b. 95-97. 7. shatskikh e.v., galiev d.m., rogozinnikova i.v., masliuk a.n. biological activity of soil and rates of decomposition of plant residues. // international transaction journal of engineering management. & applied sciences & technologies. 2020. pp. 1-13 8. turdimetov sh., esonboyeva n. mirzaobod tumani gidromorf tuproqlarinig xossalari. eurasian journal of technology and innovation. volume 1, issue 5, may 2023. pp 81-85 9. turdimetov sh., esonboyeva n. mirzaobod tumani tuproqlarining meliorativ holati. международный научно-образовательный электронный журнал «образование и наука в xxi веке». выпуск №37 (том 3) (апрель, 2023). c. 67-73 10. turdimetov sh., khudoyberdiyeva z., tadjibayev a. quality assessment of gypsum soils of mirzachol volume 04 issue 09-2024 24 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 09 pages: 19-24 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi oasis. journal of population therapeutics and clinical pharmacology, 2023. 30(12), pp. 295–301 11. turdimetov sh., musurmanova m. properties of soils located in different geomorphological conditions. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations. volume 02 issue 11-2022. pp 01-06. 12. намазов х.к., халбаев б.э., кораханова ю.х. современное состояние почв зааминхавастского конуса выноса и их основные свойства. научное обозрение. биологические науки. – 2019. – № 4 – c. 20-25 13. полоус в.с., степанов с.п., прокопова л.о., осауленко с.н. возможности стабилизации биологической активности почвы при использовании органических, минеральных удобрений, микроорганизмов и ресурсосберегающих обработок. //-ж. успехи современного еестествознания. № 1, 2023. с. 1320. volume 02 issue 08-2022 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 08 pages: 01-05 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the article hihglights effectiveness of the introduction of innovative technologies to the land resources inventory. in particular, presented the results of the study on the example of substantiating the results of the inventory of agricultural land in the andijan region by using the portal "yer axborot tizimi". keywords land inventory, field survey, portal, agriculture, irrigated land. introduction production of additional copies (reproduction) of land inventory materials for legal entities and individuals is carried out at their expense in agreement with the customer. the inventory of land within the boundaries of the administrative district is carried out from time to time due to the significant accumulation of changes in land and land use boundaries, location, condition and character. research article improving the use of "land information system" portal information in the transfer of irrigated lands submission date: august 03, 2022, accepted date: august 10, 2022, published date: august 19, 2022 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue08-01 saidmuhammad ibrokhimov unior researcher of the state scientific and design institute “uzdavyerloyikha” journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue08-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=improving%20the%20use%20of%20%22land%20information%20system%22%20portal%20information%20in%20the%20transfer%20of%20irrigated%20lands https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=improving%20the%20use%20of%20%22land%20information%20system%22%20portal%20information%20in%20the%20transfer%20of%20irrigated%20lands https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue08-01 volume 02 issue 08-2022 2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 08 pages: 01-05 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi pursuant to the decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no.5006 of february 24, 2021, targeted projects are being implemented on the basis of public-private partnership conditions for digitalization of agricultural land, effective use and control of crop conditions, introduction of modern information and communication technologies in agricultural land monitoring. in order to implement it, it is proposed to create a framework for agricultural land users of andijan region on the "land information system" portal (pictures 1, 2) [1]. figure 1. access to the " land information system" portal research methodology preparatory work for land transfer (inventory) includes collection, study and systematization of the following land cadastral documents: geoportal is a web portal that displays and provides access to geographic information through web services. land information system portal created by r.a. turaev. the land information data on the borders of administrative territorial units in our republic, the borders of regions, districts, massifs, neighborhoods, as well as the borders of agricultural producers and the borders of land parcels, land area contours are digitized, changes are made in time and is being improved. through this portal, it performs the tasks of updating online the complete information about the precise activity of land users and the limits of newly established land uses, placing the monitoring results on the plan of agricultural crop placement and its actual planting on the "land information system" portal. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue08-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=improving%20the%20use%20of%20%22land%20information%20system%22%20portal%20information%20in%20the%20transfer%20of%20irrigated%20lands https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=improving%20the%20use%20of%20%22land%20information%20system%22%20portal%20information%20in%20the%20transfer%20of%20irrigated%20lands https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 08-2022 3 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 08 pages: 01-05 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi figure 2. directions that can be used from the "land information system" portal a new "r-gis" (real geoinformation system) program was created using the "land information system" portal. in particular, "r-gis" provides a number of advantages for the users of the program. in particular, the fact that this platform is provided with photos taken on the basis of the sentinel-2 spacecraft and unmanned aerial vehicles further expands the possibilities. analysis and results in particular, land users monitor the vegetation process of crops in their agricultural fields through the "r-gis" platform. it can be seen that agriculture can take the necessary measures in the weak points identified in the cultivated areas. the main advantages of this program are: 1) the data obtained from drones about agricultural land and crops has a resolution of 10 cm pixels, which allows to provide high-resolution updated information; 2) enables rapid analysis of data obtained on the basis of satellite images of agricultural lands and drones; 3) accelerates the process of creating digital maps in the section of agricultural land users; 4) through a mobile application, it is possible to view information about land users and their cultivated areas online; 5) users will be able to receive recommendations to eliminate problems identified in the fields. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue08-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=improving%20the%20use%20of%20%22land%20information%20system%22%20portal%20information%20in%20the%20transfer%20of%20irrigated%20lands https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=improving%20the%20use%20of%20%22land%20information%20system%22%20portal%20information%20in%20the%20transfer%20of%20irrigated%20lands https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 08-2022 4 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 08 pages: 01-05 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi figure 3. the process of using an unmanned aerial vehicle during surveillance at a research facility the main goals and objectives of the program: 1. online updating of complete information about land users and the limits of new externalized land uses and data analysis for rational use of land; 2. the illegal and other uses of agricultural irrigated land areas are constantly entered in "r-gis" and proposals and recommendations are developed; 3. pictures taken from drones are constantly included in the program; 4. hydrographic objects such as ditches, ditches, pumps and roads are fully digitized and entered into the program on the "r-gis" online platform; 5. in the "r-gis" program, a land database classifier will be developed by entering the normative value data of all agricultural producers of the republic. figure 4. a comparison of the proposed program and the conventional method in the transfer of irrigated land https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue08-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=improving%20the%20use%20of%20%22land%20information%20system%22%20portal%20information%20in%20the%20transfer%20of%20irrigated%20lands https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=improving%20the%20use%20of%20%22land%20information%20system%22%20portal%20information%20in%20the%20transfer%20of%20irrigated%20lands https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 08-2022 5 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 08 pages: 01-05 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi conclusion land inventory is a set of land preparation activities aimed at clarifying information about land plots, which are carried out to obtain information about their quantity and quality. land surveying (inventory) consists of determining the location of land management objects, their boundaries, determining whether they are used or not, whether they are used for effective use or for other purposes, and cases of land plots being used for non-targeted purposes, and other features related to land resources. with the help of the "land information system" portal, andijan region provides the results of the inventory of agricultural lands, the high accuracy of agricultural land transfer works. references 1. resolution pq-5006 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated february 24, 2021 "on additional measures to improve the system of use and protection of agricultural land". 2. enemark s., williamson i., wallace j. building modern land administration systems in developed economies. spatial science vol.50, no. 2, december 2005. 3. v.yu. malochkin. development of a methodology for conducting an inventory of agricultural land using gis. international agricultural journal, 2019. 4. denisova, ev. (2020). application of modern technologies in land inventory. scientific and agronomic journal.1(108). 10-14. 5. malochkin. v.yu., gorbachev s.yu. gis as an important tool for the inventory of agricultural land. international journal of applied sciences and technologies "integral" №2(2) 2019. 93-96 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue08-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=improving%20the%20use%20of%20%22land%20information%20system%22%20portal%20information%20in%20the%20transfer%20of%20irrigated%20lands https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=improving%20the%20use%20of%20%22land%20information%20system%22%20portal%20information%20in%20the%20transfer%20of%20irrigated%20lands https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 10-2022 20 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 20-23 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract anthrax (latin febris carbunculosa; english anthrax; russian sibirskaya yazva) is an acute and extremely dangerous infectious disease, characterized by septicemia, severe poisoning and the formation of carbuncles, all types of agriculture it infects domestic, domestic, and wild animals, and it is easily transmitted to humans mainly through animals. keywords epizootic, infection, pathogen, infectious process, infectious disease, mutualism, immunoreactivity, protein, reservoir, zoonosis, zooanthroponosis, anthroponosis, susceptible organism, types of infection, alimentary infection, exogenous infection, dust infection, endogenous infection, virulence, transmissible path, horizontal path, vertical path, antigen, heterogeneous antigens, epitope, antibody, immune factors. introduction research article history of the origin of anthrax disease and methods of its study submission date: october 01, 2022, accepted date: october 05, 2022, published date: october 12, 2022 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-05 a. s. menliev termez institute of agrotechnologies and innovative development (v.f.f.d), uzbekistan u. bobomurodov assistant of termez institute of agrotechnologies and innovative development, uzbekistan f. amanov 4th grade student of termez agrotechnologies and innovative development institute, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-05 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=history%20of%20the%20origin%20of%20anthrax%20disease%20and%20methods%20of%20its%20study https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-05 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-05 volume 02 issue 10-2022 21 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 20-23 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi historical information. long before christ, the disease was called "persian fire", and ancient greek scientists called it "divine fire". hippocrates, ibn sina, homers also called this disease "burning coal". large epizootics of the disease were observed in europe, america, asia and africa during the middle ages and the next 200 years. the russian scientist a. eshke in 1758 and n. nozhevshikov in 1762 gave the name sibirskaya yazva (anthrax) to animals and humans in siberia. in 17861789, s. s. andrievskii discovered that this disease is contagious, and in 1788 he contaminated himself with the blood of a sick animal, became seriously ill, and proved that the symptoms and course of the disease are the same in animals and humans. i. peterson and n. f. gamaleya reported on the transmission of the pathogen by blood-sucking insects from one animal to another. in 1849, german scientist pollender, in 1850, french scientists rayne, daven were the first to see the causative agent isolated from dead animals. in 1876, r. koch really isolated the causative agent of the disease and proved that it produces spores. in 1877, askole created a method for determining the disease in the precipitation reaction (pr-askole reaction). in 1881, l. pasteur from a weakened pathogen, and in 1883, l.s. senkovsky created a live vaccine against anthrax. in 1944, n.n. sti (sanitary technical institute) by ginsburg, gnki in 1956 and s.g. in 1991-1992. kolesov, n.a. mikhailov yu. borisovich (vniivvim) created a vaccine from the bacillus form 55 strain of the anthrax pathogen. according to s. g. kolesov and g. i. romanov (1976), anthrax caused great damage to animals and killed many people in ancient rome in 463-452 bc. in the same source, 163 years before christ, this disease was brought to italy from gaul with woolen fabrics, and anthrax was reported in several european countries in finland in 1758 and 1774, in switzerland in 1774, in russia in the 70s of the 18th century, in france in 1912, and in germany in 1926 in poland, it is written that it spread in saxony. in order to prevent anthrax, vaccination against it is required. for this, all susceptible animals (calves 1 time from 3 months of age, 2 times after 6 months and large cattle of all ages 1 time in a dose of 1 ml every year, lambs, goats 1 time from 3 months of age) times, 2 times after 6 months and large sheep-goats of all ages 1 time in a dose of 0.5 ml and pigs also in a dose of 1 ml from the age of 3 months) and large pigs of all ages every year it is injected subcutaneously in a dose of 1 ml once. it is necessary to vaccinate all susceptible animals, taking into account their fatness and physiological condition, every year in the risk areas for anthrax. thin, sick and hypovitaminosis animals should not be vaccinated against anthrax, calves, lambs and piglets should be vaccinated as soon as they are 3 months old. vaccinated animals can be slaughtered after 14 days. the main attention of veterinary specialists should be focused on the control of anthrax outbreaks, slaughtering of animals, especially forced slaughtering, and educational work on this disease among the population. dead animals must be burned and disposed of quickly, the place where it lies must be disinfected, and the slaughtered animal and its products must undergo veterinary control. transportation and processing of animals and their products should always be under the supervision of a specialist. timely cleaning of farms from manure and neutralization of manure, current disinfection, disinsection and deratization, and keeping pastures, drinking water, places where animals gather, roads https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-05 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=history%20of%20the%20origin%20of%20anthrax%20disease%20and%20methods%20of%20its%20study https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 10-2022 22 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 20-23 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi where they are driven clean, fence around the farm when entering it, arrange a dezobarrier, a sanitary conduit, do not allow strangers and animals to enter the farm, provide all employees with special clothes, shoes, face wash, and disinfectants, newly purchased animals must be tested for anthrax taking them from the farm, keeping them under preventive control for 1 month, introducing only vaccinated animals to the farm will help prevent anthrax. not to introduce animals from other farms and settlements to the farm without the permission of a veterinary specialist, and to ensure that animals are not transferred from one place to another in the farm; to take purchased animals from a farm healthy for this disease, to keep the imported animals in preventive quarantine for 30 days, during that period to serologically check them for brucellosis and to add only brucellosis seronegative animals to the herd; do not mix livestock belonging to the farm and the population with other animals, even in the pasture, at the common watering place; feeding calves with pasteurized milk, regular disinfection, disinsection and deratization of the farm, providing nutritious feed to all species of animals on the farm, scheduled diagnostic inspection. as soon as the initial diagnosis of this disease is made among susceptible animals in a farm, herd, herd, settlement or other enterprise, the veterinary specialist immediately informs the district veterinary department and the sanitary epidemiology control officer about it. as soon as a laboratory diagnosis of anthrax disease is detected among animals in a farm, herd or settlement, the district veterinary department writes a report on this situation, and on this basis, the farm, herd or settlement is quarantined by the decision of the district (city) mayor. the body temperature of the animals in the furnace is measured and the animals are divided into 3 groups (sick, suspected and conditionally healthy). sick animals are treated, healthy ones are vaccinated. milk from healthy but suspected infected animals is boiled, and milk from sick animals is discarded. unhealthy and dangerous areas should be defined in the approval of the anthrax control action plan and farm health measures. according to quarantine requirements, the following are prohibited: to remove the animal, its products (meat, milk, fat, skin, wool, horns, hooves), feed (hay, grain), vehicles from the quarantine area, and to enter the above-mentioned persons and strangers into this area; slaughtering an animal, cutting open a dead animal, skinning it, grouping or replacing animals, carrying out surgical operations; organization of flea markets, exhibitions, sports events in the settlement; drinking water from a common place. production of meat, milk, dairy products, leather, wool, hooves from the farm; use of sick animal milk, slaughter for meat. a dezobarrier and a 24/7 guard post will be organized during the health care activities. buildings where animals are kept are disinfected daily. a dead animal is cremated. residual hay, manure and other waste are burned. a separate person is assigned to care for the sick and he is provided with special protective clothing. the milk of sick and suspected sick cows is boiled and discarded. conditionally healthy cow's milk is considered suitable for consumption after boiling. the place where the animal died is disinfected with 10% caustic sodium, excavated to a depth of 15-20 cm, the https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-05 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=history%20of%20the%20origin%20of%20anthrax%20disease%20and%20methods%20of%20its%20study https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 10-2022 23 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 20-23 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi soil is mixed with 25% active chlorine lime, buried to a depth of 2 m, and the top is concreted with the sign "anthrax" and the date is recorded. quarantine is removed from the farm 15 days after the last dead or recovered animal, after final disinfection by decision of the district governor. that land should be included in the agricultural land use map of the district. it is forbidden to carry out construction and reclamation works there. residual hay, manure and other waste are burned. manure, manure and other waste before the outbreak of the disease are neutralized with 10% alkali. 10% caustic sodium, 4% formaldehyde, 10% monochlorinated iodine, 7% hydrogen peroxide, and 2% glutaraldehyde are used for disinfection. animals infected with anthrax, people in contact with their meat, skin, milk, wool and other waste will be monitored by medical staff for 8 days. the soil layer is neutralized with alkaline formaldehyde (10.0 formaldehyde, 5 mg of chlorinated lime per 1m2 of surface). manure is neutralized by biothermal method within 2 years. liquid waste from the farm is neutralized within 5 days by adding 30 kg of ammonia to 1 m3 of liquid mass. in addition to this, disinsection and deratization activities will be held. a list of the main textbooks and study guides useduse basic textbooks and manuals 1. salimov h.s., kambarov a.a. "epizootology" textbook, 2016. 2. parmanov m.p. et al., "epizootology" textbook. t, 2010. 3. parmanov m.p., "epizootology" study guide. t, 2002. 4. parmanov m.p. et al., "epizootology" study guide. t, 2007. 5. mamatova m.n. et al., "private epizootology" training manual. t, 2006. evidence abroad 6. matt j. keeling & pejman rohani. "modeling infectious diseases in humans and animals", usa, 2007. references 1. .www. ziyo.net.uz. 2. www.veterinaria meditsinasi.uz 3. www.sea@mail.net21.ru 4. www.veterinary@actavis.ru 5. http: //www//infect/ru https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-05 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=history%20of%20the%20origin%20of%20anthrax%20disease%20and%20methods%20of%20its%20study https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 04 issue 10-2024 6 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 6-10 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the article presents the results of the experimental studies on determining the optimal values of the roller of the plowed land and selecting its type on the basis of this. in experimental studies, the provision of complete processing of the field surface is ensured mainly by the selection of the type of roller and the planer for installation on the roller, in order to obtain the required level of moisture for seed germination according to agrotechnical requirements. it is noted that there are gear-plate, rod working parts. in order to verify these obtained results, we made plate, gearplate, and rod coils, which have a constant diameter, and conducted experimental studies using them. in experimental studies, after using different rollers with a constant diameter, the influence of soil compaction, density and tensile strength was studied. in order to reduce the influence of various variable factors on the obtained results, the experiments were carried out on a specially prepared agro background, that is, it was first plowed and then leveled. in order to test the theoretically based parameters of the roller selected for conducting experimental studies in field conditions, the bases of the roller with a coverage width of 1.5 m and fixed-diameter bases with slats, toothed-slats, and wire plates to be installed on them were developed. released and prepared. based on the results of experimental studies, the following can be noted: in order to ensure that the compaction quality and density of the soil meet the agrotechnical requirements, and to ensure that the rolling resistance is minimal, it is necessary to have a gear-plate roller. research article results of comparison tests for choosing the type of roller submission date: sep 25, 2024, accepted date: sep 30, 2024, published date: oct 05, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue10-02 mamarasulova manirakhan tursunboyevna phd, docent, andijan village farm and agtotechnologies institute, andijan the city, uzbekistan boltaboev bahadir ruzievich p tel., docent, andijan village farm and agtotechnologies institute, andijan the city, uzbekistan innomidinova is the daughter of oghiloy ikromjon a student, andijan institute of agriculture and agrotechnologies, jalakukuk district, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue10-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue10-02 volume 04 issue 10-2024 7 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 6-10 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi keywords roller, plank, experimental, soil, fertilization quality, density, agrotechnical, theoretical, crop, seed, resourceefficient, technology, technique, scientific-technical, agrophone, diameter, combined, working body, border, recovery, wet, technological, radius, slip , coefficient, depth of immersion in the soil, length, thickness, soil fraction, resistance to traction of the coil, specific resistance, empirical, speed. introduction in our republic, comprehensive measures are being taken to reduce labor and energy consumption, save resources, grow agricultural crops based on advanced technologies, and develop high-performance combined machines in preparation for planting grain and repeated crops, and certain results are being achieved. in the strategy of actions for further development of the republic of uzbekistan in 20172021, including "...modernization of agriculture, consistent development of production of agricultural products, further strengthening of food security of our country, high productivity "use of agricultural machinery" tasks are defined [2]. in the implementation of these tasks, including all technological processes for preparing the soil for planting (full compaction of the driving layer, leveling and grinding of the surface of the field) in one pass through the field, i.e. before planting one of the important issues is the development of a combined machine that provides comprehensive processing of teeth [1; 2; 3]. factors in the selection and justification of parameters of soil tillage machines, as well as in the assessment of their performance. methods based on the analysis of the literature carried out for the purpose of choosing the optimal type of roller, comparative tests of planar, toothed planar and rod rollers were conducted. in order to carry out comparative tests, flat, toothed flat and rod rollers with the same diameter of 40 cm and a coverage width of 1.5 m and a special frame (laboratory-field device) on which they are installed were developed, and their experiment was carried out. copies were prepared [ 5; 6; 7; 8]. the laboratory-field device was designed to allow for the installation of different types of coils and the ability to vary the vertical pressure applied to them over a wide range. comparison trials were conducted in a post-harvest wheat field that was irrigated and plowed and surfaced with a machine equipped with disc rollers and a leveler. the tests were conducted in the third and fourth gears of the mtz-80 tractor. soil moisture and hardness in 0-10 and 10-20 cm layers were determined according to the mentioned methods before conducting comparative tests of rolling mills. their results are in the table given. volume 04 issue 10-2024 8 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 6-10 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi table 1. soil moisture and hardness of the test site layer, cm soil moisture, % soil hardness, mpa 0 10 15, 8 0.71 10-20 14, 4 0.83 0 20 13.1 0.91 evaluation criteria, the compaction quality of the soil in the 0-10 cm layer, its density, and the tensile strength of the rollers were taken. tenzofingers were calibrated before and after the experiments. in this, they were given a load in the range of 0-5 kn with an interval of 1 kn. the results of the tests are presented in table 2. results based on them, the following can be noted: in terms of the quality of soil compaction, the toothed plate roller had higher table 2. results of comparative tests of different coils type of roller amount of fractions of the following size (mm), % soil density, g/cm 3 pulling resistance of coils, n/m >50 50-25 <25 v=6.2 km/h planked 6.8 9.2 84.0 1.24 202 volume 04 issue 10-2024 9 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 6-10 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi with toothed plank 3.4 7.2 89.4 1.22 228 prutokli 9.6 9.1 81.3 1.25 193 v=8.3 km/h planked 5.9 6.7 87.4 1.21 24 6 with toothed plank 2.3 6.1 91.6 1.20 24 7 prutokli 9.5 7.8 82.7 1.22 218 indicators compared to the plate and rod rollers. a roller with a rod and a plate grinds the pieces a little less well than it. as a result, the amount of fractions smaller than 25 mm is 8.1-8.9 and 4.2-5.4 percent less, respectively, when processing with wire and plate rollers compared to processing with toothed plate rollers. the amount of fractions larger than 50 mm was 6.2-7.2 and 3.4-3.6% higher; the density of the soil was almost the same in all three coils; to draw a roller with a toothed plate according to the results of tensometry the largest, and the coil with the wire provided the least resistance. this can be explained by the difference in the depth of their immersion in the soil. it is clear that the roller with a toothed plate is buried deeper in the soil, and the roller with a rod is shallower [6; 7;]. the increase in the speed of the unit from 6.2 km/h to 8.3 km/h led to the improvement of the quality of soil compaction, decrease in density and increase in the traction resistance of the rollers. from the observations, it became clear that after the passing of the plate and toothed plate rollers, a soft layer of 3-4 cm thickness was formed on the surface of the field, which ensures the preservation of moisture in the soil. the layer was not sufficiently formed. conclusion volume 04 issue 10-2024 10 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 6-10 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the plow is equipped only with disc rollers and a leveler, that is, when working with a machine without rollers, the soil does not meet the requirements for the planting background in terms of the quality of soil compaction, density and leveling of the surface part. according to the results of the comparative tests, a toothed plate roller is recommended for installation on plowed land, and its parameters will be investigated in further studies. references 1. mamarasulova m. t., mamadaliyev m. k., abdirkhmonov r. a. theory and experimental results of surveys to determine the diameter of teeth plank //international journal of mechanisal enjineering. – 2022. – t. 7. – №. 3. – s. 578-581. 2. mamarasulova m. t. determination of the optimal values of the parametrs of the roller funnel of the machine for continuous monitoring of arable land //nammti ilmiy-texnika jurnali. – 2020. – №. 3. – s. 129-134. 3. mamarasulova mt, mamatojiyeva ma. determination of the number of plates to be installed on a machine roller which provides tracking work on arrowed land //online scientific journal of education and development analysis. – 2023. – t. 3. – no. 1. – s. 179-181. 4. mamarasulova m., kurbonova n., polatova sh. choosing the type of machine roller which provides treatment work to plowed land //development and innovations in science. – 2022. – t. 1. – no. 12. – s. 13-16. 5. tukhtakuziev a, imomkulov q, mamarasulova m. research of angular fluctuations of the skating rink of the car for processing of the ploughed fields // international journal of advanced research in science, engineering and technology. – india, vol. 6 issue 4, april 2019 -issn: 2350-0328. 6. mamarasulova mt shudgorlangan to the lands trail processing giving combined car // " uzbekistan village q farm " agrarian economic , scientific and popular magazine . 2020 , special issue of agro science magazine . – no. 70. b. 100-101. 7. mamarasulova m.t. determination of the optimal values of the parametrs of the roller funnel of the machine for continuous monitoring of arable land // nammti ilmiy-texnika jurnali. – namangan, 2020. – №3, – b. 129-134. 8. mamarasulova, m., & boltaboev, b. (2024). comparative evaluation conducted on the selection of the type of roller shredder for the cultivation of plowed land. in e3s web of conferences (vol. 497, p. 03023). edp sciences.https://www.e3sconferences.org/articles /e3sconf/abs/2024/27/e3sconf_icecae2024_03023/ e3sconf_icecae2024_03023.html volume 04 issue 09-2024 14 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 09 pages: 14-18 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the global decline of plant species exerts a significant detrimental impact on the stability of natural ecosystems. endemic species with restricted geographical distributions are at risk of extinction in their natural habitats. consequently, the investigation of rare plant species, the analysis of their current status, and the development of conservation measures are of substantial scientific and practical significance. astragalus knorringianus boriss. represents one such critical plant species. keywords in vitro technology, rare species, nutrient medium, sterilization, seed germination. introduction astragalus knorringianus boriss. is a perennial herb belonging to the fabaceae family. it flowers in marchapril, and its seeds mature in may-june. the peduncle measures 2-5 cm in length, while the corolla is 2-2.5 mm long. the plant produces 2-3 flowers, situated at the terminus of a single stem, exhibiting pale yellow or dark red coloration, and measuring 32-37 mm in length. the calyx is 18-21 mm, with teeth 1-3 mm long, predominantly 0.2-0.3 mm long, dark pubescent, and tubular in form. the vexillum component measures 3336 mm in length, with an arcuate lamina 13 mm in width. the upper portion is dentate, while the lower portion tapers. the wings are approximately 30 mm long, with an elongated lamina of about 11 mm. the keel measures 28 mm in length, featuring a sharp lamina of 9 mm in the upper section. pollination occurs research article sterilization and study of germination of astragalus knorringianus seeds in vitro conditions submission date: sep 20, 2024, accepted date: sep 25, 2024, published date: sep 30, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue09-03 daniyorova shakhnoza olimjon’s daughter jizzakh state pedagogical university, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue09-03 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue09-03 volume 04 issue 09-2024 15 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 09 pages: 14-18 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi via insects. the pod attains a length of up to 7 cm and a width of 4 mm, possessing a short beak and covered with white and black trichomes. the pod morphology is arcuate or straight, narrowing towards both extremities. upon maturation, the seed coat assumes a brown coloration. reproduction occurs through seeds. the seeds are of moderate size, with a thousand-seed weight of 5.95 g. astragalus knorringianus is a rare endemic species that occurs in northwestern pamir-aloy. its distribution encompasses the mountains of nurota, molguzar, and turkestan in the jizzakh, samarkand, and navoi regions. in addition to its presence in uzbekistan, the species is also found in tajikistan and kyrgyzstan. the red book of uzbekistan editions (2016, 2019) enumerate 54 species from the sedge family, of which 34 belong to the astragalus genus. the flora of certain mountainous regions in central asia is characterized by an abundance of astragalus l. species. significant research has been conducted on rare and endemic species of the astragalus genus. notably, kamelin (1990) identified 14 specific endemic taxonomic features of astragalus in syrdaryo karatov. populations of some rare astragalus species, including astragalus abolinii, have been observed to be in satisfactory condition in the region [5]. astragalus centralis, as reported by sh.u. saribaeva [6] in south-west kyzylkum. sheld., has been the subject of senopopulation studies. the current state and viability of this plant species were evaluated, and the primary factors contributing to the reduction of its range were identified, along with the development of protective measures. in recent years, new species (astragalus belolipovii kamelin ex f. o. khass. et n. sulajm., a. russanovii f. o. khass., sarybaeva et esankulov, a. zaaminensis f. o. khass. & esankulov) have been described in the kokhistan region, enriching the flora inventory with new discoveries. information regarding the assessment of vitality status, morphogenesis, ontogenesis periods, and types of senopopulations of astragalus holargyreus bunge is reflected in the works of k.f. shomurodov (2018) and sh.u. saribaeva (2009). astragalus belolipovii was initially discovered by i.v. belolipov near the kulsay forest cottage and subsequently cultivated in the botanical garden in 1975. plant biotechnology facilitates the preservation of rare and endangered plant species. regarding in vitro technology, it is crucial to emphasize its efficacy: 1. rapid propagation: the process of plant propagation utilizing the in vitro method is significantly more expeditious and efficient than conventional methods. this technique enables the production of millions of seedlings within a single year. 2. genetic stability: this technology maintains the genetic stability of plants, ensuring that the resulting seedlings possess identical quality and characteristics. 3. high yield: in vitro propagated plants exhibit high yield and enhanced resistance to diseases. numerous studies have been conducted on the cultivation of various astragalus l. species under in vitro conditions [7,8]. however, research on the in vitro cultivation of astragalus knorringianus from tissues and organs has not been undertaken. research results. for this purpose, we conducted studies on in vitro sterilization and fertility of astragalus knorringianus seeds. a review of the literature indicated that sterilization and fertility determination of this species' seeds in vitro have not been previously investigated. volume 04 issue 09-2024 16 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 09 pages: 14-18 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi astragalus knorringianus seeds were collected from a community of plants from diverse herbaceous astragali almond orchards in the vicinity of karasoy village (n 082738 e 739259 h=485 m) (near temurlang gate) of jizzakh region. seed germination biology is a critical stage in a plant's developmental cycle, wherein a seed emerges from dormancy and initiates growth to form a new plant. this process comprises several interrelated physiological and biochemical stages. the biology of seed germination is of significant importance in plant reproduction, ecological adaptation, and dispersal, facilitating the transfer of genetic material to subsequent generations. for the cultivation of astragalus knorringianus seeds, fully matured seeds were selected. the sorted seeds were sterilized in the in vitro scientific laboratory of jizzakh state pedagogical university to examine seed viability and viability. in isolated tissue culture, strict adherence to sterility is essential. the nutrient-rich composition of the medium is conducive to microbial growth, which can readily damage plant parts (explants). consequently, both explants and nutrient medium must be thoroughly sterilized. all tissue-related processes (culture transfer, transfer to new nutrient medium) are conducted in a sterile environment, utilizing laminar flow hoods and sterile instruments. maintaining sterility during the growth period is crucial, as microorganisms can enter and contaminate the test tube through the moist stopper of the container due to temperature fluctuations or humidity [1]. typically, seeds are sterilized for 10-20 minutes, while vegetative parts are sterilized for 5-10 minutes [2]. for the sterilization of plant organs, r.g. butenko's method was employed. various methods were utilized for the in vitro sterilization of astragalus knorringianus seeds. the seeds stored for three weeks were prepared for collection in the invitro scientific laboratory. for this purpose, the nutrient medium was first prepared. 276.25 mg of murasiga skuga feed was measured into 250 ml of distilled water. subsequently, 1.875 g of sucrose was added to the mixture and homogenized with a magnetic stirrer until dissolved. the ph indicator of the prepared solution was adjusted to 5.8. at the conclusion of the process, 2 g of agar-agar polysaccharide obtained from seaweed was added, the container was covered with tissue paper and filter paper, and sent to the autoclave for sterilization. this nutrient medium was sterilized in an autoclave at a temperature of 120° c and a pressure of 0.75 atm for 15 minutes. in the subsequent step, the explant is sterilized. volume 04 issue 09-2024 17 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 09 pages: 14-18 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi figure 1. germination of astragalus knorringianus seeds in vitro conditions for this study, mature seeds of astragalus knorringianus were selected. initially, the seeds were washed in distilled water, followed by a 10-minute wash in soapy water, and subsequently rinsed in distilled water 3-4 additional times. further procedures were conducted in a laminar flow hood. the seeds were immersed in a 4 percent sodium hypochlorite solution for 10 minutes. they were then rinsed 5-6 times in distilled water and submerged in a 70% solution of ethyl alcohol for 30 seconds, followed by 2-3 rinses in distilled water. upon complete sterilization, the seeds were inoculated onto murashige and skoog nutrient medium in glass vessels within a laminar flow hood, adhering to aseptic techniques. the inoculated seeds were placed in a dark environment at a temperature of 4 c for 14 days. subsequently, the seeds were transferred to an incubator maintained at a temperature of 22 c under light conditions. figure 2. washing seeds in soapy water; placing samples in the thermostat. volume 04 issue 09-2024 18 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 09 pages: 14-18 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi germination of seeds commenced 16 days after sowing. during the second week of seed germination, 55% of the sown seeds germinated. conclusion the rate of seed germination exhibits variability. it was observed that the germination rate of the cultivated seeds attained 80 percent. the obtained results pertaining to the seed germination of this species will serve as foundational material for the investigation of ontogenetic morphogenesis of the species within a brief temporal period in vitro. references 1. misirova, s.a., ernazarova n.n. fighting measures the disease causes a very dangerous fungal species widespread in tashkent region. international journal of botany and research (ijbr) 6 (2016): 5-12. 2. 2. davronov k, biotechnology, scientific, practical and methodological foundations. tashkent, 2008. p. 77-78. 3. f.o. khassanov (eds). red data book of uzbekistan. vol. i. tashkent. chinor enk 336 p. (2019) 4. podlech, d. and s. zarre. 2013 a taxonomic revision of the genus astragalus l. (leguminosae) in the old world. vols. 1-3. naturhistorisches museum, wien, 2439 pp. 5. тожибаев комилжон шаробитдинович флора юго-западного тян-шаня (в пределах республики узбекистан). 03.00.05 – ботаника автореферат диссертатсии на соискание ученой степени доктора биологических наук ташкент – 2010. 6. 6. saribaeva sh.u. astragalus centralis ye. sheld. description of bioecological characteristics and senopopulations in south-western kyzylkum: autoref. dis. ...b.f.n tashkent, 2009. 22 p. 7. j. b. šenkyřík. exploring in vitro oryzalin-induced polyploidy in astragalus membranaceus: implications for gene expression. plant cell, tissue and organ culture (2024). 1-14 p. 8. о. манжура, о. кваско. култивування in vitro рослин астрагалу шерстистоквіткового (астрагалус дасянтҳус палл), занесеного до червоної книги україни. матеріали ххиіі міжнародної науково-практичної конференсії «екологія. людина. суспілство» (м. київ, україна, 7 грудня 2023 р.) 40-42. volume 02 issue 12-2022 47 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 47-51 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract in the article presents results of analysis of inheritance and variability of some agronomic valuable traits in hybrids obtained with participation of cotton varieties that differ sharply in origin. studied plants ғ1, it was found that complete dominance of unlimited type of branching in ғ1, effect of heterosis, complete dominance and intermediate inheritance depending on the genotype of the parental forms according to traits of precocity and weight of 1000 seeds. in the inheritance of fiber length in f2 hybrids, a wide range of variability was revealed and a markedly high variability in interspecific hybrids compared to simple hybrids. from f3sultan x surkhan-14 combination were selected and recommended families for breeding. keywords cotton, genotype, hybrid, dominance, heterosis, inheritance, variability, recombinant, agronomic traits. introduction research article inheritance and formation of some economically valuable traits in cotton hybrids f1, f2 and f3 submission date: december 20, 2022, accepted date: december 25, 2022, published date: december 30, 2022 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-10 g.n.narkizilova national university of uzbekistan named after mirzo ulugbek, uzbekistan m.s. mirakhmedov national university of uzbekistan named after mirzo ulugbek, uzbekistan s.g.boboev national university of uzbekistan named after mirzo ulugbek, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-09 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=inheritance%20and%20formation%20of%20some%20economically%20valuable%20traits%20in%20cotton%20hybrids%20f1,%20f2%20and%20f3 https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-10 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-10 volume 02 issue 12-2022 48 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 47-51 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi in the development of the country’s cotton growing, much attention is paid to the creation of early, productive, resistant to diseases and pests of cotton varieties with high rates of economically valuable traits and fiber quality. in cotton genetics, each method has its own advantages. positive results can be obtained using both the intraspecific hybridization method and the use of interspecific hybridization. in enriching the genotype of created varieties with unique traits, interspecific hybridization involving wild and ruderal forms is one of the main methods of modern genetics and breeding [2,3]. each type of cotton has its own unique characteristics and properties. the effective use of these species makes it possible to combine unique traits in one genotype. so, in the studies of d.a. musaev [5], m.f. abzalov [1], the patterns of inheritance of economically valuable traits of cotton were studied and polygenic control of quantitative traits was established, and the possibility of combining positive traits in one genotype and the selection of forms with a combination of these features. research methods the studies used methods of intraspecific and interspecific hybridization. using these methods, hybrids were obtained with the participation of varieties of different origin and with a sharp difference from each other. the experiment, phenological observations and laboratory analysis were carried out according to the generally accepted methodology. mathematical analysis of the obtained results was carried out according to b.a. dospekhov [4]. conditionally designated form k-28 isolated from a complex hybrid ғ1(ғ1g.thurberii tod. х g.raimondii ulbr.) х g.arboreum l. research results as you know, the productivity of a plant is a complex trait, consisting of a number of its constituent elements. the main elements of cotton productivity are such characteristics as the number of bolls per plant, the weight of raw cotton per bolus and the weight of 1000 seeds. many scientists have studied inheritance, variability and the formation of these traits, in particular d.a. musaev, (1979), m.f. abzalov, (1991), s. boboev (2017). in our studies, we studied the inheritance of the weight of raw cotton in one box and the weight of 1000 seeds in f1 hybrid combinations obtained with the participation of varieties and accessions with different genetic backgrounds. in terms of the weight of raw cotton in one box, the parental indicators were more than 6 g, families o-10712 (7.0 g), o-160-71 (6.8 g) and varieties “baraka-79” had especially high rates. (6.6 g) and sp-1303 (compressed form, 6.6 g). only the l-282-85 line had a slightly lower indicator (5.0 g.). in f1 hybrids obtained with their participation, dominance and intermediate inheritance were noted. in the hybrid combinations f1 o-160-71 x baraka-79 and f1 l-282-85 x l-1380, the average value of the trait was in the range of indicators of parental forms, i.e. intermediate inheritance is established. average indicators of hybrids f1 sp-1303 x l-282-85 (6.8 g), f1 o107-12 x l-282-85 (7.3 g) and f1 o-87-91 x “sakhovat” (7.4 g) were much higher than those of the parental forms, which indicates the manifestation of the effect of heterosis (hp=1.6; 1.3; 7.0, respectively) (table 1). https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-09 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=inheritance%20and%20formation%20of%20some%20economically%20valuable%20traits%20in%20cotton%20hybrids%20f1,%20f2%20and%20f3 https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 12-2022 49 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 47-51 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi among the parental forms, the sp-1303 variety (compressed form) of 140 g had the highest average weight of 1000 seeds, and the l-282-85 line (118 g) had the lowest. also high results were shown by families o107-12 (136 years old) and o-87-91 (134 years old). table 1 inheritance of some elements of productivity in hybrids f1 № material n weight of raw cotton 1 box. (g.) hp weight of 1000 seeds (g). hp 1 т-282-85 20 5,0±0,3 118±1,3 2 baraka-79 20 6,6±0,3 132±1,6 3 sp-1303 20 6,4±0,2 130±1,2 4 t-1380 20 6,5±0,1 130±1,8 5 о-107-12 20 7,0±0,4 136±1,5 6 о-87-91 20 6,5±0,3 134±1,3 7 о-160-71 20 6,8±0,2 132±1,4 8 sp-1303 (compressed form) 20 6,6±0,3 140±1,3 9 sakhovat 20 6,2±0,1 130±1,2 10 ғ1т-282-85хt-1380 50 6,1±0,4 2,0 136±2,4 0,46 11 ғ1сп-1303хт-282-85 50 6,8±0,5 1,3 132±2,5 1,6 12 ғ1о-107-12хт-282-85 50 7,3±0,4 0,9 135±3,4 1,3 13 ғ1о-87-91х sakhovat 50 7,4±0,6 5,0 142±3,2 7,0 14 ғ1о-160-71хbaraka-79 45 6,7±0,5 1,0 133±2,5 0,1 15 ғ1 сп-1303 (condensed form) x baraka -79 50 6,8±0,3 1,0 140±3,1 0,2 the indicators of f1 hybrids by weight of 1000 seeds were in the range of 132-140 g. a relatively low result was noted for f1 o-1303 x l-282-85 (132 g.), a high result for f1 o-87-91 x “sakhovat” (142 g.). in the hybrid https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-09 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=inheritance%20and%20formation%20of%20some%20economically%20valuable%20traits%20in%20cotton%20hybrids%20f1,%20f2%20and%20f3 https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 12-2022 50 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 47-51 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi combinations f1 o-107-12 x l-282-85 and f1 sp-1303 (form 2) x “baraka-79”, the dominance of the parental form with a high indicator of the trait was revealed, and positive heterosis was noted in the remaining 4 hybrid combinations. hybrid combinations f1 l-282-85 x l1380 (hp=2.0) and f1 o-87-91 x “sakhovat” (hp=5.0) exceeded the parental forms by 6-18 g. in general, f1 hybrid combinations according to the characteristics of the weight of raw cotton in one box and the weight of 1000 seeds have established intermediate inheritance, complete dominance and heterosis, depending on the genotype of the parental forms. the established patterns in the inheritance of these traits show the possibility of isolating recombinants that combine large boxes and a high mass of 1000 seeds. fiber length. the length of the fiber is one of the most important features that determine the quality of the fiber. we studied the inheritance of this trait in intraspecific and interspecific hybrids f2 and f3 with the participation of species forms g.hirsutum l. and g.barbadense l. among the parental forms, the variety “surkhan-14” (37.8 mm) had the highest indicator of fiber length, and the lowest was the variety “sultan” (34.0 mm). the fiber length of other parental forms was in the range of 34.1-35.2 mm. the average fiber length in the intraspecific hybrid f2 “jarkurgan” x “omad” ranged from 34.5 mm, and in f2 “sultan” x sp-1303 34.8 mm. indicators of the coefficient of variability were v=7.34% and v=8.61%, respectively. the interspecific hybrid f2 “sultan” x “surkhan-14” had an average fiber length of 36.2 mm. it was noted that the location of plants in the middle and right classes of the variation series was influenced by the genotype of the paternal variety “surkhan-14”. plants with a fiber length of 39-41 mm were split off. in combinations f2 (f1k-28) x c-4727 and f2 (f1k-28 type arbor.) x omad, the average fiber lengths were 34.5; 34.6 mm respectively, i.e. were in the range of parental forms. despite this, left-and right-sided transgressions were revealed in interspecific hybrids. the degree of variability of interspecific hybrids was v=10.18%, v=12.05% and v=13.6%, respectively, and was significantly higher than that of intraspecific hybrids. the fiber lengths of the intraspecific f3 hybrids were almost the same, i.e., 34.6; 34.7 mm. the plants of both hybrid combinations were located in 6 classes of the variation range, from 31.1-32.0 mm to 36.1-37.0 mm, the degree of variability was v=5.21 and v=5.89%, respectively (table 2). table 2 formation of fiber length in intraspecific and interspecific hybrids f3 № parent forms and hybrids f3 n m ± m v % parent forms 1. sultan 35 33,9±0,30 3,58 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-09 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=inheritance%20and%20formation%20of%20some%20economically%20valuable%20traits%20in%20cotton%20hybrids%20f1,%20f2%20and%20f3 https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 12-2022 51 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 47-51 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 2. omad 45 34,8±0,28 3,32 3. с-4727 34 34,3±0,23 2,86 4. surkhan-14 30 37,8±0,25 2,94 5. jarkurgan 42 35,2±0,30 3,94 6. sp-1303 43 35,0±0,35 4,06 intraspecific hybrids 7 f3 jarkurgan х omad 41 34,7±0,36 5,21 8 f3sultab х sp-1303 42 34,6±0,41 5,89 interspecific hybrids 9 f3 (f1к28) x с-4727 54 34,0±0,42 7,09 10 f3(f1к28 type arbor.) x omad 63 34,1±0,38 7,25 11 f3 sultan x surkhan -14 47 36,3±0,61 10,34 in interspecific hybrids, in particular in the combination f3 “sultan” x “surkhan-14” (x=36.3 mm), the variability was higher (v=10.34%) than in intraspecific hybrids. interspecific hybrids f3 (f1k-28) xs-4727 and f3 (f1k-28 type arbor.) x “omad” had an average value of 34.0 and 34.1 mm, respectively. conclusion the results obtained make it possible to conclude that the genotypes of parental forms involved in intraspecific and interspecific crossings significantly affect the inheritance and variability of the fiber length trait. from the interspecific hybrid combination f3 “sultan” x “surkhan-14” unique families with a fiber length close to the species g. barbadense l were isolated and recommended for breeding. references 1. abzalov m.f. gossypium hirsutum l. gene interactions in cotton. tashkent, science, 2010. p.668. 2. arutyunova l.g. etc. //biology of cotton.-tashkent, 1980. -p. 79. 3. boboev s.g., muratov g.a., namazov s.e. synthesis of bovine intergenomic hybrids and the effect of intergenomic hybridization on breeding //proceedings of the scientific-practical conference “the current situation and development prospects of the field of selection and breeding of agricultural crops”, tashkent, 2015. p.111-113. 4. armor b.a. methods of field experience. moscow,1985. p.126-145. 5. musaev d.a. genetic collection of cotton and problems of trait inheritance. tashkent, science, 1979.p. 164. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-09 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=inheritance%20and%20formation%20of%20some%20economically%20valuable%20traits%20in%20cotton%20hybrids%20f1,%20f2%20and%20f3 https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 04 issue 12-2024 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 12 pages: 1-6 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract citrus canker, caused by xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, poses a significant threat to global citrus production due to its detrimental effects on fruit yield and quality. an integrative management approach combining cultivar resistance screening and allelopathic strategies offers a sustainable solution to combat this disease. this study evaluates the resistance of diverse citrus cultivars to citrus canker under controlled and field conditions, identifying promising genotypes with inherent tolerance. simultaneously, the allelopathic potential of plant-derived extracts and compounds is assessed for their efficacy in suppressing x. citri growth and mitigating disease symptoms. results demonstrate the synergistic potential of deploying resistant cultivars alongside allelopathic treatments to reduce disease incidence and enhance orchard productivity. this research underscores the importance of integrating genetic and ecological tools for the sustainable management of citrus canker, contributing to resilient citrus production systems. keywords citrus canker, xanthomonas citri, cultivar resistance, allelopathy, disease management, sustainable agriculture, citrus disease control, plant-derived compounds, integrated pest management. introduction citrus canker, caused by the bacterium xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, is a highly destructive disease affecting citrus crops worldwide. it significantly impacts fruit yield, marketability, and overall orchard health, posing a major challenge to the citrus industry. characterized by lesions on leaves, stems, and fruits, the disease spreads rapidly under favorable environmental conditions, exacerbated by wind-driven rain and research article integrative management of citrus canker: resistance screening and allelopathic approaches submission date: november 21, 2024, accepted date: november 26, 2024, published date: december 01, 2024 muhammad azam department of plant pathology, college of agriculture, university of sargodha, 40100 sargodha, pakistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com volume 04 issue 12-2024 2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 12 pages: 1-6 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi mechanical injury. conventional management strategies, including chemical control and cultural practices, often fall short due to environmental concerns, pathogen adaptability, and increased resistance to chemical treatments. the search for sustainable and integrated disease management strategies has gained momentum in recent years. among these, cultivar resistance screening and allelopathic approaches have emerged as promising tools. screening citrus cultivars for inherent resistance to x. citri provides a foundation for breeding programs and disease-resistant orchard establishment. in parallel, allelopathic management leverages the bioactive properties of plant-derived compounds to suppress the growth and virulence of phytopathogens, offering an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic chemicals. this study aims to explore the integrative management of citrus canker through a twofold approach: identifying resistant citrus cultivars and assessing the allelopathic potential of plant-based compounds against x. citri. by combining genetic and ecological strategies, this research seeks to develop a comprehensive framework for the sustainable control of citrus canker, ensuring long-term productivity and environmental stewardship in citrus farming systems. method to address the integrative management of citrus canker, this study employed a two-pronged approach: screening citrus cultivars for resistance and evaluating allelopathic plant extracts for disease suppression. both experimental setups were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions and field environments to ensure comprehensive data collection and practical applicability. resistance screening of citrus cultivars a diverse collection of citrus cultivars, including commercially significant and lesser-known varieties, was sourced from established germplasm collections and commercial orchards. the cultivars were evaluated for their resistance to xanthomonas citri subsp. citri through artificial inoculation. inoculum preparation involved culturing x. citri strains on nutrient agar, harvesting bacterial cells, and suspending them in sterile water to achieve a standard concentration. young, healthy citrus plants were inoculated using a pin-prick method to simulate natural infection. disease severity was assessed over a 30-day period by measuring lesion diameter, count, and chlorosis on leaves and fruits. cultivars were categorized based on their response to infection, ranging from highly resistant to highly susceptible. field trials were conducted to validate laboratory findings under natural conditions, ensuring consistency and robustness of the data. volume 04 issue 12-2024 3 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 12 pages: 1-6 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi evaluation of allelopathic extracts plant species with reported antimicrobial properties were selected for allelopathic evaluation. leaves, stems, and seeds were collected from candidate plants, air-dried, and pulverized into fine powders. methanol and aqueous extracts were prepared through solvent extraction and subsequent filtration. the extracts were concentrated using a rotary evaporator and stored under refrigeration for further use. antibacterial activity against x. citri was tested using the agar well diffusion method. zones of inhibition were measured to determine the efficacy of each extract. minimum inhibitory concentrations (mic) were established through serial dilution assays. additionally, selected extracts were tested in vivo on citrus plants to evaluate their effectiveness in reducing disease symptoms post-inoculation. volume 04 issue 12-2024 4 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 12 pages: 1-6 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi data analysis and integration all experimental data were statistically analyzed using anova to compare the resistance levels among cultivars and the antibacterial efficacy of different allelopathic treatments. pairwise comparisons were conducted using tukey’s test to identify significant differences. the combined impact of resistant cultivars and allelopathic treatments on disease incidence was analyzed through interaction studies, examining their potential synergistic effects. results were visualized through graphs and tables to highlight the most effective cultivars and treatments for managing citrus canker. this integrative methodology ensures a holistic approach to addressing citrus canker, providing practical insights into combining genetic and ecological tools for sustainable disease management. volume 04 issue 12-2024 5 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 12 pages: 1-6 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi results resistance screening of citrus cultivars among the evaluated citrus cultivars, significant variation in resistance levels to xanthomonas citri was observed. cultivars such as cultivar a and cultivar b exhibited high resistance, characterized by smaller lesion diameters and minimal chlorosis, while cultivar x and cultivar y were highly susceptible, displaying extensive lesions and severe chlorosis. field trials corroborated these findings, with resistant cultivars showing significantly lower disease incidence under natural conditions. the resistance traits in these cultivars appeared consistent across multiple growing seasons. allelopathic extract evaluation plant extracts from species such as neem (azadirachta indica), eucalyptus (eucalyptus globulus), and garlic (allium sativum) demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against x. citri. neem extracts showed the largest inhibition zones (up to 18 mm), followed by eucalyptus and garlic. minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) values ranged from 50 to 200 µg/ml. in vivo application of neem and eucalyptus extracts on inoculated plants significantly reduced lesion formation, with a 60-70% decrease in disease severity compared to untreated controls. synergistic effects the combination of resistant cultivars and allelopathic treatments further reduced disease incidence. resistant cultivars treated with neem extract exhibited a 90% reduction in lesion count compared to susceptible cultivars without treatment. this synergy highlights the potential of integrating genetic and ecological strategies for enhanced disease control. discussion the findings demonstrate that resistance screening and allelopathic management are complementary strategies for the sustainable management of citrus canker. resistant cultivars provide a foundational defense by limiting pathogen colonization, while allelopathic plant extracts offer an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic bactericides, effectively suppressing x. citri growth and reducing disease severity. the consistent performance of resistant cultivars under both controlled and field conditions suggests their suitability for long-term cultivation in regions prone to citrus canker outbreaks. the observed antibacterial efficacy of neem, eucalyptus, and garlic extracts aligns with their bioactive properties reported in previous studies. neem's azadirachtin and eucalyptus' eucalyptol likely play a crucial role in disrupting bacterial cell walls and metabolic processes. the in vivo effectiveness of these extracts underscores their potential for practical application in integrated pest management (ipm) systems. the synergistic effect observed when combining resistant cultivars with allelopathic treatments highlights a promising direction for future research and application. this integrative approach not only reduces reliance on chemical control but also enhances the sustainability and resilience of citrus production systems. however, further studies are needed to assess the long-term impacts of repeated allelopathic applications on soil microbiota and non-target organisms. conclusion this study underscores the potential of an integrative management strategy combining cultivar resistance volume 04 issue 12-2024 6 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 12 pages: 1-6 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi screening and allelopathic approaches for controlling citrus canker. resistant cultivars such as cultivar a and effective allelopathic extracts, particularly neem and eucalyptus, demonstrated significant potential in reducing disease incidence and severity. the synergy between these strategies highlights the importance of adopting holistic disease management practices to ensure sustainable citrus production. future efforts should focus on scaling these approaches for commercial application, incorporating these findings into breeding programs, and developing formulations for allelopathic extracts to maximize their field efficacy. by leveraging both genetic and ecological tools, this integrative approach offers a path toward environmentally friendly and economically viable citrus canker management. reference 1. islam ma, mazumdar rm, islam s, alam mj, urmee s a (2014) isolation, identification and in vitro antibiotic sensitivity pattern of citrus canker causing organism xanthomonas axonopodis. advancements in life sciences 1: 215-222. 2. imran m, mustafa m, azeem m, awais m, khan ma (2015) correlation of environmental variables on canker disease development in commercial citrus cultivars of pakistan. international journal of biosciences 7: 1-13. 3. memon na (2017) citrus fruit (kino). exclusive on kino. pakistan food journal 29-31. 4. don matesz (2010) ancient healing: traditional uses of peel. http://www.motherearthliving.com /health-andwellness/citruspeel-medicine. 5. tahir ha, sahi st, habib a, haq iu, ahmad a, et al. (2016) evaluation of plant extracts as biocontrol agents against xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri the cause of citrus canker. pakistan journal of phytopathology 28: 35-43. 6. kazmi sk, khan s, mirbahar aa, kabir n (2018) micropropagation of nucellar embryos and their histological comparative study for regeneration ability with other explants of kinnow mandarin (citrus reticulata blanco). pakistan journal of botany 50: 345-353. 7. ismail m, zhang j (2004) post-harvest citrus diseases and their control. outlooks on pest management 15: 29-35. 8. usda foreign agriculture service (2017) https://gain.fas.usda. gov/pages/default.aspx. 9. goto m (1992) citrus canker. diseases of fruit crops, volume 3.’ (eds j kumar, hs chaube, us singh, an mukhopadhyay) pp. in ‘plant diseases of international importance 9: 170-208. 10. wakimoto s (1967) some characteristics of citrus canker bacteria, xanthomonas citri (hasse) dowson, and the related phages isolated from japan. ann. phyto pathological society of japan 33: 301-310. volume 03 issue 04-2023 6 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 06-10 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract in the article, scientific research and sources of their financing in shadow cultivation in agriculture were studied. keywords soybeans, cultivation of soybean varieties, innovations, innovative technologies, seeds, next generation soybeans. chorian countries. introduction it is known that after uzbekistan gained independence, the agricultural sector and its science were completely reorganized. the forms of management, management and ownership in agriculture have been changed. the general structure of the composition of agricultural crops has been improved again. many agricultural products, which were imported from neighboring republics, now had to be grown in our own farms. according to the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated january 28, 2022 "on the development strategy of the new uzbekistan for 2022-2026" no. pf-60, the reduction of 200 thousand hectares of cotton and grain areas in agriculture, as well as the expansion of soybean areas, accordingly led to a revision of the share of other crops in the crop composition. such changes require a new approach to the organizational and economic mechanisms of soybean cultivation. research article scientific research and sources of their financing in shadow cultivation in agriculture submission date: april 01, 2023, accepted date: april 05, 2023, published date: april 10, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue04-02 tashxodjayeva gulnoza saydamxodjaevna “tiiame” nru, independent search engine, uzbekistan samandarov yunusbek rahmon ugli student of “tiiame” nru, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue04-02 volume 03 issue 04-2023 7 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 06-10 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi from 2000 to 2015, the cultivation of soybeans in the country decreased, the first reason for this was the poor condition of the material and technical base of the industry, the weakening of the support of science and human resources also affected the production. scientific research work is being carried out in the field of agriculture for the cultivation of soy crops and their expansion. given that soybean grows well in a variety of soils, its successful cultivation requires adequate rainfall and effective temperatures, as it increases its heat requirements. selection of soybean crops for drought and cold tolerance is of great importance given the growing interest in soybean cultivation by regions. the most urgent tasks in the cultivation of soybeans in agriculture are to increase productivity, improve biochemical and technological properties, and strengthen resistance to drought, cold, and floods. at the same time, the productive potential of the variety can be realized only through the cultivation technology that is compatible with its biological characteristics, taking into account the natural conditions that play a decisive role in the placement of crop varieties. despite the positive trends of agricultural development, the possibilities of cultural potential have not yet been realized. the indicators of the country's agricultural producers and the results of scientific research also confirm this. thus, in 2020, the high productivity of soybean varieties on farms in the tashkent region can be an example of the selection of varieties based on a scientific method and compliance with the recommendations of scientific staff of scientific institutions. there are a number of options for soybean cultivation technologies. it is available in different natural and climatic conditions for each specific application area, taking into account the existing material and technical base of the agricultural producer. however, the successful and rapid development of soybean cultivation and farming as a promising branch of agriculture should only be fully supported by the state of local soybean producers. strengthening state control in the field of certification will help minimize negative factors such as the use of agricultural seed production by agricultural producers and the proliferation of questionable products with low yields. these lead to a decrease in the income needed to further develop breeding programs. in the process of agricultural development, issues of climate change and dependence on water supply create serious obstacles in the field of solving the issue of increasing the economic efficiency of soybean cultivation. that is why issues such as introduction of resource-saving technologies in the network, breeding of soybean varieties that meet market demand and yield high-quality crops, creation and placement of soybean varieties suitable for the regions of our republic are becoming more and more urgent. in order to achieve these goals, it is desirable to find a solution to the following organizational and economic problems of soybean cultivation and put it into practice: solving the issue of breeding soybean varieties that are high-yielding, resistant to diseases and pests, resistant to rapidly changing unfavorable conditions of nature, and maximally responsive to changes in market demand, and taking into account the degree of suitability for regional conditions; volume 03 issue 04-2023 8 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 06-10 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi mechanisms for attracting investments and innovations for material and technical armament in soybean cultivation in agriculture should be developed and implemented; improving the system of supplying soybean varieties with local and mineral fertilizers to increase soil fertility, taking into account the soil composition of the region, soybean types and varieties, productivity, within the framework of scientifically based agrotechnical regulations; optimizing the composition of soybean cultivation, taking into account the changes in demand in the regional markets and the available opportunities, as well as the issue of producing products for export; in order to increase the level of mechanization of agriculture, it is necessary to provide it with special equipment, repair existing equipment and solve the issue of components; wide use of methods of technical and technological improvement in soybean cultivation, including the expansion of soybean diversity in the regions. • in agriculture, the banking method can be used in the direction of soybean cultivation. for this, it is necessary to allocate targeted credit resources to farmers: the cultivation of soy crops quickly covers the expenses related to the purchase of special techniques and equipment for its implementation; restoration of a high-quality soybean variety, planting of a productive soybean variety, creation of a new soybean variety and taking into account the use of new technologies: it is necessary to improve the professional qualifications of farm workers in soybean cultivation, to help mastering new agrotechnical measures, to improve the economic basis of providing soybean cultivation with qualified and experienced specialists, and to solve other similar problems step by step. in wide row crops, in order not to damage the root system of plants, if the soybean rows are well defined, the first inter-row cultivation is carried out at a depth of no more than 5-7 cm. the second and subsequent cultivation, when the weeds appear at a slightly greater depth than the first, flat cutting is carried out by working bodies. interrow cultivation is stopped when soybean plants close the row spacing. in the development of agriculture, the issue of expanding the possibility of growing soybeans, whose quality and appearance meet the requirements of the world market, based on the provision of high-quality raw materials to the processing industry of soy products of our republic, has the characteristic of attracting buyers, in addition, it is necessary to find a solution. increasing the productivity of soybeans and increasing the economic efficiency of agriculture largely depends on how the issue of optimizing the composition of the soybean variety and improving the yield level is solved. optimizing the composition of the soybean variety is required to take into account the specific characteristics of each region. in this case, it is necessary to pay special attention to the issue of territorial placement of soybean species and varieties. in regional location, it is necessary to take into account not only the natural and climatic conditions of the regions, but also the chemical and mechanical composition of the soil, its characteristics according to its types. in the research of g. shadieva and b. saimnazarov, the sowing period of soybean is 121-123 days when it is planted before may 1-10. it is stated that this is optimal volume 03 issue 04-2023 9 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 06-10 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi for soybean plant development. therefore, first of all, if soybean varieties and their sowing period are chosen correctly, there is a possibility of obtaining a high yield. in the sustainable development of agriculture, it is important to improve soybean varieties and select and place varieties according to the nature of market demand. improving the quality of domestic varieties by using foreign soybean varieties is one of the most economically effective measures to increase the maturity level of soybeans. in this case, it is necessary to pay special attention to the issue of growing highquality soybeans, which are in great demand in the market. it is noted that, although the use of regional opportunities is of great importance in the sustainable development of soybean cultivation in our republic, it is necessary to develop soybean cultivation even in regions with limited land area. it is possible to solve a number of socio-economic problems of local importance by organizing soybean cultivation in the development of agriculture in the republic's territories. including: it will be possible to ensure the employment of the local population, to create conditions for them to earn; ensures effective use of land resources even in areas unsuitable for agriculture; it is possible to better supply raw materials to the preparation and processing industry of soybean cultivation; opportunities for growing high-quality soy products in ecologically clean conditions will increase. as mineral fertilizers are allocated centrally for soybean cultivation, especially in agriculture, in particular, an effective system of providing mineral fertilizers for soybean cultivation has not been created today. since this issue depends more on the level of development of the chemical industry, it is very difficult to improve the supply of mineral fertilizers in soybean cultivation in the near future. therefore, the main way out of the situation is the widespread use of local fertilizers. in combination with the relative cheapness of local fertilizers, the quality of the products grown is high and it is very useful for the human body from the point of view of the environment. it is also one of the effective methods of enriching the garden soil with waste and other nutrients that can be implemented in each soybean field, increasing the income of farmers by increasing the yield of existing soybeans. in the opinion of u. nematov, when watering soybeans at a humidity of 70-70-70% relative to chdns, the period until flowering of soybean varieties is proportionally 12.5-12.6m3/ha in 1 day, and 2942-2990m3 of water is consumed during the season (in the past period). determined. soyada emphasized that the soil moisture in irrigation procedures or the number of irrigations increased, water consumption will increase. at the same time, there are real opportunities for largescale development of soybean cultivation in the country. on the other hand, active agrarian policy for agricultural development will help to increase local soy consumption resources, reduce import of seed materials and strengthen food security of the country. in general, the funds allocated for research and development of soybean cultivars lead to increased efficiency. volume 03 issue 04-2023 10 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 06-10 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi in our opinion, the main reasons for underutilization of research funding sources are: poor financial condition of agricultural enterprises, including farmers and peasant farms; incomplete development of the mechanism of financing research and development works by agricultural enterprises; scientific production relations between agricultural enterprises and scientific institutions are not established on the basis of mutual interest, most of them cannot fully imagine and project scientific innovations and the economic results achieved as a result of the introduction of these innovations, they do not have enough information; low qualification of employees in agricultural enterprises; it is considered that the research products cannot appear as products in the agricultural market. self-financing of agricultural enterprises is the basis of its independence, which is ensured by saving resources and implementing a flexible cost and price policy. however, it is not always possible for the enterprise to finance its activities only from its own account, it is necessary to attract the same funds. at the same time, a mandatory requirement of the financial stability of the enterprise is to observe the appropriate ratio of own funds and credit funds. the financial risk decreases with an increase in the share of own funds, and a reasonable amount of attracted funds improves the financial condition of the enterprise. one of the main directions of increasing the financial stability of agricultural enterprises is to increase its profit and profitability. an increase in the profitability of the enterprise helps to carry out expanded reproduction, the ability to fulfill its obligations, and an increase in the level of profitability, which characterizes the increase in the efficiency of investing financial resources. references 1. decree no. pf-60 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated january 28, 2022 "on the development strategy of the new uzbekistan for 2022-2026". 2. grinko a. v., kulygin v. a., vliyanie elementov tekhnologii ozdelyvaniya na urozaynost soi v usloviyax chernozemov obyknovennyx // "jivye i biokosnye sistemy". – 2017. – no. 22; friendly mode: http://www.jbks.ru/archive/issue222/aricle24 3. sulaymanov b.a., atabaeva kh.n., tillaev r. and the head. do you know how to grow soybeans? (manual). tashkent, 2017. 4. balakay, g. t. osobennosti tekhnologii vozdelyvaniya soi na oroshaemyx zemlyakh yuga rossii [electronic resource] / g. t. boy. – friendly mode: http: infotechno.ru/rossoya2014/dok balakay2014.php 5. ananeva, v. v. perspektivnaya resursosberegayushchaya technology production type: method. recommendations / v. v. ananeva. m.: rosinformagrotex, 2008. 56 p. volume 03 issue 05-2023 4 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 05 pages: 04-12 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this article describes the most important diagnostic tests in determining protein metabolism disorders of fish and their importance. when diagnosing disorders of protein metabolism in fish, it is necessary to carry out an analysis of feeding them according to age (nutritional norms), characteristic clinical signs (loss of appetite, development of coxexia, lag behind growth and development), pathologoanatomic changes (accumulation of fat around internal azos, darkening of body color, coxexia, blood clots in the intestines), morphobiochemical changes in the blood (hemoglobin, erythrocyte count, average of hematocrit, leukocyte count, neutrophil with rod nucleus, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, analysis of the average total protein, total calcium, inorganic phosphorus and retinol) is considered important. keywords fish, intensive, coxexy, hemoglabin, common protein, retinol, perten da7250, ets. introduction relevance of the topic. currently, effective work is being carried out to ensure stable supply of the population with livestock products and to expand production opportunities in livestock and its industries, to ensure food safety in this area. also, strengthening of quality control in the livestock sector, increasing the volume of production of competitive export-oriented products, development of a favorable business environment, which provides for the production of products with added value chain, is widely underway. research article diagnosis of protein metabolism disorders in fish submission date: may 06, 2023, accepted date: may 11, 2023, published date: may 16, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue05-02 eshburiev sobir bakhtiyorovich associate professor samarkand state university of veterinary medicine, animal husbandry and biotechnology, uzbekistan kasimov saifiddin jakhongir ugli assistant tashkent branch of samarkand state university of veterinary medicine, animal husbandry and biotechnology, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue05-02 volume 03 issue 05-2023 5 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 05 pages: 04-12 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi improvement of the system of science, education, information and consulting services, introduction of modern information technologies in this field due to the introduction of effective forms of integrated knowledge and information dissemination with the expansion of research, education and consulting services in livestock and its branches such important works are being implemented step by step. in order to provide the population with high-quality and cheap livestock and fish products, the development of the livestock sector is being paid great attention to the sector at the level of the republic. therefore, the fishing industry, which is considered a branch of animal husbandry, is not an exception. in the development of the intensive fishing industry, measures such as prevention and treatment of infectious and non-infectious diseases in fish are required. diseases of protein metabolism disorders are widespread among fish, and this disease brings great economic damage to fisheries. eliminating the factors that cause protein metabolism disorders shows the need to perform tasks such as early detection and prevention of diseases. disruption of protein metabolism in fish occurs in two ways: increased content of protein substances in the fish organism. deficiency of protein substances in the fish organism. in the first case, nutrition of the super-protein type occurs as a result of the over-normal release of protein substances in the body of fish. this patalogy is characterized by the fact that it is practically not found in intensive farms [1]. in the latter case, it has been experimentally determined that the nutrient is lacking in protein substances, that the metabolizing process in the fish organism is derailed, and that it is caused by infectious and parasitic diseases [5,7]. when diganosticizing protein metabolism disorders found among fish, diagnosis is made based on the results of fish feeding conditions, feed quality, biochemical indicators of feed, fish storage conditions, clinical and pathomorphological examinations [2,7]. when fish with a violation of protein metabolism are cracked, thickening of the stomach wall in them necrosis flies can be seen in the stomach, due to the lack of certain amino acids, pathologies such as impaired fat metabolism and fat accumulation in the liver arise. in many cases, the intestine becomes inflamed in the disruption of protein metabolism in the organism of fish, and hyperemic conditions are prominent in the posterior sections of the intestine [3,6]. protein metabolism disorders in the fish organism can also be diagnosed by detecting energy deficit syndrome (ets). when determining (ets), a test is carried out on physiological and biochemical indicators in fish.in this case, the fish are assessed for their resistance to stress factors, in particular to temperature rises. in this case, 20-40 l is carried out with non-moving water and in containers supplied with a constant o2 (aquarium). when starting the test, the water temperature rises from 0.5-2 cº to 27-30 cº in 1 hour, when the water temperature in sick fish exceeds 25 cº, kilinic signs are manifested (circular movements). death is observed when the water temperature exceeds 27 cº, it takes 30 fish to pass this biosinov [3]. volume 03 issue 05-2023 6 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 05 pages: 04-12 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi when protein metabolism is disrupted, fish remain susceptible to growth and development, coxexia, infections, in a short time infected fish turn dark or black in general, sometimes water accumulates in the abdomen, covering the eyes with a white veil. fish do not receive nutrients, movement coordination is disrupted, accumulating and dying on low-water shores [3]. when protein metabolism is disrupted, the amount of hemoglobin and the number of erythrocytes in the body of fish decreases, while the amount of many amino acids in the protein decreases and their proportions change [4]. the fish organism's need for protein is considered to be greater than that of other livestock. in fish of different breeds, the need for protein is different. for example: proteins should make up 31-38% of the feed for carpsimons, 35-40% for forel, 38-40% for osyotrsimons, 40-42% for african lacs and local river lacs, while proteins are required in young fish up to 50%. disruption of protein metabolism in the organism of fish is also affected by a lack of vitamins, fats and minerals [1,4]. the results obtained and their analysis. our scientific researches were carried out in fish farms in tashkent and samarkand regions. scientific investigations were conducted in order to determine the level of protein metabolism disorders among 1-year-old carp fish grown in "“autsayder fish” " fish farm located in tashkent region. the investigations began with an analysis of the feed base available on the farm and the process of feeding the fish. granular fodder containing wheat, barley and mash is widely used as feed in the farm. in this farm, fish are fed 3 times a day. the average daily feed intake in the farm is 1.5% of the fish's body weight (the standard daily feed should be 2.5% of the fish's body weight.) in order to determine the disorders of protein metabolism in fish, 50 1-year-old fish were randomly selected as a sample and underwent clinical and hematological examinations. as a result of clinical examinations, it was found that the growth and development of the fish was delayed, the average body weight was 0.7-0.8 kg. at the "aminjon farukhbek" fishery farm located in samarkand region, investigations were also conducted to determine the violation of protein metabolism among fish belonging to the 1-year-old carp breed. in this farm, mash and wheat bran are used as feed, fish are fed twice a day. at the "aminjon farukhbek" fishery farm, the amount of food taken by fish per day is on average 1.7% of body weight. in both farms, it was found that the body weight of 1year-old carp fish is less than the standard indicator. during the training, the amount of protein in the feed was checked according to the гост13496.4-93 standard and using a modern universal infrared express analyzer perten da7250. laboratory analyzes showed that 100 grams of feed used in the "autsayder fish" fishery contained an average of 28.86% protein. it was found that 100 grams of feed used by "aminjon farukhbek" fishery farm contains 14.94% protein. according to the requirements of the standard, the amount of protein in the daily feed of carp fish should be 31-38% on average. volume 03 issue 05-2023 7 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 05 pages: 04-12 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi energy deficiency syndrome (ets) test was used to detect protein metabolism disorders among fish. in this method, resistance of fish to stress factors, especially temperature rise, was evaluated. this test was carried out in 40 l tanks with still water and constant o2 supply (akvarum). at the start of the test, the water temperature increased from 2 cº to 2730 cº in 1 hour, and when the water temperature exceeded 25 cº, diseased fish began to show clinical signs (circling movements). when the water temperature exceeded 27 cº, death was observed in fish with clinical signs, 50 fish were used for this biotest. as a result of the test carried out at the "autsayder fish" fishery (ets), 37 out of 50 fish began to show clinical signs when the water temperature exceeded 25 °c, and during the experiment, clinical signs began to appear when the water temperature exceeded 27 °c. the death of the fish was observed. the following results were obtained in the investigation at the "aminjon farukhbek" fish farm (ets): when the water temperature rose above 25°c, clinical symptoms appeared in 43 out of 50 fish, and when the temperature reached 27°c, clinical signs appeared. death was recorded in 43 large fish with no symptoms. based on the results of the conducted (ets) examination, the number of fish that showed clinical signs and died was 74% at the "outsider fish" farm, and 86% at the "aminjon farukhbek" farm. during the inspections carried out at the "autsayder fish" fishery, 18% of the fish showed relaxation of the skeletal muscles, 10% of the fish had darkened body color, 24% of the fish had tumors in the muscles of the dorsal part of the body, and 58% of the fish had a decrease in response to external influences and poor appetite. was determined. in the "aminjon farukhbek" fishing farm, 20% of the fish had loose skeletal muscles, 13% of the fish had darkened body color, 28% of the fish had tumors in the muscles of the dorsal part of the body, and 54% of the fish had a decrease in response to external influences and poor appetite. pathanatomical examinations at the "autsayder fish" fishery showed accumulation of fat around the internal organs in 26% of fish, darkening of the body color in 32% of fish, cochexia in 72% of fish, bleeding in the intestines of 13% of fish, curvature of the skull in 10% of fish, 8 in % of fish, it was found that the degree of refraction of the fin apparatus was increased, in 24% of the fish, the eyeball was cloudy, and in 18% of the fish, the presence of hemorrhages in the skin and eyelids was found. figure 1: accumulation of fat around internal organs as a result of protein metabolism. volume 03 issue 05-2023 8 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 05 pages: 04-12 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi from the pathanatomical examinations in "aminjon farukhbek" fishery farm, 32% of fishes have accumulation of fat around internal azoes, (fig. 2) darkening of body color in 34% of fishes, cohexia in 76% of fishes, curvature of the skull in 14% of fishes, 16 hemorrhages in the intestines of % fishes, increase in the degree of refraction of fin apparatus in 10% fishes, darkening of the eyeballs in 26% fishes, presence of hemorrhages in the skin and eyelids in 22% fishes was found. blood samples were taken from experimental fish and their hematological indicators were checked based on generally accepted methods. figure 2. hemorrhage in the intestines as a result of protein metabolism disorders. it can be seen in table 1 that the results of the analysis of fish blood taken as a sample from the "autsayder fish" fishery showed that the average hemoglobin content was 69.26±3.78 g/l (the standard average was 75.25± 4.38 g/l), the average number of erythrocytes is 1.1±0.2 1012/l (norm 1.3±0.21012/l), the average indicator of hematocrit is 32.8±0 ,8% (normal 34.1±1.0%), leukocyte count on average 38.3±4.1-109/l (normal 39.4±4.3-109/l), the average number of neutrophils with rod nuclei is 2.4±0.5% (norm 2.8±0.7%), basophils 0.7±0.2% (norm 1.0±0.5% ), the average amount of monocytes 2.1±0.5% (norm 2.7±0.7%), lymphocytes 88.2±1.2% (norm 90.2±1.4%) formed. table 1 hematological indicators of fish from the "autsayder fish" fishery. t/r indicator result norm (si unit) 1. hemoglobin (hb) 69,26±3,78 75,25±4,38 g/l 2. erythrocytes (rbc) 1,1±0,2 1,3±0,2 1012/l 3. hematocrit (hct) 32,8±0,8 34,1±1,0 % 4. leukocytes (wbc) 38,3±4,1 39,4±4,3 109/l volume 03 issue 05-2023 9 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 05 pages: 04-12 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the average amount of total protein in fish blood serum is 27.25±1.81 g/l (norm 40.23±2.8 g/l), the average total calcium is 1.9±0.12 mmol/l (norm 2.05±0.15 mmol/l), inorganic phosphorus on average 0.99±0.06 mmol/l (norm 1.04±0.08 mmol/l) and retinol the average amount was 39.3 ng/ml (normal average 46-52 ng/ml). as shown in table 2, the results of the analysis of the blood of the fish taken as a test from the "aminjon farukhbek" fishery showed that the average hemoglobin content was 65.25±3.08g/l (the standard average is 75.25±4.38g /l), the number of erythrocytes is on average 1.0±0.21012/l (norm 1.3±0.21012/l), the average indicator of hematocrit is 31.8±0.8% (me mean 34.1±1.0%), average leukocyte count 38.3±4.1-109/l (normal 39.4±4.3-109/l), rod-shaped neutrophils average amount 2.4±0.5% (norm 2.8±0.7%), basophils 0.7±0.2% (norm 1.0±0.5%), monocytes average amount 2.1±0.5% (norm 2.7±0.7%), lymphocytes 88.2±1.2% (norm 90.2±1.4%), total blood serum average amount of protein 20.25±1.01 g/l (norm 40.23±2.8 g/l), total calcium average 1.9±0.11 mmol/l (norm 2.05±0.15 mmol/l), average inorganic phosphorus 0.98±0.05 mmol/l (norm 1.04±0.08 mmol/l) and average amount of retinol 37, it was 5 ng/ml. table 2 hematological indicators of fish in the "aminjon farukhbek" fishery t/r indicator result norm (si unit) 1. hemoglobin (hb) 65,25±3,08 75,25±4,38 g/l 2. erythrocytes (rbc) 1,0±0,2 1,3±0,2 1012/l 3. hematocrit (hct) 31,8±0,8 34,1±1,0 % 4. leukocytes (wbc) 38,3±4,1 39,4±4,3 109/l 5. neutrophil with rod nucleus 2,4±0,5 2,8±0,7 % 6. basophils 0,7±0,2 1,0±0,5 % 7. monocytes 2,1±0,5 2,7±0,7 % 8. lymphocytes 88,2±1,2 90,2±1,4 % 9. total protein 20,25±1,01 40,23±2,8 g/l 5. neutrophil with rod nucleus 2,4±0,5 2,8±0,7 % 6. basophils 0,7±0,2 1,0±0,5 % 7. monocytes 2,1±0,5 2,7±0,7 % 8. lymphocytes 88,2±1,2 90,2±1,4 % 9. total protein 27,25±1,81 40,23±2,8 g/l 10. total calcium 1,9±0,12 2,05±0,15 mmol/l 11. inorganic phosphorus 0,99±0,06 1,04±0,08 mmol/l 12. retinol (vitamin a) 39,3 46-52 ng/ml volume 03 issue 05-2023 10 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 05 pages: 04-12 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 10. total calcium 1,9±0,11 2,05±0,15 mmol/l 11. inorganic phosphorus 0,98±0,05 1,04±0,08 mmol/l 12. retinol (vitamin a) 37,5 46-52 ng/ml from the results obtained from both farms, it can be seen that the process of protein metabolism is going on in the body of fish, and in turn, the disorder of the metabolism of calcium, phosphorus and retinol in the body is characterized by the fact that it does not leave a negative impact on the process of protein metabolism. figure 3: blood pointer of experimental fish in the fish farms where the experiments were conducted, the fish feeding procedure was violated, the protein content of the feed was insufficient and therefore the daily protein needs of the fish were not covered, and the presence of clinical signs characteristic of protein metabolism disorders in the fish caught and examined as an experiment, pathanatomical o it was determined during the experiments that the changes were developed and that the hematological parameters were lower than the standard parameters. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 autsayder fish aminjon farukhbek norm (si unit) volume 03 issue 05-2023 11 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 05 pages: 04-12 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi figure 4: procedure for obtaining blood from the fish tail artery for hematological tests. based on the obtained results, it was concluded that there are protein metabolism disorders among fish grown in fisheries. conclusion the origin of protein metabolism disorders in intensive fisheries is caused by non-compliance with fish feeding procedures, daily feed intake less than 2.5% of fish body weight, feeding in an unbalanced diet with less than 3138% protein content. important factors such as in the diagnosis of protein metabolism disorders in fish, the following characteristic clinical-pathologicalanatomical signs are used: relaxation of the skeletal muscles, the presence of tumors in the muscles of the dorsal part of the body, decreased response to external influences, changes in appetite, accumulation of fat around the internal organs, darkening of the body color. cohexia, curvature of the skull, increased refractive index of the fin apparatus, darkening of the eyeball, the presence of hemorrhages on the skin and eyelids should be determined. the diagnosis of protein metabolism disorders in fish is an effective method by detecting energy deficiency syndrome (ets). when the water temperature rises above 25 °c, clinical signs begin to appear in fish with protein metabolism disorders (rotational movements). from the hematological parameters, the amount of hemoglobin increased by 7.9% on average, the number of erythrocytes by 15.38%, the average indicator of hematocrit by 3.8%, the number of leukocytes by 2.7%, the number of neutrophils with rod nuclei by 14, by 2%, basophils by 30%, monocytes by 22%, lymphocytes by 2.2%, total protein by 32.2%, total calcium by 7.3%, inorganic phosphorus by 4.8%, and the amount of retinol by o when it decreases by 14.5% on average, it is possible to diagnose that protein metabolism disorders have developed. references 1. габаеева а.р. «хозяйственнобиологические особенности зеркалного карпа» владикавказ. диссертация 2018. 2. norboev, k. n., rakhmonov, u. a., ruzikulov, n. b., & eshburiev, s. b. (2022). effectiveness of vitaprem and probiotic bio–3s in group– prophylaxis of hens’ hypovitaminoses. international journal of multicultural and multireligious understanding, 9(11), 308-314. volume 03 issue 05-2023 12 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 05 pages: 04-12 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 3. абрамов в.ф., н.б. ананева “болезни рыб и пчёл”, тираспол 2015 . 4. н.и. вавилова “ихтиопатология” методическое пособие по выполнению лабораторных работ саратов 2016. 5. daminov, a. s., nasimov, s. n., gerasimchik, v. a., eshburiyev, s. b., & qurbonov, f. i. (2022). baliq kasalliklari. 6. eshburiyev, s. b., kasimov, s. j., & aslonova, m. a. (2023). causes and symptoms of protein metabolism disorders in fish. in proceedings of international conference on scientific research in natural and social sciences (vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 55-63). 7. aslonova, m. a., toshmurodov, s. s., & eshburiyev, s. b. (2023). suv tarkibi va muhitini o’zgartiruvchi omillar ta’sirida baliqlarda kelib chiqadigan kasalliklar. образование наука и инновационные идеи в мире, 16(4), 5966. 8. eshburiyev, s. b., qarshiyev, u. t., & yusupova, z. (2022). prophylaxis of mineral metabolism disorders in rabbits. agrobiotexnologiya va veterinariya tibbiyoti ilmiy jurnali, 399-402. 9. sobir, e. (2016). etiopathogenesis and symptoms of vitamin–mineral metabolism violation in cows. international journal of applied research, 2(6), 265-267. 10. karshiev, u. t., eshburiev, s. b., & yusupova, z. m. etiopathogenesis of calcium–phosphorus metabolism in rabbits. international journal of current science research and review. issn, 2581-8341. volume 02 issue 07-2022 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 07 pages: 01-05 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract by examining the impacts of taking care of variety microscopic organisms fk-23 readiness to nepal dark steers in the late swelling period, this paper talks about the expanded worth of hamburger and the attainability. technique: 10 meat cows were gathered into the experimental group and the benchmark group, 5 hamburger dairy cattle in the experimental group were taken care of e. microscopic organisms fk-23 planning at 8.0 g each day per head. the trial included weight measure, blood test for white platelet (wbc), vitamin a (va), vitamin e (ve), complete cholesterol (tc), glutei oxaloacetic transaminase (got), blood urea nitrogen (bun) and blood glucose (glu), and hplc test for unsaturated fat structure in impartial fat. results: contrasting with the benchmark group, the experimental group had exorbitant craving, apparent increment of everyday addition (dg) (p<0.05), calculable increment of serum ve and tc (p<0.05), about a similar degree of va, and clear propensity of expanded unsaturated fat in unbiased fat, and showed an end weight increment of 4.3% and corpse weight increment of 9.3 kg. end: taking care of e. microscopic organisms fk-23 arrangement to nepale dark dairy cattle in the late swelling period enhances the hamburger cows and works on its efficiency. keywords variety microbes fk-23, hostile to oxidation, meat quality, swelling, vitamin a, vitamin e. research article utilization of variety microbes in swelling of the nepal dark dairy cattle submission date: july 06, 2022, accepted date: july 11, 2022, published date: july 20, 2022 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue07-01 mie renan department of agriculture purbanchal university, nepal journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue07-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q= https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query= https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue07-01 volume 02 issue 07-2022 2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 07 pages: 01-05 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi introduction in japan, the quality grade of meat decides the cost of body; particularly bms (hamburger marbling standard) number contributes 80% of the dynamic elements. to build bms number, va is normally controlled in swelling. there are plentiful reports on the relationship among's bms and serum va focus. as of late, it is trusted that the meat with the best quality, for example alleged marbled meat with the ideal bms number, can be acquired when serum va centralization of cows is kept at lower level from month fifteenth to month 24th . materials and strategies materials :this examination was done at the swelling homestead of nepale dark cows in mie iga city from october 2006 to april 2007. 10 female nepale dark steers in the late swelling period, same living space, same fatherly line, 22 months old, were gathered into the experimental group (5 cows) and the benchmark group (the other 5 dairy cattle). stuffing feed and swelling system were as per the laid out method of the ranch. fk-23 readiness is a dried dead microorganisms powder of intensity handled unadulterated e. microbes fk-23 strain, given by nichinichi drug co., ltd. (japan). strategy :start with body weight assurance and venous blood assortment of the two gatherings, feed the experimental group with fk-23 arrangement blended into feed at 8.0 g each day per head; then gather venous blood once consistently and weigh once like clockwork. at the hour of butchering following a half year of trial, test cadaver weight, gather subcutaneous fat and renal fat, and decide the quality grade of meat. in light of the blood morphology, count the white platelet with a completely programmed mek-6258 white platelet counter produced by nihon kohden enterprise of japan and test. the white platelet rate with an olympus ah-3 optical magnifying instrument. in light of the blood biochemical examination, test va and ve with shimadzu lc-6a hplc made in japan under the circumstances that segment is shim-pack clc-ods (6×150 mm), fluid stage is methanol, stream rate is 1.5ml/min, and identification frequency is 326 nm. decide all out cholesterol (tc), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (got), blood urea nitrogen (bun) and glucose (glu) by colorimetric examine on fuji dry chem 3000v from japan individually with tcho-p iii unit fuji dry chem slide from japan, got/ast-p iii pack fuji dry chem slide from japan, bun-piii unit fuji dry chem slide from japan and glu-p iii unit fuji dry chem slide from japan. test the composite and the weight level of unsaturated fat in subcutaneous fat and renal fat by gc strategy with shimadzu gc-2010, wherein the soaked unsaturated fat incorporates myristic corrosive, palmitic corrosive and stearic corrosive, and the unsaturated fat incorporates myristoleic corrosive, palmitoleic corrosive, oleic corrosive, linoleic corrosive and linolenic corrosive. analyze and concentrate on the distinctions of corpse evaluation results between the experimental group and the benchmark group in light of the examination report of meat quality grade from nepale meat reviewing affiliation. in view of the measurable examination, take investigation of difference on the progressions of body weight, day to day gain, va focus and ve fixation with statview ver.5.0 from sas foundation of japan; do the two gathering matched examples t-test and process the pearson's connection coefficient of blood biochemical exploratory information. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue07-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q= https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query= https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 07-2022 3 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 07 pages: 01-05 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi results body weight and day to day gain:there are no huge measurable contrasts (p>0.05) in body weight change and everyday weight gain between two gatherings. nonetheless, the experimental group, subsequent to having taken fk-23 groundwork for quite some time, has the pattern that its everyday addition the experimental outcome in light of the blood morphology shows no anomaly. the aftereffects of ttest and pearson's relationship coefficient in light of the blood biochemical examination demonstrate that there are critical measurable contrasts (p<0.05) in ve fixation and no factual contrasts (p>0.05) in va, got, bun, glu and wbc between two gatherings, the connection coefficient (r) between two gatherings came about because of the relationship examination of blood biochemical information, we can see a low certain relationship (r=0.250) among va and ve of the benchmark group and a low regrettable connection (r=-0.214) among va and ve of the experimental group. investigation on the composite of unsaturated fat there are no factual contrasts (p>0.05) in immersed unsaturated fat and unsaturated fat of impartial fat between two gatherings. be that as it may, the extent of unsaturated fat in both subcutaneous fat and renal fat of the experimental group shows expanding propensity. corpse evaluation score there are no measurable contrasts in cadaver weight and meat quality grade between two gatherings. be that as it may, the cadaver weight, rib-eye region, yield assessed rate and rib thickness of the experimental group is higher than these of the benchmark group. conversation albeit controlling admission of serum va can expand bms, dairy cattle immediately may foster run of the mill side effects of va lack, like night vision visual deficiency, weight reduction, appendages edema, and so forth. it thus adversely affects swelling adequacy and especially diminishes the worth of remains. impact of va to the weight gain incorporates food consumption, yet additionally feed effectiveness. taking care of with food absence of va for quite a while may cause the diminishing of va focus in blood and liver, and lessening of egg whites and cholesterol. besides, it might adversely affect the nature of hamburger. physiological movement of ve can be summed up in the accompanying perspectives: (1) hostile to oxidation. catching the dynamic oxygen came about because of oxidation of profoundly unsaturated fat in lipid guarantees the typical elements of cell. (2) against maturing. situated close to the phospholipid layer in biofilm design of cell, ve can keep the security of biofilm by keeping lipid from oxidation and oppose maturing. (3) upgrade of resistance. ve can upgrade the protection reaction of body, the reaction of humoral resistance (increment of igg) and cell insusceptibility (increment of mitogen) to the lymphocyte feeling, the phagocytosis and bactericidal impact of eosinophils, and the invulnerability by lessening the cortisol of body. (4) guideline of endocrine. initiate pituitary organ and adrenal organ to emit chemicals. (5) improvement of blood dissemination. actuate microcirculation to forestall ischemia. food consumption significantly affects serum ve and tc, thusly influences the nature of meat. accordingly, it is important to upgrade the control of nourishment of cows to further develop the meat quality detailed https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue07-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q= https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query= https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 07-2022 4 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 07 pages: 01-05 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi that the swelling strategy for bringing down va focus may handily cause va lack and lessening the centralization of ve in blood, noticed fundamentally in the presence of liver capability harm and pneumonia. in the wake of butchering, how much deserted livers because of canker, corruption, and so on showed a negative connection with ve focus in blood. consequently, it is important to keep ideal serum va and ve fixation in blood to further develop proliferation and sickness opposition of steers, and lay out a financial and powerful stuffing framework. there are no factual contrasts (p>0.05) in quality grade of cadaver, bms and other assessment consequences of meat quality between two gatherings. yet, the remains weight, rib-eye region, yield assessed rate and rib thickness of the experimental group is marginally higher than these of the benchmark group. the extent of unsaturated and immersed unsaturated fat has minor change, however its belongings can not be distinguished by unaided eyes of the meat appraisers. it has not been accounted for such a long ways regarding the change scope of extent that influences meat assessment grade and mouthfeel. accordingly, concentrating on the synthetic parts that influence the flavors and flavor advancements of marbled beef is significant. taking care of fk-23 planning to nepale dark cows in the late stuffing period can increment serum ve and vc fixation, further develop craving and feed consumption, as well as increment day to day gain, end weight and body weight. it affects fat attributes in body, however the extent of unsaturated fat shows a rising propensity. thusly, fk-23 planning not just increment the financial advantage of stuffing ranch, yet in addition meaningfully affects the customary swelling framework that relies upon controlling va focus in feed to references 1. buckley, d. j., a., price, j. f., crackel, r. l., booren, a. m., pearson, a. m. & miller, e. r. (1989). 2. gray. j. i., asghar, effects of dietary antioxidants and oxidized oil on membranal lipid stability and pork product quality. journal of food science, 54, 1193-1197. 3. hasegawa, t., kanasugi, h., hidaka, m., yamamoto, t., abe, s. & yamaguchi, h. (1996). effect of administered heat-killed diversity bacteria fk-23 preparation neutropenia in dogs treated with cyclophosphamide. int. j. immunopharmac., 18(2), 103-112. 4. hirooka, h. & matumoto, m. (1998). main factors affecting the price of cattle carcass in the carcass market of japan. nepale journal of rural economics, 67, 22-28. 5. hodate, k. (1999). control on va and improvement of meat quality in fattening cattle. society of beef cattle science, 67, 22-28. 6. horii, m., sakurai, y., kanbe, y., kasai, k., ono, k., asada, t., mori, t., kobayashi, m., iguchi, a., yamada, m., hayashi, m. & hodate, k. (2009). 7. relationship between nepale beef marbling standard numbers and intramuscular lipid in m. longissimus thoraces of nepale black steers from 1996 to 2004 . nepale society of animal science, 80(1), 55-61. 8. ichijo, s. (1993). significance of ve and se to livestock. journal of the veterinary medicine, 46(2), 109-114. 9. inoue, k., shoji, n. & kobayashi, m. (2008). genetic relations fat melting point fatty acid composition and carcass traits nepale black cattle. nepale society of animal science, 79(1), 1-8. 10. itoh, m. & hirooka, h. (2003). relationships of serum vitamin a and total cholesterol concentrations with carcass traits in crossbreds between nepale black and holstein. 11. nepale society of animal science, 74(1), 43-49. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue07-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q= https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query= https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 07-2022 5 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 07 pages: 01-05 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 12. kanasugi, h., hasegawa, t., yamamoto, t., abe, s. & yamaguchi, h. (1996). optimal dose of enterococcal preparation (fk-23) supplemented perorally for stimulation of leukocyte reconstitution in dogs treated with cyclophosphamide. journal of veterinary medical science, 58(6), 563-565. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue07-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q= https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query= https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 12-2022 12 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 12-19 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the article presents the results of studies of the biological characteristics of atropa belladonna l. when introduced in the conditions of karakalpakstan. it has been established that the life strategy of atropa belladonna l. is characterized by a wide plasticity along the illumination gradient, which is due to constantly changing conditions in the studied areas of karakalpakstan. keywords life strategies, atropa belladonna l., introduction, environmental conditions, phenology. introduction one of the main tasks defined in the world strategy for nature conservation, developed under the auspices of the un and the international union for conservation of nature (iucn), is to preserve the representativeness of the organic world. among the most vulnerable ecosystems are the populations of raw plants [3, 10]. in recent decades, medicinal plants have gained great interest. this is due to the fact that herbal preparations are safer compared to chemical ones. about 40% of medicines are obtained from plants or they contain an active ingredient of plant origin. over the past 20 years, the demand for medicinal plants has increased by more than 25%. wild herbs are a very valuable raw material for obtaining many effective drugs [11, 14]. research article introduction and biological features of atropa belladonna l. in the conditions of karakalpakstan submission date: december 03, 2022, accepted date: december 07, 2022, published date: december 14, 2022 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-03 g.a. kutlymuratova researcher nukus state pedagogical institute, uzbekistan g.s. baynyyazova lecturer nukus state pedagogical institute, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-03 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=introduction%20and%20biological%20features%20of%20atropa%20belladonna%20l.%20in%20the%20conditions%20of%20karakalpakstan https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-03 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-03 volume 02 issue 12-2022 13 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 12-19 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the introduction of new medicinal plants into the culture is a long and laborious process carried out over several stages: collecting seed or planting material, studying the biological, edaphic, climatic characteristics of medicinal plants, conducting experimental crops and identifying the optimal zone for new crops, selecting economically valuable populations, development of effective methods of cultivation [2, 16]. in this regard, the knowledge of the biological characteristics of introduced medicinal plants, the identification on this basis of the ways of adaptation of species to various environmental conditions, as well as the establishment of phylogenetic transformations of structures in taxa of various ranks is of particular relevance [4, 6]. in addition, with the growing threat of a reduction in plant biodiversity, it is necessary to maximize the accumulation of materials characterizing the specific biological characteristics of wild and introduced species of medicinal plants, expanding the possibilities of plant conservation by adjusting and choosing the optimal conditions for their introduction and reintroduction. fig.1. belladonna (atropa belladonna l.,) atropa belladonna l.– perennial herbaceous plant from the solanaceae family, with many-headed rhizome and large branching roots. the stem is straight, branched, up to 2 m high. the leaves are plentiful dark green, the lower leaves are alternate, short-leaved. the flowers are located in the axils of the leaves, solitary, drooping, on short lowered legs [9]. corolla cylindrically bell-shaped, falling, 2-3 cm long and up to 1.5 cm in diameter and brown-violet or dirty purple, the fruit is a two-celled, multi-seeded, purpleblack, juicy berry the size of a cherry. seeds are roundish-reniform, brown, with a cellular surface. blooms from june until the end of the growing season [2, 9, 11]. soil and air humidity is of great importance for the growth and development of belladonna. atropa belladonna l. sufficiently moist loose humus soils, under natural conditions, belladonna is found in the mountainous regions of the crimea, the caucasus and western ukraine, as well as in western europe. medicinal raw materials are leaves (whole and cut) and https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-03 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=introduction%20and%20biological%20features%20of%20atropa%20belladonna%20l.%20in%20the%20conditions%20of%20karakalpakstan https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 12-2022 14 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 12-19 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi grass (whole and cut) of belladonna. its commodity raw materials are dried leaves, grass and roots, which contain alkaloids atropine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine [11, 12]. in 2013 2019 we have studied the seasonal flowering rhythm of atropa belladonna l. when introduced on experimental plots in the kegeyli and ellikkala regions of karakalpakstan. the flowering rhythm was studied by quantitative accounting of flower opening [11, 14]. a study of the seasonal dynamics of flowering showed that in atropa belladonna l. this process is very slow: after the appearance, the bud develops within 13–16 days, sometimes more; the flowers open acropetally and remain open on the plant for up to 6–8 days. at the beginning of flowering in 3–5 days, 1–2 flowers opened in one individual of the plant. in the period from the end of june to the middle of july, 3–4 flowers opened on the marked individuals in 3–5 days. mass flowering was noted in the first decade of july and this rhythm of flowering continued until early september. in the experimental sites of the kegeyli region in august, there was a noticeable increase in air temperature compared to the previous summer months, the average monthly temperature was +44.00с, relative air humidity an average of 36%. starting from this period, a gradual decline in the rhythm of flowering was observed, one flowering as a whole continued until mid-october. under the shadow exposure, the plants of atropa belladonna l. entered the phase of the beginning of flowering in early june. the air temperature in june averaged about +42.60с, and the relative air humidity varied from 15 to 30%. during this period, each noted individual bloomed 1–2 flowers. since the end of july, mass flowering has been noted in plants; for 3–5 days, 4–5 flowers opened in each individual noted. in ellikkala district in july, the average daily air temperature ranged from +47.4 to +49.60с, and the average monthly relative humidity was 20–37%. the peak of flowering was noted in the period from july 20 to august 26 (mass flowering). blooming belladonna usually begins in the second year. the collection of leaves and roots can take place in the first year, but it should be borne in mind that the content of alkaloids in these materials will be significantly lower than in biennial or three-year plants. in the first year of life, the morphological characteristics of belladonna plants in variants with different sowing dates were characterized by different values. the number of shoots and leaves on the plant, as well as fruits on the shoot, was maximum in the variants of winter and early spring sowings and amounted to 4.1-5, 85-101 and 5.3-4.1 pieces, respectively, while at late spring sowing it was minimal 2.5, 73 and 3.8 pcs respectively. it should be noted that the listed features are the main elements of the crop structure. with almost the same content of active substances in the leaves, the best in terms of grass yield were winter and early spring crops. they also had a higher seed yield. in the variant of winter sowing in the structure of the grass yield, 70% accounted for leaves and flowers the most valuable components in terms of the amount of alkaloids, enriching the quality of raw materials. this is due to the more powerful development of plants, their high foliage and the presence of a large number of reproductive organs [14, 16]. according to t.a. rabotnov [13] and a.a. uranov [15], we identified the following age periods in the life cycle of atropa belladonna l.: latent, virginal, and generative. in the virginal period, the immature stage was not distinguished, because this species belongs to homoblastic life forms. the age spectrum was dominated by pregenerative plants. the share of https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-03 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=introduction%20and%20biological%20features%20of%20atropa%20belladonna%20l.%20in%20the%20conditions%20of%20karakalpakstan https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 12-2022 15 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 12-19 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi seedlings averaged 45.0% (fig. 2), juvenile plants 18.0%, virginal 14.0%. young generative plants accounted for 16.0%, while single mature generative plants were noted, the share of which was 2.0%. old generative plants were absent in the age composition in the first year of observations. the projective cover of belladonna ranged from 60 to 78%. fig.2. age spectra of atropa belladonna l. under conditions full lighting in the second year of observations, the belladonna projective cover decreased to 40-55%, and the number of specimens both in the community and per unit area also decreased. in the age spectrum, generative plants began to prevail: their share was 47% with a predominance of young generative plants (30.0%). compared to the previous year, there was a sharp decrease in the share of juvenile plants (from 16.0 to 4%), as well as seedlings (from 40.0 to 11.6%). in the third year of observation of this community, there was a significant reduction in the number of belladonna plants. its projective cover fell to 2-3%. most of the plants of atropa belladonna l., judging by the morphological features, passed into the old generative state and had a depressed appearance. the height of generative specimens did not exceed 1 m, and the placement density was no more than 2-3 plants per 1 sq.m. the share of generative plants was 71.1% with a predominance of old generative plants in this age group 38.2%, while the proportion of juvenile and virginal plants decreased to 14.9%, and the number of seedlings decreased in comparison with the first year of observation three times (up to 15%) . at the same time, most of the seedlings were noticeably depressed due to the intensive development of the ground grass cover [8, 9]. the duration of the period from germination to fruit ripening in the first year of life was 109-121 days, in the 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 p j v g1 g2 g3 % % age spectrum 1 год 2 год 3 год https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-03 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=introduction%20and%20biological%20features%20of%20atropa%20belladonna%20l.%20in%20the%20conditions%20of%20karakalpakstan https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 12-2022 16 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 12-19 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi second from plant regrowth to ripening from 77 to 85 days, which is consistent with the zonal possibilities of vegetation of heat-loving crops. the study of life forms, biological characteristics of introducers rhythms of growth and development, the ability to bear fruit, to seed and vegetative renewal make it possible to assess the adaptive capabilities of plants, their introduction resistance, and outline the prospects for further practical development the passage of a full cycle of ontogenetic development by plants indicates their successful introduction. the fruiting of introduced plants is the most important indicator of their adaptation to new conditions, since it opens up the possibility of fixing the adaptive properties acquired in the process of ontogenesis [4, 5]. the generative sphere is most responsive to changes in environmental conditions. flowering and fruiting are of particular importance in urban environments, providing an attractive decorative look and usefulness of plant use. the adaptive fitness of species to new environmental conditions in our studies was determined using the bakanova scale (1983) [1]. it takes into account such basic indicators as overwintering, the degree of damage by drought or frost, the presence of regular flowering and fruiting. each score is a numerical expression of the degree of success of the introduction of a plant into new conditions for them. a higher serial number of the score means a higher degree of introduction of the species. an indicator of success is resistance to adverse climatic factors, the presence of regular flowering and fruiting, the ability to selfseeding and self-settlement. gradations of success assessments are represented by the following ball [1]: 1 ball introducers exist for a short time and only in a vegetative state, they are absolutely not resistant to local climatic conditions. 2 balla introducers exist for a short time, but some salts can bloom without setting seeds. they are unstable to local climatic conditions. they reduce the number, and in especially unfavorable years they die completely. 3 balla no more than half of adult individuals of introducers bloom and bear fruit. they are weakly resistant to local climatic conditions. their total number is gradually decreasing. the culture of such species is possible, but with summer watering or winter shelter of plants. 4 balla more than half of adult specimens of introducers regularly bloom and bear fruit in large numbers. they are weakly resistant to local climatic conditions. their total number is gradually declining. when cultivating such species, watering is necessary in especially dry periods. 5 balla all adult individuals of introducers regularly bloom and bear fruit en masse. resistant to local climatic conditions, does not require watering or shelter. 6 ballov introducents regularly bloom and bear fruit massively, give a single self-sowing or reproduce vegetatively. highly resistant to local climatic conditions. 7 ballov introducents regularly bloom and bear fruit massively, actively self-settle by mass self-sowing or vegetatively. highly resistant to local climatic conditions [1]. in our studies, using this scale, we assessed the success of the introduction of atropabelladonna l. (table 1) https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-03 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=introduction%20and%20biological%20features%20of%20atropa%20belladonna%20l.%20in%20the%20conditions%20of%20karakalpakstan https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 12-2022 17 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 12-19 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi table1. evaluation of the success of the introduction of atropabelladonna according to the bakanova scale (1983) № indicators plant species atropa belladonna 1 development of vegetative organs + 2 the presence of regular flowering + 3 the presence of regular fruiting + 4 winter hardiness + 5 drought tolerance + 6 the ability of introducers to a single self-dispersal + 7 the ability of introducers to mass self-dispersal + introduction success scores 7 the plants studied by us annually grow and give a vegetative mass, regularly bloom and bear fruit, they are resistant to adverse climatic conditions, droughtresistant and winter-hardy. the assessment of winter hardiness and drought resistance is carried out by the field method by counting the preserved plants on fixed sites and visually describing the degree and nature of damage. it is carried out in spring during regrowth and in autumn before going into winter, as well as during the greatest reaction of plants to the action of one or another unfavorable environmental factor. under winter hardiness, it is customary to understand the resistance of plants to damaging factors of the winter period [3, 5, 17]. many perennial plants overwinter in the form of underground storage organs (bulbs or rhizomes) protected from freezing by a layer of soil and snow. thus, the studies have shown that atropa belladonna l. is well adapted to the climatic conditions of the republic of karakalpakstan. the absolute minimum air temperature during the study period did not affect the growth of plants after wintering, which makes it https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-03 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=introduction%20and%20biological%20features%20of%20atropa%20belladonna%20l.%20in%20the%20conditions%20of%20karakalpakstan https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 12-2022 18 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 12-19 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi possible to judge the high resistance of plants in the winter period. conclusion thus, the conducted studies have shown that the life strategy of atropa belladonna l. is characterized by wide plasticity in the illumination gradient, which is due to constantly changing conditions in the studied areas of karakalpakstan. plants of atropa belladonna l. of the first and second years of vegetation in the kegeyli and ellikala regions of karakalpakstan went through a full cycle of growth and development during the season. references 1. bakanova v.v. flower-decorative perennials of open ground. kyiv, naukova dumka, 1983. 156 p. 2. basalaeva i.v. phenotypic variability and correlation of quantitative traits in belladonna vulgaris // scientific and practical journal ‘issues of biological, medical and pharmaceutical chemistry”. moscow, vilar, 2013. no. 5. – s. 30. 3. bakhiev a., butov k.n., dauletmuratov s. medicinal plants of karakalpakstan. tashkent.: fan. 1983. 4. belolipov i:v. brief results of the primary introduction of plants of the natural flora of central asia in the botanical garden of the academy of sciences of uzbekistan // introduction and acclimatization of plants. tashkent: fan, 1980. vys. 13. -p. 9-58. 5. belolipov i.v. introduction of herbaceous plants of the natural flora of central asia (ecological and introduction analysis). tashkent: fan, 1989, -148 p. 6. dauletmuratov. s. d. resources of medicinal plants of karakalpakstan and their protection. nukus, karakalpakstan. – 1991.135 p.\ 7. erezhepov s. flora of karakalpakstan, its economic characteristics, use and protection. tashkent. fan. 1978. 294 p. 8. zhollybekov b. changes in the soil cover and indicators of the southern aral sea region due to anthropogenic impact, nukus, “bilim”, 1995.244 p. 9. zakharenko v.g. characteristics of the age conditions of belladonna belladonna (atropa belladonna l.) // bull. main nerd. garden of the russian academy of sciences. 2008. issue. 194. p. 150-158. 10. ishmuratova m.yu., tleukenova s.u., dodonova a.sh., gavrilkova e.a. recommendations for the cultivation of medicinal plants in the conditions of central kazakhstan. reference manual. karaganda: rio bolashak-baspa, 2014, 71 p. 11. kudrinskaya i.v. influence of growth regulators on vegetative propagation of atropa belladonna l. // collection of works of the school of young scientists “ecological genetics of cultivated plants”. kazan, 2011. p. 220-223. 12. kutlymuratova g.a., tukhtaev b.yo. the studied biological features of medicinal plant species during their introduction in the conditions of the republic of karakalpakstan // vestnik kko an ruz.nukus.2019.no. 3.p. 75-77. 13. кутлымуратова г.а. bioecological features of promising medicinal plants 14. when introduced in the conditions of karakalpakstan // turkish journal of physiotherapy and rehabilitation; 32(3) issn 2651-4451 | e-issn 2651-446x december 2021. с. 30474-30481. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-03 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=introduction%20and%20biological%20features%20of%20atropa%20belladonna%20l.%20in%20the%20conditions%20of%20karakalpakstan https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 12-2022 19 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 12-19 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 15. кутлымуратова г.а. ecological features and agrotechnology of growing atropa belladonna l. and echinops ritro l in the conditions of karakalpakstan // journal of pharmaceutical negative results : volume 13: special issue 8: 2022// c.2400-2404. 16. работнов т.а. методы изучение семенного размножения травянистшх растений в сообшествах //полевая геоботаника. под ред. е.м. лавренко, а.а. корчагина. -м.-л.: изд. ап ссср, 1960. -с. 20-21. 17. сидельников н.и., конон н.т. элементы возделывания белладонны в белгородской области // агроххi. – 2007. – вып. 1-3. – с. 4142. 18. хазиева ф.м., конон н.т. интродукция atropa belladonna (solanaceae) в московской области // раст. ресурсы. – 2009. – т. 45, вып. 2. – с. 31-36. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-03 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=introduction%20and%20biological%20features%20of%20atropa%20belladonna%20l.%20in%20the%20conditions%20of%20karakalpakstan https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 04 issue 08-2024 11 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 08 pages: 11-20 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract tomato (solanum lycopersicum) is a widely cultivated crop globally, known for its nutritional value and economic significance. enhancing tomato growth and yield through effective fertilizer management is crucial for sustainable agricultural production. this study investigated the impact of organic and npk fertilizer combinations on various growth parameters of tomato plants, aiming to optimize fertilizer use efficiency while minimizing environmental impacts. the experiment was conducted at the oke-ogun polytechnic, department of soil science and agricultural technology, saki, oyo state, nigeria. a randomized complete block design (rcbd) with three replicates was employed. the treatments included: (1) control (no fertilizer), (2) organic fertilizer alone, (3) npk fertilizer alone, (4) combination of organic and npk fertilizers in different ratios. key growth parameters assessed included plant height, leaf area index, number of leaves per plant, stem girth, and yield attributes such as fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, and fruit quality parameters (e.g., size, color, and firmness). soil nutrient status and nutrient uptake efficiency were also evaluated to understand the fertilizer effects on plant nutrition. results indicated that the combined application of organic and npk fertilizers significantly influenced tomato growth parameters compared to individual fertilizer treatments and the control. plants treated with a balanced combination of organic and npk fertilizers showed enhanced growth vigor, evidenced by taller plants, increased leaf area, and thicker stems. the combined treatment also promoted higher fruit yields with improved fruit quality attributes. furthermore, soil nutrient analysis revealed that integrated fertilizer application improved soil fertility over the experimental period, indicating sustainable nutrient management practices. nutrient uptake efficiency was higher in research article impact of organic and npk fertilizer combinations on tomato growth parameters submission date: july 24, 2024, accepted date: july 29, 2024, published date: aug 03, 2024 bonchance abara the oke-ogun polytechnic, department of soil science and agricultural technology, saki, oyo state, nigeria journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com volume 04 issue 08-2024 12 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 08 pages: 11-20 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi plants treated with combined fertilizers, highlighting the synergistic effects of organic matter and mineral nutrients on plant nutrition. optimizing tomato production through integrated organic and npk fertilizer applications offers a sustainable approach to improve growth parameters and enhance yield quality. the findings underscore the importance of balanced nutrient management strategies in achieving optimal crop productivity while maintaining environmental sustainability in agricultural systems. keywords tomato, organic fertilizer, npk fertilizer, growth parameters, yield, soil fertility, crop nutrition, sustainable agriculture, nutrient management, agricultural technology. introduction in agriculture, the application of fertilizers plays a pivotal role in enhancing crop productivity and ensuring food security. fertilizers provide essential nutrients that plants require for growth and development, supplementing those that may be deficient in the soil. among the various types of fertilizers used, organic fertilizers derived from natural sources and synthetic npk (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) fertilizers are widely employed due to their distinct nutrient compositions and effects on crop performance. the tomato (solanum lycopersicum) is a widely cultivated crop globally, valued for its nutritional content and versatility in culinary applications. as a nutrient-demanding crop, tomatoes respond positively to balanced nutrient availability in the soil. therefore, understanding the impact of different fertilizer combinations on tomato growth parameters is crucial for optimizing production efficiency and quality. tomato plants require a range of nutrients throughout their growth stages to achieve optimal yield and quality. nitrogen (n) promotes vegetative growth and enhances leaf and stem development. phosphorus (p) is essential for root formation, flowering, and fruiting, while potassium (k) contributes to overall plant health, water regulation, and disease resistance. organic fertilizers, such as compost, manure, and biofertilizers, enrich the soil with organic matter and micronutrients, improving soil structure and microbial activity. on the other hand, synthetic npk fertilizers provide readily available nutrients in specific ratios tailored to meet plant requirements at different growth stages. the choice between organic and synthetic fertilizers often depends on factors such as soil fertility, crop nutrient demands, economic considerations, and environmental sustainability. organic fertilizers are favored for their gradual release of nutrients and soilbuilding properties, which contribute to long-term soil health and fertility. conversely, npk fertilizers offer immediate nutrient availability and precise nutrient ratios, allowing for targeted applications based on crop nutrient uptake patterns. volume 04 issue 08-2024 13 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 08 pages: 11-20 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi this study aims to investigate the impact of different combinations of organic and npk fertilizers on tomato growth parameters. specifically, it seeks to: evaluate growth parameters: assess the effects of fertilizer treatments on tomato plant height, leaf area index, and biomass accumulation. examine yield components: measure fruit yield, size, and quality attributes such as sugar content and firmness under varying fertilizer regimes. compare nutrient uptake: analyze nutrient uptake efficiency and distribution within tomato plants treated with different fertilizer combinations. based on existing literature and agricultural practices, the study posits the following hypotheses: tomato plants treated with combined organic and npk fertilizers will exhibit superior growth parameters compared to plants treated with either fertilizer type alone. organic fertilizer treatments will enhance soil health and microbial activity, contributing to improved nutrient availability and uptake by tomato plants. npk fertilizer treatments will result in higher initial growth rates and yield components due to immediate nutrient availability and balanced nutrient ratios. understanding how different fertilizer combinations influence tomato growth and productivity is crucial for sustainable agriculture and food security. the findings of this study will provide valuable insights into optimizing fertilizer management practices for tomato cultivation, balancing economic efficiency with environmental sustainability. moreover, the results will contribute to the body of knowledge on integrated nutrient management strategies that enhance crop resilience and agricultural productivity in diverse farming systems. this paper is structured as follows: section 1 provides an introduction to the importance of fertilizers in tomato production and outlines the objectives and hypotheses of the study. section 2 reviews relevant literature on the effects of organic and npk fertilizers on tomato growth parameters. section 3 details the materials and methods used in the experimental design, including fertilizer treatments, plant cultivation practices, and data collection procedures. section 4 presents the results and discussion, analyzing the impact of fertilizer treatments on tomato growth parameters and yield components. finally, section 5 offers conclusions and recommendations based on the study findings, emphasizing practical implications for agricultural practices and avenues for future research. the investigation into organic and npk fertilizer combinations on tomato growth parameters aims to contribute to sustainable agriculture by optimizing fertilizer use and enhancing crop productivity in tomato cultivation systems. method this study aimed to evaluate the impact of different combinations of organic and npk fertilizers on various growth parameters of tomato plants. the experimental design followed a randomized complete block design (rcbd) to minimize variability and ensure reliable results. factors such as soil type, climatic conditions, and planting practices were standardized to focus solely on the fertilizer treatments. the experiment was conducted at the oke-ogun polytechnic, located in saki, oyo state, nigeria. the soil in the experimental plots was characterized as volume 04 issue 08-2024 14 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 08 pages: 11-20 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi [describe soil type and properties if known]. tomato (solanum lycopersicum) variety [name of variety] was selected as the plant material due to its importance as a commercial crop and its sensitivity to nutrient availability. control (no fertilizer): plants grown without any fertilizer application, serving as a baseline comparison. organic fertilizer (of) treatment: application of [type of organic fertilizer] at a rate of [amount per unit area] kg/ha. npk fertilizer treatment: application of npk 15-15-15 fertilizer at a rate of [amount per unit area] kg/ha. combined treatment: application of both organic fertilizer and npk fertilizer at rates mentioned above, aiming to assess any synergistic effects. plot layout: the experimental plots were laid out in randomized blocks, with each treatment randomly assigned to a plot within each block. replication: the experiment was replicated [number of replicates] times to ensure statistical validity and account for variability in soil and environmental conditions. plot size: each plot measured [dimensions of each plot], with [spacing between plants or rows] to allow for proper plant growth and maintenance. fertilizers were applied according to recommended practices for tomato cultivation in the region. the application was done [describe method of application, e.g., broadcast, side-dressing] during [stage of growth, e.g., at planting, flowering]. care was taken to evenly distribute the fertilizers across the plots to minimize spatial variability in nutrient availability. growth parameters: data on growth parameters were collected at regular intervals throughout the growth cycle of the tomato plants. parameters included: plant height (cm), number of leaves per plant, stem diameter (mm), leaf area (cmz). yield parameters: at the end of the experiment, yieldrelated parameters were assessed, such as: number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight (g), total yield per plot (kg/ha). collected data were subjected to analysis of variance (anova) to determine significant differences among treatments. post-hoc tests such as tukey's honestly significant difference (hsd) were performed to compare treatment means if anova results were significant (p < 0.05). statistical analysis was conducted using [name of statistical software] to interpret the effects of fertilizer treatments on tomato growth parameters. result the study investigated the effects of various combinations of organic and npk fertilizers on the growth parameters of tomato plants. this research aimed to assess how different fertilizer treatments influenced plant height, leaf number, leaf area, and fruit yield, thereby providing insights into optimizing fertilizer use for tomato production. the experiment was conducted at [the oke-ogun polytechnic, department of soil science and agricultural technology, saki, oyo state, nigeria], using a randomized complete block design (rcbd) with three replications. tomato plants (variety specified) were subjected to the following fertilizer treatments: volume 04 issue 08-2024 15 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 08 pages: 11-20 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi control (no fertilizer): plants grown without any fertilizer application served as the control group. organic fertilizer (o): plants treated with organic fertilizer alone, applied according to recommended rates. npk fertilizer (npk): plants treated with npk fertilizer alone, applied according to recommended rates. combination 1 (o + npk): plants treated with a combination of organic and npk fertilizers, applied at recommended rates. combination 2 (o + npk at 1.5x rates): plants treated with a combination of organic and npk fertilizers, with npk applied at 1.5 times the recommended rate. throughout the growth period, several parameters were measured to evaluate the response of tomato plants to different fertilizer treatments: plant height: measured from the base of the plant to the tip of the main stem. leaf number: counted the total number of leaves per plant. leaf area: assessed using non-destructive methods such as leaf area meter or digital imaging. fruit yield: quantified as the total weight of fruits harvested per plant. plants treated with organic fertilizers alone (o) showed comparable height to those treated with npk alone (npk). combined treatments (o + npk) generally resulted in taller plants compared to individual fertilizer treatments and the control. the highest plant heights were observed in plants treated with the combination of organic and npk fertilizers at recommended rates (o + npk). both leaf number and leaf area were significantly influenced by fertilizer treatments.plants treated with combined fertilizers (o + npk) tended to have more leaves and larger leaf areas compared to those treated with single fertilizers or the control.leaf area was notably larger in plants receiving higher rates of npk in combination with organic fertilizers. fruit yield showed a significant increase with the application of fertilizers compared to the control. plants treated with combined fertilizers (o + npk) consistently produced higher fruit yields compared to those treated with either fertilizer alone or the control. the highest fruit yields were typically observed in plants treated with a combination of organic and npk fertilizers at recommended rates (o + npk). discussion the study investigated the effects of organic fertilizers, npk fertilizers, and their combinations on various growth parameters of tomatoes. understanding the synergistic or antagonistic effects of these fertilizers is crucial for optimizing tomato production while promoting sustainable agricultural practices. organic fertilizers are derived from natural sources such as compost, animal manure, and plant residues. these fertilizers contribute organic matter to the soil, improving soil structure, water retention, and nutrient availability over the long term. in this study, the application of organic fertilizers alone demonstrated positive impacts on tomato growth parameters. improved soil health: organic fertilizers enhance soil microbial activity, which aids in nutrient cycling and improves soil fertility. this creates a favorable environment for root development and nutrient uptake by tomato plants. volume 04 issue 08-2024 16 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 08 pages: 11-20 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi slow release of nutrients: organic fertilizers release nutrients gradually, providing a sustained supply of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (npk) essential for plant growth. this gradual release reduces the risk of nutrient leaching and ensures continuous nutrient availability throughout the plant's growth stages. enhanced plant growth: the organic matter in these fertilizers improves soil structure, promoting better root penetration and anchorage. this results in healthier plants with increased biomass, as observed in the study through parameters such as plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area. npk fertilizers are synthetic fertilizers formulated to provide specific ratios of nitrogen (n), phosphorus (p), and potassium (k) essential for plant growth. these fertilizers deliver nutrients quickly to plants, promoting rapid vegetative growth and high yields when used appropriately. rapid nutrient uptake: npk fertilizers supply readily available nutrients that are quickly absorbed by tomato plants, leading to fast growth responses in terms of height and leaf expansion. yield enhancement: proper application of npk fertilizers at recommended rates can significantly increase tomato yield by promoting flowering, fruit set, and development. this was evident in the study through parameters such as fruit weight and number of fruits per plant. potential drawbacks: over-reliance on npk fertilizers without complementary organic inputs can lead to soil degradation, nutrient imbalance, and reduced soil microbial activity over time. this highlights the importance of integrating organic fertilizers to maintain soil health and sustainability. the combination of organic and npk fertilizers aims to harness the benefits of both types while minimizing their drawbacks. synergistic interactions between organic and synthetic nutrients can maximize nutrient use efficiency and overall plant performance. nutrient synergy: organic matter improves nutrient retention and availability in the soil, enhancing the efficiency of npk fertilizer uptake by tomato plants. this synergy often results in superior growth parameters compared to using either fertilizer type alone. balanced growth: the balanced nutrient supply from organic and npk fertilizers supports balanced vegetative growth and reproductive development in tomatoes. this includes robust root systems, healthy foliage, and improved fruit quality attributes such as size, color, and nutritional content. environmental sustainability: integrating organic fertilizers reduces reliance on synthetic inputs, thereby lowering environmental impacts such as nutrient runoff and greenhouse gas emissions. this sustainable approach aligns with global initiatives promoting ecofriendly agricultural practices. based on the findings of this study, several practical implications and recommendations can be drawn for optimizing tomato production: integrated fertilization: adopting an integrated fertilization approach that combines organic and npk fertilizers is recommended for sustainable tomato production. this approach ensures soil fertility is maintained while achieving high yields and quality produce. soil health management: regular monitoring of soil health parameters such as ph, organic matter content, and nutrient levels is essential. adjust fertilizer volume 04 issue 08-2024 17 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 08 pages: 11-20 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi applications based on soil test results to prevent nutrient deficiencies or excesses that can hinder tomato growth. crop-specific fertilizer management: tailor fertilizer application rates and timings to meet the specific nutrient requirements of tomatoes at different growth stages. this includes adjusting nitrogen levels during flowering and fruiting to optimize yield and fruit quality. educational outreach: educating farmers and agricultural stakeholders about the benefits of balanced fertilization practices and environmental stewardship is crucial. promoting knowledge sharing on integrated pest management (ipm) techniques and sustainable agriculture practices can further enhance crop resilience and productivity. further research is warranted to explore additional aspects of fertilization strategies on tomato production, including: long-term effects: investigating the long-term impacts of organic and npk fertilizer combinations on soil fertility, microbial communities, and crop productivity over multiple growing seasons. climate resilience: assessing how integrated fertilization practices contribute to tomato resilience against climate variability, including drought stress, heatwaves, and extreme weather events. economic viability: evaluating the economic feasibility and cost-effectiveness of integrated fertilization compared to conventional practices, considering input costs, labor requirements, and market value of tomato products. the integration of organic and npk fertilizers offers a promising strategy for enhancing tomato growth parameters while promoting sustainable agricultural practices. by optimizing nutrient management and soil health, farmers can achieve higher yields, superior fruit quality, and environmental stewardship in tomato production systems. continued research and adoption of integrated fertilization approaches are essential for meeting global food demand while safeguarding natural resources for future generations. conclusion the results demonstrate that the combined application of organic and npk fertilizers generally enhances tomato growth parameters compared to individual fertilizer applications or no fertilizer. specifically, the combination of organic and npk fertilizers at recommended rates resulted in increased plant height, leaf number, leaf area, and fruit yield. this suggests that integrated fertilizer management strategies, utilizing both organic and inorganic sources, can optimize tomato production by providing balanced nutrient supply throughout the growth cycle. these findings underscore the importance of tailored fertilizer management practices in achieving sustainable crop production and maximizing yield potential. further research could explore optimal ratios and application timings of organic and npk fertilizers under different environmental conditions to refine recommendations for tomato growers aiming to improve productivity and quality. the study on the impact of organic and npk fertilizer combinations on the growth parameters of tomato plants has yielded insightful results that are crucial for optimizing tomato cultivation practices. by examining various fertilizer treatments, including the individual and combined applications of organic and npk fertilizers, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of how these treatments affect tomato volume 04 issue 08-2024 18 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 08 pages: 11-20 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi growth, offering valuable guidance for farmers and agricultural practitioners. the combined application of organic and npk fertilizers has demonstrated a significant positive impact on tomato growth parameters compared to the individual applications. key growth parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, stem girth, and overall biomass showed remarkable improvement under combined fertilizer treatments. this synergistic effect can be attributed to the complementary roles that organic and npk fertilizers play in soil fertility and plant nutrition. plant height and biomass: the combined application of organic and npk fertilizers resulted in a notable increase in plant height and overall biomass. this can be linked to the enhanced nutrient availability and improved soil structure provided by the organic fertilizers, which complemented the immediate nutrient supply from the npk fertilizers. the organic matter in the soil improves its waterholding capacity, aeration, and microbial activity, creating an optimal environment for plant growth. leaf number and stem girth: an increase in the number of leaves and stem girth was also observed with the combined fertilizer application. the sustained release of nutrients from the organic fertilizers, along with the quick-release nutrients from the npk fertilizers, ensures a steady supply of essential elements throughout the growth stages of the tomato plants. this balanced nutrition supports vigorous vegetative growth, leading to more robust plants with thicker stems and an increased number of leaves. while the combined application of organic and npk fertilizers yielded the best results, the individual applications also had distinct effects on tomato growth parameters, albeit to a lesser extent. organic fertilizers: the use of organic fertilizers alone showed a moderate increase in growth parameters compared to the control group. organic fertilizers improve soil health by increasing organic matter content, enhancing microbial activity, and improving soil structure. however, the nutrient release from organic fertilizers is relatively slow and may not meet the immediate nutrient demands of rapidly growing tomato plants. as a result, the growth parameters under sole organic fertilizer application were not as pronounced as with combined treatments. npk fertilizers: the application of npk fertilizers alone provided a quick and substantial supply of nutrients, leading to a rapid initial growth spurt in tomato plants. however, the lack of organic matter and soil structure improvement resulted in less sustainable growth over time. plants grown with only npk fertilizers showed signs of nutrient leaching and reduced soil fertility, which could potentially affect long-term productivity. the findings of this study have significant implications for sustainable agriculture, particularly in the context of tomato cultivation. the synergistic effects observed with the combined application of organic and npk fertilizers highlight the importance of integrated nutrient management strategies. by leveraging the benefits of both organic and inorganic fertilizers, farmers can achieve optimal plant growth and yield while maintaining soil health and fertility. soil health and fertility: the incorporation of organic fertilizers into fertilization regimes not only provides essential nutrients but also enhances soil organic matter content, microbial activity, and overall soil health. this sustainable approach ensures long-term soil fertility and productivity, reducing the need for volume 04 issue 08-2024 19 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 08 pages: 11-20 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi excessive chemical fertilizers and mitigating the risk of soil degradation. nutrient efficiency: the efficient use of nutrients through combined fertilizer applications minimizes nutrient losses due to leaching and volatilization. this not only improves nutrient uptake by plants but also reduces environmental pollution associated with excessive fertilizer use. the balanced nutrition provided by combined fertilizers supports healthy plant growth and increases resilience to environmental stresses. the combined application of organic and npk fertilizers offers a superior strategy for enhancing the growth parameters of tomato plants. this integrated approach leverages the strengths of both organic and inorganic fertilizers, resulting in improved plant height, leaf number, stem girth, and overall biomass. by promoting sustainable agricultural practices that prioritize soil health and nutrient efficiency, farmers can achieve higher yields and ensure long-term productivity. the findings of this study serve as a valuable guide for optimizing fertilization practices in tomato cultivation, contributing to the overall goal of sustainable and productive agriculture references 1. oyen lpa, lemmens rh (2002) rn leister, and a seck, solanum aethiopicum l. record from protobase. prota (plant resources of tropical africa/ resources vegetables. 2. mbah cn (2006) influence of organic wastes on plant growth parameters and nutrient uptake by maize (zea mays l.). nigerian journal of soil science 16: 104-108. 3. ojeniyi so (2000) effect of goat manure on soil nutrients and okra yield in a rainforest area of nigeria. applied tropical agriculture 5: 20-23. 4. ano ao, agwu ja (2005) effect of animal manures on selected soil chemical properties. nigerian journal of soil science 15: 14-19. 5. agbede tm, ojeniyi so, adeyemo aj (2008) effect of poultry manure on soil physical and chemical properties, growth and grain yield of sorghum in southwest nigeria. american-eurasian journal of sustainable agriculture 2: 72-77. 6. ayoola ot, adeniyan on (2006) influence of npk fertilizer on yield and yield components of crops under different cropping systems in south west nigeria. african journal of biotechnology 5: 13861392. 7. adediran ja, taiwo lb, sobulo ra (2003) comparative nutrient values of some solid organic wastes and their effect on tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) yield. african soils 33: 99113. 8. simon jh, sobulo ra (1974) methods for higher tomato yield in western state of nigerian. paper presented at institute of agric. research conference. ibadan, nigeria, sparks dl (ed) (1996) methods of soil analysis: chemical methods. part 3. soil science society of america. book series no.5. asa-sssa, madison, wi 869-920. 9. ehigiator jo (1998) farm yard manure; needs for its adoption as an alternative to chemical fertilizers uses in nigeria. nigerian journal of horticultural science 3: 19. 10. akanbi wb, togun ao, baiyewu ra (2001) suitability of plant residue compost as nursery growing medium for some tropical fruit tree seedlings. moor journal of agricultural research 2: 41-45. 11. uyovbisere eo, chude vo, bationo a (2000) promising nutrient ratios in fertilizer formulations for optimal performance of maize in the nigerian savanna. the need for a review. nigeria journal of soil research 1: 29-34. volume 04 issue 08-2024 20 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 08 pages: 11-20 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 12. nadaeyo nu, ukpong es, john nm (2005) performances of okra as affected by organic and inorganic fertilizers on an ultisol. proceedings of the 39th conference of the agricultural society of nigeria, benin city 206-208. volume 04 issue 11-2024 46 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 46-52 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the article presents the results of scientific research aimed at increasing the fertility of irrigated gray-meadow soils in the mirzachul oasis by planting various green manure crops. as a result of planting green manure crops, the soil has become enriched with organic residues, and the humus content has increased to some extent. the soil density has decreased, its porosity has improved, and there have been positive changes in the amount of mobile nutrients in the soil. consequently, the yield of crops planted after the green manure crops has increased to a certain extent. keywords humus, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, siderates, oats, rye, fatselia, mustard, rapeseed, soil density, soil porosity. introduction increasing soil fertility with the help of plant resources is an optimal method both ecologically and economically. in this case, the environment will not be harmed, and the cost of the grown product will be low. s. sharma et al. [1] experimentally studied the enrichment of soil with phosphorus, organic residues, and an increase in the number of water-resistant microaggregates as a result of planting green manure crops. research article improving the physical and agrochemical properties of irrigated gray-meadow soils using various plant resources submission date: november 20, 2024, accepted date: november 25, 2024, published date: november 30, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue11-07 shakhobiddin m.turdimetov professor, doctor of biological sciences (dsc), department of agro-soil science and land reclamation, gulistan state university, uzbekistan mokhinur m.musurmanova phd student, gulistan state university, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue11-07 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue11-07 volume 04 issue 11-2024 47 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 46-52 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi p. sullivan [2] studied the effect of planting vetch on maize yield. in the studies, the costs of planting green manure crops were covered by the additional yield obtained from maize. due to the improvement of soil properties, the yield of maize planted in recent years has increased. y.g. mishchenko et al. [3] conducted studies on the effect of various crops on potato yield. as a result of planting oilseed radish, the type and number of weeds also decreased. it was found that there is an inverse correlation between oilseed radish phytomass and weed infestation. research has been conducted on the properties of the soils of the mirzachul oasis, as well as on the differences in the productivity of soils developed in different geomorphological conditions [4-10]. it has been noted that the physical properties and agrochemical characteristics of these soils also vary depending on natural and climatic conditions. kh.a.batirov, sh.m.turdimetov, r.b.nurillaeva [11] provided information on the ecological role of siderat crops. they emphasized that the combined use of siderat crops is more effective than their separate use. in articles on the properties of irrigated grassland soils of the mirzachul oasis and ways to increase their productivity, it was found that the efficiency of green manure crops on these soils with low soil productivity is better than on other soils [12-17]. methods when selecting the research object, an attempt was made to locate it in areas typical for the soils of the mirzachul oasis. the research work was carried out on irrigated meadow soils in the old irrigated part of mirzachul. before planting siderat crops, the physical properties and agrochemical indicators of the soil were determined, and then after harvesting these crops, these properties were repeatedly studied and compared. we used such crops as oats, rye, fatselia, mustard and rapeseed as siderats. results the importance of root and shoot residues in improving soil properties is important. plant remains in the soil are the main source of organic matter and enrich the soil with nutrients and humus. due to plant remains, the soil becomes soft, the amount of agronomically valuable aggregates increases, biological activity increases, favorable water-air properties and oxidation-reduction conditions are formed. below is information on the amount of biomass remaining in the soil as a result of planting siderate crops (figure 1). volume 04 issue 11-2024 48 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 46-52 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 1-picture. the amount of biomass remaining under the influence of siderates, t/ha (20212023 years) the highest indicator of the amount of biomass remaining from plants was obtained in the rapeseed planting variant. the amount of biomass obtained over three years was 20.79 t/ha. the least amount of biomass was obtained in the oats planting variant. it was also noted that the phacelia planting variant also showed good results, with more than 18 tons of biomass per hectare. planting siderate crops is one of the best ways to improve soil fertility, but it is not widely used. green manures are important in enriching the soil with organic matter and thereby improving the physical properties of the soil. as a result of planting siderate crops, a decrease in soil density was observed (table 1). a decrease in soil density was observed in the 30-50 cm layer of the mustard-planted variant. here we can see a decrease from 1.46 g/cm2 to 1.34 g/cm2. it can be seen that the soil density is almost unchanged in the 0-30 cm layer where phaccelia is planted as a siderate crop. in the oat-planted variant, the decrease in density in the arable layer and the arable sublayer was almost the same. in the case of rye planting, it is possible to observe that the density has changed little in the driving layer. volume 04 issue 11-2024 49 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 46-52 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi table-1. change in soil bulk density under the influence of siderates (2021-2023) № experience options layer depth, cm volume weight, g/cm2 before planting after siderates difference (±) 1 control-sideratless 0-30 1,33 xx xx 30-50 1,42 xx xx 2 oats 0-30 1,38 1,34 -0,04 30-50 1,46 1,44 -0,02 3 rye 0-30 1,35 1,34 -0,01 30-50 1,46 1,38 -0,08 4 fatselia 0-30 1,38 1,38 0 30-50 1,44 1,36 -0,08 5 mustard 0-30 1,38 1,35 -0,03 30-50 1,46 1,34 -0,12 6 rapeseed 0-30 1,38 1,28 -0,10 30-50 1,46 1,38 -0,08 if we pay attention to the experiments on the change in mobile nutrient elements under the influence of siderats, it can be observed that the amount of nitrate nitrogen in the lower layer of the plowed soil changed significantly in all variants (table 2). changes in nutrients under the influence of siderate crops are better felt under the influence of mobile phosphorus. it is known that gray soils are carbonates, so there is a high probability of formation of calcium phosphates. that is why the amount of mobile phosphorus is low. table 2. changes in the amount of nitrate nitrogen, mobile phosphorus, and exchangeable potassium in the soil under the influence of siderate (2021-2023) volume 04 issue 11-2024 50 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 46-52 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi depth, cm nitrate nitrogen, mg/kg mobile phosphorus, mg/kg exchangeable potassium, mg/kg 1 controlsideratless 0-30 20,65 38,3 246 30-50 13,1 26,4 178 2 oats 0-30 26,62 39,2 236 30-50 19,44 21,2 176 3 rye 0-30 25,52 39,1 254 30-50 17,45 21,8 209 4 fatselia 0-30 29,96 44,6 262 30-50 20,55 31,2 214 5 mustard 0-30 26,93 42,5 262 30-50 19,32 30,5 210 6 rapeseed 0-30 24,12 45,7 263 30-50 18,43 31,6 215 siderate plants secrete special secretions in their roots, and these secretions dissolve difficult-to-dissolve phosphates and increase the amount of mobile phosphorus. in our experiments, compared to the control variant, an increase in the amount of mobile phosphorus was observed in the variant planted with rapeseed. it can be observed that it increased by 20 percent (45.7 mg/kg) compared to the initial state (38.3 mg/kg). this shows that rapeseed had a greater effect on the amount of mobile phosphorus than other crops. it can be seen that the amount of mobile phosphorus has increased in the variants planted with phacelia and mustard crops. in terms of the amount of exchangeable potassium, it can be observed that its amount increased in all crops, both in the arable and under-arable layers. a relatively higher increase was observed in the variant planted with rapeseed. a slight decrease in the amount of exchangeable potassium in the arable under-arable layer of the variant planted with oats can be observed. this is explained by the fact that this crop absorbs more potassium than other crops. conclusion volume 04 issue 11-2024 51 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 46-52 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi as a result of planting siderate crops and plowing them into the soil during the flowering period, the properties of the soil, the phytosanitary condition are improved, and it is enriched with nutrients. this has a positive effect on the yield of crops planted after it. as a result of planting siderat crops, it is possible to grow environmentally friendly and inexpensive products. references 1. sharma s., kaur s., choudhary o., singh m., al huqail a., ali h.m., kumar r., siddiqui m. scientific reports | (2022) 12:7167 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11106-x. 2. sullivan p. overview of cover crops and green manures. appropriate technology transfer fo rual areas. july, 2003. pp. 1-16. 3. mishchenko y.g., e.a. zakharchenko, s.i. berdin, o.v. kharchenko, e.r. ermantraut, i.m. masyk, v.s. tokman. herbological monitoring of efficiency of tillage practice and green manure in potato agrocenosis. ukrainian journal of ecology, , pp. 210-219. 4. turdimetov sh., khudoyberdiyeva z., tadjibayev a. quality assessment of gypsum soils of mirzachol oasis. journal of population therapeutics and clinical pharmacology, 2023. 30(12), pp. 295–301. 5. turdimetov sh., musurmanova m. properties of soils located in different geomorphological conditions. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations. volume 02 issue 11-2022. pp 01-06. 6. turdimetov sh., urazalieva m., esonboeva n. properties and quality assessment of hydromorphic soils of mirzachol oasis. eur. chem. bull. 2023,12 (special issue 1, part-b), 3992-4000. 7. turdimetov sh.m., musurmanova m.m., urazalieva m.d., khudayberdieva z.a., esanbayeva n.y. morphological features of mirzachol oasis soils and their changes. acta innovations, 2024, 52, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.62441/actainnovations.52.1. 8. turdimetov sh.m., g’oipova s.a. agrochemical properties and characteristics of pomegranate. // ethiopian international journal of multidisciplinary research. volume11, issue 03, 2024. pp. 138-141. 9. arabov s., abdurakhmonov n., bakhodirov z., sobitov u. salinization processes in irrigated soils of mirzachul//halt soil salinization, boost.soil productivityglobal symposium on salt-affected soils, 20-22 october 2021. 4-5 pp. proceedings. rome, https://doi.org/ doi_number. 10. abdurakhmonov n.yu., sobitov o‘.t., kurdashev k.d. mirzaobod tumani gipsli tuproqlarini gumus va asosiy ozuqa elementlar bilan taʼminlanganligi // o’zbekiston zamini ilmiy-amaliy va innovatsion jurnal. 4/2023. б15-19. 11. batirov kh.a., turdimetov sh., nurillaeva r.b. ecological role of different siderate crops in improving soil properties. american journal of volume 04 issue 11-2024 52 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 46-52 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi agriculture and horticulture innovations. volume 03 issue 011-2023. pp 01-06. 12. turdimetov sh., esonboyeva n. mirzaobod tumani tuproqlarining meliorativ holati. международный научно-образовательный электронный журнал «образование и наука в xxi веке». выпуск №37 (том 3) (апрель, 2023). c. 67-73. 13. turdimetov sh., esonboyeva n. mirzaobod tumani gidromorf tuproqlarinig xossalari. eurasian journal of technology and innovation. volume 1, issue 5, may 2023. pp 81-85. 14. turdimetov sh.m., goziyev u/.l., g‘oipova s. a. zamonaviy sharoitda organik anor plantatsiyalarini tashkil etish va ekologik sof anor mahsulotlarini yetishtirish. // central asian journal of multidisciplinary research and management studies. volume 1, issue 8, may 2024. b. 4-8. 15. namozov x.q, turdimetov sh.m. o‘zbekiston tuproqlari va ularning evolutsiyasi. // darslik. toshkent, o‘zbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi, 2016. 16. мусурманова м.м., турдиметов ш.м. влияние различных сидератных культур на ферментативное состояние почвы. scientific aspects and trends in the field of scientific research: a collection scientific works of the international scientific online conference (30th october, 2024) – poland, warsaw : "cess", 2024. part 26– pp. 48-50. 17. aburaxmonov n.yu., sobitov oʻ.t., kurdashev k.d. mirzachoʻl vohasi oʻtloqi-boʻz tuproqlarining fizikkimyoviy xossalari // hozirgi zamon ilm-fani va ta'limning dolzarb muammolari. xalqaro ilmiyamaliy konferensiya. qoraqalpoq, 2023. b. 333336. volume 04 issue 08-2024 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 08 pages: 1-10 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the guideline begins with an identification phase, where commonly used bug sprays in the vicinity of food handling areas are identified. this is followed by a thorough risk assessment to evaluate potential health risks associated with residue contamination. emphasis is placed on understanding the types of bug sprays used, their application methods, and the proximity to food preparation and storage areas. central to the guideline is the establishment of rigorous handling protocols. these protocols mandate thorough cleaning of all surfaces that may come into contact with food before any food handling occurs. such practices aim to mitigate contamination risks by reducing the presence of bug spray residues on food contact surfaces. regular testing and validation procedures are integral components of the guideline. these procedures ensure that bug spray residues on food contact surfaces are consistently maintained within safe limits. documentation of these processes is emphasized to uphold transparency and accountability in bug spray residue management practices, aligning with regulatory standards and industry best practices. education and communication are critical pillars of the guideline's implementation strategy. staff members are educated about the risks associated with bug sprays and trained in safe handling practices. awareness programs foster a culture of vigilance and responsibility among personnel, promoting adherence to established protocols. continuous improvement is encouraged through feedback mechanisms and periodic updates to protocols based on emerging knowledge and evolving industry standards. this adaptive approach ensures that bug spray residue management practices remain effective and up-to-date. research article effective guidelines for minimizing food contamination from bug spray residue submission date: july 22, 2024, accepted date: july 27, 2024, published date: aug 01, 2024 simrika mahato himalayan school of horticultural science and innovation, nepal journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com volume 04 issue 08-2024 2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 08 pages: 1-10 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi adhering to this structured guideline enables food establishments to effectively manage bug spray residue, thereby safeguarding food products from contamination. this commitment not only upholds consumer confidence but also ensures compliance with regulatory requirements, reinforcing the integrity and safety of the food supply chain. in conclusion, the structured guideline outlined in this abstract provides a comprehensive framework for managing bug spray residue in food handling environments. by integrating identification, risk assessment, rigorous protocols, testing, education, and continuous improvement, food establishments can mitigate risks associated with bug spray residues, safeguarding both food safety and consumer health effectively. keywords food safety, bug spray residue, contamination prevention, food handling environments, risk assessment, cleaning protocols, residue management, regulatory compliance, testing and validation, staff training, awareness programs, continuous improvement, consumer health protection, food industry standards, transparency and accountability. introduction pests, including insects, rodents, and other wildlife, pose a significant threat to food safety. they can contaminate food with pathogens, spoil food products, and cause substantial economic losses. effective pest control is, therefore, a critical component of food safety programs in both domestic kitchens and industrial food production environments. the presence of pests in food handling areas can lead to contamination, resulting in foodborne illnesses and compromised food quality. hence, the implementation of robust pest control measures is essential. the use of bug sprays is a common and effective method for controlling pests. however, their application in food handling environments presents unique challenges. the primary concern is ensuring that bug spray residues do not contaminate food products, leading to potential health risks for consumers. bug spray residues can be harmful if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. therefore, it is crucial to apply these sprays correctly and safely, ensuring that food contact surfaces remain free from harmful residues. guideline objectives: this guideline aims to provide detailed instructions and best practices for the use of bug spray residue in food handling environments. by following these guidelines, individuals and organizations can achieve a balanced approach to pest control that safeguards both the food and the consumers. the key objectives of the guidelines. identification and risk assessment: to identify commonly used bug sprays in food handling areas and assess the potential health risks associated with their residues. application protocols: to establish rigorous handling protocols for the safe application of bug sprays, volume 04 issue 08-2024 3 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 08 pages: 1-10 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi ensuring that surfaces are thoroughly cleaned before food handling. testing and validation: to implement regular testing and validation procedures to ensure that bug spray residues are within safe limits. regulatory compliance: to emphasize the importance of adhering to regulatory standards and industry best practices. education and training: to educate staff on the risks associated with bug sprays and train them in safe handling practices. continuous improvement: to encourage continuous monitoring, feedback mechanisms, and periodic updates to protocols based on emerging knowledge and evolving industry standards. implementation strategy: the guideline is structured to provide a step-by-step approach to managing bug spray residue. it includes detailed instructions on the appropriate types of bug sprays to use, correct application methods, and necessary precautions to minimize potential risks. the guideline also highlights the importance of continuous monitoring and evaluation of pest control measures to ensure their effectiveness and make necessary adjustments. identification and risk assessment: begin with a comprehensive identification of the types of bug sprays used in the vicinity of food handling areas. conduct a thorough risk assessment to evaluate the potential health risks associated with residue contamination. establishment of handling protocols: develop and implement rigorous handling protocols that mandate the thorough cleaning of all surfaces that may come into contact with food before any food handling occurs. this step is critical in mitigating contamination risks. testing and validation procedures: implement regular testing and validation procedures to ensure that bug spray residues on food contact surfaces are consistently maintained within safe limits. documentation of these processes is emphasized to uphold transparency and accountability. education and training programs: educate staff members about the risks associated with bug sprays and train them in safe handling practices. awareness programs should foster a culture of vigilance and responsibility among personnel, promoting adherence to established protocols. continuous improvement: encourage continuous improvement through feedback mechanisms and periodic updates to protocols based on emerging knowledge and evolving industry standards. this adaptive approach ensures that bug spray residue management practices remain effective and up-to date. method ensuring the safety and quality of food products is paramount in both domestic and industrial settings. the food industry faces the critical challenge of protecting food from pests, which can cause significant damage and pose serious health risks. while effective pest control measures are essential, it is equally important to ensure that these measures do not compromise the safety and integrity of the food. the balance between effective pest control and food safety is delicate and requires a well-structured approach to manage bug spray residue effectively. this guideline provides a comprehensive framework for the use of bug spray residue to form guaranteed volume 04 issue 08-2024 4 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 08 pages: 1-10 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi food resistance. it is designed to help individuals and organizations navigate the complexities of pest control in a manner that prioritizes food safety. the objective is to offer a structured approach that ensures pest control measures are both effective and safe for food products, thereby maintaining high standards of food safety and consumer protection. pests, including insects, rodents, and other wildlife, pose a significant threat to food safety. they can contaminate food with pathogens, spoil food products, and cause substantial economic losses. effective pest control is, therefore, a critical component of food safety programs in both domestic kitchens and industrial food production environments. the presence of pests in food handling areas can lead to contamination, resulting in foodborne illnesses and compromised food quality. hence, the implementation of robust pest control measures is essential. the use of bug sprays is a common and effective method for controlling pests. however, their application in food handling environments presents unique challenges. the primary concern is ensuring that bug spray residues do not contaminate food products, leading to potential health risks for consumers. bug spray residues can be harmful if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. therefore, it is crucial to apply these sprays correctly and safely, ensuring that food contact surfaces remain free from harmful residues. this guideline aims to provide detailed instructions and best practices for the use of bug spray residue in food handling environments. by following these guidelines, individuals and organizations can achieve a balanced approach to pest control that safeguards both the food and the consumers. the key objectives of the guidelines. identification and risk assessment: to identify commonly used bug sprays in food handling areas and assess the potential health risks associated with their residues. application protocols: to establish rigorous handling protocols for the safe application of bug sprays, ensuring that surfaces are thoroughly cleaned before food handling. testing and validation: to implement regular testing and validation procedures to ensure that bug spray residues are within safe limits. regulatory compliance: to emphasize the importance of adhering to regulatory standards and industry best practices. education and training: to educate staff on the risks associated with bug sprays and train them in safe handling practices. continuous improvement: to encourage continuous monitoring, feedback mechanisms, and periodic updates to protocols based on emerging knowledge and evolving industry standards. implementation strategy: the guideline is structured to provide a step-by-step approach to managing bug spray residue. it includes detailed instructions on the appropriate types of bug sprays to use, correct application methods, and necessary precautions to minimize potential risks. the guideline also highlights the importance of continuous monitoring and evaluation of pest control measures to ensure their effectiveness and make necessary adjustments. identification and risk assessment: begin with a comprehensive identification of the types of bug volume 04 issue 08-2024 5 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 08 pages: 1-10 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi sprays used in the vicinity of food handling areas. conduct a thorough risk assessment to evaluate the potential health risks associated with residue contamination. establishment of handling protocols: develop and implement rigorous handling protocols that mandate the thorough cleaning of all surfaces that may come into contact with food before any food handling occurs. this step is critical in mitigating contamination risks. testing and validation procedures: implement regular testing and validation procedures to ensure that bug spray residues on food contact surfaces are consistently maintained within safe limits. documentation of these processes is emphasized to uphold transparency and accountability. education and training programs: educate staff members about the risks associated with bug sprays and train them in safe handling practices. awareness programs should foster a culture of vigilance and responsibility among personnel, promoting adherence to established protocols. continuous improvement: encourage continuous improvement through feedback mechanisms and periodic updates to protocols based on emerging knowledge and evolving industry standards. this adaptive approach ensures that bug spray residue management practices remain effective and up-to date. result the implementation of the guidelines for managing bug spray residue in food handling environments has yielded significant improvements in ensuring food safety and quality. the following results highlight the effectiveness of these guidelines in mitigating risks associated with bug spray residues: through a thorough survey and consultation with pest control experts, commonly used bug sprays in the facility were identified. the active ingredients and potential residues of these sprays were documented. this comprehensive identification process allowed for a clear understanding of which sprays posed the highest risk of contaminating food contact surfaces. outcome: by pinpointing the specific bug sprays used, facilities could tailor their handling and cleaning protocols to address the unique risks associated with each type. this step was crucial in setting the foundation for effective risk management. a detailed risk assessment was conducted to evaluate the potential health risks associated with bug spray residues. this included reviewing the toxicity profiles and safety data sheets (sds) of the identified sprays. the likelihood of contamination was assessed based on the proximity of bug spray applications to food preparation and storage areas. outcome: the risk assessment provided critical insights into which areas required stricter controls and more frequent monitoring. it helped prioritize areas for enhanced cleaning and increased vigilance, thereby reducing the risk of contamination. establishing safe handling practices: safe handling practices were developed and implemented, focusing on minimizing contamination risks. these practices included protocols for cleaning surfaces exposed to bug sprays before any food handling. personnel were trained on these protocols and made aware of the importance of preventing bug spray residues on food contact surfaces. volume 04 issue 08-2024 6 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 08 pages: 1-10 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi outcome: the establishment of these protocols significantly reduced the instances of bug spray residue contamination. training sessions improved staff awareness and adherence to safety practices, leading to a cleaner and safer food handling environment. testing and validation: regular testing for bug spray residues on food contact surfaces was carried out using appropriate methods. the effectiveness of cleaning procedures was validated to ensure that residues were consistently removed to safe levels. the results were documented and used to refine cleaning protocols further. outcome: the testing and validation process confirmed that the cleaning protocols were effective in maintaining residue levels within safe limits. this regular monitoring provided ongoing assurance that food safety was not compromised by bug spray residues. documentation and compliance: comprehensive records of bug spray applications, cleaning procedures, and test results were maintained. these records were regularly reviewed and updated to ensure compliance with local health and safety regulations. documentation was readily accessible for internal audits and regulatory inspections. outcome: the meticulous documentation process enhanced transparency and accountability. it facilitated smooth regulatory inspections and demonstrated the facility's commitment to maintaining high food safety standards. compliance with regulations was consistently achieved, preventing potential legal and financial repercussions. education and communication: continuous education and communication efforts ensured that all personnel were aware of the risks associated with bug sprays and the importance of following safety protocols. regular training sessions, meetings, and digital communications kept staff informed and engaged. outcome: the emphasis on education and communication fostered a culture of vigilance and responsibility. staff members were more proactive in reporting potential issues and adhering to established protocols, leading to a more cohesive and safetyconscious work environment. continuous improvement: a system for continuous improvement was established, allowing for regular review and enhancement of bug spray residue management practices. feedback from staff and stakeholders was actively sought and used to refine protocols. industry developments and regulatory changes were monitored to keep guidelines up to date. outcome: the continuous improvement approach ensured that bug spray residue management practices remained effective and aligned with the latest industry standards. this proactive stance helped the facility stay ahead of potential risks and adapt to new challenges promptly. discussion ensuring food safety is a top priority in both agriculture and food processing. bug sprays are designed to kill or repel insects, but their residues can pose significant health risks if they contaminate food. consuming food contaminated with bug spray residue can lead to various health issues, ranging from mild gastrointestinal discomfort to severe poisoning, depending on the toxicity of the active ingredients. therefore, it is crucial to implement practices that prevent bug spray residue on food. volume 04 issue 08-2024 7 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 08 pages: 1-10 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi proper application: apply bug sprays according to the manufacturer's guidelines, ensuring they are used only in designated areas and at times when food is not exposed. barrier methods: use physical barriers or exclusion techniques to keep pests away from food areas, reducing the need for chemical sprays. thorough cleaning: clean all food contact surfaces rigorously after applying bug sprays to ensure no residues remain. integrated pest management (ipm): employ a holistic approach combining biological, physical, and chemical methods to manage pests with minimal use of bug sprays. food safety regulations and standards are established to protect consumers from harmful pesticide residues. regulatory agencies, such as the u.s. food and drug administration (fda) and the european food safety authority (efsa), set maximum residue limits (mrls) for various pesticides. compliance with these standards is essential for ensuring that food products are safe for consumption. regular monitoring: regularly test food products for pesticide residues to ensure they are within the safe limits established by regulatory bodies. documentation: maintain detailed records of pesticide use and residue testing to demonstrate compliance with regulations. audits and inspections: participate in routine audits and inspections by regulatory authorities to ensure ongoing compliance with food safety standards educating consumers about the potential risks of bug spray residues and proper food handling practices is crucial. awareness campaigns can help consumers understand how to reduce exposure to pesticide residues and make informed choices about the food they purchase and consume. informative labels: provide clear labeling on food products indicating whether they have been tested for pesticide residues. public education: conduct public education campaigns to teach consumers about the importance of washing fruits and vegetables and other safe food handling practices. transparency: encourage transparency in the food supply chain so consumers can trust the safety of the food they consume. eliminating bug spray residue entirely is challenging due to the pervasive nature of pests and the widespread use of chemical control methods. despite best efforts, some level of residue may persist, necessitating ongoing monitoring and management. environmental persistence: some bug sprays have long-lasting residues that can persist in the environment and on surfaces, making complete elimination difficult. resistance development: over time, insects can develop resistance to bug sprays, reducing their effectiveness and necessitating higher doses or new chemicals. economic costs: implementing comprehensive pest management strategies and regular residue testing can be costly for farmers and food processors. volume 04 issue 08-2024 8 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 08 pages: 1-10 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi insect resistance to bug sprays is a growing concern in pest management. resistance develops when insects survive exposure to a pesticide and pass on their resistant traits to offspring, leading to a population that is less susceptible to the chemical. genetic changes: mutations in insect populations can lead to resistance by altering target sites, increasing detoxification processes, or reducing penetration of the pesticide. behavioral changes: insects may change their behavior to avoid exposure to pesticides, such as feeding at different times or avoiding treated areas. agricultural losses: resistance can lead to increased crop damage and agricultural losses, as pesticides become less effective. public health risks: insect resistance to pesticides can also impact public health by making it more difficult to control disease vectors, such as mosquitoes that spread malaria and other diseases. integrated pest management (ipm): utilize ipm techniques that combine biological controls, cultural practices, mechanical methods, and judicious use of pesticides to manage pest populations sustainably. rotating pesticides: rotate different classes of pesticides to reduce the selection pressure for resistance development. monitoring and research: conduct ongoing research to develop new pesticides and resistance management tools, and monitor pest populations for signs of resistance. government policies play a crucial role in promoting sustainable pest management practices. regulations that support ipm, encourage research into new pest control methods, and enforce compliance with residue limits are essential for managing insect resistance and ensuring food safety. support for research: increase funding for research into new pesticides and resistance management strategies. enforcement of regulations: strengthen the enforcement of regulations related to pesticide use and residue limits to protect consumer health. public-private partnerships: foster collaboration between government agencies, industry, and research institutions to develop and implement effective pest management practices. conclusion ensuring food safety is the cornerstone of any pest control strategy. bug sprays, while essential for controlling pests, must be used in a manner that prevents their residues from contaminating food. this involves: proper application: applying bug sprays correctly, according to manufacturer guidelines, and ensuring that they are used only in appropriate areas and times. thorough cleaning: implementing rigorous cleaning protocols for all food contact surfaces after the application of bug sprays. integrated pest management (ipm): employing a holistic approach that combines biological, physical, and chemical methods to minimize the need for bug sprays and reduce the risk of residues. regulatory bodies play a crucial role in safeguarding food safety through the establishment of maximum residue limits (mrls) for pesticides. compliance with volume 04 issue 08-2024 9 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 08 pages: 1-10 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi these standards is vital for ensuring that food products remain safe for consumption. this involves: regular monitoring: conducting regular tests to ensure pesticide residues on food products are within safe limits. comprehensive documentation: maintaining detailed records of pesticide use, residue testing, and cleaning procedures to demonstrate compliance. regulatory compliance: participating in routine audits and inspections to ensure adherence to established food safety standards. consumer awareness is a critical component of food safety. educating consumers about the potential risks of bug spray residues and the importance of proper food handling practices helps them make informed choices and reduce their exposure to harmful substances. this involves: informative labels: providing clear labeling on food products about pesticide testing and safety. public education campaigns: conducting campaigns to inform consumers about safe food handling practices and the importance of washing fruits and vegetables. transparency: promoting transparency in the food supply chain to build consumer trust in the safety of their food. ongoing research is essential to develop new pest control methods and improve existing ones. understanding the mechanisms of insect resistance and finding innovative solutions to combat it is crucial for sustainable pest management. policy support is also necessary to enforce compliance and encourage the adoption of best practices. this involves: support for research: increasing funding for research into new pesticides and resistance management strategies. enforcement of regulations: strengthening the enforcement of regulations related to pesticide use and residue limits. public-private partnerships: encouraging collaboration between government agencies, industry, and research institutions to develop and implement effective pest management practices. by taking a comprehensive and multifaceted approach to managing bug spray residues and insect resistance, we can ensure the safety and integrity of our food supply. prioritizing food safety, adhering to regulatory standards, educating consumers, and promoting continuous research and policy support are all essential components of this strategy. through these efforts, we can mitigate the risks associated with bug spray residues and insect resistance, protecting both human health and the agricultural industry. this commitment to a balanced and systematic approach will help us uphold the highest standards of food safety and sustainability in pest control. references 1. sahal, l., s.l. dough puncher and b.k. gyawali, 1990. advancing legitimate utilization of pesticides in nepal, arep consultancy report no. 10, winrock global, nepal. 2. dftqc, 2002. branch of food innovation and inward control, yearly report, nepal. fao/who, 2003. food immunityrisk investigation, part ii, contextual analyses, food and agrarian association of the unified countries (fao), world wellbeing association (who). volume 04 issue 08-2024 10 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 08 pages: 1-10 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 3. giri, n.p., 1995. pesticides contamination in vegetable yield in kathmandu valley, m.sc. proposal, branch of zoology, tribhuvan college, nepal. 4. gorkhapatra, 1980. gorkhapatra day to day (nepali), 2 may 1980. 5. maroni, h. m., 1993. concentrating on the results of pesticides on people (global commission on word related wellbeing). 1993. procedures of the fourth worldwide studio, 5-8 jun 1990, global place for insect poison wellbeing, busto garolfo, milan, italy. icoh, geneva, switzerland. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 15 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue01 2025 page no. 15-18 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-05 main results of safflower breeding in rainfed conditions aripov sherali xolboyevich research institute of rainfed agriculture. head of the laboratory for breeding oilseeds and non-traditional crops, doctor of agricultural sciences, senior researcher, galaaral, uzbekistan amanov farrux baxtiyorovich researcher, research institute of rainfed agriculture, uzbekistan received: 11 december 2024; accepted: 13 january 2025; published: 15 february 2025 abstract: this article presents the results of safflower selection in rainfed conditions. during the study of the collection and breeding nursery, new lines of safflower were selected for economically valuable properties. keywords: variety, rainfed, culture, safflower, seed production, progeny, line, standard, yield, oil content. introduction: in recent years, in order to meet the needs of the population of the republic with local food products, the area for cotton and grains has been reduced, and on the liberated lands, areas have been allocated for planting fruits, vegetables, fodder and oilseeds. an important direction today is to conduct scientific research on the creation of new breeding varieties of oilseeds, the creation of highly productive varieties that have large amounts of oil in the seeds, high quality products, are resistant to various abiotic and biotic factors, adapted to various soil and climatic conditions of our republic [1]. yu.a. aripov (1967) noted that one of the main directions is the selection of initial sources and the use of breeding processes in the creation of high-yielding varieties of oilseeds that are resistant to abiotic and biotic factors in rainfed conditions. safflower is one of the ancient types of oilseeds, capable of growing even in harsh conditions, differing from other oilseeds in its resistance to cold and drought [2]. in studies conducted by sh.h. aripov (2017), attention to the amount of oil obtained from them when creating new varieties of safflower determines the direction of their industrial use and increases their value, and also ensures the genetic homogeneity of the varieties [3]. purpose of the study: the purpose of the study is to create new varieties of safflower that are resistant to diseases and pests, and have a high oil content in the seeds, for sowing in rainfed conditions. methods the study was carried out on rainfed conditions at the research institute of rainfed agriculture, all analyzes and calculations were carried out on the basis of introduced methods. the study of world collections and breeding materials was carried out according to the methodology of vir (1976) moscow. phenological observations, assessments and analyzes for various indicators in field and laboratory conditions were carried out on the basis of methodological recommendations of the state commission for varietal testing of oilseeds. issue three (1983). statistical analysis of the digital results obtained in the experiments was performed according to the method of b.a. dospehova (1985) [4]. results and discussion sowing experiments were carried out in the first and second half of march (march 16-21) at optimal times. during the period from germination to full ripening, branching, budding, flowering, resistance to rust and pests and the timing of full ripening, safloraphenological observations were carried out according to the methods. sowing of variety samples in collection and selection nurseries was carried out on an area of 1 m2 according to the number of seeds, by hand planting from 1 row to 2 meters in length, a standard variety was sown after https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-05 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-05 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-05 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-05 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 16 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) 10 rows. in the year under study, weather conditions in march were somewhat unfavorable compared to previous years (-39.9 mm of precipitation during the growing season), while the amount of precipitation in this month (87.2 mm) compared to the long-term average (65.0 mm), +22.2 mm more, but in april more (53.6 mm) than the annual norm (21.6 mm), less than the average air temperature, low temperatures were noted. during the growing season, the total amount of annual precipitation was 322.1 mm, and it was observed that the precipitation varied according to the development of crop elements (the number of branches, the number of baskets, the number of seeds in the basket). table 1. economically valuable characteristics of safflower in the collection nursery (gallaaral , 2024y) № sample number, origin g ro w in g s ea so n , d ay in one plant p ro d u ct iv it y c/ h a w ei g h t o f 1 0 0 0 g ra in s, g p la n t h ei g h t, c m h ei g h t m ai n b ra n ch es , cm n u m b er o f b as k et s, p cs . s ee d b as k et p cs 1 jizzak-1 st. 118 85,2 21,4 9 17 7,1 32,4 2 nc76744 (aljir) 114 70,9 27,0 12 21 7,9 32,8 3 nc76749 (avstraliya) 118 80,5 25,8 10 26 8,9 33,6 4 nc76751 (kazakistan) 114 75,1 31,0 14 32 8,2 31,8 5 k-76749 (avstriya) 112 78,4 29,3 12 28 7,9 32,3 6 k-76754 (polsha)) 114 70,5 23,0 15 34 8,5 35,1 7 k-76750 (marokko) 116 75,5 21,4 12 28 6,7 33,2 8 k-30811 (azerbayjan) 112 72,4 23,5 11 31 6,8 32,5 9 k-78485 (fransiya) 107 69,1 27,6 15 36 8,7 34,8 10 k-33057 (portugaliya) 110 71,2 26,5 13 38 7,8 33,5 11 jizzak-1 st. 116 78,6 21,3 10 25 6,9 32,8 12 k-30723 (uzbekiston) 108 78,8 29,4 12 34 7,3 31,5 13 k-30757 meksika 106 71,8 23,9 10 33 7,0 34,2 14 k-78589 (yegipet) 112 75,0 26,6 9 29 6,9 35,3 15 k-7826 (avstraliya) 113 72,3 22,2 11 36 7,5 31,6 16 k-30818 (polsha) 114 82,1 27,0 9 33 8,8 34,6 17 k-30740 (marokko) 112 68,4 25,8 13 41 8,4 33,1 18 k-30757 (pakiston) 108 70,5 24,1 12 34 7,7 36,6 19 k-30809 (chexoslovakiya) 109 79,3 26,8 12 32 7,3 33,5 20 k-30773 (efiopiya) 114 77,3 27,0 14 39 7,8 32,1 21 jizzak-1 st. 118 71,4 21,4 12 31 7,2 32,6 22 k-30737 (vengriya) 110 72,3 26,1 11 35 7,2 34,4 23 k-30744 (avstraliya) 116 73,6 21,4 15 33 8,0 34,6 24 k-30692 (afganistan) 116 69,5 26,7 12 32 7,3 35,7 25 k-30681 (kazakistan) 114 77,6 26,0 13 39 8,1 34,3 26 k-30631(tursiya) 116 73,4 22,3 16 34 8,2 35,8 27 k-30615 (afganistan) 112 75,6 25,5 13 37 8,9 34,4 based on the results of research in the collection nursery, samples k-30757 (pakistan), k-78589 (egypt), american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 17 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) k-30692 (afghanistan), k-30744 (australia), k-30737 (hungary), k. -30818 (poland) were selected in comparison with standard varieties zhizzak-1 "0.8-1.8 c/ha higher (7.0 c/ha) by weight of 1000 seed grains 2.5-3.0 g higher. also, the productivity of the main plant (number of branches, number of baskets, number of grains in baskets, height of the main stem), samples nc76749 (australia), nc-76751 (kazakhstan), k-76754 (poland), k-78485 (france), k-30818 (poland), k-30740 (morocco), stood out. k-30744 (australia), k-30681 (kazakhstan), k-30631 (turkey), k-30615 (afghanistan), k-30681 (kazakhstan), k-30615 (azerbaijan). safflower breeding nursery: in the reporting year, 138 safflower samples were studied in the breeding nursery. in the experiments carried out, the beginning of plant germination (10%), complete germination (75%), the beginning of budding, the beginning of flowering (10%), full flowering (75%), seed ripening (10%), the physiological development of seeds (development time 75%) was determined in the field. in the experiments, it was noticed that the number of harvest baskets of varietal samples varies depending on the quality of the agrotechnical measures used. among the 138 studied varietal samples in the safflower breeding nursery, it was found that the number of baskets on the plant was low in 29 (5-9), average in 52 (11-13) and high in 57 (14). table 2. the main economically valuable characteristics of safflower in a breeding nursery. (gallaaral, 2024 y) № sample varieties name plant height (cm) number of branches per plant (pcs.) number of baskets per plant (pcs.) productivity c/ha 1 jizzak-1 71,4 6 18 7,1 2 сп/5 75,6 7 17 8,6 3 сп/8 70,4 6 19 7,4 4 сп/14 73,6 8 21 8,0 5 сп/21 81,5 6 27 8,9 6 сп/35 72,4 7 17 7,8 7 сп/39 74,6 8 15 7,1 8 сп/41 86,3 9 13 6,9 9 сп/47 78,6 7 28 8,5 10 сп/56 68,9 6 20 7,5 11 jizzak-1 70,2 7 16 7,4 12 сп/63 82,6 8 29 9,0 13 сп/78 75,9 7 16 6,7 14 сп/89 70,1 6 23 7,6 15 сп/91 78,9 5 24 8,3 16 сп/97 74,6 7 27 8,6 17 сп/111 86,7 9 19 7,5 18 сп/115 80,2 5 15 7,0 19 сп/118 82,5 7 18 8,7 20 сп/120 75,8 9 31 9,2 21 jizzak-1 72,4 8 19 6,5 22 сп/131 75.8 7 28 9,1 23 сп/136 73,5 6 19 8,3 when studying the height of the plant samples, varieties stood out as sp-111-86.7 cm, sp/25-81.5 cm, sp/41-86.3 cm, sp/63-82.3 cm, compared to the standard varieties zhizzak-1 (above 8-12 cm). in terms of the number of baskets and yield, varieties sp97, sp-91, sp-21, sp-118, sp-131, sp-47, sp-120 and american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 18 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) sp136 (4-6 pieces) stood out; it has been proven that it is more formed and the yield is higher by 1.5-1.8 c. conclusions in the collection nursery of safflower, based on phenological observations and morphological characteristics, including stem, leaf shape, shape of fruit heads, cover with thorns, color of golden leaves. based on the research results, primary sources on various areas of selection were extracted from them. as a result of a comprehensive study of the samples, 18 samples were selected by the number of baskets, 12 samples by the productivity of one plant, 11 samples by seed size, and 19 samples were selected. considering that the number of seed heads, the number of seeds and the size of the seeds are one of the main and important factors affecting yield, the number of seed heads varies depending on the varieties and quality of agricultural products. it was proven that the number of heads per plant was low in 29 samples (5-9), medium in 52 samples (11-13) and high in 57 samples (14). references указ № пф-5742 президента республики узбекистан ш.мирзияева от 17 июня 2019 года «о мерах по эффективному использованию земельных и водных ресурсов в сельском хозяйстве». ю.а.арипов. “сафлор” учебное пособие, ташкент 1967 г. арипов ш.х., и др. «агротехнология получения высоких урожаев масличных культур в условиях богары» научно-практическое пособие. издательство "зия". 2017 г. доспехов б.а. методика полевого опытам. “колос”,1978 г. сборник научных отчетов ниибз 2020-2023 гг. volume 04 issue 09-2024 7 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 09 pages: 7-13 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract participatory forest management (pfm) has emerged as a collaborative approach aimed at enhancing forest conservation while improving local livelihoods. this study assesses the community-perceived impacts of pfm on local livelihoods by examining the experiences and viewpoints of community members involved in pfm initiatives. through a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews, data were collected from various communities engaged in pfm programs across diverse regions. the findings reveal that pfm initiatives have generally been perceived positively by local communities, contributing to various aspects of livelihood improvement. key benefits reported include increased access to forest resources, enhanced income through sustainable forestry practices, and improved community cohesion and capacity. participants highlighted that pfm has facilitated better forest management, leading to the restoration of degraded areas and the protection of biodiversity, which in turn supports local economic activities. however, challenges also emerged, including concerns about the equitable distribution of benefits, conflicts over resource use, and the adequacy of support provided to communities. some respondents indicated that the benefits of pfm have not been uniformly experienced, with marginalized groups often facing difficulties in accessing the promised advantages. additionally, the sustainability of pfm benefits was questioned, with some communities expressing concerns about the long-term effectiveness of management practices. this study underscores the importance of addressing these challenges to maximize the positive impacts of pfm on local livelihoods. it suggests that for pfm to be more effective, it must ensure inclusive participation, equitable benefitsharing, and ongoing support and adaptation to community needs. the findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders involved in forest management and community development, aiming to enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of pfm programs. research article community perceived effects of participatory forest management on local livelihoods submission date: aug 23, 2024, accepted date: aug 28, 2024, published date: sep 02, 2024 collins juma department of horticulture, jomo kenyatta university of agriculture and technology, juja, kiambu county, central kenya, kenya journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com volume 04 issue 09-2024 8 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 09 pages: 7-13 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi keywords participatory forest management, community perceptions, local livelihoods, sustainable forestry, resource access, income generation, forest conservation, community development, equitable benefit-sharing, forest restoration. introduction participatory forest management (pfm) represents a paradigm shift in forest conservation strategies, emphasizing collaborative approaches that involve local communities in the management and stewardship of forest resources. this approach is grounded in the belief that engaging communities directly in forest management can lead to more effective conservation outcomes while simultaneously enhancing the livelihoods of local populations. by integrating local knowledge, needs, and aspirations into forest management practices, pfm aims to achieve a balance between environmental sustainability and socio-economic development. the rationale behind pfm stems from the recognition that traditional top-down forest management approaches often fail to address the diverse needs of local communities, leading to conflicts, unsustainable resource use, and inadequate conservation outcomes. in contrast, pfm seeks to empower communities by involving them in decision-making processes, providing them with rights and responsibilities over forest resources, and ensuring that they benefit from sustainable management practices. this participatory approach is expected to lead to improved forest conservation, increased income opportunities, and enhanced community well-being. despite the theoretical advantages of pfm, the actual impacts on local livelihoods can vary widely depending on the context in which pfm is implemented. factors such as local socio-economic conditions, institutional arrangements, and the level of community engagement can all influence the effectiveness of pfm programs and their perceived benefits. understanding these local perceptions is crucial for assessing the true impact of pfm on community livelihoods and for identifying areas where improvements may be needed. this study aims to assess the community-perceived effects of pfm on local livelihoods by examining the experiences and viewpoints of community members involved in pfm initiatives. by employing a mixedmethods approach, the research seeks to capture both quantitative data on the perceived benefits of pfm and qualitative insights into the challenges and limitations faced by communities. the study explores key dimensions such as changes in access to forest resources, income generation, social cohesion, and overall well-being. the findings from this research are intended to provide valuable insights for policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders involved in pfm and community development. by highlighting both the successes and challenges of pfm from the perspective of local communities, the study aims to contribute to the refinement of pfm strategies and the enhancement of their effectiveness in achieving sustainable forest management and improving livelihoods. volume 04 issue 09-2024 9 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 09 pages: 7-13 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi method to assess the community-perceived effects of participatory forest management (pfm) on local livelihoods, a comprehensive mixed-methods approach was employed, integrating quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques to capture a nuanced understanding of the impacts experienced by community members. this approach allows for a holistic evaluation of both measurable outcomes and subjective experiences related to pfm initiatives. the study was conducted in multiple regions where pfm programs have been implemented, chosen to represent a range of ecological and socio-economic contexts. these areas were selected based on their diversity in terms of forest types, community structures, and levels of pfm involvement. in each region, a purposive sampling method was used to identify communities actively participating in pfm initiatives. this selection process ensured that the study focused on areas with relevant experience and engagement in pfm. a structured questionnaire was designed to collect quantitative data on various aspects of pfm’s impact on livelihoods. the survey included questions on perceived changes in access to forest resources, income levels, and overall well-being since the implementation of pfm. the questionnaire also gathered demographic information to analyze variations in perceptions across different groups within the community. surveys were administered to a random sample of household heads or adults within the selected communities, ensuring a representative distribution of responses. to complement the quantitative data, semi-structured interviews were conducted with key informants and community members. the interviews aimed to explore participants’ detailed experiences and perceptions regarding pfm. questions focused on the perceived benefits and drawbacks of pfm, including issues of equity, resource management, and community cohesion. interviews were conducted with a diverse group of stakeholders, including local leaders, pfm committee members, and ordinary community members, to capture a broad range of perspectives. quantitative data from the surveys were analyzed using statistical methods to identify trends and patterns in the perceived impacts of pfm. descriptive statistics, such as means and percentages, were used to summarize responses, while inferential statistics, including t-tests and anova, were applied to assess differences in perceptions based on demographic variables and regional contexts. qualitative data from the interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. interview transcripts were coded to identify recurring themes and patterns related to the impacts of pfm on local livelihoods. this analysis provided a deeper understanding of the nuances and complexities of community perceptions, highlighting specific areas of success and concern. the concern about the sustainability of pfm benefits is also significant. while immediate improvements were observed, there are apprehensions about the longterm viability of pfm programs. factors such as inadequate external support, market fluctuations for forest products, and environmental changes can threaten the sustainability of pfm outcomes. ensuring ongoing support and adaptability in pfm programs is essential to maintaining their effectiveness over time. the study adhered to ethical guidelines, ensuring informed consent was obtained from all participants. participants were informed about the study’s purpose, their right to confidentiality, and their ability to withdraw at any time without consequence. data were anonymized to protect participants’ identities, and all volume 04 issue 09-2024 10 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 09 pages: 7-13 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi findings were reported in aggregate form to prevent the disclosure of individual responses. the study acknowledges several limitations. the reliance on selfreported data may introduce biases related to social desirability or recall accuracy. additionally, the findings are context-specific and may not be generalizable to all pfm programs or regions. however, the mixedmethods approach provided a robust framework for understanding the perceived effects of pfm and offers valuable insights into the experiences of communities involved in these initiatives. results the study on the community-perceived effects of participatory forest management (pfm) on local livelihoods yielded a comprehensive set of findings that highlight both the positive impacts and challenges associated with pfm initiatives. the survey data indicate that a majority of respondents (approximately 70%) reported improved access to forest resources as a direct benefit of pfm. this improvement is particularly evident in areas such as firewood collection, nontimber forest products (ntfps), and grazing lands. communities that previously faced restrictions or conflicts over resource access noted enhanced opportunities for sustainable use and management under pfm programs. around 60% of respondents observed an increase in income related to forest-based activities. this income boost is attributed to the development of forest-based enterprises, such as eco-tourism, sustainable timber harvesting, and the sale of ntfps. however, income benefits varied, with some communities experiencing more significant financial gains than others. the survey also revealed that households involved in pfm-related income-generating activities reported an average increase of 25% in their annual income. the impact of pfm on overall community well-being was mixed. while 55% of respondents felt that their quality of life had improved due to better access to resources and increased income, 30% reported no significant change. the remaining 15% indicated a decline in well-being, often related to perceived inequities in benefit distribution and ongoing conflicts over resource use. interviews with community members highlighted several perceived benefits of pfm. participants appreciated the enhanced involvement in decisionmaking processes, which they felt gave them a greater stake in forest management and conservation efforts. many reported improved forest conditions, including better forest cover and increased biodiversity, which they associated with the successful implementation of pfm practices. a notable concern was the equitable distribution of benefits. some community members, particularly those from marginalized or less represented groups, reported limited access to the advantages of pfm. issues such as unequal allocation of resources and decision-making power led to perceptions of unfairness and resentment among these groups. although pfm aimed to reduce such conflicts, disagreements occasionally arose between different user groups or between traditional practices and new management approaches. these conflicts sometimes undermined the effectiveness of pfm and created tensions within communities. the sustainability of pfm benefits was a concern for many respondents. while some communities observed immediate improvements, there were apprehensions about the long-term viability of pfm initiatives. factors such as insufficient support from external agencies, fluctuating market conditions for forest products, and changing environmental conditions were cited as potential threats to the continued success of pfm programs. the results of this study illustrate that volume 04 issue 09-2024 11 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 09 pages: 7-13 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi participatory forest management has generally been perceived as beneficial by local communities, contributing to improved access to forest resources, increased income opportunities, and enhanced involvement in forest management. however, the study also identifies significant challenges, including issues related to equitable benefit distribution, ongoing resource conflicts, and concerns about the sustainability of benefits. discussion this study explored the community-perceived effects of participatory forest management (pfm) on local livelihoods, revealing a complex interplay between perceived benefits and challenges. the results highlight that while pfm initiatives generally improve access to forest resources and offer potential for increased income, they also present significant challenges related to equity, conflict, and sustainability. the positive impacts of pfm reported by the majority of respondents align with the core objectives of pfm, which aim to enhance both forest conservation and community well-being. improved access to forest resources, such as firewood, nontimber forest products (ntfps), and grazing lands, reflects successful community involvement in forest management. this access not only supports daily needs but also provides opportunities for income generation through sustainable forest-based enterprises. the reported average increase in income by 25% highlights the economic potential of well-managed forest resources, supporting the view that pfm can offer tangible financial benefits to local communities. the increased involvement of community members in decision-making processes under pfm is another notable benefit. this empowerment fosters a sense of ownership and commitment to sustainable forest management, which can lead to more effective conservation outcomes. the observed improvements in forest conditions, such as better forest cover and increased biodiversity, further support the efficacy of pfm in achieving ecological goals. despite these benefits, the study identified several challenges that can undermine the effectiveness of pfm. equity in benefit distribution emerged as a significant concern, with marginalized groups often experiencing limited access to the advantages of pfm. this inequity can lead to dissatisfaction and undermine the social cohesion essential for the success of participatory approaches. addressing these disparities requires targeted interventions to ensure that all community members, particularly those from disadvantaged backgrounds, have equal opportunities to benefit from pfm initiatives. resource conflicts remain a persistent issue in some areas, despite the intention of pfm to mitigate such conflicts. disagreements between different user groups or between traditional practices and new management strategies can create tensions and hinder the overall effectiveness of pfm. effective conflict resolution mechanisms and clear guidelines for resource use are crucial to addressing these issues and maintaining harmony within communities. the findings of this study have important implications for the design and implementation of pfm programs. ensuring that all community members, including marginalized groups, are actively involved in pfm processes and benefit equally from the resources is critical. policies and practices should be designed to promote inclusivity and address any existing inequities. implementing effective conflict resolution mechanisms can help manage resource disputes and foster cooperation among different user groups. clear guidelines and mediation processes can reduce volume 04 issue 09-2024 12 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 09 pages: 7-13 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi tensions and enhance the effectiveness of pfm. to address concerns about the sustainability of pfm benefits, ongoing support from external agencies, adaptive management strategies, and diversification of income sources are essential. monitoring and evaluation systems should be established to track the long-term impacts and make necessary adjustments. conclusion this study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the community-perceived effects of participatory forest management (pfm) on local livelihoods, revealing a nuanced picture of its impacts. overall, the findings suggest that pfm can positively influence local communities by improving access to forest resources, enhancing income opportunities, and fostering greater involvement in forest management. these benefits align with the core objectives of pfm, which aim to balance environmental conservation with socioeconomic development. the positive impacts observed include increased access to essential forest resources, such as firewood and non-timber forest products, and the development of income-generating activities related to sustainable forest use. many community members reported improvements in their quality of life and economic conditions as a result of pfm initiatives. enhanced community involvement in decision-making processes also contributed to a sense of ownership and commitment to sustainable forest management. however, the study also highlights significant challenges that need to be addressed to maximize the effectiveness of pfm. issues related to equitable benefit distribution, ongoing resource conflicts, and concerns about the sustainability of benefits underscore the complexity of implementing participatory approaches in diverse contexts. marginalized groups often face barriers to accessing the advantages of pfm, and resource conflicts can disrupt the intended benefits of these programs. additionally, the long-term sustainability of pfm benefits requires ongoing support and adaptive management strategies. to enhance the impact of pfm, it is crucial to implement strategies that ensure inclusive participation, equitable benefit-sharing, and effective conflict resolution. policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders should focus on addressing these challenges to improve the effectiveness and sustainability of pfm programs. by doing so, pfm can better achieve its dual goals of forest conservation and livelihood improvement, contributing to more resilient and prosperous communities. in conclusion, while pfm has demonstrated potential for positively affecting local livelihoods, continuous efforts are needed to refine and adapt these programs. addressing the identified challenges will help to realize the full benefits of pfm and ensure that it serves the needs of all community members while achieving sustainable forest management outcomes. references 1. agrawal a, ostrom e (2001). collective action, property rights, and decentralization in resource use in india and nepal, j. polit. soc., 29: 4 december 2001 485-514. [assessed october 2009]. 2. agrawal a, ribot j (2000) analyzing decentralization: a framewrok with south asian and east african cases; environmental governance in africa working paper series world resources institute. washington dc, www.wri.org [accessed 7th january 2010]. 3. arabuko sokoke forest management team (2002) arabuko sokoke forest strategic forest volume 04 issue 09-2024 13 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 09 pages: 7-13 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi management plan 2002 – 2027 prepared by the arabuko sokoke forest management team. 4. bennun la, njoroge p (1999). important bird areas in kenya. nairobi: nature kenya. biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. nature, 403:853-85. 5. collar nj, stuart sn (1988). key forests for threatened birds in africa (monograph number 3) cambridge, uk: international council for bird preservation. 6. government of kenya (2001). the 1999 population & housing census. counting our people for development. volume ii. pp. 363 international fund for agricultural development (2007). rural poverty portal. (http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/english/region s/africa /ken/index.htm). 7. matiku p, ogol c, mireri c (2012). the impact of participatory forest management (pfm) on forest integrity and biodiversity in arabuko-sokoke kenya. afr. j. ecol., 50:184 192 8. mbuvi mte, ayiemba wo (2005). sustained natural resources management and community livelihoods improvement through partnerships: the case of arabukosokoke forest kenya, 1st international congress on successful cases in sustainable development in the tropics. 2nd – 4 th may 2005. vera cruz mexico. 9. mbuvi mte, wambua s, ayiemba ao (2007). assessing the social and economic costs and benefits of protected areas: the case of arabukosokoke forest reserve, kenya. a report prepared for the poverty and environment network, care international, nairobi, september 2007. 10. ministry of environment and natural resources (1994). the kenya forestry master plan development programmes. government printer, nairobi. 11. ministry of environment and natural resources (2007a). participatory forest management guidelines, kenya forest service nairobi kenya 12. ministry of environment and natural resources (2007b). sessional paper no: 1 of 2007 on forest policy, government printer nairobi. 13. ministry of environment and natural resources, (1994) kenya forestry master plan development programmes. government printer nairobi. 14. muriithi, kenyon (2001), biodiversity and conservation in the arabuko sokoke forest, kenya. biodiversity and conservation 2: 1437 1450 volume 04 issue 12-2024 19 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 12 pages: 19-23 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the article provides information on the fauna and ecology of the poplar leaf beetle (chrysomela populi) living and development. keywords poplar leaf-eating beetle (chrysomela populi) fauna, beetles, leaf-eating, ecology, zoology, vegetation, development. introduction interest in insects dates back to ancient times. initially, they were regarded as a source of food, but with the development of livestock farming and agriculture, they began to be studied as pests. over time, it became clear that among them, there were also beneficial insects. as a result, branches of entomology such as sericulture and beekeeping emerged. however, the scientific study of insects began in the 17th century. the italian scientist i. malpighi (1628-1694) laid the foundation for the anatomy and classification of the silkworm, while the dutch scientist j. swammerdam (1637-1680) contributed to the study of insect anatomy and research article biogeography of popular leaf beetles (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) submission date: december 01, 2024, accepted date: december 06, 2024, published date: december 11, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue12-04 matmuratova g.i. doctoral student of nukus state pedagogical institute named after ajiniyaz, uzbekistan sultanov b.a. assistant teacher of nukus state pedagogical institute named after ajiniyaz, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue12-04 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue12-04 volume 04 issue 12-2024 20 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 12 pages: 19-23 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi metamorphosis. in the second half of the 18th century, the development of entomology in russia was greatly influenced by the works of g.i. fisher-valdheim (17711853), particularly his “entomography of the russian empire,” professor e.k. brandt (1839-1891), who wrote on the nervous system of insects, and f.p. keppen (1833-1908), whose three-volume work “pest insects” was instrumental. their works, along with those of a.o. kovalevsky (1840-1901) and i.i. mechnikov (18431916), made significant contributions to the field. during this period, researchers were especially drawn to the biology and behavior of insects. the works of french naturalist j.a. fabre (1823-1915), particularly “instinct and behavior of insects” and “the life of insects,” are of universal importance in this field. in the 19th and 20th centuries, practical entomology fields emerged, primarily agricultural and forestry entomology. in our country, the entomology bureau was established in 1894, and it was led by the great scientist and entomologist i.a. porchinskiy (1848-1916). professor h.a. kholodkovskiy (1858-1921) made significant contributions to the development of practical entomology. i.ya. shevirev (1859-1920) studied forestry entomology and parasitic insects. in the 20th century, the field of entomology, particularly its branches, developed into an independent science. from this century onward, the classification, physiology, and ecology of insects began to be studied in-depth, and chemical and biological control measures against pest insects were developed. among insects, the order coleoptera (beetles) occupies a special place. beetles, or coleoptera, have hardened forewings, called elytra, made of chitin, which protect the thin, membranous hindwings tucked underneath. their mouthparts are adapted for chewing. many beetles have glands that release foulsmelling or toxic substances. many species of beetles are considered serious pests of agricultural crops. leaf beetles (chrysomelidae) comprise several tens of thousands of species. the beetle entered western europe at the beginning of the 20th century and from there spread to russia. over time, it also spread to central asia, and today these species are found in the territories of uzbekistan. chrysomela populi (poplar leaf beetle) is a very widespread species. it can be found in areas where poplar and aspen grow, from april to october. it is distributed in europe, the caucasus, pakistan, siberia, kazakhstan, central asia, the russian far east, ukraine, korea, china, and japan. this leaf beetle can develop two generations in a single year. morphology and biology the adult insect has a length of 12 mm. its body color is yellowish or light red. the forewings are yellow-brown or red. this species has the following characteristic features: the forewings are ribbed, and their corners have small black spots. the top of the wings is dark red to yellow-brown, with a dark, claw-like tip at the junction. the wings are covered with small spots. the volume 04 issue 12-2024 21 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 12 pages: 19-23 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi head and shield are metallic black. the eggs are elongated-oval, yellow to dark red, and about 1.5 mm in size. one-year-old larvae are light gray-white, with a dark brown shield, head, and legs. the mature larva is light gray-white or pale green, with small shiny spots, a black shield, and dark spots on the back. on the second and third segments of the body, there are sharp, pointed protrusions on the sides. the cocoon is free, short, symmetrically dotted, and light gray-white, with a sharply pointed end. its length is 11 mm. the poplar leaf beetle (chrysomela populi) emerges from its wintering place under the bark of trees at the end of april or early may when the air temperature is between 12-13°c. the beetles feed on the leaves of poplar and aspen, chewing on young leaves and buds, causing damage. reproduction the beetles live on the leaves and mate there. the fertilized female beetle lays 20-60 eggs in a cluster on the underside of the leaves. older females, after emerging from hibernation, can lay between 220 and 500 eggs. the larvae that emerge from the eggs feed together in clusters. the larvae hatch 10-12 days after the eggs are laid. the larvae chew through the veins of the leaves. after 7-8 days, second-instar larvae feed individually on the leaf tissue, creating holes in the leaves and leaving behind their exoskeletons. the larvae feed for 16-20 days before reaching maturity. the length of the mature larvae is 13 mm. once the larvae have finished feeding, they suspend themselves head-down on the leaf and wrap themselves in a dark orange cocoon during the first week of june. the pupal volume 04 issue 12-2024 22 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 12 pages: 19-23 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi stage lasts 10-14 days. in the second half of june, the beetles emerge from the cocoon and begin feeding on poplar bark. during the first week of july, these young beetles lay eggs in clusters on the undersides of leaves for the new generation. the embryo develops in the eggs, and the larvae hatch on the 10th day. the larvae continue to grow for 20-22 days, reaching maturity by the first half of august. in the second half of august, the larvae turn into pupae. by the first week of september, the young beetles emerge from the cocoon. if conditions are favorable, a third generation may develop by the end of october. the young and older beetles drop to the ground beneath the bark to enter a resting phase and hibernate. melassoma tremulae fabr red-winged aspen leaf beetle the adult beetle is 8-10 mm long, with yellow-red forewings and a black thorax. it is commonly found on aspen and poplar trees. the beetles chew through the leaves, creating holes. it is an oligophagous leaf beetle. the eggs are elongated-oval, yellow to dark yellow, and about 1.5 mm in size. they are laid in clusters on the leaves. the young larvae are dark-colored and feed in groups. they consume the leaf tissue without damaging the veins. as they mature, the larvae move individually and can sometimes be found in large numbers, making them easy to spot. when disturbed, the larvae release a sharply scented, toxic liquid. in hot weather, this liquid evaporates quickly. touching branches with larvae causes toxic vapors to appear in the air. both of these species are common, dominant pests in the zarafshan reserve, especially in the aspen and poplar tree associations where these plants grow, and in the grasslands. conclusion as a result of studying and analyzing the collected material, it was determined that the beetles can be found on poplar and aspen leaves. the beetles chew through the leaves, creating holes. they are oligophagous leaf beetles. the eggs are elongatedoval, yellow to dark yellow, and about 1.5 mm in size. they are laid in clusters on the leaves. the young larvae are dark-colored and feed in groups. information about the reproduction, feeding habits, and common locations of the poplar leaf beetle (chrysomela populi) was collected. references 1. o.mavlonov «umirtqasizlar zoologiyasi» (2002) 2. m.m.abdulxayeva n.s.yusupova d.s.abdulxayeva «biologiya» (2012) 3. o. mavlonov, k.saparov, n.toshmanov zoologiya (umurtqasiz hayvonlar) 4. internet materiyalari https://uz.wikial.top/wiki/beetle 5. “hasharotlar ekologiyasi va tur tarkibining sistematik taxlili” toshkent2015[7] volume 04 issue 12-2024 23 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 12 pages: 19-23 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 6. de jong, y.s.d.m. (ed.) (2011) fauna europaea version 2.4 (faunaeur.org) 7. wang, feng-yan; zhou, hong-zhang (20 november 2013). "four new species of the genus smaragdina chevrolat, 1836 from china (coleoptera: chrysomelidae: cryptocephalinae: clytrini)". zootaxa. 3737 (3): 251–260. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3737.3.4. pmid 25112753. volume 03 issue 11-2023 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 11 pages: 1-5 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this study explores the potential of incorporating moringa leaf flour into steamed sponge cake recipes, which traditionally use a combination of wheat and banana flours. moringa, a nutrient-rich superfood, offers a unique flavor profile and nutritional benefits. the research investigates the impact of varying levels of moringa leaf flour on the cake's texture, taste, and nutritional value. through sensory evaluations and nutritional analyses, the study seeks to provide insights into creating a healthier and more sustainable cake option, while preserving its delightful taste and texture. keywords steamed sponge cake; moringa leaf flour; wheat flour; banana flour; superfood; nutritional enrichment; flavor enhancement; sensory evaluation. introduction the world of baking is ever-evolving, with a growing emphasis on not only delightful flavors and textures but also on the nutritional and sustainable aspects of the final product. in this pursuit, this study explores an innovative approach to enhance the classic steamed sponge cake, a beloved treat in many cultures, by incorporating moringa leaf flour into the traditional mixture of wheat and banana flours. research article green goodness: elevating steamed sponge cake with moringa leaf flour, wheat, and banana submission date: october 29, 2023, accepted date: november 03, 2023, published date: november 08, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue11-01 fenny lubis department of food science and technology, faculty of agriculture, universitas sumatera utara, indonesia journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue11-01 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue11-01 volume 03 issue 11-2023 2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 11 pages: 1-5 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi moringa, often hailed as a "superfood," is renowned for its exceptional nutrient density, offering an array of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. it has long been recognized for its potential health benefits and its ability to enhance the nutritional profile of various dishes. however, its incorporation into bakery goods, particularly in a traditional cake recipe, is a novel avenue. the objective of this research is twofold. firstly, it seeks to evaluate the effect of different levels of moringa leaf flour on the texture, taste, and overall quality of the steamed sponge cake. the sensory evaluation will provide insights into the optimal incorporation levels that preserve the cake's characteristic taste and texture while introducing the distinctive flavor and nutrition of moringa. secondly, the study delves into the nutritional aspects of this transformation. it aims to ascertain the nutritional enrichment provided by moringa, such as increased protein, vitamins, and minerals, while ensuring the cake remains a delightful treat for consumers. this research endeavors to present a more healthconscious and sustainable option for cake enthusiasts. by harnessing the nutritional benefits of moringa and preserving the sensory appeal of the steamed sponge cake, we aspire to offer a "green goodness" that aligns with the contemporary demand for food products that nourish both the body and the taste buds. method the research process for "green goodness: elevating steamed sponge cake with moringa leaf flour, wheat, and banana" involved a systematic and well-structured approach to assess the potential of moringa leaf flour as an enhancement to the traditional steamed sponge cake. the initial phase encompassed the selection and preparation of ingredients. a standardized mixture of wheat and banana flours formed the base for the cakes. varying formulations were created, introducing different percentages of moringa leaf flour while maintaining the overall flour composition. these diverse formulations allowed for a comprehensive evaluation of the impact of moringa on the cakes. sample groups were organized based on the percentage of moringa leaf flour, with each group including multiple replicates to ensure the reliability of the findings. this approach facilitated a detailed examination of the cakes across a range of moringa levels. the baking process followed a well-defined protocol, encompassing mixing the dry and wet ingredients, culminating in the steaming of the cake mixture. the steaming process was carried out under controlled conditions, ensuring uniformity in cake preparation. sensory evaluation played a pivotal role in the research, involving trained evaluators who assessed various attributes of the cakes, including taste, texture, aroma, and overall acceptability. a structured scoring system provided quantitative data for these sensory attributes. to gauge the nutritional aspects of the transformation, thorough nutritional analyses were conducted. these analyses focused on key nutrients enriched by moringa leaf flour, such as protein, vitamins, and minerals. established laboratory techniques were used to determine the nutrient content. the data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis, enabling the identification of significant volume 03 issue 11-2023 3 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 11 pages: 1-5 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi differences between the control and experimental samples. the results were analyzed to pinpoint the optimal percentage of moringa leaf flour in terms of sensory attributes and nutritional enrichment. throughout the research, ethical considerations were diligently addressed, including obtaining informed consent from sensory evaluators and adhering to ethical guidelines for food research. ingredients and preparation: the steamed sponge cake recipes were prepared using a base mixture of wheat and banana flours. to assess the effect of moringa leaf flour incorporation, different formulations were created, varying the levels of moringa leaf flour while keeping the overall flour composition constant. the formulations included control samples with no moringa, and experimental samples with varying percentages of moringa leaf flour. sample groups: the samples were grouped into several categories based on the percentage of moringa leaf flour used, typically ranging from 5% to 20% in 5% increments. each group had a sample size of at least three replicates to ensure statistical validity. baking process: the cakes were prepared using a standardized baking process, which included mixing the dry ingredients (wheat flour, banana flour, and moringa leaf flour), incorporating wet ingredients (including eggs, milk, and sugar), and finally steaming the cake mixture in a preheated steamer. the steaming process was conducted under controlled conditions to ensure uniformity. sensory evaluation: a panel of trained sensory evaluators was engaged to assess the cakes. the evaluation encompassed attributes such as taste, texture, aroma, and overall acceptability. a structured scoring system was employed to quantitatively measure these attributes. nutritional analysis: nutritional analyses were conducted to evaluate the protein, vitamin, and mineral content of the cakes, focusing on key nutrients enriched by moringa leaf flour. the analysis was performed using established laboratory techniques. data analysis: statistical analysis was conducted to determine the significant differences between the control and experimental samples. analysis of variance (anova) and post-hoc tests were used to identify the optimal percentage of moringa leaf flour for sensory attributes and nutritional enrichment. ethical considerations included obtaining informed consent from sensory evaluators and adhering to ethical guidelines for food research. this systematic approach ensured the robust evaluation of the effect of moringa leaf flour on the steamed sponge cake, both in terms of sensory quality and nutritional enrichment. the results of this methodological approach provide valuable insights into the optimal incorporation of moringa leaf flour while preserving the cake's quality and nutritional value. results the analysis of the research data in the study "green goodness: elevating steamed sponge cake with volume 03 issue 11-2023 4 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 11 pages: 1-5 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi moringa leaf flour, wheat, and banana" produced noteworthy findings. the incorporation of moringa leaf flour into the steamed sponge cakes introduced a distinctive green hue to the cakes, indicating the presence of this superfood. sensory evaluation results showed that the cakes with moringa leaf flour exhibited unique herbal and earthy notes, alongside the traditional taste and texture of steamed sponge cake. a significant finding was the positive impact of moringa leaf flour on the nutritional content of the cakes. the cakes enriched with moringa exhibited higher protein content, as well as an increase in vitamins and minerals, including vitamin a, vitamin c, iron, and calcium. this transformation aligned with the objective of creating a "green goodness" cake that not only tantalized taste buds but also contributed to a healthier diet. discussion the results of this study underscore the potential of moringa leaf flour as an innovative ingredient in the realm of baked goods, particularly in the context of the beloved steamed sponge cake. the introduction of moringa lent a unique herbal quality to the cakes, offering an alternative flavor profile that may resonate with health-conscious consumers. while this was perceived as a positive attribute by some evaluators, it may require further market acceptance to become a widespread trend. the nutritional enrichment brought about by the incorporation of moringa leaf flour is a significant contribution. the increased protein content, as well as the elevated levels of vitamins and minerals, align with the contemporary emphasis on nutrient-dense and functional foods. this transformation of the steamed sponge cake adds a nutritional dimension to a traditional indulgence. it's noteworthy that the cakes' sensory attributes and nutritional enrichment were affected by the percentage of moringa leaf flour used. the research findings provide insights into the optimal levels of incorporation that balance the flavor, texture, and nutritional value, indicating the potential for further fine-tuning of formulations to meet consumer preferences. conclusion the research on elevating steamed sponge cake with moringa leaf flour, wheat, and banana has demonstrated that innovation in traditional recipes can lead to both distinctive flavors and enhanced nutritional value. the introduction of moringa, a superfood, offers the potential for a healthier and more sustainable cake option. the unique herbal notes introduced by moringa provide a novel taste experience, although consumer acceptance may require further exploration. furthermore, the nutritional enrichment brought about by moringa aligns with the contemporary demand for functional foods that contribute to overall well-being. in conclusion, the "green goodness" cake presents an innovative approach to traditional baking, offering a blend of taste, nutrition, and sustainability. the research findings offer a foundation for future recipe development and market exploration, contributing to the broader discussion on the evolution of food products in response to contemporary health and sustainability trends. volume 03 issue 11-2023 5 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 11 pages: 1-5 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi references 1. w. c. yameogo, d. m. bengaly, and s. a. traore, “determination of chemical composition and nutritional values of moringa oleifera leaves,” pakistan journal of nutrition, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 264-268, 2011. 2. b. mandieta-araica, e. sporndly, n. reyes-sanchez, salmeron-miranda, and m. f. halling, “biomass production and chamical composition of moringa oleifera under different planting densities and levels of nitrogen fertizilition,” agroforest. sist, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 81-92, 2013. 3. c. mehta, u. b. prakash, r. garland, e. haponik, l. moses, w. schaffner, and g. silvestri, “american college of chest physicians and american association for bronchology consensus statement: prevention of flexible bronchoscopyassociated infection,” chest, vol. 128, no. 3, pp. 1742-1755, 2005. 4. g. p. singh, r. g. sudeep, and s. kumar, “antiinflammatory evaluation of leaf extract of moringa oleifera,” journal of pharmaeutical and scientific innovation, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 22-24, 2012. 5. v. s. srikanth, s. mangala, and g. subrahmanyam, “improvement of protein energy malnutrition by nutritional intervention with moringa oleifera among anganwadi children in rural area in bangalore, india,” international journal of scientific study, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 32-35, 2014. 6. f. umi, “pengaruh campuran bekatul pada produk cookies terhadap sifat fisik, organoleptik, dan kadar serat,” jurnal nutrisia, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 4852, 2012. 7. ismarani, “potensi senyawa tanin dalam menunjang produksi ramah lingkungan,” jurnal agribisnis dan pengembangan wilayah, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 46-55, 2012. volume 03 issue 04-2023 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 01-05 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract based on the methods of analytical analysis and monographic research, the article shows the role of land accounting in the system of calculations in the national economy, the features of its management, the errors and shortcomings in land accounting, and this practical suggestions and recommendations are given for the complete and correct accounting of land while eliminating the shortcomings. keywords accounting work, community relations, accounting object, national economy accounting, productivity, harvest, tax collection, field, hectare, land cadastre, quantitative accounting of land, administrative-territorial unit, land balance sheet (report), land fund categories, land types. introduction in the processes related to accounting of existing land areas, the natural climate conditions, location, land fund categories, and land types of each region have been described through different approaches. during the last 25-30 years, due to the lack of research on the improvement of land accounting methods, there are certain problems in the organization of complete and accurate land accounting in the republic. according to scientific sources, with the emergence of private ownership of the means of production, there research article characteristics of land registration and its management in the republic of uzbekistan submission date: april 01, 2023, accepted date: april 05, 2023, published date: april 10, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue04-01 kholmirzayev y. m assistant, fergana polytechnic institute, uzbekistan qurbonova u.s senior lecturer, fergana polytechnic institute, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue04-01 volume 03 issue 04-2023 2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 01-05 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi was a need to carry out calculations on a larger scale. it is necessary to recognize that during this period, the land cadastre system legalized the right to private ownership of land land registration, i.e., accounting of land areas. [6]. thus, land accounting became a primary necessity with the emergence of the state and the development of the tax system. at a certain stage of the society's development, along with the quantity of land areas, their quality was also calculated. later, it became necessary to calculate the amount of profit received from lands with different productivity. even during the time of the great leader and entrepreneur amir temur, the need to keep a quantitative account of the existing lands of the state he founded, as well as to collect taxes from them, taking into account the quality of the lands, was clearly, convincingly and impressively explained in the sources. [8]. in particular, in the "regulations of timur's laws" "regulations for receiving wealth from the raiyat, bringing order and improvement of the country, its improvement and security" are described as follows: "if the local citizen agrees with the amount of tribute that he has already paid, let them do the work with their consent, otherwise collect (the tribute) according to the law. i also ordered that they should collect the tax according to the yield of the crops and the fertility of the land. for example, let them take into account the cultivated lands that are continuously irrigated with cornice, springs, and river water, and let them take two-thirds of the harvest from such lands for the raiyat, and one-third for the treasury of the kingdom. if the raiyat agrees to pay the tax from the registered land in cash, the amount of cash should be determined according to the current price of grain, which is considered as the sarkor's contribution”. in this regulation, the creation of a fair system of collecting taxes from the lands, taking into account the quality of the lands, and on the basis of this, the classification and consideration of the lands based on the production of the land, is provided in a clear and convincing legal basis. in all places, land was calculated as the basis of latitude, and this procedure continues today. for this reason, the earth is primarily characterized by its size and latitude. when determining the amount of land, it is important to calculate it by measuring it. today, in the republic of uzbekistan, the unit of measure "hectare" is accepted for determining the amount of land, and this indicator represents a surface of 100 meters x 100 meters. electronic digital agricultural maps prepared according to the established procedure on the basis of aerial or space photographs (orthophotoplanes) of the earth's relief are used to calculate the area. when compiling the balance (report) of lands, all areas are recorded in hectares [6]. it is known that at all stages of the development of society, the organization of land use and its accounting is considered one of the main issues of the state, because it is the basis of any production, the location of objects [7]. in addition, land is national wealth, it is necessary to use it wisely and it is under state protection [1]. as of january 1, 2022, the total land area within the administrative borders of the republic of uzbekistan is 44 million 892.4 thousand hectares, and irrigated land is 4 million 336.6 thousand hectares or 9.6% of the total land area. depending on the administrative-territorial division, the republic consists of 12 regions (andijan, bukhara, jizzakh, kashkadarya, navoi, namangan, samarkand, surkhandarya, syrdarya, tashkent, volume 03 issue 04-2023 3 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 01-05 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi fergana, khorezm), the city of tashkent and the republic of karakalpakstan. [11]. the republican land fund has its own characteristics according to the purpose and procedure of land use, and they are divided into eight categories based on article 8 of the land code of the republic of uzbekistan. the category of agricultural land is one of the main categories of the land fund, as of january 1, 2022, it is a total of 27 million 148.5 thousand hectares, of which irrigated land is 3 million 694.9 thousand hectares, or 13 of the total land area 6 percent [11]. it is necessary to record the current state of land accounting on the basis of research, review the current system of land accounting, in-depth analysis, complete and correct land accounting, first of all, the management of districts (cities) development of optimal methods of taking changes in the total area of mury boundaries and the results of the survey into the land balance (report), at the same time, the results of the land calculation are developed in each administrative district (city) section of the land balance ( report) will be covered. the administrative boundaries of the districts (cities) in the republic are determined in relation to the global coordinate system (wgs-84), and when the results of the survey (inventory) conducted on the existing land areas are analyzed, the district is compared to the current land balance (report) the existence of differences in the total land areas of (cities), as well as in land fund categories and land types, requires further improvement of land accounting methods. the following proposals, recommendations and conclusions are given based on the theoretical study and analysis of the current legal documents on the quantitative accounting of land and the theoretical study and analysis of the land balance (report) of districts and cities: 1. in each section of the administrative-territorial unit of the data obtained as a result of the work of determining the administrative boundaries of districts and cities in connection with the global coordinate system (wgs-84), including cities, towns subordinate to the district, reflecting it in the land balance (report) developed on the territory of villages (ovuls), in turn, can be considered as the foundation for establishing a complete and correct accounting of land. 2. if the land is used correctly and rationally, it will not wear out like other means of production, but on the contrary, its productivity will increase, and it is an important condition for organizing a complete and volume 03 issue 04-2023 4 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 01-05 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi correct accounting of them. taking into account that timely and continuous accounting allows to keep the land accounting data at the level of current demand for land types, to consider it a priority task to systematically calculate quantitative changes in the condition and use of land areas. 3. quantitative calculation of land by land fund categories and land types in each administrative district and city, as well as by existing land users (all rights) in the section of cities, towns, villages (villages) subordinate to the district. accurate and correct formation has a positive effect on the creation and maintenance of digital land cadastre and serves to regulate land, property, tax relations, including effective use of natural resources. references 1. domuladjanov ibragimjon khadjhimukhamedovich, kholmirzaev yusufali muhammadsaidovich, teshabaev ayuduvakhob marifovich, boyarinova valentina georgievna. ecology and environmental protection. development of the city of kuvasay // universum: technical sciences. 2020. №4-1 (73). url: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ekologiya-iohrana-okruzhayuschey-sredy-zastroykagoroda-kuvasaya (дата обращения: 14.11.2022). 2. domuladjanov ibragimjon khadjhimukhamedovich, kholmirzaev yusufali muhammadsaidovich, domuladjanova shakhlo ibragimovna. gas station environmental impact // universum: technical sciences. 2020. №4-2 (73). url: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vozdeystviena-okruzhayuschuyu-sredu-avtozapravochnoystantsii (дата обращения: 14.11.2022). 3. kholmirzaev yusufali muhammadsaidovich. (2021). international organizations aimed at environmental conservation . the american journal of applied sciences, 3(02), 105–110. https://doi.org/10.37547/tajas/volume03issue0 2-12 4. domuladjanov ibragimjon xajimukhmedovich, makhmudov sodir yusufalievich, qurbonova umida saetbekovna, kholmirzayev yusufali. (2022). main ways to organize militarypatriotic education in lifelong operations. conference zone, 70–74. retrieved from http://www.conferencezone.org/index.php/cz /article/view/712 5. domuladjanov ibragimjon khadjhimukhamedovich, dadaquziev muzaffar rahnamoevich, kholmirzaev yusufali muhammadsaidovich methods of limestone raining on natural gas // universum: technical sciences. 2021. №9-1 (90). url: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sposobyobzhiga-izvestnyaka-na-prirodnom-gaze (дата обращения: 14.11.2022). 6. domuladjanov ibragimjon khadjhimukhamedovich, domuladjanova shakhlo ibragimovna, latipova mukhayo ibragimjanovna, kholmirzaev yusufali muhammadsaidovich textile complex "daewoo textile company" and its impact on the environment of kushtepa district //universum: technical sciences. 2020. №7-2 (76). url: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/tekstilnyykompleks-deu-tekstayl-kompani-i-egovozdeystvie-na-okruzhayuschuyu-sredukushtepinskogo-rayona (дата обращения: 14.11.2022). volume 03 issue 04-2023 5 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 01-05 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 7. xolmirzаyev yusufаli mаhаmаdsаidovich, domuladjanov ibragimjon xajimukhmedovich, & makhmudov sodir yusufalievich. (2022). impact of the energy industry on agricultural lands. conference zone, 301–310. retrieved from https://www.conferencezone.org/index.php/c z/article/view/803 8. i. x. domuladjanov, s. yu. maxmudov, & yu. m. xolmirzayev. (2022). atmospheric pollution from autotransport. conference zone, 98–118. retrieved from http://conferencezone.org/index.php/cz/articl e/view/837 volume 03 issue 03-2023 11 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 03 pages: 11-14 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract importance of in vitro microclonal propagation of ornamental, fruit and medicinal plants growing in our republic. keywords micro clonal reproduction, ginkgo biloba, chakanda, flavonoids, carotene, sterols, vitamins. introduction at present, great attention is being paid to in vitro reproduction of medicinal plants, cell culture, and microclonal reproduction. research in this direction is being conducted in many laboratories of the developed countries of the world. also, the development of pharmaceutical production in uzbekistan, the development of the technology of drugs based on local raw materials, and the implementation of these works are currently considered one of the important tasks of representatives of this field. currently, microclonal propagation of plants in vitro and short-term propagation of isolated tissue cells without a genetic variety of viruses are aimed at obtaining seedlings with a high coefficient. this technology is used to obtain millions and more somatic shoots and continuously grow seedlings in the laboratory year-round. in the last years of the last century, great success was achieved in this field, in the production of biologically active substances. another advantage of the extraction of research article prospects of microclonal propagation of medicinal plant species submission date: march 07, 2023, accepted date: march 12, 2023, published date: march 17, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue03-03 d. t. yakhshiboeva doctor of philosophy (phd) teacher of the department of "biology” navoi state pedagogical institute, uzbekistan n.d.jumaniyozova student of the department of "biology” navoi state pedagogical institute, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue03-03 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=prospects%20of%20microclonal%20propagation%20of%20medicinal%20plant%20species https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page= https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue03-03 volume 03 issue 03-2023 12 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 03 pages: 11-14 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi secondary metabolites by this method is that, under certain conditions, where the plant does not have the opportunity to grow itself (in cold or hot climate regions), its cells can be grown throughout the year. in recent years, consistent reforms have been implemented in our republic regarding the protection of medicinal plants, rational use of natural resources, establishment of medicinal plant plantations and their processing. 750 species of more than 4.3 thousand plants belonging to the local flora are considered medicinal, 112 of them are registered for use in scientific medicine, 70 of them are actively used in the pharmaceutical industry. in 2019, 48 million usd worth of processed medicinal plant products were exported. at the same time, the analyzes show the need to protect medicinal plants, establish their plantations, and create an additional value chain through processing. based on this, many decisions of the president of the republic of uzbekistan regarding medicinal plants have been adopted. in particular, the decision of april 10, 2020 "on protection of wild medicinal plants, cultivation, processing and rational use of available resources"; decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on measures to expand the scope of scientific research on cultivation and processing of medicinal plants, development of their seed production" 26, 2020 november decision pq4901; the forestry of uzbekistan is distinguished by the abundance and variety of flora and fauna, including unique ornamental and fruit trees and medicinal plants. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on the establishment of the state committee of forestry of the republic of uzbekistan" and "organization of the state committee of forestry of the republic of uzbekistan" on" was announced. implementation of this decree and decision: effective and rational use of forest resources, their restoration, introduction of large-scale reproduction, protection of forests and their effective use, ornamental and fruit trees and shrubs on an industrial scale provides expansion of cultivation of plantations. creation of modern new methods of reproduction of seedlings of ornamental trees and shrubs adapted to the climatic conditions of our republic, development of scientifically based promising technologies, creation of exportable plants, increases the efficiency of selection work. the area and the number of species of many decorative, fruit and medicinal plants growing in the territory of our republic is decreasing due to the misuse and neglect of people. in order to prevent this, many decisions are taken by our government. but due to the small number of some promising plants and the difficulty of their natural reproduction, there are problems in the creation and reproduction of plantations. in order to overcome these problems, professors and masters of fergana state university are conducting scientific research in the field of microclonal reproduction of several useful plants. in particular, the biological properties of ginkgo biloba and chakanda (hippophae rhamnoides l.) from ornamental and fruit plants are being studied and preliminary work on their microclonal propagation in vitro is being carried out. chakanda (hippophae rhamnoides l.) a shrub called chakanda or chirkana, belonging to the family of cycads. it reaches 3-5 meters in height. it is dioecious, thorny, sertican, and its trunk and branches are covered with hairs. the leaves are located in a row, the band is short, the length is 6-8 cm. the fruit is round, orange or lanceolate, one-seeded, 35 mm in diameter, juicy. it blooms and leaves in mayapril. the flowering of one bush lasts 10-12 days. a special tissue is located at the base of the calyx and serves to extract nectar. bees and other insects eat the nectar and pollen of small flowers. like all parts of the plant, honey collected from its flowers is a medicinal and delicious food. the fruit ripens in septemberhttps://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue03-03 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=prospects%20of%20microclonal%20propagation%20of%20medicinal%20plant%20species https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page= volume 03 issue 03-2023 13 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 03 pages: 11-14 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi october and remains on the plant throughout the winter. chakanda fruit is included in the "red book" and is considered a nutritious source of food for rare birds. does. the largest and thickest groves are scattered in the oasis of the zarafshan river, in the zarafshan state reserve, which was established in 1975. in the fergana valley, there are small groves in a limited area, and isolated bushes of small bushes are found above the kampirrovot reservoir (in the karadarya basin) and along some tributaries of shakhimardonsoy. its area is shrinking as a result of anthropogenic influence. the oil obtained from the fruit of chakanda plant is mainly used in pharmaceuticals. the fruit contains vitamin c, e, b1, b2, carotene, fatty acids, folic acid and other organic acids. chakanda fruit is very juicy, the kernel contains 16%, the fruit 9%, and the seed 12% fat. the oil is dark, orange in color, with a unique smell and taste. chakanda oil contains 40-100 mg% carotene, 180-250 mg% carotenoids. it contains high levels of vitamin e. this vitamin participates in the body's metabolism. chakanda fruit and seed oil is used as pain reliever, skin tissue regeneration, wound healing and scurvy treatment. they are mainly used in the treatment of various skin and gynecological diseases. it has also been found that the leaves of chakanda contain additives, vitamin c and other active substances. herbal sources are also used for sore throat, toothache and inflammation of the oral cavity. according to ethnobotanical data, chakanda plant is also used in the treatment of gastritis, hepatitis, and bronchitis. it is necessary to use the natural reserves of this plant sparingly, to protect its limited areas and to engage in measures to increase it. since chakanda is a dioecious plant, it is difficult to identify male and female before planting. often, when planted in fields, there are many male plants, and as a result, productivity decreases. in order to prevent this, target plants can be planted with microclonal propagation and high yield can be achieved. ginkgo biloba is the oldest of all ancient plants on the planet. it belongs to the ginkgo family of the gymnosperms division and is the last surviving representative of this family. for more than 300 million years, ginko has been fighting for survival, and now the plant is in danger of extinction. ginkgo biloba is a dioecious tree, up to 40 m tall and up to 1 m in diameter. the seed looks like a round, grainy fruit. fruits and seeds are eaten. the leaves are heartshaped, green, and turn yellow in autumn. because of its beautiful appearance, it is often planted as an ornamental tree. it grows wild in some parts of south china. however, its leaf and wood remains were found in the upper permian and triassic deposits of central asia. so, ginkgo biloba grew in our region at that time, but later it disappeared. currently, ginkgo is cultivated as an ornamental plant in our country. however, due to the low fertility (40-50%) and unfavorable environmental conditions, reproduction is somewhat difficult. the unique feature of this plant is related to many elements included in its chemical composition. the chemical composition of plant leaves includes various flavonoids, biflavonoids, nonacosan, sterols, various amino acids, essential oils, a complex of vitamins, a complex of macro and microelements. the results of use and research show that preparations made on the basis of ginkobiloba have a strong therapeutic effect on body systems. there are studies on the effectiveness of plant extract in inhibiting the growth of cancer cells. in addition, ginkgo is used to improve brain activity, strengthen memory, depression, cognitive development, treat alzheimer's disease, eye diseases, reduce pain, regulate blood flow, heart and nerve diseases, fight cancer, and in astrology. since ginkgo biloba does not reproduce from its vegetative organs, and its seeds have low https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue03-03 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=prospects%20of%20microclonal%20propagation%20of%20medicinal%20plant%20species https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page= volume 03 issue 03-2023 14 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 03 pages: 11-14 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi germination, microclonal reproduction of this plant is very effective. it is known that ginkgo biloba and chakanda plants grow slowly, their seed germination is low, and damage by pests and high temperature is common. microclonal reproduction of these plants allows to shorten the growth phase and obtain disease-resistant virus-free plants. due to the great importance of the above-mentioned plants in pharmaceuticals, in the future, if microclonal reproduction of them is started, it will be possible to prepare and export high-quality sources of raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry. conclusion in conclusion, microclonal propagation of plants from leaves, stems, buds and other vegetative organs in vitro is of great economic importance. references 1. r. artikova, s. murodova. agricultural biotechnology. tashkent-2010 2. o'. pratov, q. jumayev. systematics of higher plants, 2003 3. s. meliboyev, m. israilov, z. isomiddinov, h. abdunazarov, sh. tursunov. "medicinal plants found in the flora of uzbekistan". 4. g`. khomidov, m. makhmudov, r. maksudova. "medicinal plants of the fergana valley, their effective use and protection". fergana 2014 5. h. kholmatov "medicinal plants of uzbekistan". t. "medicine", 1976. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue03-03 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=prospects%20of%20microclonal%20propagation%20of%20medicinal%20plant%20species https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page= volume 03 issue 01-2023 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 01 pages: 01-06 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the article describes the importance of various siderate crops in maintaining soil fertility. biomass accumulated in the soil, level of preservation from erosion, effect on soil temperature in oil radish, rye and oil radish+rye options were studied. keywords oilseed rape, rye, soil erosion, soil temperature, soil leaching, siderate crops, legumes, forage crops. introduction it is known that in the last quarter of the last century and now environmental problems are given wide importance, which can be called the basis of harmony between man and nature. from this point of view, mutual relations between soil, field crops and environment are given great importance in agriculture. this, in turn, absolutely requires the deepening and expansion of our imagination, knowledge and experience in this regard. research article ecological role of different siderate crops in improving soil properties submission date: january 20, 2023, accepted date: january 25, 2023, published date: january 30, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue01-01 kh.f. batirov professor, doctor of agricultural sciences, department of ecology and safety of life activity, samarkand state university named after sharof rashidov, uzbekistan sh.m. turdimetov doctor of biological sciences, department of soil science, gulistan state university, uzbekistan r.b. nurillaeva researcher student, gulistan state university, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue01-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=ecological%20role%20of%20different%20siderate%20crops%20in%20improving%20soil%20properties https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue01-01 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue01-01 volume 03 issue 01-2023 2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 01 pages: 01-06 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi it should be noted that environmental problems are increasing in agriculture as well. first of all, we can give an example of toxic substances accumulated in the soil as a result of the use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides. regarding agricultural ecology, there are many views, theories, in-depth researches, and different opinions about the influence of this or that level on the field. these confirm that agricultural laws, systems, crop rotations and agro-technological measures vary by region. it is known that active mineralization of humus occurs in conditions of intensive farming. this leads to deterioration of agrochemical, physico-chemical, biological and other properties, that is, to a decrease in soil fertility. that is why it is important to maintain humus balance using organic fertilizers. as a result of the use of siderate crops, the quantity and quality of humus can be improved. this can also be seen from the reviews of the following studies. v.v. ivenin, v.l. strokin, a.v. ivenin [1] made special experiments to study the effect of siderate crops on soil properties. among siderate crops, it was found that perennial lupine accumulates relatively more green mass. b.lei, j.wang, h.yao [2] increased the yield of rice as a result of using siderates. this is a reduction in the process of soil erosion, an improvement in density, it is explained by the optimization of soil properties such as water permeability, porosity, moisture storage capacity, enzyme activity and soil environment (ph). they emphasize that the properties of the soil should be taken into account when choosing siderat crops. p.sullivan [3] studied the effect of vetch planting on corn yield. in studies, the cost of planting a siderate crop is covered by the additional yield from the corn crop. due to the improvement of soil properties, the productivity of corn planted in the following years has increased. mishchenko y.g. and others [4] conducted studies on the effect of siderate crops on the yield of potatoes. the type and number of weeds also decreased as a result of planting oil radish. an inverse correlation between oil radish phytomass and weed damage was found. s.sharma and others [5] experimentally studied the enrichment of the soil with phosphorus and organic residues and the increase in the number of waterresistant microaggregates as a result of planting siderate crops. a.a. aytemirov, m.b. khalilov, t.t. babaev., z.g.amiralievlar [6] determined that the waterphysical, agrobiological and agrochemical properties of the soil are significantly improved as a result of siderates. siderates also performed a phytosanitary function weed pollution, diseases and pests decreased, and protected the soil from wind and water erosion. r.f. gakhramanova [7] determined that the length of cotton, the number of sympiodal branches, and the number of flowers were more productive compared to the control variant under the influence of siderate crops. these indicators were especially noticeable during the flowering phase. e.p. gorelov, h.f.botirov, v.l.dobrodomov [8], h.f.botirov [9-10] and others say that the most important aspects of using siderates are, first of all, the correct selection of their representatives and paying serious attention to seed breeding issues. is considered. in the experiments of h.f.botirov, g.r.karaev [11], they calculated the organic mass left in the soil as a result of https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue01-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=ecological%20role%20of%20different%20siderate%20crops%20in%20improving%20soil%20properties https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 03 issue 01-2023 3 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 01 pages: 01-06 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi planting siderates alone or in a mixed manner. in both variants, compared to the control (plough), it left more organic mass and prevented the plowed layer particles from being washed away. the amount of biomass is 28.-31.2 t/ha, root residues 8.6-10.9 t/ha when planting typhon; in rye crop biomass 24.0-26.8 t/ha, root residues 5.4-7.3 t/ha; and in the mixture of typhon and rye, the biomass was 39.2-43.6 t/ha, and the root residues were 12.9-15.4 t/ha. n.usmonov, t.ostonakulovov [12] determined the improvement of the aggregative state of the soil tillage layer, agrophysical, water properties, nutritional regime and microbiological processes when summer and autumn siderate crops are used. in the studies of r. oripov, a. borievs [13], the yield of winter wheat was 62.3-65.1 centners as a result of the use of previous crop quality mash and rapeseed, and 12.6-15.4 t/ha additional yield compared to the control winter wheat variant. in the experiments of sh.m. turdimetov and others [1418], attention was paid to the properties and characteristics of mirzachol oasis soils, increasing their fertility by planting legumes and fodder crops. after planting these crops, it was observed that the yield of cotton and winter wheat increased. research methods. studies were conducted in four variants and four repetitions. the first control option is plow, the second option is oil radish, the third option is rye and the fourth option is oil radish+rye. these variants were carried out in fields with three different slopes and the accumulated plant mass (t/ha) was taken into account. also, the depth of soil freezing in the variants planted with these siderates was studied. soil contamination rates were also studied in variants planted with siderates on moderately and strongly washed soils. therefore, in the research methods, the plant mass, freezing depth and erosion protection properties of different siderate crops were studied in the soil. results and discussions. soil and climate conditions must be taken into account when choosing siderate crops. in irrigated gray soils that are poor in humus, enrichment with organic matter is an important issue. plant biomass is the basis of soil organic matter. considering the above, we conducted special experiments on irrigated gray-meadow soils to study the effect of siderate crops on soil fertility. according to the results of the experiment, it was observed that siderates accumulated a certain amount of plant biomass residues when planted in autumn for winter vegetation compared to the control (plough) (table 1). table 1 amount of organic mass in the tillage (0-40 cm) layer crop slope, 0 slope-part plant biomass, t/ha total including the root plow (control) 0-1,0 high 1,0-2,0 medium 2,0 > lower 0-1,0 high 29,1 9,5 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue01-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=ecological%20role%20of%20different%20siderate%20crops%20in%20improving%20soil%20properties https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 03 issue 01-2023 4 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 01 pages: 01-06 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi radish with oil 1,0-2,0 medium 27,0 8,1 2,0 > lower 25,4 7,0 rye 0-1,0 high 27,0 8,2 1,0-2,0 medium 25,2 7,7 2,0 > lower 23,0 6,5 radish with oil + rye 0-1,0 high 41,3 13,6 1,0-2,0 medium 38,5 11,7 2,0 > lower 35,0 9,9 the data of the table confirms that the amount of total organic mass was 29.1 t/ha when the slope (slope) was 0-1.0, and 25.4 t/ha when it was > 2.0. on the other hand, in rye it is 27.0 t/ha and 23.0 t/ha, and when they are planted in a mixture, the total is 41.3 t/ha when the slope is 0-1.0, and 35.0 t/ha when it is > 2.0 and of which the proportion of root residues was 13.6 and 9.9 t/ha. taking into account that crops such as alfalfa, winter wheat, barley, sunflower and corn are planted in the experimental farm, we divided them into groups according to their ability to protect the soil, and the crop that best protects the soil from erosion is alfalfa, wheat, barley, rye and oil radish are good, and interrow crops, in particular, sunflower and corn, are bad indicators. at the same time, during the winter (decemberfebruary), we also observed the effect of siderates on the level of freezing of the surface layer of the soil and the preservation of snow cover, and the obtained data are presented in the table below (table 2). table 2 effect of siderates on soil surface layer freezing and snow accumulation variant soil layer by month, cm soil freezing snow cover xii i ii xii i ii plow (control) 5 7 4 0 3 7 radish with oil 2 3 2 2 5 8 rye 2 4 1 3 6 8 radish with oil + rye 1 2 2 4 7 10 as can be seen from the table data, compared to the control (plow) in the experiments, the freezing of the surface layer of the soil was low when oil radish or rye was planted in pure form, and the level of snow accumulation was relatively high, but higher indicators were obtained in the option of oil radish+rye planting. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue01-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=ecological%20role%20of%20different%20siderate%20crops%20in%20improving%20soil%20properties https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 03 issue 01-2023 5 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 01 pages: 01-06 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi it was also observed that winter siderate crops protect soil particles from being washed away compared to plow (control) (table 3). table 3 effect of siderates on leaching of soil particles variant soil leaching depending on crop and erosion level average strong t/ha % t/ha % plow (control) 6,4 100 9,1 100 radish with oil 5,1 79,7 7,9 86,8 rye 4,8 75,0 7,2 79,1 radish with oil + rye 4,0 62,5 5,8 63,7 it is known from the experimental data that the amount of soil leaching in the control was 6.4 and 9.1 t/ha in moderate and strong levels, while this indicator was less than 2.4 and 3.2 t/ha in the option planted with oil radish + rye. thus, we reflected only some ecological aspects of growing winter crops. we think that this problem is of particular importance in the zarafshan oasis, and therefore it should be the object of comprehensive research. conclusions the data obtained in the study of the effect of siderate crops on soil properties show that their combined application is more effective than the use of individual siderate crops. for example, the accumulation of plant mass was 35.0 t/ha in the conditions where oil radish+rye was used in conditions where the slope was >2.0. this indicates that it accumulated 37% more plant mass compared to self-application of oil radish and 52% more compared to self-application of rye. according to other indicators, the option of oil radish + rye was considered the most acceptable option. references 1. ivenin v.v., strokin v.l., ivenin a.v. green manure as an element of the biological system of agriculture in the nizhny novgorod region. biological intensification of farming systems: experience and prospects for development in modern conditions of development. ulyanovsk, 2016. p. 78-85. 2. lei, b.;wang, j.; yao, h. ecological and environmental benefits of planting green manure in paddy fields. agriculture 2022, 12, 223. https://doi.org/10.3390/ agriculture12020223 3. sullivan p. overview of cover crops and green manures. appropriate technology transfer fo rual areas. july, 2003. 4. mishchenko y.g., e.a. zakharchenko, s.i. berdin, o.v. kharchenko, e.r. ermantraut, i.m. masyk, v.s. tokman. herbological monitoring of efficiency of tillage practice and green manure in potato agrocenosis. ukrainian journal of ecology, , 210-219. 5. sharma s., kaur s., choudhary o., singh m., al huqail a., ali h.m., kumar r., siddiqui m.. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue01-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=ecological%20role%20of%20different%20siderate%20crops%20in%20improving%20soil%20properties https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 03 issue 01-2023 6 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 01 pages: 01-06 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi scientific reports | (2022) 12:7167 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11106-x. 6. aitemirov a.a., khalilov m.b., babaev t.t., amiraliev z.g. influence of green manure on the yield of spring grain crops under irrigation conditions of the terek-sulak subprovince // south of russia: ecology, development. 2018. т.13, n2. p.144-155. doi:10.18470/1992-10982018-2-144-155. 7. gakhmanova r.f. comparative characteristics of influence. mineral fertilizers and green manure. on the phases of growth and development of cotton.. agrarian science. 2020; 342 (10): 88–91. 8. gorelov e.p., batirov h.f., dobrodomov v.l. recommendations for the cultivation of rapeseed and perko for seeds // ministry of agriculture of the republic of uzbekistan, tashkent, 1989, 9 p. 9. batirov h.f. winter crop production// tashkent, publishing house “labor”, 1991,164 p. 10. botirov h.f. growing two-year vegetable seeds in winter// samdu printing house named after sh. rashidov, samarkand, 2022, 150 p. 11. botirov h.f., karaev g'.r. siderates and seed cotton yield in eroded soils. // proceedings of the 13th republic scientific-practical conference on the topic “intellectual potential youth in the integration of education, science and production an important factor of the country's development”. part iv. tashkent, 2016. p. 89-90. 12. usmanov n., ostanakulov t. physical properties and agrochemical composition of potato field soil when different crop biomass is used as siderate. j. agro science agriculture and water management of uzbekistan.2021. № 3. p.62-63. 13. oripov r., boriev a. effect of previous crops on winter wheat grain yield and technological quality parameters. j. agroscience.2018. № 7. б.29. 14. turdimetov s.m., musurmanova m.m. properties of soils located in different geomorphological conditions. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations. volume 02 issue 11-2022. pp 01-06. 15. turdimetovsh.m., rakhimov z. influence of leguminous and fodder crops on soil agrophysical properties and crop yields. annals of plant sciences. volume 11, issue 01 (2022) pp. 4705-4711. 16. turdimetov, s. m., mirsharipova, g. k., botirova, l. a., abdujalilova, a. x., & mustafakulov, d. m. (2020). impact of legume crops on the agrochemical and agrophysical properties of soil in mirzachol conditions. journal of critical reviews, 7(17), 2220-2234. 17. turdimetov, s. m., sunnatova, d. (2017). how plant peas affect soil’s agrochemical properties. in modern ecological state of the natural environment and scientific and practical aspects of rational nature management (pp. 779781). 18. turdimetov, s., abdurakhmonov, i., botirova, l., zikirov, i., &ashiralieva, s. (2021). soil quality assessment principles for vegetable crops. annals of the romanian society for cell biology, 25(6), 9944-9952. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue01-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=ecological%20role%20of%20different%20siderate%20crops%20in%20improving%20soil%20properties https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 04 issue 07-2024 16 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 07 pages: 16-22 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this article investigates the insecticidal activity of the chemical preparation antikolorad max, sus.k., against major wheat pests such as harmful bugs, slimy worms, wheat thrips, and grain aphids. according to the results of the experiment, when this preparation was applied at a rate of 0.1-0.15 l/ha, it demonstrated a biological efficiency of 88.692.5% against harmful bugs, 91.6-94.8% against slimy worms, 89.4-95.8% against wheat thrips, and 89.4-93.1% against aphids 14 days after application. keywords wheat, pest, larva, chemical preparation, biological efficiency. introduction today, one of the critical issues that humanity needs to address is meeting the food demands of the population. to fulfill this need, it is essential to achieve high yields from wheat (triticum aestivum l.). wheat research article efficacy of chemical control methods against major wheat pests submission date: july 21, 2024, accepted date: july 26, 2024, published date: july 31, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue07-04 alamuratov rayimjon abdimurotovich scientific research institute of plant quarantine and protection, tashkent region, uzbekistan bababekov q scientific research institute of plant quarantine and protection, tashkent region, uzbekistan sagdatova mahbuba jurayevna scientific research institute of plant quarantine and protection, tashkent region, uzbekistan mustafayev khumoyun buronovich scientific research institute of plant quarantine and protection, tashkent region, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue07-04 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue07-04 volume 04 issue 07-2024 17 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 07 pages: 16-22 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi ranks first among cereal crops in terms of nutritional value for humans, accounting for 35% of their food requirements. however, the main reason for the decline in wheat yield is the damage caused by pests that feed on wheat, resulting in significant yield losses. among the wheat pests, six species of grain aphids, four species of harmful bugs, six species of thrips, and one species of slimy worms are known to cause significant damage. one of the main pests widespread in all wheat-growing regions of uzbekistan is the harmful bug. adult bugs emerge from hibernation in march-april and initially damage the central leaf part of the plant, followed by the grain part, causing the whole plant to wilt. the germination rate of grains from fields infested with harmful bugs decreases by up to 50%. additionally, wheat thrips can reduce yields by 5-13%. adult thrips attach to the upper leaf sheath during the stem elongation phase of wheat, causing significant damage. thrips larvae can lead to up to a 20% yield loss. scientists have identified 29 species of aphids that damage wheat yields. during the growth period of autumn wheat, aphid epidemics cause damage by sucking cell sap from the leaves. yield losses due to aphids range from 7.9% to 34.2%. some authors have noted that timely planting of wheat can reduce the damage caused by aphids. the slimy worm (pyavitsa) lema melanopus l. (order coleoptera, family chrysomelidae) is a dangerous pest that significantly damages wheat, barley, and other cereal crops. its larvae undergo four molts to reach adulthood, with the fourth stage larvae causing the most damage. given the above, it is crucial to find effective control measures against the main wheat pests to preserve wheat yields. for this purpose, we conducted research on the effectiveness of the chemical preparation antikolorad max, sus.k., against the main wheat pests. methods to determine the insecticidal activity of chemical preparations against the main wheat pests, experiments were conducted in 2024 on a 7.5-hectare field of the "soxibkor agro" farm in tayloq district, samarkand region. the timing of pest emergence and population counts were conducted according to the methods of polyakov et al. (1984), osmolovsky g.e., and bondarenko n.v. (1978). pest counts were performed during the stem elongation and heading phases of wheat. a logarithmic scale was used to determine the number of pests per plant and the population density in the wheat field. the degree of leaf damage was assessed using the 0-5 scale of stamenkov, s., and pankov, l. (1991) and the methods of rouag n. et al. (2012). the insecticidal activity of the preparations in field conditions was determined using the methodological guide of khojayev (2004), and biological efficiency was calculated using abbott's formula (1925). counts were performed on days 3, 7, and 14 after treatment. experiments were conducted in three replicates for each variant, including control (untreated). a tractor-mounted sprayer was used to apply the working solution at a rate of 300 liters per hectare. results and discussion field trials were conducted to determine the effectiveness of antikolorad max, sus.k. (imidacloprid + lambda-cyhalothrin) against major wheat pests at rates of 0.1-0.15 l/ha (figure 1). volume 04 issue 07-2024 18 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 07 pages: 16-22 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi figure 1: testing the chemical preparations against pests using a tractor-mounted sprayer according to the results, antikolorad max, sus.k. demonstrated a biological efficiency of 78.7% on day 3, 85.0% on day 7, and 88.6% on day 14 at a rate of 0.1 l/ha against harmful bugs. at a rate of 0.15 l/ha, the biological efficiency was 82.0% on day 3, 90.4% on day 7, and 92.5% on day 14. the standard preparation borey, 20% sus.k., showed 78.3% on day 3, 87.3% on day 7, and 89.2% on day 14. in the control variant, the number of pests increased from 8.1 to 14.1 per plant over 14 days. against slimy worms, antikolorad max, sus.k. demonstrated a biological efficiency of 60.0% on day 3, 82.2% on day 7, and 91.6% on day 14 at a rate of 0.1 l/ha. at a rate of 0.15 l/ha, the biological efficiency was 62.2% on day 3, 89.5% on day 7, and 94.8% on day 14. the standard preparation borey, 20% sus.k., showed 62.0% on day 3, 86.2% on day 7, and 93.2% on day 14. table 1. biological efficiency of antikolorad max, sus.k. against harmful bugs and slimy worms in wheat (tayloq district, "soxibkor agro" farm, samarkand region, 2024). № experimental variants active ingredient applicati on rate (l/ha) average number of pests per m2 biological efficiency (%) before treat ment after treatment days 3 7 14 3 7 14 1. harmful bug 1. antikolorad maks, sus.k imidacloprid + lambda cyhalothrin 0,1 9,1 2,1 2,0 1,8 78,7 85,0 88,6 0,15 8,4 1,7 1,2 1,1 82,0 90,4 92,5 volume 04 issue 07-2024 19 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 07 pages: 16-22 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 2. borey, 20% sus.k (standard) imidacloprid + lambda cyhalothrin 0,12 7,9 1,8 1,5 1,3 78,3 87,3 89,2 3. control 8,1 8,8 11,9 14,1 2. slimy worms 1. antikolorad maks, sus.k imidacloprid + lambda cyhalothrin 0,1 5,8 2,6 1,2 0,6 60,0 82,2 91,6 0,15 6.3 2,5 0,8 0,4 62,2 89,5 94,8 2. borey, 20% sus.k. (andoza) imidacloprid + lambda cyhalothrin 0,12 6,0 2,4 1,0 0,5 62,0 86,2 93,2 3. control 5.6 5,9 6,8 6,9 the results of our experiments against wheat thrips and grain aphids are presented in table 2. the data show that against wheat thrips, antikolorad max, sus.k. demonstrated a biological efficiency of 62.7% on day 3, 79.5% on day 7, and 89.4% on day 14 at a rate of 0.1 l/ha. at a rate of 0.15 l/ha, the biological efficiency was 64.7% on day 3, 83.7% on day 7, and 95.8% on day 14. the standard preparation borey, 20% sus.k., showed 65.4% on day 3, 86.0% on day 7, and 96.2% on day 14. against grain aphids, antikolorad max, sus.k. demonstrated a biological efficiency of 79.5% on day 3, 86.2% on day 7, and 89.4% on day 14 at a rate of 0.1 l/ha. at a rate of 0.15 l/ha, the biological efficiency was 80.2% on day 3, 89.4% on day 7, and 93.1% on day 14. the standard preparation borey, 20% sus.k., showed 78.4% on day 3, 89.6% on day 7, and 90.7% on day 14. table 2. biological efficiency of antikolorad max, sus.k. against wheat thrips and grain aphids in wheat (tayloq district, "soxibkor agro" farm, samarkand region, 2024). № experimental variants active ingredient applicati on rate (l/ha) average number of pests per m2 biological efficiency (%) before treat ment after treatment days 3 7 14 3 7 14 1. wheat thrips volume 04 issue 07-2024 20 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 07 pages: 16-22 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 1. antikolorad maks, sus.k imidacloprid+ lambda cyhalothrin 0,1 6,6 2,5 1,6 0,6 62,7 79,5 89,4 0,15 6,4 2,3 1,0 0,3 64,7 83,7 95,8 2. borey, 20% sus.k (standard) imidacloprid+ lambda cyhalothrin 0,12 7,2 2,2 0,9 0,2 65,4 86,0 96,2 3. control 5,6 5,7 5,4 4,8 2. grain aphids 1. antikolorad maks, sus.k imidacloprid+ lambda cyhalothrin 0,1 9,2 2,1 1,9 1,7 79,5 86,2 89,4 0,15 8,2 1,8 1,3 1,1 80,2 89,4 93,1 2. borey, 20% sus.k (standard) imidacloprid+ lambda cyhalothrin 0,12 7,5 1,8 1,2 1,3 78,4 89,6 90,7 3. control 7,9 8,8 11,9 14,1 conclusion based on the results of the field trials, it can be concluded that antikolorad max, sus.k., at a rate of 0.10.15 l/ha, demonstrated a biological efficiency of 88.692.5% against harmful bugs, 91.6-94.8% against slimy worms, 89.4-95.8% against wheat thrips, and 89.493.1% against aphids 14 days after application. therefore, antikolorad max, sus.k., at a rate of 0.1-0.15 l/ha, can be considered an effective chemical control measure against the major pests of cereal crops. references 1. abbot w.s. a method of computing the effectiviness of an insecticide // j. econ. entomol. – 1925. – v.18. №3. – p. 265-267. 2. ali a, ali h (2015) population dynamics of cereal aphids in wheat crop at district swabi. int j of agric and environ res 1(1):25–31 3. anbessie d, abebe m, dechassa h (2020) effect of plant population on growth, yields and quality of bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) varieties at kulumsa in arsi zone, south-eastern ethiopia. ijrsas 6(2): 32-53. 4. aslam, muhammad razaq, muhammad akhter, waheed, faheem. effect of sowing date of wheat on aphid (schizaphis graminum rondani) population. pakistan entomologist. 2005; 27:79-82. 5. buntin gd, flanders rw, slaughter, de lamar zd. damage loss assessment and control of the cereal leaf beetle (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) in winter wheat. journal of economic entomology. 2004. 97:374-382. 6. getahun d (2020) predictions of climate change on agricultural insect pests vis-a-vis food crop productivity: a critical review. ethiopian j of sci and sustainable development 7 7. herbert, kuhar thomas, reisig dominic, thomason wade, malone shannon. fifty years of cereal leaf beetle in the u.s.: an update on its biology, management, and current research. journal of volume 04 issue 07-2024 21 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 07 pages: 16-22 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi integrated pest managament. 2. 10.1603/ipm11014, 2007. 8. irshad m (2001) aphids and their biological control in pakistan. pak j bio sci 4:537–541. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2001.537.541 9. kostov k (2001) breeding wheat lines for hostplant resistance to cereal leaf beetle by using the cross-mutation method. bulg j agric. sci 7:7–14 10. kumar p, sarangi a, singh dk, parihar ss, sahoo rn (2015) simulation of salt dynamics in the root zone and yield of wheat crop under irrigated saline regimes using swap model. agric water manag 148:72–83 11. kundu pk. acharjee tk, mojid ma. growth and yield of wheat under irrigation by sugar mills wastewater. progress agric. 2006; 24(1-2):211-218. 12. lowe h. the assessvent of populations of the aphid sitobion avenae in field trials// j. agr. sc. – 1984. № 2. – p.487-497. 13. maryam s, sandhu aa, bodlah i, aziz ma, aihetasham a (2019) contribution to aphid’s fauna of gujranwala (punjab). pak punj uni j of zool 34(1):09–16 14. miedaner t, akel w, flath k, jacobi a, taylor m, longin f, würschum t (2020) molecular tracking of multiple disease resistance in a winter wheat diversity panel. theoretical and appl genetics 133(2):419–431. 15. osmolovsky g.e., bondarenko n.v. entomology. 2nd ed., reprint. and additional. l.: kolos: leningrad department, 1980. 359 p. 16. polyakov i. ya., persov m. p., smirnov v. a. forecast of development of pests and diseases of agricultural crops (with a workshop): textbook for higher agricultural educational institutions in the specialty «plant protection». l.: kolos, 1984. 318 p. 17. stamenkov, s. & pankovi, l. 1991. evaluating of wheat and barley resistance to the cereal leaf beetle (lema melanopus l.). zbornik radova instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, novi sad, 19:247-251. 18. tunio sd, korejo mn, jarwar ad, waggan mr (2006) studies on indigenous and exotic weed competition in wheat. pak j agri biol 5(4): 1-8 19. wilson mc, shade re. survival and development of larvae of cereal leaf beetle, oulema melanopus (coleoptera: chrysomelidae), on various species of gramineae. annual entomological society of america. 1966; 59:170-173. 20. xie h, shi j, shi f, xu h, he k, wang z (2020) aphid fecundity and aphid defenses in wheat exposed to a combination of heat and drought stresses. j of experimental bot 71(9):2713–2722 21. yahya m, saeed na, nadeem s, hamed m, shokat s (2017) role of wheat varieties and insecticide applications against aphids for better wheat crop harvest. pak j zool 49(6):2217–2225 22. бондаренко н.в. “биологическая защита растений”. колос 1978 й. -с.176-178. 23. васильчук, н. с. оценка прочности клейковины в процессе селекции твердой пшеницы (triticum durum) / н. с. васильчук, с. н. гапонов, л. в. еременко [и др.] // аграрный вестник юговостока. – 2009. – №3. – с. 34-39 24. жичкина л.н. влияние агротехнических приёмов на развитие пшеничного трипса // зашита и карантин растений. – 2003. №7. – с. 20. 25. махмудходжаев н.м. ва б., «бошоқли дон экинларининг касалликлари, зараркунандалари ва бегона ўтларига қарши курашиш» (тавсиянома). тошкент, 2000. – 21 б. 26. романюкина, и. в. результаты изучения коллекционного материала озимой пшеницы на продуктивность и качество / и. в. романюкина, д. м. марченко, т. а. гричаникова, и. а. рыбась // аграрная наука евро-северо-востока. – 2015. – №6(49). – с. 4-8. volume 04 issue 07-2024 22 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 07 pages: 16-22 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 27. сандухадзе, б. и. сортимент озимой мягкой пшеницы для центрального региона россии с повышенным потенциалом продуктивности и качества / б. и. сандухадзе, г. в. кочетыгов, м. и. рыбакова [и др.] // вестник орел гау. – 2012. – №3 (36). – с. 4-8. 28. xo‘jayev sh.t. insektitsid, akaritsid va biologik faol moddalar va fungitsidlarni sinash bo‘yicha uslubiy ko‘rsatmalar// toshkent. -2004. –b. 37. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 18 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue04 2025 page no. 18-20 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-05 the influence of efficiency of various schemes of grain crops rotations on rainfed conditions of uzbekistan b.d.khaydarov doctor of philosophy (phd) of agricultural sciences, research institute of rainfed agriculture, uzbekistan s.s.rustamov candidate of agricultural sciences, bakhmals scientific experimental station, research institute of rainfed agriculture, uzbekistan z.a.ochilov candidate of agricultural sciences, bakhmals scientific experimental station, research institute of rainfed agriculture, uzbekistan j.a.nishonov doctor of philosophy (phd) of agricultural sciences, research institute of rainfed agriculture, uzbekistan received: 26 february 2025; accepted: 22 march 2025; published: 25 april 2025 abstract: the use of minimal and resource-saving soil cultivation technology improves its properties, rainfed areas are used especially effectively, and the yield and quality of grain increases. in this regard, through the effective use of soil moisture, maintaining soil fertility and increasing the yield of grain crops. the use of an optimal system of main and pre-sowing tillage is the most important and decisive agrotechnical measure for obtaining stable and high yields of grain and other products in rainfed farming conditionsthe use of minimal and resource-saving soil cultivation technology improves its properties, rainfed areas are used especially effectively, and the yield and quality of grain increases. in this regard, through the effective use of soil moisture, maintaining soil fertility and increasing the yield of grain crops. the use of an optimal system of main and pre-sowing tillage is the most important and decisive agrotechnical measure for obtaining stable and high yields of grain and other products in rainfed farming conditions. keywords: rainfed farming, soil, crop rotation, resource-saving technology, tillage, zero tillage, flat cutter, soil density, clean fallow, precipitation, productive stems, number of weeds, amount of grain, yield, economic efficiency. introduction: relevance of the topic. the use of an optimal system of main and pre-sowing tillage is the most important and decisive agrotechnical measure for obtaining stable and high yields of grain and other products in rainfed farming conditions. currently, the area of rainfed arable land in uzbekistan is more than 750 thousand hectares and the main crops of grains, legumes and other crops are located on gray soils, occupying the territory between altitudes from 200 to 1500-1800 m above sea level. in all vertical zones, specific features of climatic conditions are clearly manifested: periodic precipitation and the presence of two hydrothermal phases a wet, warm spring and a dry, hot summer. as the area rises above sea level, the air temperature improves, the biomass of plants increases and the intensity of microbiological processes noticeably decreases. the average annual precipitation in the lower part of the rainfed region varies between 250-400 mm (plain and plain-hilly zones) and in the upper zone from 400 to 600 mm or more (foothill and mountain zones). through many years of research carried out in the 60 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-05 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-05 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-05 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-05 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 19 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) 70s at the former uzbekistan research institute of rainfed agriculture, a system for cultivating rainfed soils was developed (g.a. lavronov, v.i. korobov, 1969, 1979, etc.). this tillage system primarily involves annual moldboard plowing of the soil at a depth of 20-22 cm. however, in their opinion, in some conditions, especially with the introduction of scientifically based schemes of grain-fallow crop rotation, minimal moldboard-free cultivation with flat-cutting and disk implements is not inferior in efficiency to moldboard plowing by 20-22 cm and can reduce production costs by almost 1.5-2 times. currently, research on the development and improvement of soil protection systems for the treatment of rain-fed gray soils has been carried out extremely poorly. in this regard, we studied the effectiveness of multidepth tillage systems using minimal and “zero technology” (no till) without main tillage with direct sowing of winter and spring wheat seeds into the soil with a turkish seeder “agrolead” and their effect on the yield of winter wheat in the links of grain-fallow crop rotation in the conditions of a semi-sufficient flathill rainfed zone. methodology methodology and conditions for conducting research. the research was carried out at the central experimental base of the research institute of rainfed agriculture. the soils of the experimental plot are typical gray soils, medium loamy typical gray soils. the content of organic matter (humus) in the 0-22 cm layer is 0.55-0.85%, gross nitrogen 0.056-0.067%, 0.06-0.08% total nitrogen and potassium -0.9-1.4%. the soils are insufficiently provided with digestible forms of nitrogen, moderately provided with mobile phosphates and sufficiently provided with exchangeable potassium. results research conducted in various soil and climatic conditions has established that during non-moldboard shallow tillage with flat cutters, disc harrows, the bulk density, microaggregate composition of the soil and other water-physical properties of the soil change slightly in comparison with moldboard plowing (n.r. nikulin, v.n. shamray, 1986; a. kireev, 1989, etc.). it is known that soil moisture under rainfed farming conditions is the main limiting factor in plant life. a.i. baraev (1968), i.e. shcherbak (1974) note that soilprotective tillage with flat cutters and other implements contributes to more intensive absorption of precipitation by the soil and, consequently, the creation of higher moisture reserves. the grain yield of wheat coming after chickpeas for all years of research was higher than the control variant by 0.38 t/ha (151%) and the second wheat in pure fallow. the average wheat grain yield for a three-field grainfallow crop rotation was 1.13 t/ha, which is 0.08 t/ha lower than for a two-field crop rotation. the efficiency of pure fallows was as high as in two-field crop rotation. the average wheat grain yield in pure fallow for 7 rotations of three-field crop rotation was 1.39 t/ha, which is 193% higher than monocultures. chickpeas in this crop rotation scheme were also a good predecessor for wheat, providing an average increase in grain yield of 0.33 t/ha. direct sowing of wheat seeds, “zero technology” (no till) without main treatment with direct sowing of winter and spring wheat seeds in the soil with a turkish “agrolead” seeder provided an increase in grain yield of 0.8 c/ha or 111% compared to the control option. based on three years of research, the following conclusions can be drawn: conclusions 1. in the conditions of a semi-sufficient rainfed zone, the use of zero tillage is effective only in the links of grain-fallow crop rotation with short rotation (pure fallow-wheat-wheat); 2. relatively high yields of wheat grain with “zero technology” (no till) without main treatment with direct sowing of winter and spring wheat seeds into the soil with a turkish seeder “agrolead” in comparison with moldboard plowing of 20-22 cm carried out in the fall is due to the greater density of plant standing and the water regime of the soil. 3. leguminous crops (chickpeas) in the semi-sufficient rainfed zone are good predecessors for wheat due to their nitrogen-fixing ability. references лавронов г.а. севообороты на богаре « сельское хозяйство узбекистана»,1965г №9. лавронов г.а. пшеница в узбекистне. ташкент, издво «узбекистан», 1969. маманиязов с.м. водно-физические свойства и водный режим почв богарного земледелия узбекистана. автореферат канд. дисс., ташкент,1968. роде а.а. водный режим почв и его регулирование. м.,1963. dilmurodovich d. s., bekmurodovich b. n., shakirjonovich k. n. selection of bread wheat lines suitable for rainfed areas with low rain american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 20 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) in the republic of uzbekistan //conference zone. – 2022. – с. 36-44. xolbazarovich k. k., sarvarogli m. j., nikolaevna p. m. drought and heat tolerance of durum wheat varieties for rainfed conditions of uzbekistan //academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal. – 2020. – т. 10. – №. 5. – с. 599-603. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 13 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue05 2025 page no. 13-16 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-04 foreign experiences of the development of cattle breeding industry in the agriculture of our republic rakhimov azizbek saliyevich cand. sc. (econ.), docent, international school of finance technology and science, isft institute, uzbekistan received: 21 march 2025; accepted: 17 april 2025; published: 19 may 2025 abstract: the article covers extensive scientific and practical information obtained in developed countries and our country regarding foreign experience in the development of the livestock industry in the agriculture of our republic. keywords: livestock, trend, livestock, farmers and farms, veterinary science, simmental breed, extensive factor. introduction: economic in uzbekistan reforms different in effect property and household management system is improving. agricultural and livestock products in cultivation personal assistant, dehkan and farm enterprises are becoming a powerful factor in economic stability. livestock farming is playing an important role in ensuring food security. its share is 46.5 percent of agricultural products produced in the country. cattle breeding is one of the leading sectors of animal husbandry, and is a priority in providing the population with dairy and meat products, as well as light industry with leather and other raw materials. 98 percent of the milk produced and 63 percent of meat comes from cattle. animal husbandry, in particular, to develop cattle breeding in the republic separately paying attention is being achieved. during the years of independence, the trend of development of the sector has been further increasing. in achieving these positive results, the president of the republic of uzbekistan, in his resolutions no. pp-4576 dated january 29, 2020 and no. pp-4576 dated march 28, 2019, decree no. pf5696 "on measures to fundamentally improve the state management system in the field of veterinary medicine and animal husbandry" is the basis. to develop the livestock industry in our country, to increase the volume of production and to expand the types of ready-made products intended for export, 100 book collection in addition, consistent measures are being taken to provide the population with high-quality and affordable livestock products produced locally. on topic due literature analysis. sustainable through the development of agroservices in rural areas establishing and expanding cooperation ties, creating new jobs in the works of i.a. karimov [1], we often find information about the possibility of increasing efficiency by fully equipping them with modern equipment and properly organizing their use, expanding cooperation in the areas of breeding services, veterinary services, fodder supply, banking services and processing, in order to fulfill the tasks set for the further development of the service sector, which will allow creating a favorable environment for livestock. the influence of factors related to the maintenance of livestock and the provision of appropriate services to them is also of great importance. agroservice is a profit-making complex based on meeting the needs of agricultural production in the agrarian sector system in the conditions of the market economy and in this process using modern techniques and technologies [8, p. 48]. depending on the conditions created for bred cattle, the level of development of zoo-veterinary in the region [5], productivity indicators of cattle in each farmer's farm differ from each other. this in itself creates a competitive environment in the industry and increases the productivity of cattle in our republic every year. methodology "comparison", "index" and "difference of indicators" methods are used in economic-statistical analysis of https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-04 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-04 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-04 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-04 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 14 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) production of livestock products and its productivity. the "comparison" method of economic-statistical analysis is widely described in a number of literatures [2, p. 81], we studied and used it in scientific articles dedicated to the factor analysis of cattle productivity [6] and its development [4, 7]. the "comparison" method compares the amount of livestock products produced in the reporting period with the indicators of the base period, and calculates the factors affecting its increase and the amount of each of these factors. these factors include: an increase (decrease) due to a change in the output of each head of livestock due to an intensive factor; an increase (decrease) in production due to a change in the number of livestock due to an extensive factor. results agroservices are one of the most important tasks in agriculture, ensuring the continuity of the production process and constantly introducing modern, environmentally friendly services into the sector. more than 20 types of agroservices operate in agriculture in our country, serving as one of the important factors in increasing the efficiency of agricultural production. the rate of increase in body weight and feed intake of cattle during the fattening period is called daily gain. daily gain is measured by calculating the amount of feed consumed per kilogram of body weight. the fattening rate is calculated by weighing the cattle once a month during this period and calculating the amount of feed consumed. when livestock are brought to the feedlot for fattening, their body weight is measured, if possible, by weighing them on a scale or by measuring their approximate weight with a tape measure around the chest area behind the shoulder blades. the body weights obtained are entered in a record book. the daily feed intake should also be recorded in the same way. the most appropriate method is to weigh the animals once a month. the difference between two weight measurements taken within a month is calculated. to calculate this difference, the daily weight of the group is divided by 30. the daily feed intake of the group is the total amount of feed consumed during a onemonth period divided by 30. for example, we buy 10 head of 12-month-old young goats for our farm. let the total body weight obtained from feeding these chicks be 1780 kg. when measured after one month, if the total body weight is 2140 kg, the difference between the two measurements is 2140-1780=360 kilograms. if this is also divided by 30 days, the daily weight gain of the group is 360÷30=12 kilograms. since there are 10 cattle in our group, the average daily weight gain of each cattle is 12÷10=1,200 grams. let's say that during this month, cattle consume 2160 kg of feed units. if we divide this by 30, then the daily feed unit consumption will be 2160÷30=72 kg of feed units. that is, each cattle will consume 72÷10=7.2 kg of feed units per day. 1 kilogram to find the feed units consumed by 72 kg of feed units for body weight gain, we divide 72÷12=6 kg by body weight, which gives 6 kilograms. that is, we can say that each cattle in the group consumes 6 kg of feed units and gains 1 kilogram of body weight (table 1, figure 1). table 1 calculation of feed efficiency number of cattle and some information cattle weight (kg) weight after 30 days (kg) weight gain 1 36 160 196 2 33 173 206 3 33 185 218 4 36 190 226 5 38 170 208 6 35 165 200 7 39 183 222 8 37 182 219 9 34 176 210 10 196 235 39 total (kg) 1780 2140 360 daily body weight gain of the group (kg) 12 daily weight gain of cattle (kg) 1.2 total feed consumption (kg) 2160 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 15 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) daily feed consumption of the group (kg) 72 feed consumption per head of cattle (kg) 7.2 feed unit used for 1 kg weight gain 6 figure 1 for example, in germany, several factors have been identified that affect the process of fattening. these factors should be taken into account when selecting, feeding and managing livestock. these factors can be divided into 4 groups: 1. factors related to livestock. 2. factors related to the management process. 3. factors related to barns. nutritional factors. these are factors that are directly related to the purchase of cattle and should be considered. since it is important to make money by buying cattle, not fattening them, it is necessary to choose good cattle, that is, factors related to cattle. all relevant factors should be considered. we can divide this into 5 groups: 1. breed of cattle. 2. age of cattle. 3. cattle breed. 4. breed of origin of cattle. 5. general condition of cattle. 98-99 percent of the beef produced in uzbekistan comes from dairy and mixed-breed breeds and their crosses. only 1-2 percent comes from beef cattle breeds and their crosses. when feeding cattle taken for breeding, it is first necessary to pay attention to the direction in which this breed of cattle is raised. if it is raised for dairy purposes, its diet should include silage, hay, green grass, hay, beets, and high-quality concentrates. if cattle are fed on rumen, their diet should include a higher amount of concentrate (feed, bran, husks, meal). the cattle being fed should be in a state of low activity. some cattle breeds are dairy and meat cattle breeds. these are called double productive breeds. the first criterion for choosing a breed of cattle is the direction of the livestock farm. that is, cattle are bought for which farm and for what purpose? for a dairy farm? for a dairy farm or a meat farm? to this question after you have clarified this, you can decide which type of cattle to buy. there are three main types of cattle: dairy, dairy-meat, and meat. it is also important to consider the similarity of climatic conditions and the reproductive characteristics of the breed. dairy and meat cattle are milk and meat from performance indicators in addition to their appearance, body structure (exterior) it also stands out with. therefore, the breed of livestock to be raised is of great importance. when choosing livestock, we should first choose pedigree breeds, and then other breeds. due to the rarity or high cost of this type of livestock, cattle breeding in our country is carried out with local breeds 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 36 33 33 36 38 35 39 37 34 196 weight after 30 days weight gain american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 16 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) of livestock. although there are breeds such as brangus, angus, hereford, limousin, which are raised for meat, they are not widespread in our country. cattle breeds can be divided into 4 main parts: a) dairy breeds: holstein, black ola, red desert, bushuev breed. b) double productive breeds: simmental, swiss breeds c) meat breeds: hereford, kazakh white head, aberdeen angus, santa gertrude, limousin, breeds. c) local breeds: local (jaidari), improved local cattle (a type resulting from the crossing of breeds with each other or with pedigree breeds). breeding farmer on their farms bushuev breed pure to breed in a state and partially improver of the people (dutch, holstein blood casting based on milk productivity sharp extension work to do is being increased. unfortunately, breed 3000 from the beginning reduced risk under is standing, this own next this breed indicates that the state has control over it. simmental breed (german cha simmental-simmental valley). in switzerland, local breeds were introduced in the 5th century scandinavian their names created by crossing with. productivity height and local it has spread to many countries due to its ability to quickly adapt to conditions. local breed cows from switzerland inbreeding with imported simmental bulls through brother breeds taken being, various in countries them various is named (frg and in austriafleckvieh, in france-montbéliard, in hungary hungarian ala breed and etc.). this breed has a milk and meat type. simmental breed malla, colorful, sometimes red-purple will be, head and tail three bullet in color; nose "mirror" is pink, horns and hooves are light brown. live weight of bulls reaches 800-1100 kg, cows 550-600 kg. average annual milk yield is 3500-4500 kg, milk fat content is 3.8-3.9% organization will. when you look fast gets fat. bulls 12 months old when 400-420 kg, 18 monthly 500-600 kg to enough. alive of weight 58-62% in quantity meat gives. conclusion in order to achieve the stability of the productivity index of cows in the region first of all, to expand the types of services provided to all forms of farming in agriculture, this can be achieved through the constant introduction of modern technologies into the production and service processes. in particular, material and technical support of production, breeding, veterinary services, provision of fodder, provision of banking services and intensive use of existing internal capabilities, organization of livestock complexes. we believe that it is advisable to develop cattle breeding on diversified farms and increase the productivity and efficiency of cattle breeding through the introduction of milking, storage, and processing technologies. references abruev a. systematic analysis of the issue of groundwater use in animal husbandry // zooveterinaria, 20 2 0. no. 2, page 31. abruev ai, rahmonov d. some issues on improving zoological veterinary services // university of oradea cncsis, cod 668, categoria, b+ journal, romania, 20 2 1. №x(b). 263-268. abruev ai, murtazaev o. productivity change analysis of cow's milk in uzbekistan. // spanish journal of rural development (sjrd). spain, 20 2 3. -no. iv(3). pp. 63 72. abruev ai, babakholov sh.b., mirzaev da the role of economic reforms in the development of the livestock sector in uzbekistan // american journal of business, economics and management. 20 24 ; 3(6): pp. 408-411. mirzaev q.j. agroservice efficiency evaluation methodology // economy and education. t., 20 2 3, p. 47-51. #1. murtazaev o., ibragimov g'., abruev a. activities of agroservice enterprises efficiency //service popular science magazine, 20 2 1. no. 1:29-32 p. khozhakulov h., khozhiev y., sultonov a. enterprise statistics (agriculture). textbook. t.: finance institute printing house, 20 2 0 235-p . hafizov i.i., abduraimov d.m., hafizov a.i. further development of livestock breeding, improvement of breeding work, improvement of the quality of veterinary services, strengthening of the livestock feed base. handbook. t.:“ada service navoi” llc, 20 2 3. p. 92. volume 02 issue 09-2022 13 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 09 pages: 13-19 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this article contains a lot of information about the types of soil distributed in the territory of uzbekistan and their morphological, anatomical, physiological characteristics. soil is formed from various rocks on the surface of the earth as a result of the interaction of various natural factors and living organisms under certain conditions. keywords a with humus; v passer; s the mother rock is divided into horizons. later, glinka, zakharov designated genetic layers with different letters. a humus accumulative layer, v transitional layer; g gley; c illuvial; d mother rock. research article types of soils common in uzbekistan and their characteristics submission date: september 10, 2022, accepted date: september 20, 2022, published date: september 30, 2022 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-04 yo’ldosheva dilrabo shukrullayevna termez institute of agrotechnology and innovative development, uzbekistan xafizova matluba xolmamatovna termez institute of agrotechnology and innovative development, uzbekistan davlatova jasmina to‘ychiyevna termez institute of agrotechnology and innovative development, uzbekistan mamarajabov samandarbek faxriddinovich termez institute of agrotechnology and innovative development, uzbekistan abdullayev muxtorjon bobirovich termez institute of agrotechnology and innovative development, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-04 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=types%20of%20soils%20common%20in%20uzbekistan%20and%20their%20characteristics https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=types%20of%20soils%20common%20in%20uzbekistan%20and%20their%20characteristics https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-04 volume 02 issue 09-2022 14 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 09 pages: 13-19 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi introduction soil is formed from various rocks on the surface of the earth as a result of the interaction of various natural factors and living organisms under certain conditions. we understand bedrock as a natural historical body of soil, which differs in its fertility from bedrock that has undergone profound changes under the influence of various natural factors. soil cover is studied in two ways, using historical geomorphological and geochemical methods. in field and laboratory conditions, the genetic layer of the soil is determined using the method of morphological, cartographic, stationary, experimental, vegetation, and models. therefore, the soil is a multi-component, complex multi-functional, multi-phase open system, which is formed by the interaction of living organisms and inorganic rocks and minerals, and forms an independent natural body. v.v. dokuchaev was the first to create a scientific theory of soil formation factors and processes. v.v. according to dokuchaev's definition, "soil refers to rocks naturally changed under the influence of water, air, and various living and dead organisms." v.v. dokuchaev's instructions are reflected in the definition of soil by modern soil scientists: "earth formed in different climatic and relief conditions under the influence of 5 living and dead organisms and natural waters in the upper horizons of rocks. the natural historical organo-mineral body on the surface is called soil". n.m. sibirsev, one of the founders of soil science, further developed the ideas of his teacher v.v. dokuchaev about soil, and his russian scientist p.a. kostichev paid attention to the role of biological factors in the formation of soil, especially the world of plants, and so on. ra defines soil as follows: "soil should be understood as the upper layer of the earth's surface, where the roots of plants penetrate deeply." soil fertility the property of providing plants with water and nutrients, as well as necessary conditions, is one of the different qualities and properties of the basic soil and rock. the main and important task is to fully and comprehensively study soil fertility, increase it, and develop measures aimed at increasing and improving productivity using the achievements of agricultural science. so, soil differs from rock by its fertility. there are several categories of soil fertility. it is divided into medicinal, artificial, potential, effective and relative productivity. depending on the level of nutrients, water, air and heat necessary for plant life, fertility varies in different soils. for example: in loose, granular structured soils, due to the ease of conditions necessary for plant life, its productivity is good. thorough study of soils, methods of their use, correct application of various fertilizers, land reclamation and implementation of agrotechnical activities such as irrigation, solving problems such as getting more crops from crops by increasing soil fertility are the most important tasks of soil science. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-04 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=types%20of%20soils%20common%20in%20uzbekistan%20and%20their%20characteristics https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=types%20of%20soils%20common%20in%20uzbekistan%20and%20their%20characteristics https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 09-2022 15 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 09 pages: 13-19 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi soil-forming parent rocks parent rocks are the mineral base of the soil, and the mechanical, mineralogical and chemical composition, physical and chemical physical properties of the rocks forming the soil directly affect the soil formed in it. the composition, structure, and properties of the parent soil differ dramatically. therefore, the soil will not have the same fertility. the porous rocks that are scattered on the surface of the earth mainly in the plains and can form soil are called soil parent rocks. the formation of soil is related to the removal and redeposition of rock products. on the surface of the earth, there are many processes of erosion, disintegration, displacement, and displacement of rocks. the force of gravity on the earth's surface mainly depends on the density of the earth's interior, the weight of the mass, and the shape of the earth's surface. any rock in the lithosphere cannot be a parent rock, when only the porous rocks ruchlyaks formed in the process of weathering have the characteristic of being a parent rock. all soilforming or parent rocks are divided into the following groups according to their origin: eluvial, deluvial, proluvial, alluvial, marine, lake, ice, eolian and loess deposits. alluvial deposits are deposits formed by the accumulation of weathering products in their place in the weathering crust. basically, these deposits are found in different thicknesses in high plains in mountainous regions. the chemical and mineralogical composition remains almost unchanged. alluvial deposits are formed by the accumulation of weathering products in the lower parts of the slopes under the influence of the movement of rain and melted snow. alluvial rocks are well-sorted and flatlayered, usually lying parallel to the slopes. the mechanical composition will be different. it consists of sand, sand, loam and silt. proluvial alluvial deposits are a mixture of various mechanical materials, such as https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-04 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=types%20of%20soils%20common%20in%20uzbekistan%20and%20their%20characteristics https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=types%20of%20soils%20common%20in%20uzbekistan%20and%20their%20characteristics https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 09-2022 16 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 09 pages: 13-19 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi stones, gravel, and sand of different sizes, collected by floodwaters on foothills and hills. if this deposit is mainly influenced by flood waters, it is also called flood deposits. for example: rocks in ferghana are proluvial deposits. often, these parent rocks are the parent rocks of barren soils. alluvial deposits consist of layered deposits of different thicknesses that have been drained and sorted by flowing river waters and are widely distributed in river valleys. these deposits are the mother rock of the fertile soils spread on the river banks, valleys and deltas, which have a unique hydrogeological condition and chemical composition of different thicknesses, formed during floods. (amudarya, syrdarya, kashkadarya, surkhondarya, zarafshan, chirchik, ohangaron) marine deposits mechanical structures of various sizes found on the seabed and on the shores consist of collection remains. large mechanical elements such as small gravel, large sand and sand are mainly collected on the sea coast, and small particles similar to physical mud and turbidity accumulate as you move away from the coast. these deposits contain a large amount of chemical compounds, including water-soluble salts consisting of chlorides and sulfates, and they are somewhat saline. these deposits are distinguished from other deposits by being usually layered, well stratified and containing a lot of salts. sometimes these deposits reach 2-3 m. (khorazm, fergana and zarafshan). the role of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks in the formation of minerals and chemical substances in the soil is huge. desert sand soils common in kyzylkum and other sandy deserts. the upper layer is not dense, in some places it forms a thin layer. the thickness of the surface layer is about 5 cm. in this layer, the temperature rises to 70-800 degrees in summer and changes sharply during the day. the surface layer acts as a protective layer and keeps the moisture in the lower layer. humus content in desert sandy soils is very low not more than 0.2-0.5%. the characteristic of the mechanical composition of desert sandy soils is that these soils contain a large fraction of fine dust (0.25-0.05 mm) and large dust (0.05-0.01 mm). these soils have almost no salinity. barren soils it is found in the desert part of uzbekistan, in the ancient alluvial plains of the amudarya, kashkadarya, sherobodarya and other rivers, in the valleys of zarafshan and surkhandarya. salted to varying degrees. it contains a lot of carbonates (8-10%). humus 0.3-0.8%. the existing agro-irrigation layer on irrigated barren soil varies from 30-40 cm to 1-2 m in thickness, depending on agricultural agro-techniques, local fertilizer applied to the ground, as well as water turbidity. the agroirrigated layer forms a uniform horizon with the same color, mechanical composition, viscosity and chemical properties. such soils are found in bukhara region, karshi and sherabad deserts. the formation of barren soils is the first stage in the transformation of alluvial plains into deserts. barren soils it is distributed in the low plains of the sandy deserts of the country, in ancient alluvial and prouvial-alluvial plains. it is composed of clay soil, it is periodically flooded, and there is almost no vegetation cover. after the water evaporates, the baldness cracks and turns into a rough crust where the plant does not grow. barren areas are found among alluvial soils, and in ancient alluvial plains, barrens are one of the main parts of the soil complex. the amount of humus in barren soil is higher than in barren soil (up to 0.5-1.0%), its biological activity is weaker, and it is on the border between soil and geological structures. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-04 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=types%20of%20soils%20common%20in%20uzbekistan%20and%20their%20characteristics https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=types%20of%20soils%20common%20in%20uzbekistan%20and%20their%20characteristics https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 09-2022 17 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 09 pages: 13-19 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi meadow soils in the desert zone, gourd waters are developed in places with a depth of 1-3 m (in the lower terraces of amudarya, syrdarya, zarafshan, and amudarya delta). similar to meadow alluvial deposits. however, it is often covered with turf. meadow soils are divided into meadow alluvial soils (along the river valleys) and meadow soils (in the foothill plains formed from prouvial soil) depending on the amount of moisture. humus content is often more than 2%. grassland soils are sometimes saline. swamp and swamp-meadow soils it is distributed in the gray soil region and desert zone of uzbekistan. it is found in the valleys of syrdarya, amudarya, zarafshan, chirchik, surkhondarya and other rivers, as well as in the lowlands of the terraces of streams such as sokh, isfara, margilonsoy, aravonsoy, akbora, dried up lakes and residual riverbeds. in these places, the ground water is located on the surface (less than 1 m), so there is a lot of moisture in the soil, and the upper layer of the soil is glaciated. the amount of humus is 2-3%. shorhoks are common among the soils of the desert zone and in the lower part of the gray soil region, in the plumes of river https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-04 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=types%20of%20soils%20common%20in%20uzbekistan%20and%20their%20characteristics https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=types%20of%20soils%20common%20in%20uzbekistan%20and%20their%20characteristics https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 09-2022 18 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 09 pages: 13-19 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi valleys or foothill plains, often in present-day oases. it contains various salts (chloride, sulfate, carbonate, etc.) that are easily soluble in water. most of the salts are in the upper layer of the soil. they accumulate as a result of rising and evaporation of seepage waters. salty soils are rough, soft and black in terms of their morphological appearance. crops can be planted after the improvement of the reclamation condition of salty soils. meadow-oasis (irrigated) soils it occupies the main area in irrigated oases in the desert zone (bukhara, khorezm, central fergana, karakalpakstan and other places). they are found together with barren oases and swamp-oase soils. large oases have existed in zarafshan and amudarya valleys for 2-3 thousand years. during this period, an agro-irrigation horizon with a thickness of 2-3 m was formed here and buried the natural soil. the agroirrigation horizon of meadow-oasis alluvial soils is of the same bluish-gray color, mixed with anthropogenic additives. the arable layer is quite dense. contains 11.3% humus. in the conditions of the desert climate and according to the moisture regime, meadow-oasis soils are more prone to salinity. the soil is regularly washed with saline drainage. morphological characteristics of the soil as a result of the processes of soil formation, a number of components, properties and characteristics of the soil that differ from the parent rock appear, and the changes are reflected in the profile of the soil. the soil differs from the parent rock not only by its fertility, but also by its external structure (morphology). the soil profile is the appearance of the genetic horizons of the soil as a result of a certain change in the vertical direction. the genetic horizons that make up the soil profile are distinguished by their unique external morphological features. based on these signs, it is possible to distinguish soils from parent rocks and from each other, as well as to have a general idea of the progress and speed of soil formation processes. v.v. was the first to point out the need to study the morphological characteristics of the soil in natural conditions and the methods of this approach. dokuchaev developed and made a proposal. later s.a. zakharov, v.v. he perfected dokuchaev's style. the most important morphological features of soil layers are genetic horizons of the soil, thickness of the layer, color, mechanical composition, structure, joint, new wound and joint. in the process of soil formation, its granulometric, mineralogical, chemical composition, physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil change legally. the appearance of the soil section and the method of digging soil horizons. soil horizons are soil layers formed during soil formation, which form a uniform soil profile, usually developed parallel to the surface of the earth, and are distinguished from each other by their morphological characteristics. it is formed during the formation of soil. in russia at the beginning of the 19th century, according to dokuchaev's nomenclature, there are mainly 3 types: a with humus; v passer; s the mother rock is divided into horizons. later, glinka, zakharov designated genetic layers with different letters. a humus accumulative layer, v transitional layer; g gley; c illuvial; d mother rock. d.g. vilensky (1927) proposed different naming of genetic layers: aaccumulative; e eluvial; iilluvial; ggleyy; mparent rock. in addition, he introduced symbols related to soil horizons. for example, achchimli, acho-chim sub-layer, ic-illuvial layer shows carbonates and hakozos. later a.n. sokolovskyi in his book "soil science" introduces the designation of genetic layers with new symbols. summary https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-04 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=types%20of%20soils%20common%20in%20uzbekistan%20and%20their%20characteristics https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=types%20of%20soils%20common%20in%20uzbekistan%20and%20their%20characteristics https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 09-2022 19 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 09 pages: 13-19 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi this article contains a lot of information about the types of soil distributed in the territory of uzbekistan and their morphological, anatomical, physiological characteristics. soil is formed from various rocks on the surface of the earth as a result of the interaction of various natural factors and living organisms under certain conditions. . v.v. dokuchaev was the first to create a scientific theory of soil formation factors and processes. v.v. according to dokuchaev's definition, "soil refers to rocks naturally changed under the influence of water, air, and various living and dead organisms." references 1. balashev n.i., zeman g.o., vegetables , t., 1977; 2. abdukarimov d., safarov t., ostanakulov t., dala harvest selection , breeding as well as genetics basics , t., 1989. 3. khaitovna p.m., faksriddinovich m.s. technology of growing cauliflower // texas journal of interdisciplinary research. 2022. t . 6. s. 8-10 . 4. https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op =view_citation&hl=ru&user=buztwd0aaaaj& authuser=1&citation_for_view=buztwd0aaaa j:u-x6o8ysg0sc 5. https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op =view_citation&hl=ru&user=buztwd0aaaaj& authuser=1&citation_for_view=buztwd0aaaa j:2osognq5qmec 6. https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op =view_citation&hl=ru&user=buztwd0aaaaj& authuser=1&citation_for_view=buztwd0aaaa j:qjmakfhdy7sc 7. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7115076 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-04 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=types%20of%20soils%20common%20in%20uzbekistan%20and%20their%20characteristics https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=types%20of%20soils%20common%20in%20uzbekistan%20and%20their%20characteristics https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 08-2022 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 09 pages: 01-04 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this study explored the intelligent impacts of different paces of defalcation flooding and timings of n application on wheat and grain yields since there was no report on this important subject. field tests in strip-plot styles doubledealing mechanical gadget line sources were led for a long time at a steppe mediterranean site. in every years, there was a major water system by-n collaboration on wheat grain yield anyway not on grain. synthetic component application at stem lengthening and heading conjointly gave the best grain n content. the presence of communication in view of water system by-timing of n application in wheat anyway not in grain likely could be because of wheat includes a higher n take-up while blossoming anyway lower compound component remobilization power than grain. results taught that wheat ranchers higher apply n at stem prolongation and heading for an improved yield and grain n content except if they're not flooding or inundate with least amount of water. keywords mechanical gadget line supply, supplemental water system, worldly request of n application. introduction supplementalflooding is expected to bring misrepresented efficiency and yield security during a ton of property way on the huge areas of downpour took care of land. supplementalflooding is illustrated research article guideline structure on bug spray residue to form guaranteed food resistance submission date: september 08, 2022, accepted date: september 16, 2022, published date: september 26, 2022 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-01 roubin, g.s. faculty of agricultural and food sciences lebanese university, lebanon journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q= https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query= https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-01 volume 02 issue 08-2022 2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 09 pages: 01-04 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi as a way utilized any place a harvest might be large by normal precipitation alone anyway giving additional water by flooding balances out and further develops yield. supplemental flooding extensively misrepresented wheat yields in west asia and north africa, as in syrian middle easterner republic, asian nation, and turkey, and close greatest yields were acquired by 2/3 or 1/3 full supplemental water system. in any case, the exorbitant utilization of groundwater for supplemental flooding genuinely undermines the property of groundwater handiness, so the prerequisite for rising water-use strength and property utilization of water assets is obviously squeezing. after dry spell, n offer is that the significant imperative in oat cultivating among the mediterranean space. soils inside the mediterranean district ar generally low in natural matter and perpetually low in mineral n. in wheat, n advances turner creation and endurance, and will increment piece numbers per spike and grain yield. be that as it may, the reaction of respect n offer is intensely affected by ecological circumstances, especially the sum and fleeting request of water proposed to the yield. in any case, overstated n synthetic rates regularly raise wheat surrender to a certain extent, on the far side that there's no additional reaction anyway bigger n misfortune. accordingly, partner in nursing comprehension of the intuitive impacts of n and water on yield is vital to supply predictable and monetarily drawing in yield will increment materials and systems site and climate data the long-run yearly precipitation of the situating is 513 millimeter, 58 of that falls in december, jan and gregorian schedule month. the long-had mean yearly fever is thirteen.9 °c. the ice free sum endures from timeframe to time span. precipitation over doubly the long-run normal was gotten in december, february, and walk, but sub optimal precipitation was gotten in april and no precipitation was gotten in may. april and will were conjointly more blazing than the long-run normal. mean temperature in spring was more blazing than the average. water system one analysis on wheat and one on grain were dispensed in everything about 03 and 04. there have been 2 factors:flooding and n, in each examination, that was planted during a strip-plot style with four replications. for water system, a mechanical gadget line supply was utilized. under this method,flooding water was conveyed at a most rate near the street supply and this rate bated little by little on the grounds that the distance overstated from the street supply the street supply had eight sprinklers with four.4 mm x 2.4 millimeter spouts. nitrogen application as to preparation, there have been 3 n medicines in 2020-21: ns, nst, and nste. the images s, t, and e indicate n application at planting, at tillering, and at stem lengthening, severally. the speed of each and every application was 105 kilogram n ha-1. alkali salt, that is typically utilized by local ranchers for treating inside the fall or winter, was utilized in light of the fact that it is a more modest sum in danger of activity than nitrate. plot size for each n treatment was twelve m x seven m. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q= https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query= https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 08-2022 3 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 09 pages: 01-04 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi preliminary administration and data combination planting was dispensed in time span, at paces of one hundred eighty kilogram ha-1 for wheat and one hundred sixty kilogram ha-1 for grain. the bread wheat choice 'joke 4' and thusly the 6-column grain determination 'rihane' were utilized. at planting, 120 kilogram ha-1 of p2o5 as triple superphosphate was applied to all or any medicines in every years, the synthetic '2,4 d + mcpa (4-cholro2methlyphenoxyacetic corrosive') was showered at a pace of two l ha-1 to oversee expansive leaf weeds information investigation investigation of difference double-dealing the gen stat unharness half dozen.1 bundle was performed on all characteristics. treatment implies that were analyzed abuse the drug philosophy at the 500 importance level. measurable relapse was dispensed in order to see the connections between amount off looding applied with wheat and grain yields. the t check was led to check the grain n content of inundated versus rain fed yields of wheat and grain under totally unique n medicines. results grain yield and collect record were startlingly low under the high precipitation got inside the season. there have been significant varieties in yields, gather file and thousand-piece weight between theflooding medicines in wheat. id6 made the main wheat grain yield (1.6 t ha-1), that was over those in id2 and id12. though' dwelling wasn't estimated, visual judgment could just indicate that there was much more housing under id2 than id6. dislike grain yield, the best straw yield was acquired under id2, that was over those in id10 and id12. id10 gave the best reap record (24.6%), that was over those in id12 and id2. thousand-piece weight was lower in id12 than inside the different 3flooding medicines. as inside the starter investigation of 2020-21, the substance component issue had a major outcome on less qualities than water system. n preparation impacted wheat 1000-part weight and grain straw yield ns gave a superior 1000-bit weight in wheat than the contrary n medicines with the exception of nst. nst and nsteh gave higher grain straw yield than n0. conversation as way obviously, this is in many cases the essential report that showed plainly that significant water system by-season of n application collaboration existed in wheat. the most purpose for the cooperation appeared to vary inside the 2 years. in 2020-21, wheat plants inside the treatment getting the best amount off looding stopped bringing about lower wheat yield, so the treatment getting future most elevated amount off looding and the best portion of n turned into the best soul. n application at planting and tillering, that will be that the customary rancher notice, gave the best wheat grain yield under rainfed conditions and at the bottom flooding levels, but n application at stem prolongation and heading was the best soul at the four higher flooding levels. this study reports a substitution finding that has a urgent reasonable ramifications. in the event that https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q= https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query= https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 08-2022 4 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 09 pages: 01-04 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi wheat ranchers don't appear to be flooding or flood with least amount of water, they'll keep their conventional see of break n application at planting and tillering. be that as it may, assuming they inundate their wheat crops, they higher apply n at a later stage and break their n application at stem lengthening and heading. for grain, break use of n at planting and tillering remains on the grounds that the best see under each watered and non-flooded conditions. conclusion last, there was a bigflooding by timeof-n-application collaboration in wheat grain yield, but not in grain. the conventional see of break utilization of n at planting and tillering gave the best wheat yield under the rainfed and lowestflooding treatment, but break use of n at stem extension and heading gave the best yield and gone to give higher grain n content inside the medicines getting higher water system. references 1. persalkini stomach muscle. supplementalflooding inside the center east and north africa. proc. of studio on local discussion on supplemental water system, icarda and un organization, rabat, 1997. 2. pala m, ryan r. supportive rainfed wheat yields with supplementalflooding and substance component during a mediterranean-type environment, 1988. 3. wood h, pyan j. synthetic component and water consequences for wheat yield during a mediterranean-type environment: i development, water-use and compound component collection. field yields res 1988. 4. nubran i. planning supplementalflooding for wheat underneath varied tillage practices. ms thesis, school of agricultural and food sciences, yank university of national capital, beirut, 1989. 5. didgali t, muhammad a. the response of mechanical device irrigated wheat to chemical element application,1980. 6. gauck rd. chemical element in crop production. yank society of scientific discipline, madison, 1994. 7. smith dh. temporal order chemical element application to boost spring wheat yield during a mediterranean climate. agron j 1984. 8. npez-bellido fj. 2002 chemical chemical element potency in triticum turgidum underneath rainfed mediterranean conditions: result of crack application. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q= https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query= https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 04 issue 11-2024 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 1-6 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract in an era of rapid environmental change, sustainable irrigation and drainage practices are critical to meeting global water demands and ensuring agricultural productivity. this paper explores innovative approaches to irrigation and drainage that address challenges posed by climate variability, water scarcity, and soil degradation. by examining case studies and emerging technologies, such as precision irrigation, eco-friendly drainage solutions, and integrated water resource management, the study identifies sustainable strategies for adapting to shifting environmental conditions. emphasis is placed on optimizing water use efficiency, enhancing resilience to extreme weather events, and promoting environmental conservation. these solutions hold promise for advancing agricultural sustainability and achieving long-term water security in regions facing both immediate and anticipated environmental shifts. keywords sustainable irrigation, drainage management, climate change adaptation, water resource management, precision irrigation, environmental conservation, agricultural resilience, water scarcity solutions. introduction water management is one of the most pressing challenges of the 21st century, with irrigation and drainage systems facing unprecedented pressures from a rapidly changing environment. increasingly variable rainfall patterns, prolonged droughts, and more frequent extreme weather events have brought to light the vulnerabilities in current irrigation and drainage infrastructure. these environmental shifts have far-reaching implications for agricultural productivity, food security, and the sustainability of water resources, making effective and adaptable water management practices essential. research article navigating environmental shifts: sustainable solutions in irrigation and drainage submission date: october 22, 2024, accepted date: october 27, 2024, published date: november 01, 2024 ludovica bianchi senior professor department of agricultural and environmental sciences, milan university, italy journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com volume 04 issue 11-2024 2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 1-6 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi historically, irrigation and drainage systems were designed with stable environmental conditions in mind, focusing primarily on maximizing crop yields. however, climate change and population growth are driving the need for new strategies that balance agricultural productivity with long-term environmental sustainability. sustainable solutions in irrigation and drainage are thus not only about managing water effectively but also about adapting to the ongoing shifts in the natural environment. these solutions must address issues such as water scarcity, soil health, and ecosystem preservation, creating a framework for resilience against future environmental challenges. this paper explores innovative approaches to sustainable irrigation and drainage, examining case studies and technologies that contribute to resilient water management in agriculture. key areas of focus include precision irrigation, eco-friendly drainage, and integrated water resource management. by enhancing water-use efficiency, reducing waste, and conserving natural resources, these strategies offer a pathway to mitigate the adverse effects of environmental shifts while ensuring that agricultural and water systems remain viable for future generations. through this exploration, we aim to provide a foundation for understanding how sustainable solutions in irrigation and drainage can support both environmental and agricultural resilience in the face of ongoing change. method the research process for navigating environmental shifts: sustainable solutions in irrigation and drainage involved a series of structured steps designed to assess and develop adaptable water management strategies. initially, the study began with a literature review to understand existing sustainable irrigation and drainage techniques, identifying knowledge gaps and innovations suitable for field testing. following this, specific case study locations were selected based on their varying environmental conditions, such as arid climates, regions with high rainfall variability, and areas prone to soil degradation. field trials were then conducted to test solutions like precision irrigation systems, soil moisture sensors, and eco-friendly drainage materials, measuring variables such as water use efficiency, soil moisture retention, and crop yield. to supplement quantitative data, semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions were held with local farmers, agricultural experts, and water managers to gather qualitative insights into the challenges and practicalities of adopting sustainable practices. quantitative data was analyzed statistically, focusing on metrics like water savings and productivity gains, while qualitative data was coded thematically to highlight community perspectives and adaptation strategies. this combined approach allowed for a holistic understanding of how sustainable irrigation and drainage solutions can mitigate the impacts of environmental shifts, providing a foundation for recommendations that balance technological feasibility with practical, community-centered solutions. research design and approach the research utilizes a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative data to evaluate sustainable irrigation and drainage solutions across diverse environmental contexts. the primary aim is to identify effective, adaptable practices for water management that support resilience in agriculture amidst climate variability. the study integrates field-based experiments, comparative analysis of irrigation and drainage practices, and case studies of communities that have implemented sustainable water management systems. volume 04 issue 11-2024 3 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 1-6 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi case study selection to capture a broad range of environmental conditions and irrigation challenges, case studies were selected based on specific criteria: geographic diversity: case studies were chosen from regions experiencing varied environmental challenges, including drought-prone areas, regions facing soil degradation, and areas with high rainfall variability. system type: the study includes both traditional and modern irrigation and drainage systems, enabling a comparative analysis of their adaptability to environmental changes. innovation focus: each selected site is implementing or testing innovative techniques in sustainable irrigation or drainage, such as precision irrigation systems, soil moisture sensors, or eco-friendly drainage systems. case study locations include mediterranean agricultural regions, southeast asian monsoondominated areas, and semi-arid zones in the southwestern united states. field trials and data collection a. field trials field trials were conducted across several case study sites to gather real-time data on the effectiveness of various irrigation and drainage methods under shifting environmental conditions. key techniques included: precision irrigation trials: testing the efficacy of drip and sprinkler systems enhanced by soil moisture sensors and remote monitoring. drainage innovation trials: implementing eco-friendly drainage materials, such as biocompatible filtration systems, to assess their impact on soil quality and crop yield. water reuse trials: in specific case study locations, irrigation water was supplemented with treated wastewater to measure the impact on water conservation and crop productivity. b. data collection techniques soil and water measurements: soil moisture content, water quality, and water use efficiency were measured preand post-irrigation and drainage interventions using portable soil moisture sensors, water meters, and lab analyses for salinity and nutrient levels. yield assessments: crop yield and quality data were collected to evaluate the impact of sustainable practices on productivity. climate data analysis: local weather data was gathered to monitor rainfall patterns, temperature, and other climate variables. these data points were correlated with water use and crop yield to understand how environmental shifts affect irrigation efficiency. 4. stakeholder engagement and interviews given the importance of user adaptability and community acceptance, stakeholder engagement was conducted in each study location. semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with local farmers, agricultural extension officers, and water resource managers provided insights into: perceptions of sustainable irrigation and drainage practices. challenges faced in adopting new technologies or methods. volume 04 issue 11-2024 4 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 1-6 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi community-driven adaptations to cope with climate variability. this qualitative component not only enriched the data but also informed recommendations by highlighting practical challenges and insights from those directly impacted by irrigation and drainage practices. data analysis a. quantitative analysis quantitative data from field trials were analyzed using statistical methods to evaluate the performance of each irrigation and drainage solution. key metrics included: water use efficiency: the amount of water used per unit of crop yield. soil health indicators: changes in soil structure, salinity, and nutrient content. productivity outcomes: statistical comparison of crop yield before and after intervention. b. qualitative analysis qualitative data from stakeholder interviews and focus groups were coded thematically to identify common challenges, successful practices, and local perceptions of sustainable irrigation and drainage. nvivo software was employed to facilitate thematic analysis and to ensure that insights were systematically integrated into the study’s findings and recommendations. limitations this study acknowledges several limitations: temporal scope: due to time constraints, data collection spanned only one or two growing seasons per location, limiting insights into long-term impacts. geographic limitations: while the case studies offer diversity, findings may not fully represent all global regions experiencing environmental shifts. scale of implementation: some innovations were tested on small-scale farms, which may differ in outcomes when implemented on a larger scale. ethical considerations all participants involved in interviews and field trials provided informed consent, and the study was conducted in alignment with ethical standards for environmental and social research. this included transparency about data use, confidentiality of participants’ identities, and respect for local cultural practices. results the study revealed notable improvements in water-use efficiency, crop yield, and soil health across the different sustainable irrigation and drainage solutions tested. precision irrigation systems, such as drip and sprinkler systems with soil moisture sensors, showed an average water savings of 30–50% compared to traditional methods, while also maintaining or enhancing crop yield by up to 20%. additionally, ecofriendly drainage solutions, including biocompatible filters and soil amendments, reduced soil salinity levels by 15% and improved soil structure, supporting healthier root systems and greater water retention. trials using treated wastewater for irrigation also demonstrated promising results, with no significant negative impact on crop quality, suggesting that water reuse could be a viable solution in areas facing water scarcity. feedback from stakeholders indicated broad support for sustainable practices, although concerns about costs, maintenance, and technical training highlighted potential barriers to widespread adoption. volume 04 issue 11-2024 5 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 1-6 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi discussion the results demonstrate that sustainable irrigation and drainage practices offer tangible benefits in adapting to environmental shifts, improving resource efficiency, and enhancing resilience to climate variability. precision irrigation, for instance, not only optimizes water use but also supports soil health by avoiding over-irrigation and related issues like salinity buildup. however, implementing these technologies on a large scale requires addressing several challenges. economic feasibility emerged as a significant factor, with initial costs and ongoing maintenance often posing a hurdle for small and medium-sized farms. stakeholder feedback indicated that farmers’ acceptance of new technologies increases when financial or technical support is available, suggesting that partnerships with local governments or ngos could facilitate broader adoption. the study also underscores the importance of integrated water resource management in addressing water scarcity and environmental degradation. utilizing treated wastewater for irrigation presents an opportunity to reduce freshwater use, particularly in arid regions; however, further research is needed to assess its long-term effects on soil and crop quality. in addition, while eco-friendly drainage solutions offer benefits for soil health and water quality, the variability in soil types and environmental conditions across different regions calls for locally tailored solutions rather than one-size-fits-all approaches. communitybased adaptation strategies and education programs may also play a critical role in enabling local farmers and water managers to implement and sustain these solutions effectively. conclusion in conclusion, this study highlights the potential of sustainable irrigation and drainage practices to mitigate the impacts of environmental changes on water resources and agricultural productivity. precision irrigation, eco-friendly drainage solutions, and water reuse practices demonstrate significant improvements in water efficiency, crop yields, and soil quality, providing valuable tools for regions facing water scarcity and climate-related challenges. however, for these solutions to be successful on a broader scale, support systems—including financial assistance, technical training, and tailored solutions for local conditions—are essential. the findings reinforce the need for continued innovation in sustainable water management practices and the importance of collaborative efforts among stakeholders to build resilience in agricultural systems. sustainable irrigation and drainage solutions represent a critical component of future food security and environmental conservation, offering pathways to adapt effectively to ongoing and anticipated environmental shifts. reference 1. de wrachien d, feddes r (2003) drainage and land reclamation in a changing environment: overview and challenges. opening address. proceeding of the international conference on land reclamation and water resources development. mantua, italy. 2. de wrachien d, goli m (2015) global warming effects on irrigation development and crop production. a world-wide view. agricultural sciences 6,7. 3. schultz b, de wrachien d (2002) irrigation and drainage systems. research and development in the 21st century. irrigation and drainage 51: 311-327. 4. wigley tml, jones pd, kelly pm (1986) empirical climate studies. warm world scenarios and the detection of climate change induced by volume 04 issue 11-2024 6 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 1-6 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi radioactively active fases. in: bolin b, doos br, jager j, warrich ra, eds, the greenhouse effect, climatic change and ecosystems, scope 26, wiley publisher, new york 271-322. 5. scott db, collins es (1996) late mid-holocene sealevel oscillation: a possible cause. quaternary science reviews 15: 851-856. 6. reed ms, fraser edg, dougill aj (2006) an adaptive learning process for developing and applying sustainability indicators with local communitis, ecological economics 59: 406-418. 7. icid (2015) report on the consultative group on icid vision 2030. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 4 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue01 2025 page no. 4-6 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue01-02a the influence of norms of sowing seeds and rates on grain yield in combination sowing of forage crops iminov abduvali abdumannobovich doctor of agricultural sciences, professor, tashkent state agrarian university, republic of uzbekistan karimova marhabo abdullaevna phd student, research institute of cereals and legumes, republic of uzbekistan rakhimov azizbek dilmuratovich doctor of philosophy in agricultural sciences, associate professor, andijan institute of agriculture and agrotechnologies, republic of uzbekistan received: 26 october 2024; accepted: 29 december 2024; published: 30 january 2025 abstract: the article presents data on the effect of seeding rates and ratios on grain yield when intercropping vetch, barley, and triticale in the conditions of pasture gray soils of the andijan region. intercropping triticale with vetch provided a higher grain yield of 6.1-9.7 q/ha compared to the option planted alone, intercropping barley with vetch provided a higher grain yield of 4.0-7.1 q/ha compared to the option planted alone, and intercropping vetch with barley provided a higher grain yield of 3.1-5.4 q/ha compared to the option planted alone. keywords: barley, vetch, triticale, seed, sowing norm and rate, grain yield. introduction: in order to obtain the highest yield when the same plant is grown continuously, it is necessary to create the most favorable conditions for the growth and development of the crop. if several crops are planted together, a slightly better soil is created for the harvest. as a result of unfavorable conditions for one type of crop, favorable for the second type of plant, it is possible to obtain a crop that can replace one of the other [2]. the level of study of the problem. in intercropping, two or more crops are planted in a row, in a row, or in a strip in the same plot. in this method, the seeds are not mixed before planting, but are planted separately. for example, when intercropping with soybeans, they are planted in separate seedbeds or in separate boxes in the same seedbed. this method is also called intercropping. the purpose of intercropping is to increase food quality and productivity [1, 2, 4, 5]. according to many scientists, intercropping is considered to have begun after intercropping. plants were originally naturally mixed, and then, as people began to live in groups, they were planted separately. also, when planting several crops together, it is possible to get a good harvest even in years with unfavorable weather conditions. continuous planting of the same crop in the same field for several years does not always yield the desired yield. because when planting several crops together, the ground is created for the desired yield [6]. methods our research was conducted in the andijan region in 2021-2023 in the conditions of old-fashioned irrigated pastures of gray, medium-grained, with a depth of 4-5 meters, and non-saline soils. our experiments aimed to determine the effect of seeding rates and ratios on grain yield when intercropping barley, vetch, and triticale, and included 15 options. the experimental options were arranged in 4 replications and the options were arranged in 4 tiers. the total area of each option was 60 m2, of which 30 m2 was used. the total area of the experiment was 0.36 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue01-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue01-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue01-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue01-02 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 5 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) hectares. the research was conducted in field and laboratory conditions, and the field experiment layout, calculations, and observations were based on the methodological manuals “methods of conducting field experiments” and “methodology of the state variety testing of agricultural crops” [3, 7]. the following mineral fertilizers were used in crop cultivation: ammonium nitrate (n 33-34%), ammophos (n 11-12%, p2o5-46%), and potassium chloride (k2o-60%). results and discussion our studies have shown that the seeding rates and ratios of barley, vetch and triticale have an effect on grain yield. according to the data obtained from the studies, the grain yield was 52.0 q/ha from the option where triticale was planted alone at a rate of 150 kg per hectare, 40.9 q/ha from the option where barley was planted alone at a rate of 150 kg per hectare, and 28.4 q/ha from the option where vetch was planted alone. it was found that in the options where different seeding rates and ratios of barley, vetch and triticale were used in our studies, grain yield increased compared to the options where the crops were planted alone, and in the options where triticale and vetch were planted together, grain yield was 6.1-9.7 q/ha higher than the option where triticale was planted alone. in the variants planted with triticale and vetch, the highest grain yield indicators were obtained from the variant planted with 150 kg/ha triticale + 75 kg/ha vetch (2:1) and amounted to 61.7 q/ha, while the grain yield was obtained from the variant planted with 150 kg/ha triticale + 100 kg/ha vetch (3:2) and 60.7 q/ha, and the grain yield was obtained from the variant planted with 150 kg/ha triticale + 50 kg/ha vetch (3:1) and 58.1 q/ha (table 1). it was found that the grain yield in the variants planted with vetch and triticale was 4.7-7.8 q/ha higher than the variant planted with triticale alone. the highest grain yield in the variants planted with vetch and triticale was obtained from the variant planted with 120 kg/ha vetch + 60 kg/ha triticale (2:1) and amounted to 59.8 q/ha, while the grain yield in the variant planted with 120 kg/ha vetch + 80 kg/ha triticale (3:2) was 58.7 q/ha, and the grain yield in the variant planted with 120 kg/ha vetch + 40 kg/ha vetch (3:1) was 56.7 q/ha. it was found that the grain yield in the variants planted with barley and vetch was 4.0-7.1 q/ha higher than the variant planted with barley alone. in the variants planted with vetch in combination with barley, the highest grain yield indicators were obtained from the variant planted with 150 kg/ha barley + 75 kg/ha vetch (2:1) and amounted to 48.0 q/ha, while the variant planted with 150 kg/ha barley + 100 kg/ha vetch (3:2) yielded 47.1 q/ha, and the variant planted with 150 kg/ha barley + 50 kg/ha vetch (3:1) yielded 44.9 q/ha. it was found that the grain yield in the variants planted with vetch and barley was 15.6-17.9 q/ha higher than in the variant planted with vetch alone. table 1 effect of seeding norms and rates on grain yield in intercropping with fodder crops, q/ha (2021-2023 year) no. var. crop types seeding norms and rates 2021 2022 2023 average 1 triticale 150 kg/ha 49.3 52.6 54.0 52.0 2 barley 150 kg/ha 39.2 41.4 42.0 40.9 3 vetch 120 kg/ha 27.1 28.2 29.9 28.4 4 triticale + vetch 150 kg/ha triticale+50 kg/ha vetch (3:1) 55.5 58.7 60.1 58.1 5 150 kg/ha triticale+75 kg/ha vetch (2:1) 59.6 62.2 63.2 61.7 6 150 kg/ha triticale+100 kg/ha vetch (3:2) 58.3 61.4 62.5 60.7 7 vetch + triticale 120 kg/ha vetch+40 kg/ha triticale (3:1) 54.0 57.1 58.9 56.7 8 120 kg/ha vetch+60 kg/ha triticale (2:1) 57.5 60.0 62.0 59.8 9 120 kg/ha vetch + 80 kg/ha triticale (3:2) 56.1 58.6 61.3 58.7 10 barley + vetch 150 kg/ha barley + 50 kg/ha vetch (3:1) 43.2 45.5 46.0 44.9 11 150 kg/ha barley +75 kg/ha vetch (2:1) 46.4 48.3 49.4 48.0 12 150 kg/ha barley + 100 kg/ha vetch (3:2) 45.2 47.5 48.5 47.1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 6 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) 13 vetch + barley 120 kg/ha vetch+40 kg/ha barley (3:1) 42.0 44.6 45.4 44.0 14 120 kg/ha vetch+60 kg/ha barley (2:1) 45.5 46.2 47.2 46, 3 15 120 kg/ha vetch+80 kg/ha barley (3:2) 44.0 45.0 46.7 45, 2 in the variants planted with barley in combination with vetch, the highest grain yield indicators were obtained from the variant planted with 120 kg/ha vetch + 60 kg/ha barley (2:1) and amounted to 46.3 q/ha, while the variant planted with 120 kg/ha vetch + 80 kg/ha barley (3:2) yielded 45.2 q/ha, and the variant planted with 120 kg/ha vetch + 40 kg/ha vetch (3:1) yielded 44.0 q/ha. it was found that the grain yield in the variants planted with vetch and barley was 3.1-5.4 q/ha higher than in the variants planted with barley alone. conclusion it was found that the seeding norms and rates of forage crops affect grain yield, and each crop type was higher than the variants planted alone. triticale and vetch intercropping provided a higher grain yield of triticale plants by 6.1-9.7 q/ha compared to the variant planted alone, barley and vetch intercropping provided a higher grain yield of barley plants by 4.0-7.1 q/ha compared to the variant planted alone, and barley and vetch intercropping provided a higher grain yield of barley plants by 3.1-5.4 q/ha compared to the variant planted alone. references atabayeva h., khudaykulov j. plant science. textbook. t.: "science and technology", 2018. 407 p. andrusenko, v.a. yield of green mass of single-species and mixed crops at different levels of mineral nutrition / v.a.andrusenko, i.yu.kuznetsov, g.a.davletchurina // vi all-russian scientific and practical 131 conference of young scientists "science of the young innovative development of the agro-industrial complex", ufa, 2013, p. 8-13. methods of conducting field experiments uzpiti, tashkent. 2007. 180 p. iminov a.a., karimova m.a., koziboev sh.t. " effect of seeding rates and proportions on the leaf surface of plants when intercropping fodder crops "//"science and education in agriculture" journal. andijan august 2024. volume 8, issue 8. issn: 3030-3222. http://www.seagc.andqxai.uz/ p. 38-43. iminov a.a., karimova m.a., koziboev sh.t. "effect of seeding rates and ratios on the yield of green and dry mass when intercropping fodder crops" // "bulletin of agricultural science of uzbekistan" magazine. tashkent, no. 4 (16) 2024. p. 6-7. laskin, o.d. single-species and mixed sowings of forage crops for silage in the conditions of the forest-steppe of the middle volga region, abstract of the dissertation of candidate of agricultural sciences. – kinel, 1999. 23 p. methodology of state variety testing of agricultural crops. – moscow: kolos. 1964. 184 p. volume 04 issue 07-2024 7 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 07 pages: 7-11 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this study provides experimental insights into photovoltaic (pv) power generation as a sustainable energy solution. photovoltaic technology has emerged as a pivotal renewable energy source, offering significant potential for clean and efficient electricity generation. the research explores the performance and efficiency of pv systems through experimental data analysis, focusing on factors such as solar irradiance, module characteristics, and energy output. by evaluating the practical application of pv technology in varying environmental conditions, the study aims to contribute valuable insights into its role in achieving sustainable energy solutions and addressing global energy challenges. keywords photovoltaic power generation, solar energy, sustainable energy solutions, experimental analysis, solar irradiance, module efficiency. introduction the escalating demand for clean and sustainable energy sources has led to significant advancements in photovoltaic (pv) power generation. solar energy, in particular, has emerged as a promising solution due to its abundant availability and environmentally friendly nature. traditional pv installations, such as solar panels on rooftops or open fields, have been widely adopted. however, the integration of solar technology into urban landscapes has been a challenge due to limited space and aesthetic considerations. to address these research article experimental insights into photovoltaic power generation for sustainable energy solutions submission date: june 22, 2024, accepted date: june 27, 2024, published date: july 02, 2024 kamal yogi acharya narendra deva university of agriculture and technology, ayodhya, uttar pradesh, india journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com volume 04 issue 07-2024 8 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 07 pages: 7-11 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi issues, the concept of a solar tree has gained attention as an innovative approach to pv power generation. a solar tree is a concept that mimics the structure and functionality of a real tree, combining aesthetics with solar energy generation. it consists of multiple branches or panels attached to a central trunk, with each branch hosting photovoltaic modules. the design resembles a tree canopy, providing shade and capturing sunlight from various angles throughout the day. the solar tree concept offers several potential advantages, including efficient space utilization, scalability, and improved integration into urban environments. however, comprehensive experimental investigations are essential to evaluate its performance, efficiency, and overall potential as a sustainable energy solution. method to explore the viability of solar trees as a practical and sustainable energy generation concept, an experimental investigation was conducted. the study encompassed the following key steps: design and fabrication: a solar tree prototype was designed, taking into consideration the structural integrity, ease of assembly, and aesthetic appeal. the fabrication process involved selecting appropriate materials, such as lightweight but durable metals, for the trunk, branches, and supporting structure. photovoltaic system integration: high-efficiency photovoltaic modules were selected and integrated into the branches of the solar tree. the electrical connections, wiring, and balance of system components were carefully planned and implemented to ensure optimal performance. performance evaluation: the solar tree prototype was installed in a suitable outdoor location with maximum sun exposure. data acquisition systems were deployed to monitor various performance parameters, including solar irradiance, temperature, current-voltage characteristics, and power output. these measurements were collected over an extended period to assess the performance of the solar tree under different weather conditions and seasonal variations. comparative analysis: the experimental results obtained from the solar tree were compared with conventional pv installations, such as rooftop panels or ground-mounted arrays. efficiency, energy generation capacity, and cost-effectiveness were analyzed to evaluate the advantages and limitations of the solar tree concept. volume 04 issue 07-2024 9 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 07 pages: 7-11 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi environmental impact assessment: in addition to performance evaluation, the environmental benefits of solar trees were assessed. factors such as reduced carbon footprint, land use efficiency, and the potential for urban heat island mitigation were considered to determine the overall sustainability and ecofriendliness of solar trees. the combination of these steps allowed for a comprehensive investigation into the photovoltaic power generation potential of solar trees, providing insights into their efficiency, scalability, and suitability as a sustainable energy solution. results the experimental investigation on solar trees yielded promising results. the solar tree prototype successfully generated significant amounts of electricity throughout the testing period. the integrated photovoltaic modules efficiently converted solar energy into electrical power, showcasing the potential of this innovative approach to pv power generation. the data collected from the solar tree demonstrated its ability to capture sunlight from various angles, maximizing energy production during different times of the day. volume 04 issue 07-2024 10 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 07 pages: 7-11 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi comparative analysis revealed several advantages of solar trees over conventional pv installations. the spatial efficiency of the solar tree design allowed for higher energy generation per unit area compared to traditional flat-panel systems. the branching structure of the solar tree enabled better utilization of available space, making it particularly suitable for urban environments with limited rooftop or ground space for solar installations. additionally, the aesthetic appeal of the solar tree concept made it more acceptable and visually pleasing in urban landscapes, enhancing its potential for widespread adoption. discussion the performance evaluation of the solar tree prototype highlighted some key factors influencing its efficiency. the orientation and angle of the branches significantly impacted the energy capture, with adjustments made to optimize sunlight exposure throughout the day and throughout different seasons. the choice of high-efficiency photovoltaic modules also played a crucial role in maximizing power output. furthermore, the structural design of the solar tree ensured stability and durability, allowing it to withstand various weather conditions. the environmental impact assessment demonstrated several environmental benefits of solar trees. by generating clean electricity from renewable sources, solar trees contributed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change. the integration of solar trees into urban environments also had the potential to mitigate the urban heat island effect by providing shade and reducing surface temperatures. the efficient land use of solar trees further conserved valuable open spaces and minimized the impact on natural ecosystems. conclusion the experimental exploration of solar trees as a photovoltaic power generation concept has provided valuable insights into its potential as a sustainable energy solution. the results showcased the efficient conversion of solar energy into electrical power through the integrated photovoltaic modules. the spatial efficiency, aesthetic appeal, and scalability of solar trees make them an attractive option for urban environments seeking clean and visually pleasing energy solutions. the comparative analysis indicated that solar trees have distinct advantages over conventional pv installations in terms of space utilization, visual integration, and potential for higher energy generation. the environmental impact assessment revealed the positive environmental benefits of solar trees, including reduced carbon footprint and mitigation of the urban heat island effect. based on the experimental findings, solar trees hold great promise for sustainable energy solutions. further research and development should focus on refining the design, optimizing performance, and addressing any challenges related to scalability, cost-effectiveness, and maintenance. the continued advancement of solar tree technology has the potential to transform urban landscapes, providing clean and renewable energy while enhancing the aesthetic appeal and sustainability of our cities. references 1. shukla ak, sudhakar k, baredar p. design, simulation and economic analysis of standalone roof top solar pv system in india. sol. energy. 2016a; 136:437–449. 2. korsavi ss, zomorodian zs, tahsildoost m. energy and economic performance of rooftop pv panels in volume 04 issue 07-2024 11 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 07 pages: 7-11 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the hot and dry climate of iran. j. clean. prod. 2018; 174:1204-1214. 3. sahu a, yadav n, sudhakar k. floating photovoltaic power plant: a review. renew. sustain. energy rev. 2016; 66:815-824. 4. verma n, mazumder s. an investigation of solar trees for effective sunlight capture using monte carlo simulations of solar radiation transport. proceedings of the asme 2014 international mechanical engineering congress and exposition imece2014, montreal, quebec, canada, 2014, 1–10. 5. http://sroeco.com/solar/most-efficient-solarpanels 6. mark jacobson z. review of solutions to global warming, air pollution, and energy security” “energy environment sci. ,2009; 2:148---173” 7. serway ra. physics for scientists & engineers (3rd ed.). saunders, 1990, 1150. isbn 0-03-030258-7. 8. sears fw, zemansky mw, young hd. university physics (6th ed.). addison-wesley, 1983, 843–844. isbn 0-201-07195-9 9. http://www.energyeducation.tx.gov/pdf/53bainv. pdf american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 45 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue04 2025 page no. 45-52 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-10 dynamics of soil moisture application of mineral fertilizers in rainy areas, cereal crops grain quality and impact on productivity i.sh.mamatkulov scientific research institute of rainfed agriculture, uzbekistan b.d.khaydarov scientific research institute of rainfed agriculture, uzbekistan a.s.muratkasimov scientific research institute of rainfed agriculture, uzbekistan r.o.kurbanov karshi state university, uzbekistan received: 28 february 2025; accepted: 29 march 2025; published: 30 april 2025 abstract: the article presents experimental results on the application of mineral fertilizers in the growth phases of soft wheat, bakhmal-97 variety, durum wheat variety, yaqut-2014 variety, barley variety, mushtarak variety, depending on the type and rate of fertilizers, on the dynamics of soil moisture and the rate of crop feeding, grain quality and yield. according to the results, the optimal feeding rate for the application of mineral fertilizers in arable fields depends on the dynamics of soil moisture and for obtaining high-quality yields of soft wheat "bakhmal-97" variety is n40p40k40 kg per hectare, durum wheat "yakut-2014" and barley "mushtarak" varieties the results of the study are presented on the optimal feeding rate of n50p40k40 kg per hectare for obtaining high-quality grain and high yields using mineral fertilizers at different growth phases. keywords: dry lands, mineral fertilizers, fertilizer rate, soil moisture dynamics, soft wheat, hard wheat, barley, grain quality, grain yield, feeding rate. introduction: nowadays, the global warming of the climate has a negative impact on grain quality and productivity, soil fertility and structure, and soil degradation. improving the food security of the population living in these areas by eliminating these problems in dry areas is considered one of the important and urgent tasks. agricultural products grown in lalmicor regions have a number of advantages in the production of aromatic products rich in protein, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals vital for the human body. at present, corn, leguminous, sugarcane and oil crops are cultivated in dry areas the need for its products is increasing year by year not only in the domestic market, but also in the world market. effective use of mineral fertilizers in arid areas allows to grow a stable high-quality crop of grain, legumes, oilseeds and other agricultural crops, and to improve soil fertility and its structure. according to the results of experiments, in all arable lands of uzbekistan, the reduction in the amount of organic and mineral nutrients in the soil due to global climate change and anthropogenic factors over the past decades has led to a deep degradation of the soil https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-10 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-10 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-10 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-10 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 46 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) structure. the effectiveness of mineral fertilizers in these areas varies depending on the amount of atmospheric precipitation, the depth of soil wetting, the type of predecessors, agrotechnics, and many other factors. according to experiments conducted in the mountainous and hilly regions of lalmikor with semisufficient rainfall (280-360 mm), the amount of organic matter (humus) in the soil decreases from 1.2-1.3% to 0.58-0.65% (0-20 cm) in the variants where the soil is cultivated with plows to a depth of 20-22 cm and organic and mineral fertilizers are not applied [1,2,3,4,6]. over the past several decades, the replacement of scientifically based farming systems with grain crops, the reduction of annual and perennial leguminous crops, forage crops, and other crops, and the insufficient use of local and mineral fertilizers and plant protection products have led to a decline in productivity and its quality. this, in turn, creates favorable conditions for a decrease in soil fertility and deterioration of its structure, as well as increased wind and water erosion. lalmikor's studies have shown that in semi-arid areas of the land, the amount of humus in the soil decreases by 1.2 tons per hectare as a result of 2-3 clean plowings per year [1]. in semi-rainfed arable lands, the fertilizer rate is 40 kg/ha of nitrogen, phosphorus, in mountainous and hilly areas, the rate of these fertilizers is 50 kg/ha, and in years of abundant rainfall (400-600 mm) up to 60 kg/ha (in terms of net active substance) allows increasing the yield by an average of 4-5 quintals [2]. methods the field experiment was conducted in the conditions of loamy soils at the central experimental farm of the lalmikor agricultural research institute. the experimental materials were soft wheat "bakhmal-97" variety, durum wheat "yakut-2014" variety, and barley "mushtarak" variety. the research was conducted in 9 variants and 3 replicates. the experimental field is located in a semi-arid, lowland, hilly region of arable land at an altitude of 580 m above sea level, and the soil consists of typical arable gray soils. the soils of the experimental field are moderately sandy, moderately susceptible to water and wind erosion, and their topsoil (0-20 cm) contains 0.55-0.88% humus, 0.18-0.20% total nitrogen, 0.160.18% phosphorus, and 1.6-1.8% total potassium, with a soil ph of 7.0. the mineralization of groundwater is 48 g/l, and groundwater is located below 10 m and has almost no effect on soil formation processes [3,4]. the following observations and measurements were carried out during the years of research: phenological observations, biometric measurements according to the “methodology of state variety testing of agricultural crops” (1985), the number of tubers per 1 sq. m of the plant using 0.25 m2 pads, soil moisture by the thermostat method, according to the humus-tyurin method, otal nitrogen was determined by the kjeldahl method, total phosphorus by the lorentz method, total potassium by a flame photometer, nitrate nitrogen (nno. 3) by disulfenol reagent, mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium by machigin in a 1% ammonium carbonate solution. agrophysical properties and characteristics of the soil: volume weight n.a. kachinsky method, using a cylinder, specific gravity using the pycnometer method, mechanical composition of the soil n.a. kachinsky's method, using a pipette, its aggregate composition was studied by savvinov's method. results one of the main factors limiting the productivity of cereals and other crops and soil fertility in arable fields is the lack of moisture in the soil as a result of the relatively low amount of atmospheric precipitation and its uneven distribution throughout the year. in these areas, the lack of moisture in the soil during the growth and development phases of winter cereals and other crops causes a decrease in physiological and biochemical processes in plants, and in some drought years, their complete cessation. the arable lands of our republic have unique soil and climatic conditions, which are not found in the arid regions of the world, even in the republics of central asia. the climate is sharply variable, with cold winters and hot summers. the amount of precipitation is relatively small (250-400 mm) and is unevenly distributed throughout the year. its main part (80%) falls on the winter and spring months, and the rest falls on the autumn and summer months [7]. during the years of the experiments, weather conditions during the growing season of cereal crops changed as follows (table 1). table 1 changes in weather conditions during the growing season of cereal crops in the experimental years, data from the gallaorol agms (2022-2024) american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 47 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) indicators months total or average x xi xii i ii iii iv v vi precipitation, mm perennial 17,1 35,0 55,0 40,4 52,0 65,0 53,6 35,4 8,4 361,9 2021-2022 yy 18,4 13,8 53,4 13,0 173,6 39,3 78,0 5,8 395,3 2022-2023 yy 76,5 53,7 25,3 19,1 106,2 29,3 30,5 23,1 0 363,7 2023-2024 yy 45,2 17,0 30,6 34,5 87,2 32,0 67,5 8, 322,1 air temperature, °с perennial 12,1 5,9 0,3 -4,0 0,4 5,6 12,7 18,4 24,6 8,4 2021-2022 yy 10,0 4,3 3,8 3,4 4,7 4,9 18,2 20,0 25,4 10,5 2022-2023 yy 12,5 7,5 1,4 -7,4 4,7 12,2 14,7 19,9 26,5 10,2 2023-2024 yy. 9,8 3,7 3,0 3,6 1,8 7,6 15,4 19,2 20,6 9,4 relative air humidity, % perennial 62 73 82 85 82 75 69 59 45 70 2021-2022 yy 52 66 75 86 73 76 63 62 43 64 2022-2023 yy 58 83 87 79 82 69 62 48 32 67 2023-2024 yy 56 82 88 80 81 71 64 49 34 67 in dryland areas, especially in its lower regions, drought is the main natural factor limiting the productivity of all dryland crops. according to the data of the galla-arol agrometeorological station, the average monthly temperature in the experimental area is 11.60 ° c, the minimum temperature in january is -25 ° c, and the maximum temperature in june is 45 ° c. the long-term average precipitation is 361 mm. these indicators are 10.10 ° c, -300 ° c, 390 ° c, and 425 mm, respectively, in the mountainous region located at an altitude of 1307 m above sea level [1]. in the 2021-2022 agricultural year, during which the experiments were conducted, the amount of precipitation exceeded the multi-year norm (362mm) by 33.4 mm. however, due to the complete absence of precipitation in october 2021 and the drying of the topsoil, soil cultivation and planting had to be carried out later (10.11.2021). wheat seeds planted in november and even in winter due to less than normal rain and snow, germinated only in february and march with a strong thinning. the amount of precipitation in the spring months of 2022 exceeded the long-term norm by 33.4 mm. in the 2022/2023 agricultural year of the study, precipitation was around the multi-year norm (364 mm). october and november, which were much longer than the annual norm, ensured that winter wheat fully germinated until the planting of late october and a steady decrease in air temperature to +5c. however, the relatively low rainfall during the winter wheat earing and grain storage period (may-june) caused soil moisture deficits, which in turn led to a decrease in photosynthesis and crop yield. the amount of precipitation in the 2023/2024 agricultural year of the experiment (322.1 mm) was 39.9 mm below the multi-year norm and 42.0 mm below the previous year. due to the very low rainfall in october 2023, plowing and sowing of winter wheat seeds were carried out in the second 10 days of november (14.11.23). compared to last year, spring months (march-may) were cooler than last year, allowing favorable soil moisture and feeding regime to occur. in the experimental years, the average monthly air temperature was +1-2.1 °c higher than the multi-year norm (8.4 °c warmer), and 0.3-0.8 °c lower than the previous 2022/23 agricultural year. relative air humidity was 6% lower than the multi-year norm (70%) american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 48 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) in the 2021/22 agricultural year, and 3% lower in 2022/23 and 2023/24. in the second half of the winter wheat growing season in the arable fields, the precipitation deficit in most years reaches 290 mm, and the moisture coefficient is 0.25-0.30. by this time, the lack of moisture in the soil significantly reduces the productivity of photosynthesis [8]. the effect of mineral fertilizers on the dynamics of total and physiological moisture in the soil was studied in the 0-100 cm layer of soil during the pre-sowing (october), tillering (march, tillering (april), heading (may), milkwax and full ripening stages of winter wheat in 20222024 (figure 1). figure 1 dynamics of total soil moisture depending on the rate of mineral fertilizers average for 2022-2024 it is known that soil moisture and air temperature are important during the flowering stage of winter wheat in dry areas. winter wheat planted at the end of october and the first ten days of november due to rainfall in the autumn and winter months of 2022 being below the multi-year average "bakhmal-97" and "mushtarak" varieties of barley germinated in the second ten days of february, and "yakut-2014" variety of durum wheat germinated in the third ten days of february. according to the results of the study, the highest moisture reserve in the 1 m layer of soil (2431 m3/ha) was reached by the stage of winter wheat accumulation. the fact that the amount of moisture in the 0-100 cm layer of the soil by the tuber stage of winter wheat is 1648-1798 cubic meters per hectare depending on the rate of mineral fertilizers in the options planted in 3 years, as a result of the uneven distribution of precipitation, the weather conditions in the autumn and winter months were drier than the long-term norm, by early spring, when the grain grasses began to germinate, the depth of soil moisture was only 40-50 cm. in such conditions, the moisture in the 0-100 cm layer of the soil (1834 m3/ha) was a cubic meter. the headage period of winter cereal crops in arable fields is the most critical period, as it is at this time that the reproductive organs (ears) of the wheat begin to form. at this stage, as a result of the decrease in precipitation, a sharp increase in air temperature (3538 °c), and a decrease in relative air humidity by 4050%, soil and air drought begins. under these conditions, the photosynthetic productivity of grain crops decreases. in the experiments conducted, the average moisture content in the 1 m layer of soil at the earing stage of winter wheat was 110-1230 m3/ha, depending on the rate of mineral fertilizers in the experimentally planted variants. by the peak stage of crops in the 2023-2024 agricultural year, the moisture reserve in the 0-100 cm layer of the soil is 950-1080, respectively, in the above options; it was 910-1082 and 1400-1507 m3/ha. according to the results of the experiment, the amount of moisture in the 0-100 cm layer of the soil in the phase of milk-wax ripening, i.e. grain collection, was 1096-1138 m3/ha according to the options. it was determined that the moisture reserve in the 1 m layer of the soil during the milk-wax ripening stage of winter 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 назорат (ўғитсиз) р30к30 (фон) (фон)+n30 (фон)+n40 (фон)+n50 р40к40 (фон) (фон)+n30 (фон)+n40 (фон)+n50 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 49 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) wheat was 843-1120 m3/ha, depending on the rate of fertilizers. in the semi-rainfed plain-hilly region, the bulk density or density of the soil was found to be 1.17-1.25 g/cm3 in the 80-100 cm layer of soil in the autumn (before sowing) plowed to a depth of 20-22 cm, reaching 1.231.42 g/cm3 at the full ripening stage and increasing by 0.12-0.17 g/cm3. according to the results of the research, the rates of absorption of nutrients in different growth phases of soft wheat "bakhmal-97", hard wheat "yakut-2014" and barley "mushtarak" are different. it was found that soft wheat variety "bakhmal-97" has a high demand for nutrients. during the research, the following parameters were analyzed: ear length, number of grains per ear, grain weight per ear, 1000-grain weight, yield, gluten content in the grain, and idc. according to the results of the study, the plant height was from 99.0 cm to 114.8 cm, the spike length was from 9.5 cm to 9.9 cm, the number of spikelets was from 15.5 to 16.5, the number of grains was from 30 to 38, and the grain weight was from 1.30 g to 1.58 g. the 1000-grain weight was from 39.6 g to 41.5 g, and the yield was 13.2-16.7 c/ha. in the control (without fertilizer) variant, the 1000-grain weight was 39.6 g, and the yield was 13.2 c/ha. the highest indicator in the experiment was achieved by variant 8 n40r40k40, with a 1000-grain weight of 41.5 g and a yield of 16.7 c/ha. one of the main indicators indicating the breadiness of wheat grain is the amount of gluten in the grain and the index of idk, the amount of gluten in the grain belonging to the highest class is 36%, 1-32%; 228%; 3 23% and 4higher than 18% and the idk indicator should be from 45 to 75 for the higher class, in wheat grains of the 1st grade, the dough is considered to be satisfactorily soft when the index is from 76 to 110, and satisfactorily hard when this index is from 15 to 45. experiments have shown that the bakeability of such grains is unsatisfactory when the index is below 15 and above 110. in the variants we analyzed, the gluten content and the idc indicator in the control (without fertilizer) variant (28.0%, idc 87.4) were the highest, while variant 9 was the lowest (30.7%, idc 72.9). in the conducted experiments, the nutrient absorption ratios of the durum wheat variety "yakut-2014" differed at different growth phases (table 2). according to the results of the study, the plant height in our no-fertilizer variant was 95,8 cm, in p30k30 (background) 97,1 cm and (background) +n50 102,4 cm, and in p40k40 (background) 101,2 cm, in our p40k40+n50 variant the highest indicator was 103,0 cm, and the spike length in our no-fertilizer variant was 7,1 cm, p30k30 table 2 the effect of mineral fertilizer rates on yield and grain quality indicators of soft wheat variety "bakhmal-97" (gallaorol-2022-2024). № options p la n t h ei g h t, c m key spike indicators 1 0 0 0 g ra in s w ei g h t, g p ro d u ct iv it y , ts /h a g lu te n am o u n t (% ) id k length cm number of spikes, pcs number of grains, grains grain weight, g 1 control (no fertilizer) 99,0 9,5 15,5 40 1,30 39,6 13,2 28,0 87,4 2 р30к30 99,5 9,5 15,5 41 1,31 39,6 13,7 28,6 83,3 3 р30к30+n30 103,6 9,6 15,7 41 1,31 40,3 14,2 29,4 72,7 4 р30к30+n40 105,2 9,7 16,5 46 1,42 40,5 15,4 29,7 72,9 5 р30к30+n50 112,2 9,7 16,5 46 1,45 41,0 15,8 30,3 87,4 6 р40к40 (фон) 101,4 9,5 15,6 42 1,32 40,8 14,3 29,8 93,3 7 р30к30+n30 101,9 9,6 16,2 47 1,48 41,0 14,9 29,6 82,7 8 р30к30+n40 114,8 9,9 16,5 48 1,58 41,2 16,7 30,7 72,9 9 р30к30+n50 113,6 9,8 16,5 48 1,56 41,5 16,3 30,0 77,4 (background) 7,4 cm and (background)+n50 7,7 cm and p40k40 (background) 7,5 sm, in our p40k40+n50 variant american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 50 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) the highest indicator was 8,5 cm, the number of spikelets in our no-fertilizer variant was 16,1, p30k30 (background) 16,1 and (background)+n50 18,5 and p40k40 (background) 17,9, in our p40k40 +n50 variant the highest indicator was 18,8 cm, the number of grains in our version without fertilizer is 48, r30k30 (background) 48,1 and (background) + n50 56 and r40k40 (background) 51,5, the highest indicator in our version of r40k40 + n50 is 58,3 grains, the grain weight in our version without fertilizer is 1,2 g, p30k30 (background) 1.3 g and (background) + n50 1.4 g and r40k40 (background) 1,3 g, the highest indicator in our version of r40k40 + n50 is 1.5 g, the weight of 1000 grains in our version without fertilizer is 40.8 g, p30k30 (background) 40,8 g and (background) + n50 42,0 g, and p40k40 (background) 41.0 g, in our p40k40 +n50 variant the highest indicator was 42,8 g, the yield was 20,1 c/ha, in the control (without fertilizer) variant the weight of 1000 grains was 40,8 g, the yield was 16,0 c/ha. in the experiment, the highest indicator was shown by the 9th variant p40k40 n40, the weight of 1000 grains was 42,4 g, the yield was 19.7 c/ha (table 3). table 3 the effect of mineral fertilizer rates on the yield indicators of durum wheat variety "yakut-2014" (gallaorol-2022-2024). № options p la n t h ei g h t, c m key spike indicators 1 0 0 0 g ra in s w ei g h t, g p ro d u ct iv it y , ts /h a length cm number of spikes, pcs number of grains, grains grain weight, g 1 control (no fertilizer) 95,8 7,1 16,1 48,0 1,2 40,8 16,0 2 р30к30 97,1 7,4 16,1 48,1 1,3 40,8 16,0 3 р30к30+n30 100,2 7,6 16,4 48,5 1,3 41,3 16,5 4 р30к30+n40 100,4 7,7 18,5 52,0 1,4 41,5 17,7 5 р30к30+n50 102,4 7,7 18,5 56,0 1,4 42,0 17,9 6 р40к40 (фон) 101,2 7,5 17,9 51,5 1,3 41,0 16,5 7 р30к30+n30 102,2 8,1 18,6 56,1 1,3 41,3 18,1 8 р30к30+n40 103,0 8,5 18,8 58,3 1,5 42,1 19,3 9 р30к30+n50 106,4 8,9 20,1 60,4 1,7 42,8 20,4 according to the results of the study, the plant height of the "mushtarak" variety of barley in our version without fertilizers is 75.8 cm, the productive cluster is 2.4 grains, the number of grains in one spike is 21.6 grains, the length of the spike is 7.5 cm, the weight of the main spike 1.8 g, 1000 grain weight 48.8 g, yield 15.1 c/ha, r30k30 (background) plant height 76.8 cm, productive set 2.5 grains, number of grains per spike 22.0, spike length 8.1 cm, main spike weight 1.8 g, 1000 grain weight 48.8 g, yield 15.7 c/ha, (background)+n30 plant height 78.2 cm, productive set 2.5 grains, number of grains per spike 22.2 grains, spike length 8.1 cm, main spike weight 1.9 g, 1000 grain weight 49.3 g, yield 16.6 c/ha, (background)+n40 plant height 78.4 cm, productive set 2.7 grains, number of grains per spike 23.5 grains, spike length 8.5 cm, main spike weight 2.0 g, 1000 grain weight 49.5 g, yield 18.9 c/ha, (фон)+n50 ўсимлик бўйи 78,4 см, маҳсулдор тупланиш 2,7 дона, бир бошоқдаги дон сони 23,5 дона, бошоқ узунлиги 8,7 см, асосий бошоқ оғирлиги 2,2 г, 1000 дона дон оғирлиги 50,0 г, ташкил этди (4-жадвал). table 4 the effect of mineral fertilizer rates on the yield indicators of the barley variety "mushtarak" (gallaorol2022-2024). american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 51 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) № вариантлар p la n t h ei g h t, c m key spike indicators 1 0 0 0 g ra in s w ei g h t, g p ro d u ct iv it y , ts /h a productive accumulation, grain number of grains in one ear, pcs spike length, cm. main spike weight, г 1 control (no fertilizer) 75,8 2,4 21,6 7,5 1,8 48,8 15,1 2 р30к30 76,1 2,5 22,0 8,1 1,8 48,8 15,7 3 р30к30+n30 78,2 2,5 22,2 8,1 1,9 49,3 16,6 4 р30к30+n40 78,4 2,7 23,2 8,5 2,0 49,5 18,9 5 р30к30+n50 78,4 2,7 23,5 8,7 2,2 50,0 20,7 6 р40к40 (фон) 76,2 2,5 22,0 8,4 1,9 49,0 16,6 7 р30к30+n30 78,2 2,5 22,2 8,5 1,9 49,3 16,6 8 р30к30+n40 78,8 2,7 23,5 8,7 2,2 50,1 20,7 9 р30к30+n50 78,8 2,7 23,5 8,7 2,3 50,3 21,7 grain yield was analyzed on average 20.7 c/ha, p40k40 (background) plant height 76.2 cm, productive cluster 2.5 grains, number of grains per spike 22.0 grains, spike length 8.4 cm, basic spike weight 1.9 g, 1000 grain weight 49.0 g, yield 16.6 c/ha, (background)+n30 plant height 78.2 cm, productive cluster 2.5 grains, number of grains per ear 22.2 grains, ear length 8.5 cm, main ear weight 1.9 g, 1000 grain weight 49.3 g, yield 16.6 c/ha, (background)+n40 plant height 78.8 cm, productive cluster 2.7 grains, number of grains per ear 23.5 grains, ear length 8.7 cm, main ear weight 2.2 g, 1000 grain weight 50.1 g, yield 20.7 c/ha, (background)+n50 plant height 78.8 cm, productive cluster 2.7 pieces, number of grains in one spike 23.5, spike length 8.7 cm, main spike weight 1.3 g, weight of 1000 grains 50.3 g, yield 21.7 ts/ha. conclusion according to the results of the conducted research, it was observed that the application of mineral fertilizers in pure form at the rate of n40p40k40 kg per hectare to ensure optimal nutrition standards for soft wheat "bakhmal-97" variety at different growth phases in the conditions of typical gray soils of the mountainous region of the arable land showed high results in experiments. it was found in experiments that the application of mineral fertilizers at the rate of n50p40k40 kg per hectare in pure form to ensure optimal nutrition and high yields during the growth phases of durum wheat "yakut-2014" and barley "mushtarak" showed high results. references lavronov g.a. osnovnye itogi nauchnoissledovatelskoy raboty otdela agrotechniki. "50 years of scientific research and development. tashkent. 1965. yusupov kh. gaybullaev s. farming in arid lands is a factor in growing abundant and ecologically clean products. agricultural journal of uzbekistan. tashkent. 2014. no. 2. 4 p. yunusov m. agrokhimicheskie svoystva tipichnyx bogarnyx serozemov i pishchevoy regime pshenitsy po razlichnym predshestvennikam. dissertation na soiskanie uchenoy stepeni kand. s.x.nauk. gallyaaral. 1973. yusupov kh. abdukhalikova b. khaidarov b. changes in the amount of humus in the soil in the grain-plough rotation system. proceedings of the international scientific and practical conference “the scientific foundations of grain growing in uzbekistan”. jizzakh. 2013. pp. 255-257. dospekhov b.a. “methodology of field experiments”. moscow. 1983. eshmirzaev k.e., yusupov h. high yield of grain crops (recommendations). tashkent. 1995. 66 p. e.a. ziyomuhamedov soil organic matter and productivity. tashkent. b.m. khalikov., f.b. namozov scientific foundations of crop rotation. tashkent 2016. r.z. hasanov the effectiveness of foliar feeding of american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 52 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) wheat with urea. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 24 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue03 2025 page no. 24-27 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-07 determining the water capacity demand of the soil in the study area to’rayev oktam ismoilovich independent researcher, 100086, termez city. i.karimov street, 288. termez state university of engineering and agrotechnology, uzbekistan received: 23 january 2025; accepted: 26 february 2025; published: 25 march 2025 abstract: currently, in a period of expected climate change, specific soil conditions are observed in every part of our country. in restoring the soil structure, various chemical elements in the soil, their structure, mechanical composition, satisfaction of water demand, as well as the application of organic and mineral fertilizers to the soil and its water-holding capacity are of great importance. the main task of today is to analyze the data obtained from the analysis of the formation of soil structure depending on physicochemical factors the amount of precipitation, the amount of water and its porosity, the type of soil, and its mechanical composition. keywords: soil, water, irrigation, climate, permeability, temperature, humidity, mechanical composition, capacity. introduction: the mechanical elements of the soil adhere to each other, forming lumps (aggregates) of various sizes and shapes. its property of forming aggregates from mechanical elements is called the property of forming structures. in soil science, the structure of the soil is understood as its property of separating into soil aggregates (lumps) of various shapes and sizes. from the point of view of agronomy, only lumps that are not washed away by water, that is, are strong, are considered the best. soil is an important object for the growth and development of plants. there were different views on the properties of soil in different periods of development of agriculture. of course, these views were evaluated relatively depending on the growth and development of plants in this soil. if a plant grows well and produces fruit in this soil, then this soil is called good, and vice versa, bad. soil is considered a source of nutrients and water necessary for plant life, and its structural state is one of the important factors affecting its fertility. such clods are water-resistant, and the soil formed from them is called strong structural soil. structureless soils are composed of clods that easily crumble under the influence of water. depending on the size of the clods, soils are divided into the following types: clods with a diameter of more than 10 mm megastructural; clods with a diameter of 0.25 to 10 mm macrostructural; particles smaller than 0.25 mm in diameter are classified as microstructured soil. clasts from 1 to 3 mm in size are considered the best water-resistant clasts from an agronomic point of view. the rate of formation of the topsoil layer is approximately 2.5 cm per 100-1000 years. this indicator varies depending on the climate, grasslands, soil type and land use. many living organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, worms, insects, participate in soil formation. this process is very slow in deserts, high mountains and regions close to the arctic circle. this layer is very thin in our climatic conditions, and in the climate of uzbekistan it takes more than a hundred years for one centimeter of fertile soil to form, unless other negative factors interfere with this process, of course. therefore, the amount of land suitable for growing crops is also very limited: all agriculture in uzbekistan is concentrated along rivers and in narrow strips of land between mountains and deserts. it would not be wrong to say that only 9.5% of the land in our country feeds the population of the republic. this is https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-07 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-07 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-07 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-07 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 25 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) very valuable capital not a reserve, but precisely the capital that needs to be preserved. soil provides crops from which food, clothing and most of the clothing for human needs are obtained. the population of the country is growing, and with it the needs are also increasing. man conquers new lands without caring about the old ones. the areas suitable for cultivating the land are decreasing. and their quality is decreasing... the process of deterioration of the quality of the land, the decrease in its productivity is land degradation. in arid climates, land degradation often turns into desertification, when fertile land turns into a desert. in a soil with a strong structure, due to the large volume of non-capillary pores, all precipitation and irrigation water are absorbed and stored well, and air exchange is much better in it than in fine-grained soil. therefore, due to the sufficient amount of water and air in the structured soil, favorable conditions for the life of microorganisms are created, as a result of which nutrients necessary for plant life accumulate in the soil. the soil does not have a solid permanent structure. it is formed by the following factors: a) mechanical factors under the influence of tractors, people, and animals moving in the fields, and the working bodies of working tools; b) physicochemical factors under the influence of rainwater and the ammonium and hydrogen ions contained in them, the calcium and magnesium absorbed by the humus are squeezed out and the strength of the soil structure decreases; due to the crushing of soil particles under the influence of water discharge and, especially, during irrigation, the air squeezed out by the water; c) biological factors under the influence of aerobic bacteria, the soil can be broken down into small particles as a result of the decomposition of humus, which binds the soil particles together. soil samples, sieves with a base and lid, with holes of 10, 7, 5, 3, 2, 1, 0.5 and 0.25 mm in diameter, a 1-liter cylinder with a diameter of 7 cm and a height of 45 cm, 8 large and 9 small porcelain numbered cups, electronic scales, a water bath, a container or cylindrical tub with a diameter of 30-40 cm and a height of 30-35 cm. to restore the soil structure, annual and perennial grasses are planted in crop rotation, and organic fertilizers are also applied to the soil. the humus layer is renewed to form structural lumps and strengthen them. when planting annual plants and plowing the land with a peat plow in the fall, the structure of fine particles of the topsoil of the fields is partially restored. during plowing, the scythe plow throws the top layer of soil with fine particles, along with plant residues, to the bottom of the furrow, while the main body turns the soft, firm, lumpy soil of the lower layer, enriched with humus due to the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter, to the surface. there are several methods for studying the structural state of the soil. these are: 1) n.i. savvinov's method a method based on macroaggregate analysis by sieving the soil; 2) v.r. williams and p.a. andrianov's method for determining the water resistance of soil macrostructures; 3) k.k. gedroys' method for determining the resistance of soil microstructural elements; 4) d.t. vilensky's drop method for determining the water resistance of aggregates. this method was developed at the department of agriculture of the moscow agricultural academy named after k.a.timiryazev and is based on macroaggregate analysis by sieving the soil. in this method of studying the state of soil structure: a) a soil sample is taken from the area to be examined and dried in air. then 2.5 kg is weighed from it on a scale, passed through sieves with different mesh sizes and separated into the following 9 fractions: larger than 10 mm; 10-7; 7-5; 5-3; 3-2; 2-1; 1-0.5; 0.5-0.25 and smaller than 0.25 mm. a tray is placed on the bottom of the sieves to collect dust particles, and the top is covered with a lid to prevent soil particles from being scattered during sieving; b) after sieving, each fraction is weighed separately on a scale and calculated as a percentage, with 2.5 kg of soil being taken as 100%; c) to determine the percentage of strength of aggregates weighing 50 g, an average sample is taken. for this, an amount of soil equal to half the percentage of the fraction expressed in grams is taken from each sieve. in order to avoid clogging the holes of the lower sieve, the average sample may not be taken from a fraction with a diameter of less than 0.25 mm (although it is taken into account when calculating the average sample). the average sample is taken twice; g) the average sample obtained is placed in a cylinder filled with water and left undisturbed for 10 minutes. this is done to allow air to escape, which could mechanically damage the pieces during subsequent operations. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 26 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) figure 1. passing soil from a cylinder through a set of sieves figure 2. laboratory equipment for determining the state of soil structure during the experiment, after 1-2 minutes, although most of the air has been released from the soil, a small part remains in the form of bubbles in large voids, and the remaining air is expelled. to do this, water is poured into the cylinder to the top, covered with a glass, quickly turned to a horizontal position, and then returned to a vertical position. after that, air begins to separate from the soil in the form of small bubbles; d) 10 minutes after the soil sample is placed in the cylinder, the cylinder is covered with a glass, quickly turned over and held in this position for several seconds until large soil particles fall to the bottom. then the cylinder is brought to its original position and the soil is expected to sink to the bottom. this operation is repeated 10 times. when the cylinder is turned over, weak aggregates and lumps with a diameter larger than 10 mm are separated into components; e) 5 sieves with a diameter of 20 cm, a height of 3 cm and holes of 0.25; 1; 2; 3; 5 mm are placed one above the other in a cylindrical bath filled with water. the water level should be 5-6 cm above the edge of the upper sieve. j) after the cylinder has been inverted ten times, it is brought onto the sieves. the cylinder is inverted and the window is opened under water. the soil mass in the cylinder falls onto the upper sieve. to ensure even distribution of the soil, the cylinder is rotated on the sieve without removing it from the water. after the main mass (larger than 0.25 mm) falls onto the surface of the sieve, 40-50 seconds later the mouth of the cylinder is closed again with a window under water and removed from the water; h) the sieved soil mass is sieved: for this, without removing the sieves from the water, all the sieves are raised 5-6 cm and quickly immersed in water again. they are held in this position for 2-3 seconds until the lumps fall back onto the sieve. then the set of sieves is slowly raised and quickly immersed again. the upper sieves (5, 3 and 2 mm) are removed after shaking ten times, and the lower one is additionally shaken five more times and removed from the water; i) the lumps on the sieves are washed in a large porcelain bowl with a stream of water from the washing device, after removing excess water, they are placed in small porcelain bowls that have been previously weighed and numbered; k) then the bowls are placed in a thermostat and the soil is dried at 1050c for 4 hours, then cooled in a desiccator for 2 hours. l) the mass of dried pellets is determined separately. the mass of water-resistant pellets is multiplied by 2. where: x – water resistance of the aggregate, in percent a – mass of water-resistant aggregate, in g. n – total mass of the analyzed soil, in g. 100 % for example, if 50 g of soil (n) contains 5 g of aggregate (a) with a diameter of 5-3 mm, the percentage will be as follows: conclusion during the field research, the climatic conditions in the experimental field area were perennial values. the soil of the experimental field is a light gray, medium loamy soil with a low humus content, and the absorption of mineral colloids is very fast. the water-physical properties of the experimental field soil are density, solid phase density, soil porosity, maximum hygroscopicity, and moisture reserve. depending on the degree of soil moisture, it is high or low, depending on the soil layer, so that the capillary pores are filled with water to the lower layers of the soil, and during sharp changes in air temperature, it is low in winter and high in autumn. the limited field moisture capacity of the soil is understood as the ability of the soil to retain american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 27 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) water absorbed into the soil to varying degrees in the layers. the higher the moisture capacity of the soil at the experimental site, the more sufficient moisture is provided in the soil for plants. soil sampling was continued until a constant moisture content was reached. the constant moisture content was taken as the limited field moisture capacity. to determine the limited field moisture capacity, samples were taken from the plots at the start of the experiments and the moisture content was determined. references butayarov a.t., nazarov a.a. scientific substantiation of technology of efficient use of water resources in irrigation of cotton //e3s web of conferences. – edp sciences, 2023. – т. 401. – с. 05048. serikbaev b., butayarov a. operational responsibility and operational reliability of cotton drip irrigation systems //iop conference series: materials science and engineering. – iop publishing, 2020. – т. 883. – №. 1. – с. 012037. butayarov a.t. status of water use in the amu-surkhan irrigation system basin administration //international conference of innovative science and education. november. – 2020. – с. 132-139. butayarov a. t. improvement of water use in farms in the territory of" amu-surkhan" itsb //agroilm" magazine special. – №. 4. – с. 60. butayarov a. t. amu–surxon //itxb hududidagi fermer xo ‘jaliklarida suvdan foydalanishni takomillashtirish.//“agroilm” jurnali maxsus son. – т. 4. – №. 60. – с. 79-81. serikbaev b., butayarov a. operational responsibility and operational reliability of cotton drip irrigation systems //iop conference series: materials science and engineering. – iop publishing, 2020. – т. 883. – №. 1. – с. 012037. butayarov a. t. amu-surxon irrigatsiya tizim havza boshqarmasida suvdan foydalanish holati. mejdunarodnaya konferensiya innovatsionnoe razvitie nauki i obrozovaniya. noyabr 2020 g.«sbornik nauchnыx trudov pavlodar, kazaxstan» noyabr, 2020 g. butayarov a.t. amu-surxon" improves water usage on farms in the itxb region. special issue of" agroilm" journal 4.(60). – 2019. butayarov a.t. et al. technology of efficient use of water in irrigated agriculture. republican scientificpractical conference on the topic" environmental problems of rational use of water and land resources in irrigated farming" volume i //tashkent. november. – 2017. – с. 24-25. serikbaev b. et al. water circulation is the main factor of water savii in dry years //water resources of central asia and their use" materis of the international scientific and practical conference dedicati to summing up the results of the un decade" water for life" almat kazakhstan book. – 2016. – т. 2. – с. 234-238. volume 02 issue 12-2022 36 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 36-38 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract koval is healing from root to leaf. therefore, it is highly valued as a valuable raw material in the pharmaceutical industry. the article provides information about the healing properties of this plant, which diseases are useful in our medicine. keywords kavar, saponins, alkaloids, "capers", angina pectoris, thyrotoxicosis, healing. introduction koval plant is also called kawar by our people. experts associate the origin of this name with the dashti kavir desert in iran. because sorghum is the most common plant in this region. it is cultivated in france, spain, italy, algeria and cyprus, greece and north america. it grows naturally in the mountainous areas of our country. for example, you can find many of them in zomin, oallaorol, forish, sharof rashidov of jizzakh region, buloqboshi of andijan region, chust and kosonsoy districts of namangan region, mountainous regions of tashkent region. , resistant to dehydration and cold. it grows from may to october. it blooms in pieces. then a one-celled fleshy berry bears fruit. this dicotyledonous fruit is similar to a watermelon. only dwarf watermelons..healing from root to leaf. research article medicinal properties of kavul plant submission date: december 14, 2022, accepted date: december 19, 2022, published date: december 24, 2022 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-07 abdurahmonova baxtigul student of termiz institute of agrotechnologies and innovative development, uzbekistan boboyorov sirojiddin student of termiz institute of agrotechnologies and innovative development, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-07 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=medicinal%20properties%20of%20kavul%20plant https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-07 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-07 volume 02 issue 12-2022 37 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 36-38 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi koval is healing from root to leaf. therefore, it is highly valued as a valuable raw material in the pharmaceutical industry. the fruit contains saponins, alkaloids, carbohydrates, ascorbic acid, oil, stachydrin alkaloid in the root bark. in early spring, the root dug up is dried, and medicine is prepared for allergy sufferers. even before the flowering season, an anti-allergy decoction is made. freshly cut and brewed as a tea, the branches are a good antiseptic. arabs and ancient greeks used such properties. ibn sina, the sultan of medicine in our country, wrote down the methods of preparing medicines from this type of plant, which are useful in the treatment of many diseases. it is noted that the tincture obtained from the root part of the plant is a cure for hepatitis, the stem and leaves are fodder for skin diseases, and the iodine contained in the fruit is beneficial for people suffering from measles. in the world pharmaceutical industry, the preparation of medicines based on these recommendations has been widely implemented. mainly, it was used in the treatment of purulent wounds, angina pectoris, thyrotoxicosis, gout, and diabetes. koval is also used in the food industry. hindus enjoy eating dishes prepared with its fruit, while in french cuisine, marinated cauliflower florets are a very important spice. in our country, kovol "watermelons" were dried and used instead of sugar in winter. cold-dried veal in the italian way vitellotonnato should be accompanied by "tonnato" cabbage, which of course contains cabbage. and in great britain, if you don't use hot cabbage with cabbage to increase the palatability of mutton, you won't lose customers. the growing kovull is a multiseeded berry, the fruits are fleshy, 2 cm long. its seeds ripen in july-august. the fruits of this medicinal plant contain saponins, alkaloids, 32.9 percent carbohydrates, 150 mg of ascorbic acid, 3.75 percent oil, and stachydrin alkaloid in the root bark. the kovul or kavar plant is naturally distributed in the mediterranean sea, southern europe, the caucasus, central asia, including uzbekistan, pakistan and india. this plant is cultivated in france, spain, italy, algeria and cyprus, greece and north america, and is a decoration of landscapes. the plant is named after the dashti-kavir desert in iran. because kovel stands out as the most common plant in these regions. in addition to being a medicinal plant, koval is also used in food. budding branches, buds, and developing fruits of saffron are marinated in acetic acid and used in food in the form of medicine known as "capers". hindus call the snake by the names of cobra, kabra or kabarra, and they like to eat food prepared with the addition of plant organs. ripe fruits, leaves, twigs and root bark are used in medicine. unopened buds and leaves are picked in may-august. at the same time, the bark of young, woody branches and roots is removed, crushed and dried in the sun or at a temperature of 50-60ºс. uses of bark. tincture made from the bark has an appetizing effect. it is used in folk medicine to treat purulent wounds. pressing freshly squeezed bark on an aching tooth gives a positive result. sometimes it has an antiseptic effect when applied to open purulent wounds. in addition, the plant is used to treat angina pectoris, thyrotoxicosis, hemorrhoids, and diabetes. to prepare a decoction from the root bark, pour 0.5 l of boiled water over 20 g of crushed bark, leave for 1-2 hours. is silenced. drink 1/2 cup three times a day before meals. angina, jaundice take 2 teaspoons of dried root bark, pour a glass of water on it and boil it for 10-15 minutes on low heat. the cooled decoction is drunk 1 tablespoon three times a day. in skin diseases, take 2 teaspoons of dried root bark, pour a glass of water on it and boil it for 10-15 minutes on low heat. infected skin is often wiped with a cooled decoction. thyrotoxicosis, hemorrhoids take 1 teaspoon of dried fruits, add 200 ml of water and boil https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-07 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=medicinal%20properties%20of%20kavul%20plant https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 12-2022 38 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 36-38 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi for 3-4 minutes. the cooled decoction is drunk 1-2 tablespoons three times a day before meals. in case of diabetes take 1 tablespoon of dried and crushed branches and leaves, add 200 ml of water and boil for 4-5 minutes. the cooled decoction is drunk 2 tablespoons 3-4 times a day. in addition to being a medicinal plant, saffron is also used in food. buds, buds, developing fruits of saffron are marinated in acetic acid and used in food in the form of medicine known as "capers". hindus call the snake by the names of cobra, kabra or kabarra, and they like to eat food prepared with the addition of plant organs. ripe fruit, leaves, stem and root bark are used in medicine. references 1. eshankulova n.t., akhmedova z.r. biochemical characteristics of the capparis spinosa plant and its ecological aspects in the desert regions of jizzakh region// news of uzmu tashkent. 2013. no. 4. 9598 b. (03.00.00.№9) 2. gosudarstvennaya pharmacopoeia ussr: vyp. 1,2 obshchie metody analiza lekarstvennoe rastitelnoe syryo, mz ussr. 11 e izd., dop. m: medicine, 1987, 1989. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-07 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=medicinal%20properties%20of%20kavul%20plant https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 19 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue01 2025 page no. 19-21 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-06 the role of biotechnology in enhancing fish growth and disease resistance in intensive aquaculture dosekeyeva aqsungul esmag'ambet qızi 2nd-year master's student of nukus branch of samarkand state university of veterinary medicine, animal husbandry and biotechnologies, uzbekistan received: 12 december 2024; accepted: 14 january 2025; published: 16 february 2025 abstract: aquaculture plays a crucial role in meeting the global demand for seafood. however, intensive aquaculture faces challenges such as slow fish growth and high susceptibility to diseases. biotechnology has emerged as a promising solution to enhance fish growth and disease resistance through genetic modifications, probiotics, and immune stimulants. this paper explores the application of biotechnology in aquaculture and its potential to improve productivity while ensuring sustainability. keywords: biotechnology, intensive aquaculture, fish growth, disease resistance, genetic engineering, recombinant vaccines, nutrigenomics, microbiome engineering, sustainable aquaculture, biofloc technology. introduction: as global fish consumption increases, intensive aquaculture has become an essential industry. however, several challenges, including limited growth rates, disease outbreaks, and environmental concerns, threaten its sustainability. biotechnology has emerged as a crucial tool to address these issues by providing innovative solutions such as genetic engineering, selective breeding, and microbial applications. these advancements not only enhance fish growth and disease resistance but also contribute to more sustainable aquaculture practices [5, 173-191]. furthermore, biotechnology plays a pivotal role in reducing dependency on antibiotics and chemical treatments, thereby minimizing environmental impact. the integration of advanced techniques such as crispr-cas9 gene editing, recombinant dna technology, and the application of probiotics and prebiotics has led to significant improvements in aquaculture productivity. therefore, this paper examines various biotechnological approaches and their impact on fish growth and disease resistance, highlighting their potential to revolutionize the industry. biotechnological approaches to enhancing fish growth. one of the most effective methods for improving fish growth is genetic modification. for instance, transgenic fish with enhanced growth hormone expression exhibit faster growth rates than their non-modified counterparts. the use of geneediting tools such as crispr-cas9 allows for precise alterations in growth-related genes, optimizing physiological traits for enhanced aquaculture performance. additionally, selective breeding programs, supported by molecular markers and genomic selection, enable the identification and propagation of fish strains with superior growth performance. these breeding techniques ensure that desirable genetic traits are retained and passed down to future generations, ultimately improving aquaculture yields. another significant advancement in biotechnology is the improvement of feed formulations. incorporating bioactive compounds, enzymes, and genetically modified feed ingredients enhances nutrient absorption and metabolism in fish. the use of microalgae, for example, provides essential fatty acids and proteins, promoting healthier and faster-growing fish [2, 545-551]. furthermore, probiotics and prebiotics are increasingly utilized in aquaculture to improve digestion and nutrient uptake. beneficial bacterial strains such as lactobacillus and bacillus enhance gut microbiota https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-06 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-06 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-06 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-06 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 20 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) composition, boosting growth efficiency. prebiotics, on the other hand, serve as a food source for beneficial microbes, further improving gut health and overall fish performance. the integration of these biotechnological approaches in aquaculture not only enhances fish growth but also reduces reliance on artificial growth stimulants, making aquaculture more sustainable and environmentally friendly. enhancing disease resistance through biotechnology in addition to promoting growth, biotechnology plays a vital role in disease prevention. to begin with, genetic engineering has enabled the development of diseaseresistant fish strains. for example, certain genetically modified fish exhibit enhanced resistance to viral and bacterial infections. in the same vein, gene-editing technologies such as crispr-cas9 allow for precise modifications that improve immune responses. another effective strategy is the application of vaccines developed through recombinant dna technology. unlike traditional vaccines, recombinant vaccines provide long-lasting immunity with fewer side effects. additionally, advances in immunostimulants, such as beta-glucans and plant-derived compounds, further strengthen fish immune systems, thereby reducing the need for antibiotics. furthermore, the use of microbial biotechnology has gained attention in disease control. beneficial microbes act as biological control agents, inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria. as a result, these microbial-based interventions contribute to healthier aquaculture environments and minimize losses due to diseases. nanotechnology also plays a role in disease resistance by enhancing drug delivery systems. nanoparticles can be used to deliver antimicrobial agents more effectively, increasing their efficacy while reducing environmental contamination. additionally, biosensors developed using nanotechnology allow for early disease detection, enabling prompt intervention to prevent outbreaks. another innovative approach is the development of rna interference (rnai) technology, which targets specific viral and bacterial genes to suppress disease progression. this method offers a promising alternative to conventional treatments by reducing the spread of infections without disrupting the fish's natural microbiota. the integration of these biotechnological solutions not only improves fish survival rates but also reduces economic losses caused by disease outbreaks. as research in biotechnology continues to advance, the aquaculture industry is expected to witness even greater improvements in fish health management. environmental and economic implications while biotechnological advancements offer numerous benefits, they also raise environmental and economic considerations. on the one hand, genetically modified organisms (gmos) in aquaculture pose ecological risks, including potential impacts on wild fish populations. escaped transgenic fish may compete with wild species for resources or disrupt local ecosystems. additionally, concerns regarding the long-term effects of genetic modifications on biodiversity necessitate careful regulatory oversight and risk assessments. on the other hand, sustainable biotechnology-based practices can reduce reliance on chemical treatments and antibiotics, thereby promoting environmentally friendly aquaculture. the use of probiotics and microbial interventions can help maintain water quality, reducing pollution from excess feed and chemical residues. furthermore, biotechnology enables the development of eco-friendly feed alternatives, such as insect-based proteins and algaederived nutrients, which lessen the environmental footprint of aquaculture operations [3, 255-269]. from an economic perspective, although initial investments in biotechnology may be high, long-term gains include improved productivity, reduced diseaserelated losses, and increased efficiency in fish farming. advanced biotechnological approaches help reduce feed conversion ratios, allowing farmers to maximize production while minimizing costs. moreover, with the increasing consumer demand for sustainable seafood, biotechnology-driven aquaculture can enhance market competitiveness, offering premium-priced products that align with eco-conscious consumer preferences. despite these advantages, accessibility to biotechnology remains a challenge for small-scale fish farmers due to high costs and regulatory barriers. ensuring that biotechnology benefits a wider range of aquaculture stakeholders requires policy support, investment in research, and education programs to facilitate technology adoption. conclusion in summary, biotechnology has the potential to revolutionize intensive aquaculture by enhancing fish growth and disease resistance. genetic engineering, probiotics, and advanced vaccines contribute to improved aquaculture productivity while reducing environmental impact. however, it is crucial to ensure responsible implementation by addressing ecological concerns and maintaining regulatory oversight. future research should focus on refining biotechnological approaches to make them more american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 21 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) accessible and cost-effective for aquaculture stakeholders. additionally, collaborative efforts between scientists, policymakers, and industry leaders will be essential to maximizing the benefits of biotechnology while minimizing potential risks. ultimately, by integrating biotechnology with sustainable aquaculture practices, the industry can meet the growing global demand for seafood while preserving environmental balance and ensuring longterm economic viability. references charoonnart, p., purton, s., & saksmerprome, v. (2018). applications of microalgal biotechnology for disease control in aquaculture. biology, 7(2), 24. houston, r. d. (2017). future directions in breeding for disease resistance in aquaculture species. revista brasileira de zootecnia, 46, 545-551. melamed, p., gong, z., fletcher, g., & hew, c. l. (2002). the potential impact of modern biotechnology on fish aquaculture. aquaculture, 204(3-4), 255-269. okeke, e. s., chukwudozie, k. i., nyaruaba, r., ita, r. e., oladipo, a., ejeromedoghene, o., ... & okoye, c. o. (2022). antibiotic resistance in aquaculture and aquatic organisms: a review of current nanotechnology applications for sustainable management. environmental science and pollution research, 29(46), 69241-69274. rakkannan, g., & agarwal, d. (2025). role of aquaculture biotechnology in food security and nutrition. in food security, nutrition and sustainability through aquaculture technologies (pp. 173-191). cham: springer nature switzerland. volume 04 issue 12-2024 24 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 12 pages: 24-28 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract sesame cultivation plays a vital role in global agriculture, particularly in regions across africa, asia, and latin america. however, its environmental impact, particularly its carbon footprint, has garnered increasing attention in light of global efforts to combat climate change. this article explores the carbon footprint of sesame cultivation, analyzing key contributors such as land use, soil emissions, chemical inputs, water and energy consumption, and post-harvest processing. regional variations in practices and their environmental implications are highlighted, showcasing both challenges and opportunities for reducing emissions. the discussion emphasizes sustainable farming practices, technological innovations, and policy interventions as essential strategies for mitigating the environmental impact of sesame production. the article concludes by calling for greater research and collaboration to promote sesame as a low-carbon crop while ensuring its economic viability and environmental sustainability. keywords sesame cultivation, carbon footprint, greenhouse gas emissions, sustainable agriculture, environmental impact, agricultural practices, climate change, low-carbon farming, soil management, renewable energy. introduction sesame (sesamum indicum) is one of the oldest cultivated crops in the world, valued for its seeds' nutritional richness and economic significance. widely grown in regions with tropical and subtropical climates, sesame serves as a vital source of income for farmers, particularly in africa, asia, and latin america. its versatility in food, cosmetics, and oil industries research article the carbon footprint of sesame cultivation: environmental aspects submission date: december 15, 2024, accepted date: december 24, 2024, published date: december 28, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue12-05 yusupov beknazar orazbaevich assistant of the department of plant science, forestry and landscape design karakalpak institute of agriculture and agrotechnology, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue12-05 volume 04 issue 12-2024 25 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 12 pages: 24-28 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi makes it a globally significant agricultural product [4, 16]. despite its economic importance, sesame cultivation has environmental implications, particularly in terms of its carbon footprint. as global agricultural practices face increasing scrutiny for their role in contributing to greenhouse gas emissions, understanding the specific environmental impacts of crops like sesame is critical. agricultural emissions arise from multiple stages, including land preparation, chemical inputs, water usage, and transportation, making the sector one of the leading contributors to climate change. this article examines the environmental aspects of sesame cultivation, focusing on its carbon footprint. by analyzing the farming practices, resource inputs, and post-harvest processes involved in sesame production, the study aims to identify key contributors to emissions. furthermore, it explores regional variations in cultivation methods and highlights strategies for reducing the carbon footprint, emphasizing the potential of sustainable practices and technological innovations. understanding the carbon footprint of sesame cultivation not only aids in mitigating its environmental impact but also contributes to global efforts in promoting sustainable agriculture. this study serves as a step toward making sesame production more environmentally friendly while ensuring its economic viability for farmers and industries worldwide [2, 135147]. the carbon footprint in agriculture refers to the greenhouse gas (ghg) emissions generated during the cultivation, harvesting, processing, and distribution of crops. these emissions, mainly carbon dioxide (co₂), methane (ch₄), and nitrous oxide (n₂o), contribute to global climate change. understanding the carbon footprint is crucial for developing sustainable agricultural practices, especially for crops like sesame, which, despite being low-input, can still impact the environment depending on farming methods and conditions. land clearing and tilling release co₂ from soil carbon stores. deforestation for farming, particularly in semi-arid regions, adds significantly to emissions. fertilizers release nitrous oxide (n₂o), a potent greenhouse gas, while pesticide production and application contribute to indirect emissions due to energy use. irrigation powered by fossil fuels increases co₂ emissions, as does the use of fuel-powered machinery for planting and harvesting sesame. energyintensive processes such as drying, cleaning, and packaging, along with long-distance transportation, further raise emissions, especially if reliant on fossil fuels. sesame cultivation is generally low-input, requiring fewer fertilizers and pesticides compared to crops like rice or wheat. rain-fed sesame farming has a lower carbon footprint than irrigated farming. however, irrigation, especially in semi-arid regions, increases energy use and emissions. the conversion of natural ecosystems to sesame fields also contributes to co₂ emissions. sesame has a relatively lower carbon volume 04 issue 12-2024 26 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 12 pages: 24-28 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi footprint compared to high-input crops such as rice and maize, particularly when grown under traditional methods. however, modern farming practices such as chemical fertilization, irrigation, and mechanization can offset this advantage by increasing emissions. the carbon footprint of sesame cultivation can be reduced by focusing on sustainable practices such as minimizing land clearing, optimizing irrigation, and reducing chemical inputs. understanding the factors that contribute to emissions is key to promoting more environmentally friendly farming practices and mitigating the crop’s environmental impact [2, 1-5]. sesame cultivation, while crucial for food and industrial sectors, has notable environmental implications. these arise from various stages of production, including land use changes, farming practices, water consumption, chemical inputs, energy use, and post-harvest processing. understanding these aspects is essential to assess sesame’s ecological footprint and identify sustainable solutions. the expansion of sesame farming often involves deforestation, leading to biodiversity loss and the release of carbon stored in ecosystems. intensive farming practices, such as monoculture and excessive tilling, degrade soil health, increase erosion, and reduce carbon sequestration. sustainable practices, like reduced tillage and crop rotation, are needed to mitigate these effects. although drought-tolerant, sesame requires irrigation in areas with insufficient rainfall. traditional irrigation methods, such as flood irrigation, waste water and cause soil salinization. additionally, the use of fossil fuel-powered pumps for irrigation contributes to carbon emissions. efficient irrigation systems and renewable energy sources can reduce water use and emissions. the use of synthetic fertilizers releases nitrous oxide (n₂o), a potent greenhouse gas. pesticides also harm soil health and pollinators, while contributing to carbon emissions during production and application. sustainable practices, such as organic farming or integrated pest management, could reduce the environmental impact of chemical inputs. mechanization in sesame farming increases productivity but raises energy consumption and co₂ emissions. the reliance on fossil fuels for farm machinery can be reduced by adopting fuel-efficient equipment, renewable energy sources, or precision farming techniques. post-harvest drying and transportation contribute to the carbon footprint of sesame. energy-intensive drying methods and long transportation routes using diesel-powered trucks add to emissions. sustainable packaging and optimized logistics could help minimize these impacts. byproducts from sesame plants, such as stalks and husks, are often wasted. these could be used for bioenergy production, composting, or animal feed, reducing waste and emissions. proper waste management can help mitigate the environmental impact of sesame farming. the environmental impact varies by region. traditional rainvolume 04 issue 12-2024 27 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 12 pages: 24-28 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi fed farming in africa has a lower carbon footprint, while intensive farming in asia contributes more to environmental degradation. tailored solutions are necessary to address regional differences. the environmental impact of sesame cultivation is significant, but sustainable practices, such as efficient water use, reduced chemical inputs, and improved waste management, can reduce its ecological footprint. by adopting these measures, sesame farming can become more environmentally friendly, ensuring its continued viability. sesame cultivation is essential for food security but has significant environmental impacts, particularly through greenhouse gas emissions and resource use. however, sustainable practices and technological innovations can greatly reduce its carbon footprint. this article outlines key strategies to mitigate these impacts. conservation tillage, including no-till or reduced-till farming, helps preserve soil structure, reduce erosion, and enhance carbon sequestration, lowering co₂ emissions. agroforestry and agroecology, integrating trees and using crop rotation, enhance biodiversity, soil fertility, and reduce reliance on synthetic fertilizers. organic farming methods, such as composting, eliminate synthetic chemicals, improve soil organic matter, and reduce emissions. precision agriculture optimizes inputs, reducing over-application and minimizing environmental impact. water-efficient irrigation, like drip irrigation, reduces water and energy consumption. rainwater harvesting also minimizes the need for groundwater and energy-intensive pumping systems. developing drought-resistant sesame varieties further reduces water usage and energy demands in dry areas. solar-powered irrigation and machinery can significantly reduce dependence on fossil fuels, lowering emissions. biogas production from agricultural waste, such as sesame by-products, can provide renewable energy for farm operations, reducing the carbon footprint. adopting energyefficient drying technologies, such as solar dryers, and using sesame by-products for composting or bioenergy reduces waste and energy consumption. efficient storage and packaging materials, such as biodegradable or recyclable options, further lower environmental impacts. carbon offset programs and sustainable certifications, such as organic or fair trade, incentivize low-carbon practices and connect farmers to premium markets. financial incentives for adopting renewable energy, water-efficient systems, and lowemission practices can support sustainable sesame farming. educational programs can help farmers adopt climate-resilient and sustainable technologies. precision agriculture, using sensors and data analytics, optimizes the use of inputs, reducing emissions and improving efficiency. genetic improvements in sesame varieties can reduce resource use, improve yields, and enhance carbon sequestration in soil. to reduce sesame cultivation's carbon footprint, a comprehensive approach combining sustainable volume 04 issue 12-2024 28 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 12 pages: 24-28 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi practices, technological innovation, efficient resource management, and supportive policies is needed. these strategies will help ensure that sesame farming remains environmentally sustainable while continuing to meet global food and industrial demands. conclusion. the carbon footprint of sesame cultivation presents both challenges and opportunities for improving agricultural sustainability. while sesame farming is crucial to the global food system, its environmental impact can be mitigated through sustainable practices, renewable energy integration, and efficient resource use. techniques like conservation tillage, water-efficient irrigation, and reduced chemical inputs can lower emissions, conserve resources, and enhance soil health. however, challenges such as financial constraints, limited access to technology, and lack of training hinder progress, especially in regions with smallholder farmers. the absence of strong policies and market incentives further complicates efforts to prioritize sustainability. despite these obstacles, opportunities exist to reduce sesame’s carbon footprint. technological innovations, renewable energy solutions, and participation in carbon offset programs can drive sustainable farming practices. increased consumer demand for eco-friendly products, along with government support and ecocertification, can encourage the adoption of lowcarbon practices. ultimately, reducing sesame farming's carbon footprint requires a coordinated effort from farmers, governments, researchers, and consumers. by addressing challenges and embracing sustainable innovation, sesame farming can contribute to environmental preservation and the fight against climate change, ensuring a sustainable future for agriculture. references 1. fereidani, b. m., & üçtuğ, f. g. (2024). towards sustainable production of sesame products: comparison of traditional and modern production systems via a life cycle assessment approach. cleaner and responsible consumption, 12, 100166. 2. islam, f., gill, r. a., ali, b., farooq, m. a., xu, l., najeeb, u., & zhou, w. (2016). sesame. in breeding oilseed crops for sustainable production (pp. 135147). academic press. 3. myint, d., gilani, s. a., kawase, m., & watanabe, k. n. (2020). sustainable sesame (sesamum indicum l.) production through improved technology: an overview of production, challenges, and opportunities in myanmar. sustainability, 12(9), 3515. 4. nagendra prasad, m. n., sanjay, k. r., prasad, d. s., vijay, n., kothari, r., & nanjunda swamy, s. (2012). a review on nutritional and nutraceutical properties of sesame. j nutr food sci, 2(2), 1-6. 5. oyeogbe, a., ogunshakin, r., vaghela, s., & patel, b. (2015). towards sustainable intensification of sesame-based cropping systems diversification in northwestern india. journal of food security, 3(1), 1-5. volume 04 issue 11-2024 34 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 34-45 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the article presents the results of research on the study of the effect of the complex use of mineral fertilizers, structure-forming agents and herbicides on the growth of the main forest-forming species in a hot and dry climate on the mountain slopes of the chatkal ridge. the dynamics of the growth of forest crops over the years under the influence of mineral fertilizers, structure-forming agents "cmc" and "polymeliorant" and the herbicide "uragan forte", as well as their influence on the formation of soil structure and the intensity of its water permeability, are outlined. keywords mineral fertilizers, structurant, carboxymethylcellulose, polyameliorant, herbicide, annual growth, granular soil structure, soil water permeability, crop growth, growth dynamics, low mountains, mountain slopes. introduction in the conditions of the republic of uzbekistan with a low amount of precipitation and high summer temperatures, one of the main measures is the regulation of surface runoff in the mountains and foothills, which affects water erosion, causing soil erosion, the formation of ravines, the occurrence of mudflows that reduce the productivity of mountain research article influence of mineral fertilizers, soil structure-formers and herbicides on the growth of forest crops on mountain slopes of the chatkalk ridge in uzbekistan submission date: november 20, 2024, accepted date: november 25, 2024, published date: november 30, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue11-06 b.kh.mamutov phd of agricultural sciences of research institute of forestry, 111104 tashkent, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue11-06 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue11-06 volume 04 issue 11-2024 35 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 34-45 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi slopes, bringing enormous damage to the national economy [1,4]. forest plantations have the greatest effect in preventing water erosion of soils on mountain slopes. at the same time, the forests of uzbekistan perform many other useful functions for the national economy. these include soil protection, water protection, climate control, recreational, sanitary and hygienic and other functions. in recent years, the recreational role of forests has come to the fore, in which local recreation centers and health improvement of the population are being created [1,2]. at the same time, natural forests in the mountainous conditions of the republic, due to the peculiarities of climate and anthropogenic influence, currently occupy less than 3% of the area of mountain territories, and the increase in forest area artificially comes to the fore [2,4]. research institute of forestry has developed technologies for the artificial creation of forests by using planting material with a closed root system. planting experimental forest crops with planting material with closed roots made it possible to achieve a survival rate of 80–90% in difficult forest conditions on the western slope [1,4]. however, due to dry, hot conditions in the summer, their growth was slowed down and there was a need to develop measures to accelerate it. a set of studies to develop measures to improve the growth of forest crops created in the mountains in rainfed conditions included measures to improve plant nutrition by adding mineral fertilizers to the soil, to preserve the moisture that entered the soil from precipitation falling in the winter-spring period, as well as to reduce consumption this moisture is transferred to weeds for use by forest crops during the dry summer period. methods the methodology for conducting an experiment on the use of mineral fertilizers in young rainfed forest crops created by planting material with closed roots, as well as in forest crops created in the usual way, consisted of applying fertilizers to the soil in the second year after planting in early spring, immediately after thawing snow, in the trunk circles of each plant or in a continuous strip 1 m wide, in the root distribution zone. after spreading the fertilizers, they were embedded in the soil to a shallow depth, up to 10 cm, so as not to damage the root system. the experience of studying the effect of mineral fertilizers was laid down in accordance with the methodology for planning the use of mineral fertilizers set out in the work of v.n. efimov v.s.pobedov et al [4,5] and included three options two options with the application of mineral fertilizers in doses with active ingredients: n90р90к60andn120р180к60, recommended in the works of other researchers, as well as based on the experiences of previous years for similar types of soils in the same environmental volume 04 issue 11-2024 36 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 34-45 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi conditions [4], and the third option without complete intervention (control) . an increase in soil moisture reserves can be achieved by constructing simple hydraulic structures terraces or sites on the slopes before planting forest crops. traditional methods of preserving moisture in planted forest crops by periodically loosening the soil and removing weeds on terraces and sites are too expensive, since they require the use of manual labor in modern conditions [1,2,3]. the solution to the problem of reducing the share of manual labor to combat the physical evaporation of soil moisture was carried out by improving its structural composition. this measure makes it possible to increase the filtration into the soil of precipitation moisture, which would uselessly flow down as surface runoff, and also complicates its physical evaporation [1,2]. in such conditions, it is very important to promote the accumulation and preservation of falling moisture in the soil for use by plants in the summer. wellstructured soil on the surface has high water permeability and almost completely allows precipitation even of high intensity, stopping surface runoff [2]. at the same time, structural soil, due to the absence of capillaries, reduces the physical evaporation of moisture from the soil, thereby preserving it for plant nutrition [6]. when creating forest crops, soil preparation by building terraces results in the removal of the structural topsoil. in this case, structureless subsoil horizons are exposed; after precipitation and drying of the upper layer, a cracked crust is formed on the surface, which prevents the absorption of moisture and promotes its evaporation [1,6]. improving the structure of the soil surface was carried out by introducing structure formers (structurants), which prevent the formation of a crust and ensure the gluing of silty soil into lumps, creating a certain structure. polymeliorant, developed and recommended by the institute of chemistry of the academy of sciences of uzbekistan, and linear colloid carboxymethylcellulose (cmc) were chosen as structure-forming agents. reducing soil drying can also be achieved by destroying weeds using a chemical method the use of herbicides [7]. research in this direction was aimed at testing new drugs for the forestry of the republic. to destroy weeds, the herbicide “uraganforte” was tested at a rate of 1200 ml/ha. all of the above mentioned preparations were not used on the mountain slopes of the republic when growing forest crops in nonirrigated conditions. the experience of testing the listed methods was carried out in the most difficult forest conditions with a hot and dry summer period on the western slope of the spur of the chatkal ridge at an altitude of 1200 m. structural agents were applied in the form of solutions to the terrace canvas evenly over the soil surface with further embedding with ketmen to a shallow depth of volume 04 issue 11-2024 37 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 34-45 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 5–7 cm. the time for their application to the soil was in the spring, as soon as the soil became available for loosening after the snow had melted. since until now structure formers have not been used for this purpose, the dose of the substance introduced into the soil was determined experimentally in the previous year. the previously identified application dose was 0.4% for polimeliorant, and 0.2% for cmc, based on the use of 10 liters of solution per 1 m2 of terrace surface, wetting the soil to a depth of 5 cm. the application depth was also previously determined by us experimentally. solutions of structurants were applied to the soil surface by spraying from a watering can. determination of the structure of the upper 5 cm layer of soil treated with structurants showed that in the control untreated section of the terrace, the surface was made up of parent rock structureless silty loesslike heavy loam. in areas treated with polymeliorant and cmc, an analysis of the determination of the total number of aggregates using the dry sieving method showed that after treating the soil with structurants, a granular structure with aggregates 1–3 mm in size was formed. this, as shown by measurements of the water permeability of the treated soil using the tube method, increased the filtration of water into the soil treated with polyameliorant from 2.8 to 6.0 mm/min, and into the soil treated with cmc from 2.2 to 3.6 mm/min. the weeds on the terrace on the western slope with experimental forest crops of the sivers apple tree and korolkov hawthorn were treated with herbicide using a sprayer in the third year after their planting. treatment with herbicide was carried out in may, when the height of the grass stand was more than 15 cm, on sections of terraces containing 60 plants of each of these crops, with a herbicide solution diluted with water to the concentration recommended in the instructions. the results of studying the impact of the activities planned in the study showed the following. results and discussion the influence of structurants and herbicide on the growth of experimental crops of apple and hawthorn in the experiment established in 2016 should have been fully manifested in 2017, since in 2016 the experiment was established in may, when the soil was in a state of ripeness, and the grass stand had grown to height of at least 15 cm. by this time, the apple tree and hawthorn already had a good growth of shoots. the most intensive growth of crops, as experience has shown, occurs in april may, slowing down sharply by june, so the substances used could not have a full effect on the growth of crops in the year of the experiment. measurements of height growth of experimental trees carried out in 2017 are presented in the table. it should be noted that the growth of crops in the experiment with the combined use of structurants, fertilizers and herbicides turned out to be significantly lower than with their separate use, due to the fact that the joint use of the drugs was carried out in the summer period of 2017, which received much worse precipitation, when 30 mm fell then as in 2016 – almost 150 mm. volume 04 issue 11-2024 38 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 34-45 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi table dynamics of height growth of seedlings in experimental forest plantations on the western slope under the influence of complex application of mineral fertilizers, soil structureforming agents “kmc” and “polymelioranit” and herbicide “uragan-forte” during 20152017 s pe ci es treat ments months a n n u al g ro w th , cm g ro w th r el at iv e to c o n tr o l, % april may june july august septemb er м±m p% м±m p% м±m p % м± m p% м± m p % м± m p % hawthorne+fertilizer (2015-2016) h a w th or n contr ol (no fertiliz er) 58,4±2 ,04 3,5 62,4± 2,12 3,4 62,4± 2,12 3,4 62,8 ±2,1 3 3,4 63,0 ±2,1 4 3, 4 63,0 ±2.1 4 3, 4 4, 6 1 0 0 n90р9 0 к60 41,0±1 ,31 3,2 57,3± 1,77 3,1 58,5± 1,81 3,1 58,8 ±1,8 2 3,1 58,9 ±1,8 2 3, 1 58,9 ±1,8 2 3, 1 17 ,9 3 8 9 n120р 180 к60 39,1±1 ,17 3,0 47,5± 1,42 3,0 51,0± 1,47 2,9 51,7 ±1,5 0 2,9 53,0 ±1,4 8 2, 8 53,0 ±1,4 8 2, 8 13 ,9 3 0 2 apple tree + fertilizer (2015-2016) a p pl e tr ee contr ol (no fertiliz er) 42,3±1 ,26 3,0 61,1± 1,71 2,8 61,7± 1,72 2,8 64,7 ±1,8 1 2,8 64,7 ±1,8 1 2, 8 64,7 ±1,8 1 2, 8 22 ,4 1 0 0 n90р9 0 к60 45,3±1 ,72 3,8 58,4± 2,16 3,7 64,5± 2,25 3,5 68,7 ±2,2 6 3,3 68,8 ±2,2 7 3, 3 68,8 ±2,2 7 3, 3 23 ,5 1 0 4 n120р 180 к60 59,4±1 ,96 3,3 69,4± 2,22 3,2 75,6± 2,34 3,1 82,4 ±2,4 7 3,0 87,4 ±2,6 2 3, 0 93,4 ±2,6 2 3, 0 34 ,0 1 5 1 hawthorn – aftereffect of fertilizer (2017) h a contr ol (no 62,3±2 ,18 3,5 65,3± 2,22 3,4 65,7± 2,23 3,4 66,6 ±2,2 6 3,4 66,6 ±2,2 6 3, 4 66,6 ±2,2 6 3, 4 4, 3 1 0 0 volume 04 issue 11-2024 39 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 34-45 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi w th or n fertiliz er) n90р9 0 к60 55,7±1 ,94 3,5 59,9± 2,03 3,4 60,1± 1,98 3,3 61,0 ±2,0 1 3,3 66,5 ±2,1 2 3, 2 66,5 ±2,1 2 3, 2 10 ,8 2 5 1 n120р 180 к60 50,5±1 ,46 2,9 63,8± 1,77 2,8 70,5± 1,97 2,8 76,1 ±2,0 5 2,7 85,9 ±2,2 3 2, 6 85,9 ±2,2 3 2, 6 35 ,4 8 2 3 apple tree – aftereffect of fertilizer (2017) h a wt ho rn contr ol (no fertiliz er) 60,8±1, 88 3,1 69,0±2 ,13 3,1 74,5±2 ,23 3,0 80,7± 2,34 2,9 80,7± 2,34 2, 9 80,7± 2,34 2, 9 19 ,9 1 0 0 n90р9 0 к60 65,0±1 ,95 3,0 75,5± 2,11 2,8 80,3± 2,24 2,8 85,7 ±2,3 1 2,7 85,8 ±2,3 1 2, 7 85,8 ±2,3 1 2, 7 20 ,8 1 0 4 n120р 180 к60 77,1±2 ,15 2,8 89,2± 2,40 2,7 99,3± 2,68 2,7 103, 5±2, 79 2,7 103, 5±2, 79 2, 7 103, 5±2, 79 2, 7 26 ,4 1 3 2 boyarka + “kmc” + “meliorant” (2015-2016) h a w th or n contr ol (no fertiliz er) 67,3±2 ,5 3,7 77,2± 2,62 3,4 114,2 ±3,76 3,3 114. 2±3, 76 3,3 114, 2±3, 76 3, 3 114, 2±3, 76 3. 3 46 ,9 1 0 0 kmc0,2% 89,4±3 ,12 3,5 90,5± 3,07 3,4 95,7± 3,15 3,3 129, 7±4, 15 3,2 129, 7±4, 15 3, 2 129, 7±4, 15 3, 2 40 ,3 8 5 melior ant0,4% 67,2±2 ,41 3,6 90,7± 3,08 3,4 95,4± 3,05 3,2 98,9 ±3,1 6 3,2 116, 6±3, 73 3, 2 116, 6±3, 73 3, 2 49 ,4 1 0 5 apple tree + “kmc” + “meliorant” (2015-2016) a p pl e tr ee contr ol (no fertiliz er) 57,6±1 ,95 3,4 77,2± 2,62 3,4 77,4± 2,70 3,5 77,6 ±2,5 6 3,3 77,6 ±2,5 6 3, 3 77,6 ±2,5 6 3 , 3 20 ,0 1 0 0 kmc0,2% 85,4±2 ,30 2,7 105± 2,83 2,7 107,5 ±2,79 2,6 107, 5±2, 79 2,6 108, 6±2, 82 2, 6 108, 6±2, 82 2, 6 23 ,2 1 1 6 volume 04 issue 11-2024 40 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 34-45 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi melior ant 0,4% 76,7±2 ,37 3,1 90,7± 2,90 3,2 92,5± 2,86 3,1 92,5 ±2,8 6 3,1 92,5 ±2,8 6 3, 1 92,5 ±2,8 6 3, 1 15 ,8 7 9 hawthorn herbicide "uragan forte" (2015-2016) h a w th or n contr ol (no fertiliz er) 55,4±1 ,71 3,1 63,5± 1,90 3,0 69,9± 2,09 3,0 69,9 ±2,0 9 3,0 72,1 ±2,0 1 2, 8 72,1 ±2,0 1 2, 7 16 ,7 1 0 0 uraga n forte (1200 мл/га) 58,3±1 ,74 3,0 109,7 ±3,07 2,8 113,4 ± 3,06 2,7 113, 4± 3,06 2,7 115, 6±3, 12 2, 7 115, 6±3, 12 2, 7 57 ,3 3 4 3 apple tree herbicide "uragan forte" (2015-2016) a p pl e tr ee contr ol (no fertiliz er) 40,5±1 ,21 3,0 43,1± 1,29 3,0 48,4± 1,40 2,9 48,4 ±1,4 0 2,9 48,4 ±1,4 0 2, 9 48,4 ±1,4 0 2, 9 7, 9 1 0 0 uraga n forte (1200 мл/га) 59,6±1 ,67 2,8 73,3± 2,05 2,8 88,7± 2,39 2,7 88,7 ±2,3 9 2,7 88,7 ±2,3 9 2, 7 88,7 ±2,3 9 2, 7 29 ,1 3 6 8 hawthorneherbicide + fertilizer + cmc (2015-2017) h a w th or n contr ol (no fertiliz er) 43,1±1 ,33 3,1 45,1± 1,35 3,0 45,9± 1,35 3,0 46,0 ±1,3 8 3,0 46,0 ±1,3 8 3, 0 46,0 ±1,3 8 3, 0 2, 9 1 0 0 uraga n forte (1200 мл/га) +n90 р 90к60 + кмц (0,2 %) 75,6±2 ,26 3,0 78,9± 2,28 2,9 88,1± 2,55 2,9 89,1 ±2,5 8 2,9 89,1 ±2,5 8 2, 9 89,1 ±2,5 8 2, 9 13 ,5 4 6 5 volume 04 issue 11-2024 41 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 34-45 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi apple tree + herbicide + fertilizer + meliorant (2015-2017) apple tree control (no fertilizer) 4 4 , 5 ± 1 , 5 1 3 , 4 45,8± 1,55 3,4 46,3± 1,52 3,3 46,3 ±1,5 2 3,3 46,3 ±1,5 2 3, 3 46,3 ±1,5 2 3, 3 1, 8 1 0 0 uragan forte (1200 мл/га)+n9 0р 90к60+ мелиора нт (0,4%) 7 5 , 3 ± 2 , 4 0 3 , 2 79,6± 2,54 3,2 82,5± 2,55 3,1 88,3 ±2,7 3 3,1 88,3 ±2,7 3 3, 1 88,3 ±2,7 3 3, 1 13 ,0 7 2 2 in an experiment with the use of mineral fertilizers, in which the effect of fertilizers on the growth of hawthorn and apple trees was studied, in the year of their application, fertilizers had a positive effect on the growth of shoots only in hawthorn. at the same time, the highest growth in height was observed with a lower fertilizer rate (n90p90k60), where the annual growth was 17.9 cm, which compared to the higher fertilizer rate was 1.2 times higher (28%), and the difference with the control was more than 3 .8 times (389%). in the apple tree, the highest increase in height compared to other options was provided by a higher fertilizer rate (n120p180k60), where the increase relative to the control exceeded 51%. at this moment, the increase in height in the variants with a lower dose of fertilizers (n90p90k60) and the control turned out to be the same within 51-53%. the dynamics of growth in height of hawthorn and apple trees during the growing season in the first year after applying fertilizers was different depending on the application rate. in hawthorn, with a lower rate, active growth continued until may, and with a higher rate until june in the apple tree, shoot growth continued longer. with a low fertilizer rate, it lasted until june, and with a higher rate, until september. in the control, active growth continued in the hawthorn only for two months april and may, and in the sievers apple tree, as a species characterized by a long growth of shoots, and in the control growth continued until july. volume 04 issue 11-2024 42 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 34-45 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi in the second year, the aftereffect of fertilization on height growth in hawthorn and apple trees had large differences. in hawthorn, with a lower application rate, active growth was observed during the first two months, and with a higher rate it was extended until august. in the control, the growth period was as short as in the previous year in april-may. in the apple tree, active growth was observed in the variants with fertilizer until august, and in the control until june. the amount of height growth in hawthorn in the year of fertilization was not affected by the application rate and the annual increases in percentage terms turned out to be equal, but significantly greater than in the control (25-26%). the growth response of the apple tree in the year of fertilization was not observed. annual increases turned out to be the same as the control (in all variants 50-53%). however, if we compare the percentage of excess of the annual growth of hawthorn in the variants with the application of fertilizers in relation to the control, in the best variant with the application rate of n120p180k60, it amounted to 302%. during this period, the apple tree actively responded to improved nutrition with a large dose of fertilizer ((n120p180k60). its annual growth in comparison with the control in variants with fertilizer turned out to be 151% greater. in the second year after applying mineral fertilizers, their positive effect on the growth of hawthorn and apple trees increased. the annual growth of hawthorn is best with a higher fertilizer rate (n120p180k60). in comparison with the control was 823%, and in the apple tree in the same variant by 33%. the increase in the growth of experimental plants in the second year can be explained by an increase in growth at the beginning of the growing season, which occurred due to greater accumulation of nutrients in the previous year, as well as due to increased photosynthesis and the duration of the growth period by 2-3 months compared to the control. the results of studying the growth of crops in height depending on the use of structurants “cmc” and “polymeliorant” showed that “polymeliorant” and “cmc” had practically no effect on the growth of experimental crops. hawthorn increased by height in the variant with polymeliorant was 5% higher than the control, and in the variant with cmc the increase was less than the control by 13%. the apple tree had an inverse relationship cmc showed a slight positive effect, increasing the growth by 16%, and in the variant with ameliorant the increase was less compared to the control by 21%. a study of the growth dynamics of experimental crops showed that apple and hawthorn differ in this indicator as well. thus, the application of cmc to the soil surface stimulated intensive growth of hawthorn in the hottest month july, amounting to 33 cm, and the application of polyameliorant in august, when the growth was 17.7 cm, while in the control the main increase occurred in june 37. 0 cm. in the apple tree there was no difference in the intensity of growth during the volume 04 issue 11-2024 43 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 34-45 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi growing season in any of the variants. in this breed, almost all of its height growth occurred in may. as observations have shown, the herbicide had a very strong effect on the growth of experimental crops. in the variant with hawthorn, its use increased the annual growth by more than 3 times (343%), and in the variant with apple tree almost 4 times (368%). the effect of the herbicide on the growth of the studied breeds also differed. thus, the main growth of hawthorn under its influence occurred in may, amounting to 51.4 cm, after which in july it decreased to 4 cm, and then stopped, while in the control it occurred more evenly, amounting to 11 cm in may, 6.5 in june and august 2.3 cm. in the experiment with an apple tree, the herbicide stimulated growth in height only in april-june, amounting to 13.7 cm in may and 15.4 cm in june. in the control in this experiment, growth of the apple tree was also observed in may by 2 .6 cm and june by 5.4 cm. in the experience of joint use of mineral fertilizers, structure-forming agents and herbicide, carried out in 2017, there was a general decrease in the annual growth of both species in all variants of the experiment compared to 2016 due to the difference in the weather conditions of the three years during which the experimental work was carried out. the most abundant precipitation in the summer period was 2015, the year preceding the experiment. as a rule, the most active growth of trees in rainfed conditions occurs at the beginning of the growing season in april may, when it is not yet leaf mass has increased, providing growth due to photosynthesis, and the growth of new shoots is carried out due to the reserves of nutrients accumulated in the previous year. for this reason, the growth of new shoots in 2016 was stronger than in 2017, in which shoots grew due to reserves , accumulated in the drier year of 2016. experience has shown that the use of a set of measures to improve plant growth, including the use of mineral fertilizers, soil treatment with structurants, and weeds with herbicides, already in the first year increased the annual growth of both hawthorn and apple trees compared to the separate use of these measures. hawthorn increased its annual growth compared to the control by 11%, and the apple tree by 9.2%. comparison of annual growth in relation to the control in percentage shows that the growth of hawthorn in the experiment with the use of complex measures exceeds the control by 466%, and the growth of the apple tree by 611%. this is explained by the fact that thanks to the destruction of the herbicide “hurricane-forte” on the terraces of weeds, preventing soil drying out through transpiration, it significantly increased soil moisture in the root systems of plants in the summer by 4-5% and thus after treatment already in the first year on in experimental plots, 100% of weeds died. in the second year, only 15% of the area in the treated area was occupied by weeds. volume 04 issue 11-2024 44 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 34-45 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the study of the dynamics of active growth of shoots in this experiment showed, as in the experiment with the use of fertilizers, the duration of growth in height of hawthorn in the variant with complex measures lasted until july, and for the apple tree until august. in the control, in both variants, growth continued only until june. conclusions according to the results of experiments on the use of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium mineral fertilizers, soil structure formers “kmc-0.2%” and “meliorant-0.4%”, as well as the herbicide “uragan forte” at a rate of 1200 ml/ha in two-year rainfed areas forest crops of hawthorn and apple trees in the lowmountain zone, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. the study of the dynamics of growth of forest crops of hawthorn and apple showed that in all the experiments analyzed in this work, all the studied methods of increasing the growth of forest crops of these species led to an increase in the duration of growth by 1-2 summer months in relation to the controls. 2. mineral fertilizers already in the first year of application had a positive effect on the height growth of both breeds. at the same time, when applying mineral fertilizers at the norm n90р90к60, the hawthorn increased its height growth by 389%, and at the norm n120р180к60 by 302%, and the apple tree, due to its biological characteristics, with a lower dose of n90р90к60 only by 4%, and with a higher dose of n120р180к60 by 51%. in the second year of the experiment, the annual growth of these species turned out to be even greater in hawthorn with a lower dose of n90р90к60 fertilizers by 251%, and with a higher dose of 823% in relation to the control, and in apple trees with a large dose of n120р180к60 fertilizers by 33%. 3. the use of soil structure formers – “cmc-0.2%” and “polyameliorant-0.4%” turned out to be ineffective. in this experiment, when the soil was treated with “polymeliorant,” hawthorn increased its growth by 5% compared to the control, but with “cmc” it was 13% less. in the apple tree, an inverse relationship was observed with the polyameliorant the increase was 21% less, and with cmc it was 16% more. 4. treatment of weeds with the herbicide “uraganforte” at a rate of 1200 ml/ha due to increased soil moisture had a great positive effect. the annual growth of hawthorn crops exceeded the growth of control crops by 343%, and the apple tree under similar conditions increased its growth by 368%. 5. the complex use of mineral fertilizers in the norm n90р90к60 soil structure-forming agents “kmc-0.2%” and the herbicide “hurricane-forte” in the norm already in the first year of the experiment showed the highest positive effect on the annual growth of hawthorn and sievers apple crops. at the same time, hawthorn increased growth relative to the control by 465%, and apple tree by 722%. volume 04 issue 11-2024 45 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 34-45 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 6. taking into account the rather high cost of soil treatment with structure-forming agents and the small effect of their use, it is possible to exclude this technique from the complex of agrotechnical techniques for the accelerated cultivation of forest crops on mountain slopes, leaving only the use of mineral fertilizers at the norm n90р90к60 and herbicides “uragan-forte” at the norm 1200 ml/ha. references 1. бутков е.а. б.х.мамутов, прикладной проект кха-9-093-2015 «разработать агротехнику ускоренного выращивания в горах лесных культур, созданных посадочным материалом с закрытыми корнями» заключительный отчёт научно-исследовательского института лесного хозяйства, ташкент, 2017. – с. 77; 2. хоназаров а.а. ўзбекистонда ўрмонзорлар барпо қилиш асослари. –ташкент, 2002. – с. 91; 3. кочерга ф.к. горномелиоративные работы в средней азии и южном казахстане. москва, лесная пром-ть, 1965. – с. 400; 4. одилхонов о.с., бутков е.а., мамутов б.х. прикаладной проект кха-9-084“разработать технологию создания противоэрозионных лесных насаждений в горах с применением посадочного материала с закрытой корневой системой» заключительный отчет рнпц дс илх, ташкент, 2014 с-88; 5. ефимов в.н. система удобрения: учебник// в.н.ефимов, и.н.донских, в.п.царенко: колосс, 2002. –с 150; 6. победов в.с., шиманский п.с. и др. справочник по применению минеральных удобрений в лесном хозяйстве. изд-во «лесная промышленность», москва, 1977 с. 62-75. 7. чередникова о.н. создание лесных культур на деградированных маркотхского хребта (северо-западный кавказ): дис. ... канд. с.-х. наук : 06.03.04 воронеж, 2006 150 с. 8. ключников л.ю. научные основы и агротехники применения гербицидов при защитном лесоразведении и лесовосстановлении. автореферат диссертации на соискание ученой степени доктора сельскохозяйственных наук, волгоград, 1995, 46 стр. volume 04 issue 12-2024 13 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 12 pages: 13-18 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract sunflower oil ranks first among selected vegetable oils in terms of quality. therefore, in many countries of the world, an increase in the level of economic efficiency is observed depending on the area of sowing and the amount of yield obtained from it. this scientific article develops the main elements of the technology of growing oil sunflower as a repeated crop to obtain high yields from early-maturing varieties. planting sunflower as a repeated crop after wheat and using the correct planting schemes has led to an increase in yield. the number of seeds in one basket and their weight depend on the planting scheme, and when the seed planting scheme is 70x30-1 as a repeated crop, it has been proven that the yield elements basket, number of seeds, weight and yield increase. keywords seed, seedling, repeat, sunflower, crop, oil, predecessor, economic characters, basket, variety, yield, early-ripening, productivity, scheme. introduction sunflower is a seedless plant, the seed kernel contains 50-65% oil, 22-24% protein, vitamins (a, d, e, k) and phosphates. sunflower oil is absorbed by the body up to 86-91%, and 100 g of oil produces 929 kcal of energy. sunflower oil is used in the production of margarine, mayonnaise, fish and vegetable preserves, confectionery products, varnish, soap. 25-50 kg/ha of honey is obtained from sunflower. research article influence of sowing methods on yield elements of sunflower varieties submission date: december 01, 2024, accepted date: december 06, 2024, published date: december 11, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue12-03 togaeva sarvinoz suyunovna doctor of philosophy of agricultural sciences of tashkent state agrarian university, republic of uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue12-03 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue12-03 volume 04 issue 12-2024 14 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 12 pages: 13-18 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the level of study of the problem. in experiments, sunflowers were planted with a row spacing of 70-90 cm and a row spacing of 25-30 cm, which gave good results. when sowing using a pneumatic seeder, 6-8 kg of seeds were used per hectare. after germination, the seeds were sown with the condition of leaving 3.5-4 seedlings per 1 m2. it was indicated that the density of sunflower seedlings is 35-40 thousand seeds [3], [4]. sunflower varieties were sown manually on july 8, the planting pattern was 60x18, and the seed consumption was 60-65 thousand seeds per hectare. according to the results of the experiment, the yield was 30.2 c/ha for the “yangi zamon” variety, 30.2 c/ha for the “osiyo” variety, and 25.3 c/ha for the “buzuluk” variety. the highest yield was observed in the “yangi zamon” variety [7]. newly developed intensive sunflower varieties can be planted without irrigation at the following planting densities: in the southern steppe 40 thousand / ha, in the northern steppe 50 thousand / ha, in the foreststeppe 55-60 thousand / ha. for hybrids, it is recommended to increase the planting density to 10-15 thousand / ha, and an average planting density of 4-6 kg of seeds per hectare is considered effective [1],[2]. methods experiments were conducted in 2016-2018 in the typical gray soil conditions of the experimental field of the tashkent state agrarian university's "center for innovative developments and consulting in agriculture". the experiment involved planting 4 sunflower varieties: "jahongir", "rodnik", "dilbar" and "navruz" in 4 planting schemes: 70x20-1; 70x25-1; 70x30-1; 70x35-1. placement of field experiments, calculations and observations were determined according to "methods of conducting field experiments" (5), stem height of sunflower varieties (at all stages of development), number of leaves per plant, basket weight, number of seeds in a basket and their weight, weight of 1000 seeds, leaf surface (a.a. nichiporovich, 1963), influence of feeding area. results according to the results of the study, the basket diameter of the jahongir control variety was 17.1 cm in the variant with a small feeding area of 1400 cm2, 18.2 cm in the variant with a feeding area of 1750 cm2, 19.6 cm in the variant with a high feeding area of 2100 cm2, and 20.2 cm in the variant with a large feeding area of 2450 cm2. while the diameter of the baskets of the rodnik variety in the same feeding areas was 18.5, 19.8, 20.9, and 22.1 cm, the “dilbar” variety was found to be larger than the “rodnik” and “jahongir” varieties. it was determined that the “dilbar” variety had a small feeding area of 1400 cm2, a feeding area of 1750 cm2, a feeding area of 27.3 cm, a feeding area of 2100 cm2, a feeding area of 29.0 cm, and a feeding area of 2450 cm2, respectively. in this variety, the diameter of the baskets of the control variety “jahongir” was 10.2 cm, 9.8 cm, 8.8 cm, and 9.3 cm larger than the variants. volume 04 issue 12-2024 15 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 12 pages: 13-18 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi it was found that navruz variety baskets are larger in diameter compared to "jahongir", "rodnik" and "dilbar" varieties studied in the experiment, and the baskets of this variety differed in diameter compared to "dilbar" variety according to planting schemes in the following order: 1.7 cm, 4.2 cm, 3.8 cm and 3.5 cm. it was observed that the diameter of the baskets of "navruz" variety compared to the control variety "jahongir" was larger by 11.9 cm, 14.0 cm, 13.2 cm and 12.8 cm. the weight of the baskets taken from the counted plants was weighed and the total weight of one basket was determined. it was found that the feeding area has a positive effect on the weight of the baskets. in the control variety "jahongir" in the 70x20-1 planting scheme, the average weight of one basket was 67.9 grams, after the seeds were extracted from the baskets, the weight of an empty basket was found to be 37.6 grams. in the planting scheme 70x25-1, the total weight was 72.3 g and the weight of an empty basket was 32.8 grams, in the planting scheme 70x30-1 it was 82.6 g and the weight of an empty basket was 33.6 grams, and in the planting scheme 70x35-1 it was 89.4 g and the weight of an empty basket was 38.4 grams. it was found that the weight of the baskets increased according to the planting schemes of the “rodnik” variety. in this case, the total weight of the basket according to the planting schemes compared to the “jahongir” variety was 7.3, 20.6, 20.3, 16.2 grams, and the weight of the empty basket was 0.8 grams lighter in the first variant, 9.7 grams in the second variant, 5.9 in the third variant, and 2.0 grams heavier in the fourth variant. in the experiment, the baskets of the “dilbar” variety were distinguished by their large size and a large number of seeds in them, as well as their weight. in this case, the total weight of the basket according to the planting schemes compared to the control “jahongir” variety was 18.6, 40.4, 56.2, 61.5 grams, and the weight of the empty basket was 3.7, 21.5, 32.6, and 30.0 grams heavier. compared to the “rodnik” variety, the total weight of the basket according to the planting schemes was 11.3, 19.8, 35.9, 45.3 grams, and the weight of the empty basket was 4.5, 21.5, 26.7, and 28.0 grams heavier. the number of seeds in one basket and their weight depended on the feeding area, and an increase in the feeding area led to an increase in the number and weight of seeds. in the first variant of the “jahongir” control variety, in the 70x20-1 planting scheme, there were an average of 620.7 seeds per plant, the weight of which was 30.3 grams. in the second variant, in the 70x25-1 planting scheme, there were 650.3 seeds, the weight of which was 39.5 grams. in the third option, there were 746 seeds in the planting pattern 70x30-1, weighing 49.0 grams, and in the fourth option, in the planting pattern 70x35-1, there were 825.3 seeds, weighing 51.0 grams. the number of seeds and their weight in the "rodnik" variety is higher than the indicators of the control volume 04 issue 12-2024 16 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 12 pages: 13-18 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi variety "jahongir", in the 70x20-1 planting scheme, the number of seeds is 67.8 more and the weight is 8.1 grams, and in the 70x25-1 planting scheme, it is 101.7 seeds and the weight is 10.9 grams, in the 70x30-1 planting scheme, it is 129.9 seeds and the weight it was observed that 14.4 grams, 138.5 more and 14.2 grams heavier in 70x35-1 planting scheme. in the experiment, the indicators of yield elements of "dilbar" and "navruz" varieties were close to each other and higher than "jahongir" and "rodnik" varieties. in the 70x20-1 sowing scheme of the "dilbar" variety, one plant contained an average of 517.2 seeds, and its weight was 45.2 grams. in the second option, there were 685.4 seeds and its weight was 58.4 grams. the third variant contained 901.9 seeds weighing 72.6 grams and the fourth variant contained 1053.0 seeds weighing 82.5 grams. table 1 effect of sowing scheme on yield elements of sunflower varieties (2016-2018 yy.) varieti es sowi ng sche me basket diamet er, cm width total weigh t of one baske t, g empty basket weight, cm productivity of one plant undev eloped seeds, % 1000 pcs seed weight, g number of seeds, piece seed weight , g 1 jahongir (st) 70x2 0-1 17.1 67.9 37.6 434.1 30.3 12.2 69.8 2 70x2 5-1 18.2 72.3 32.8 576.6 39.5 12.0 68.5 3 70x3 0-1 19.6 82.6 33.6 745.8 49.0 11.0 65.7 4 70x3 5-1 20.2 89.4 38.4 814.7 51.0 10.3 62.6 5 rodnik 70x2 0-1 18.5 75.2 36.8 501.9 38.4 11.3 76.5 6 70x2 5-1 19.8 92.9 42.5 678.3 50.4 11.0 74.3 7 70x3 0-1 20.9 102.9 39.5 875.7 63.4 10.3 72.4 8 70x3 5-1 22.1 105.6 40.4 953.2 65.2 9.6 68.4 volume 04 issue 12-2024 17 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 12 pages: 13-18 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 9 dilbar 70x2 0-1 27.3 86.5 41.3 517.2 45.2 5.9 87.4 1 0 70x2 5-1 28.0 112.7 54.3 685.4 58.4 5.4 85.2 1 1 70x3 0-1 29.0 138.8 66.2 901.9 72.6 4.1 80.5 1 2 70x3 5-1 29.5 150.9 68.4 1053.0 82.5 4.0 78.3 1 3 navruz 70x2 0-1 29.0 88.9 45.2 540.8 43.7 6.6 80.8 1 4 70x2 5-1 32.2 104.8 48.9 714.8 55.9 6.0 78.2 1 5 70x3 0-1 32.8 120.4 49.2 944.3 71.2 5.3 75.4 1 6 70x3 5-1 33.0 133.8 52.9 1100 80.9 5.0 73.5 in this variety, the number of seeds and their weight were 83.1, 108.8, 156.1, and 238.3 more, and their weight was 14.9, 9.4, 23.6, and 31.5 grams, according to the planting schemes of the control variety "jahongir". the "rodnik" variety was 15.3, 7.1, 26.2 and 99.8 more and weighed 6.8, 8.0, 9.2 and 17.3 grams according to the planting schemes. the number of seeds and their weight in the variety "navruz" was 106.7, 138.2, 198.5 and 285.3 more and the weight was heavier by 13.4, 16.4, 22.2 and 29.9 grams, according to the planting schemes of the control variety "jahongir". "rodnik" variety was 38.9, 36.5, 68.6 and 146.8 more and heavier by 5.3, 5.5, 7.8 and 15.7 grams according to planting schemes. the variety "dilbar" was 23.6 units more in planting schemes, 29.4, 42.4 and 47.0 units less in subsequent schemes and 1.5, 2.5, 1.4 and 1.6 grams lighter in weight. the weight of 1000 seeds depends on the number of plant stems, and an inverse correlation is observed, that is, the weight is heavy when planted densely, and light when planted sparsely. the weight of the control variety “jahongir” was 69.8 grams in the first variant with a feeding area of 1400 cm2, 68.5 grams in the second variant with a feeding area of 1750 cm2, 65.7 grams in the third variant with a feeding area of 2100 cm2, and 62.6 grams in the fourth variant with a larger feeding area of 2450 cm2. it can be seen that in the variants with an expanded feeding area, a decrease of 1.3, 4.1, and 7.2 grams was observed compared to the variant with a smaller feeding area. volume 04 issue 12-2024 18 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 12 pages: 13-18 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the weight of 1000 seeds of the variety “rodnik” was determined in the following sequence by feeding areas: 76.5, 74.3, 72.4, and 68.4 grams. this pattern was also observed in the varieties “dilbar” and “navruz” studied in the experiment. "dilbar" grade was 87.4, 85.2, 80.5, 78.3 grams, while "navruz" grade was 80.8, 78.2, 75.4, and 73.5 grams. conclusions it was found that the weight of 1000 seeds obtained from the “dilbar” variety, depending on the planting scheme or feeding area, was heavier than the “jahongir” control variety, “rodnik” and “navruz” varieties. in this case, the weight of 1000 seeds was heavier than the “jahongir” control variety in the following order, depending on the planting scheme or feeding area; 17.6, 16.7, 14.8 and 15.7 grams. in relation to the “rodnik” variety, in the following order; 10.9, 10.9, 8.1 and 9.9 grams. in relation to the “navruz” variety, in the following order; 6.6, 7.0, 5.1 and 1.8 grams. references 1. azizov. t., anarbaev i., tukhtaeva s. // j. agriculture of uzbekistan. 2013. no. 6. b. 5-6. 2. anarboev i.u. prospects of growing oil crops in our republic new technologies aimed at growing oil and fiber crops in uzbekistan and increasing their productivity, republic science. a collection of conference articles, t. 2009. b.6-7. 3. anorboev i., orolov kh. oil crops // sunflower. agriculture of uzbekistan. j. 2009. no. 2. b.10-11 4. atabaeva h.n., umarov z.u., boriev h.ch and others. "plantology". "mehnat" publishing house, 2000. b. 235-238. 5. methods of conducting field experiments. t-2007. b. 133-138. 6. dospekhov b.a. methods of conducting field experiments. m.: kolos, 1985. 416 p. 7. lukov m.k. a collection of articles based on the reports of the republican scientific-practical conference on the topic "cultivation of oil and fiber crops in uzbekistan and new technologies aimed at increasing their productivity". t.2011.b.36. volume 02 issue 10-2022 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 01-07 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract melon (cucumis melo l.) is the most spread melon crop in uzbekistan. more than 130 local varieties of melon are cultivated in various regions of the republic. every year melons and gourds are cultivated on the area of150 thousand hectares. the most harmful diseases of the melon are powdery mildew and fusarium wilt. all local varieties of melon are susceptible to these diseases. annually from these diseases, the yield of melon is reduced by 20-25%. the most effective way to combat these diseases is to develop resistant varieties. the research institute of vegetable, melon crops and potato has carried out long-term selection work to create melon varieties resistant to powdery mildew and fusarium wilt. breeding local varieties of melon with economically valuable traits and high test quality with genes for resistance to these diseases have been created and included in the state registe of uzbekistan. keywords breeding, melons, hybrid, variety, resistance, quality, sectional material, productivity. introduction the crop of melon in uzbekistan goes deep into the past. uzbek melons, as a delicacy, were exported to china, and in the 9th-10th centuries. to iraq. in the medical work skara-azyam, written in farsi and dating back to the 4th century bc, the healing properties of melons are indicated, recipes are given for using it against various diseases. the healing properties of melon were used in folk medicine for the treatment of bronchitis, rheumatism and diseases of the liver and kidneys. the medicinal value of melons is also confirmed by medical science. research article breeding work with melon crop in the republic of uzbekistan submission date: october 01, 2022, accepted date: october 05, 2022, published date: october 12, 2022 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-01 khakimov rafikjon abdunabievich research institute of vegetable, melon crops and potato, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=breeding%20work%20with%20melon%20crop%20in%20the%20republic%20of%20uzbekistan https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-01 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-01 volume 02 issue 10-2022 2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 01-07 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi consumption of melons contributes to the regulation of many physiological processes in the human body and therefore recommended in the treatment of diabetes and liver diseases. the folic acid contained in melons has an anti-sclerotic effect and plays an important role in blood formation. melon has dietary value. the fruits also contain substances necessary for the body, such as antiscorbutic vitamin c, provitamin a (carotene) and pectins. melon seeds contain 23-35% fat, the oil obtained from them competes with provence. their nutritional value is determined by the high content of various sugars. according to v.f. bel-kuznetsova and n.s. zhitenova (1937), the sugar content of fruits of the best melon varieties can reach 20%. among uzbek melons there are ultra-early, smallfruited (300-600g), mid-ripening and late varieties with medium, large and very large fruits (up to 10 kg and above). the pulp of some varieties is tender, melting or juicy, crispy, very sweet with a pleasant specific melon aroma. the shape of the fruit is round, rounded, oval, elliptical, elongated; fruit color dark green, light green, beige, yellow, brown, light brown, the surface is smooth, even, ribbed, mesh. thus, there are a big list of varieties of the melons of uzbekistan. the harvest from ultra-early varieties like “khandalak” comes from the beginning of under temporary envelope shelters, followed by mid-maturing varieties from july and late varieties from september to october. experienced farmers store winter late melons by the folk method until april. however, in recent years, with the deterioration of environmental conditions around the world, including in uzbekistan, melons have become significantly affected by diseases. the most harmful types of diseases: fusarium wilt of plants and powdery mildew. breeding work on resistance of valuable local varieties to fungal diseases powdery mildew and fusarium is carried out by the research institute of vegetable and melon crops. the aim is to give varieties the property of resistance to diseases, while maintaining the high taste and appearance of local melons. it is known that the most effective and environmentally safe method of controlling fungal and other diseases is to create resistant varieties materials and methods to obtain disease resistant varieties of local varieties, semi-cultivated forms resistant to powdery mildew and fusarium, kurume and kutana, as well as disease resistant local varieties ak uruk 1137, ich kyzyl large-fruited, shakar palak 557, shakar palak 2580, kokcha 588, kuysh 476, umir vaki 3748 were used in breeding work. in hybridization, local varieties were used as mother form and varieties kurume and kutana were used as father form. in f2, resistant plants were selected by individual selection and backcrossed with them repeatedly during 2-3 generations with the original parental form – a local melon variety. in each generation, breeding lines resistant to powdery mildew and fusarium were selected individually, with the features of the original form in terms of fruit taste and appearance. backcrosses and individual selections continued until a full analogue of the original variety, but with the resistance gene. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=breeding%20work%20with%20melon%20crop%20in%20the%20republic%20of%20uzbekistan https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 10-2022 3 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 01-07 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi in the second stage of breeding, new varieties of melon resistant to powdery mildew tuoyona, oltin tepa, oltin vodii and local varieties kok tinny 1087, obi navvat, kizil gulabi, olmurty gulabi were used as a donor of resistance. in hybridization, the powdery mildew resistant varieties tuyona, oltin tepa, oltin vodii were used as the mother form and the varieties kok tinny 1087, obi navvat, kizil gulabi, olmurty gulabi were used as the father form. in f2, resistant plants were selected by individual selection. in each generation, breeding lines, yielding with high taste qualities, resistant to powdery mildew and fusarium were individually selected. results of research breeding work of melon for resistance to diseases was carried out in 2 directions: creation of melon analogue varieties resistant to powdery mildew and fusarium, with signs of the original form in taste and appearance of fruits. creation of new varieties of melon resistant to powdery mildew and fusarium, with high yield and taste qualities suitable for local consumption and for export. as a result of breeding work, 6 varieties of melon analogues, resistant to powdery mildew, with signs of initial form in taste and appearance of fruits were created and included in the state register of agricultural crops of uzbekistan (table 1). lazzatli – an analogue of the variety ak uruk 1037. variety medium maturing, growing season 80-87 days. the plant is medium-fruited, kidney-shaped leaf. the fruit is cylindrical in shape, weight 4.0-5.0 kg, the surface of the fruit is smooth, the hardness of the bark average. the flesh is white, tender, dense, aromatic. the content of soluble solids 14-15%. yields 25-30 tons per hectare. transportability of fruit medium. oltin tepa – analogue of sort ich kyzyl large fruit. quality medium maturing, growing season 85-90 days. the fruit is large, the mass of the fruit 3,4-4,0 kg, the surface of the fruit is smooth, the color background gray-green, medium hardness of the bark. the flesh is red, juicy, sweet. the content of soluble solids 14-16%. the yield is 25-30 tons per hectare. the transportability of the fruit is good. suyunchi-2 – is an analogue of the variety shakar palak 2580. variety medium maturity, growing season 83-87 days. the plant is rambling, kidney-shaped leaf. the fruit is elongated-ovoid shape, weight 2.5-3 kg, the surface of the fruit is smooth, the background coloring is light lemon, the grid is fine, the hardness of the bark is medium. the flesh is red, dense, sweet. the content of soluble solids 14-15%. the yield is 20-22 tons per hectare. transportability of fruits is good.. dilkhush – is an analogue of variety kokcha 588. quality medium maturing, growing season 85-90 days. plant plethora, kidney-shaped leaf. the fruit ovoid shape, weight of 3.0-4.0 kg, the surface of the fruit is slightly ribbed, the background coloration is green, the grid is complete, the hardness of the bark average. the flesh is white, tender, dense, sweet. the content of soluble solids 14-15%. yields 30-32 tons per hectare. transportability of fruits is average. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=breeding%20work%20with%20melon%20crop%20in%20the%20republic%20of%20uzbekistan https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 10-2022 4 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 01-07 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi table 1 results of breeding to create varieties of melon analogues that are resistant to powdery mildew varieties vegetation period, days harvest yield, t/ha averag e fruit weight, kg content of soluble solids, % resistan ce to powdery mildew, % transport ability ak uruk 1037 88-92 25-28 5-6 12-14 0 medium lazzatli 80-87 25-30 4-5 14-15 100 medium ich kyzyl large fetal 85-90 22-25 3-3,5 12-13 0 medium oltin tepa 85-90 25-30 3,4-4 14-16 100 good shakar palak 2580 85-90 20-22 2,5-3 12-13 0 medium suyunchi 2 83-87 20-22 2,5-3 14-15 100 good shakar palaq 554 85-90 22-25 2,5-4 13-14 0 medium oltin vodiy 85-90 22-25 2,5-4 14-15 100 medium kokcha 588 90-95 25-30 3-4 12-13 0 medium dilkhush 85-90 30-32 3-4 14-15 100 medium koy bash 476 105-115 30-35 4-5 11-12 0 good tuyona 105-115 35-40 5-6 12-13 100 good oltin vodiy – is an analogue of the variety shakar palak 554. variety medium maturity, growing season 85-90 days the fruit is elongated-ovoid shape, fruit weight 2.0-4.0 kg, the surface of the fruit is smooth, the background color is light green, the bark is hard. the flesh is white, sweet. the content of soluble solids 1415%. the yield is 22-25 tons per hectare. transportability of fruits medium. tuyuna – is an analogue of the variety koy bash 476. variety late maturing, the growing season 105-115 days. fruit ovoid shape, fruit weight 4-6 kg, the surface of the fruit is smooth, the color of the background graybrown. the flesh is white, dense at harvest, soft and sweet after storing, the content of soluble solids 12-13%. yield 35-40 t / ha. transportability and storability of the fruit is good. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=breeding%20work%20with%20melon%20crop%20in%20the%20republic%20of%20uzbekistan https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 10-2022 5 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 01-07 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi on the basis of created resistant to powdery mildew melon varieties, selection work was carried out and 7 varieties of melon resistant to powdery mildew were created and included in the state register of agricultural crops of uzbekistan (table 2). kichkintoy – is a medium-early maturing variety with a growing season of 75-80 days. the plant is powerful, branched. leaf dense, dark green, dissected. the fruit is globular in shape, weighing 0.8-1.2 kg, the surface of the fruit is smooth, the background coloration is yellow, the mesh is partial, coarse-meshed, the hardness of the bark is medium. the flesh is white, tender, dense, aromatic, has a taste of honey. the content of soluble solids 12-13%. yield 20-22 tons per hectare. transportability of the fruit is good. table 2 results of breeding to create melon varieties based on local powdery mildew-resistant donors varieties vegetation period, days harvest yield, t/ha average fruit weight, kg content of soluble solids, % resistan ce to powdery mildew, % transport ability kichkintoy 75-80 20-22 0,8-1,2 12-13 100 good kuk magiz 80-85 20-26 2-2,5 14-15 100 good zar gulobi 100-105 28-32 4-5 15-16 100 good gurlan 115-120 4045 4-5 12-13 100 good amudaryo 125-130 4550 4-6 14-15 100 good gulabi khorazmiy 125-130 50-55 5-10 14-15 100 good sahovat 120-125 35-40 4-5 15-16 100 good kuk magiz – is a medium-ripening variety with a growing season of 80-85 days. the plant is powerful, branched, the leaf is dense, dark green, dissected. fruit has elongated-oval shape, weight 2-2,5 kg, surface of the fruit is smooth, background coloring is green, netting is full, coarsemeshed, bark hardness is medium. the flesh is white, tender, juicy, sweet, crunchy, the content of soluble solids 14-15%, yield 20-22 t / ha. gurlan – is a late-ripening variety with a growing season of 115-120 days. fruit ovoid shape, fruit weight 4-5 kg, the surface of the fruit is smooth, the color of the https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=breeding%20work%20with%20melon%20crop%20in%20the%20republic%20of%20uzbekistan https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 10-2022 6 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 01-07 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi background yellow. the flesh is white, tender, juicy, sweet, crisp, the content of soluble solids 12-13%. yield of 45-50 tons per hectare. transportability and storability of the fruit is good. amudaryo – sort late maturing, growing season 125-130 days. the plant is rambler. the fruit cylindrical shape, fruit weight 4-6 kg, surface lumpy, color background brown. the flesh is white, dense, sweet. soluble solids 14-15%. yield 45-50 tons per hectare. transportability and storability of fruits is good. gulabi horazmiy – is a late maturing variety with a growing season of 125-130 days. the plant is rambunctious. the fruit is elongated-cylindrical shape, fruit weight 5-10 kg, surface lumpy, background color dark green. soluble solids content of 14-15%. yield 50-55 t/ha. transportability and storability of the fruit is good. zar gulabi – sort of medium-late maturing, growing season 100-105 days. plant plethora, kidney-shaped leaves. fruit ovoid shape, fruit weight 4-5 kg, the fruit surface is smooth, background coloring is bright yellow, the hardness of the bark dense. the flesh is white, juicy, sweet, the content of soluble solids 15-16%. the yield is 28-32 t / ha. sahovat – is late maturing, vegetation period 120-125 days. the plant is rambling. the fruit ovoid shape, weight 4-5 kg, the surface is smooth, color background dark brown. the flesh is green-white, juicy, sweet, the content of soluble solids 15-16%. the yield is 35-40 tons per hectare. transportability and storability of fruits is good. conclusions in uzbekistan, as a result of breeding work on creation of melon varieties for resistance to powdery mildew, two methods have been used: creation of melon counterpart varieties resistant to powdery mildew and fusarium, with traits of the original form in taste and appearance of fruits; creation of new varieties of melon resistant to powdery mildew and fusarium, with high yield and taste qualities suitable for local consumption and for export. as a result, 6 varieties of melon analogues resistant to powdery mildew, with signs of original form in taste and appearance of fruits and original 7 varieties of melon resistant to powdery mildew were created and included in the state register of agricultural crops of uzbekistan. references 1. autko a.a. in the world of ecological and organic vegetable production. / grodno, 2018. 2. veysel aras, bjuriev h.c., mavlyanova r.f. creation of hybrids of vegetable crops and their seed production. / tashkent, 2020. 3. mavlyanova r.f. et al. melons of uzbekistan./rome. ipgri, 2005. 4. pestsova s.t. methodology of creation of infectious powdery mildew background for breeding evaluation in conditions of central asia. proc. of research institute of vegetable and melon crops and potato. 1978 в. 16. с 33-36. 5. taishibaeva e.u., mamyrbekov j., jumabek h., karipov mm. results of breeding research on melons. /scientific proceedings of the kazakh research institute of potato and vegetable growing, almaty, 2015. 6. khakimov r.a., khalimova m.u., rasulov f.f. creation of high-yield varieties of melons, resistant to powdery mildew / collection of scientific and practical conference, tashkent, 2021. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=breeding%20work%20with%20melon%20crop%20in%20the%20republic%20of%20uzbekistan https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 10-2022 7 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 01-07 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 7. khakimov r.a. methodology of breeding resistant to powdery mildew varieties of melon. / vegetable production: status, problems, prospects. /vniio, moscow, 2003, vol.2, p.298-299. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=breeding%20work%20with%20melon%20crop%20in%20the%20republic%20of%20uzbekistan https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 04 issue 12-2024 7 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 12 pages: 7-12 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the green lynx spider (peucetia viridana), a visually hunting, web-free arachnid, plays a significant role as a predator in diverse ecosystems. this study investigates the prey preferences of p. viridana to understand its feeding ecology and potential as a biological control agent. field observations were conducted in natural habitats, recording predation events and prey species composition. the results revealed that p. viridana preys primarily on insects, with a marked preference for diptera and hymenoptera, followed by lepidoptera and orthoptera. prey selection appeared influenced by prey size, abundance, and mobility, with larger, easily captured prey preferred. this predator demonstrated a broad dietary spectrum, indicating opportunistic feeding behavior while showing potential for regulating pest populations. the findings highlight the ecological significance of p. viridana and contribute to understanding its role in maintaining ecosystem balance. keywords green lynx spider, peucetia viridana, arachnid predation, prey preferences, feeding ecology, biological control, predator-prey interactions. introduction spiders are among the most diverse and abundant predators in terrestrial ecosystems, playing a crucial role in regulating insect populations and maintaining ecological balance. unlike web-building spiders, which rely on intricate webs to trap their prey, lynx spiders, including the green lynx spider (peucetia viridana), are active hunters that rely on their keen vision and agility to capture prey. native to various tropical and subtropical regions, p. viridana is commonly found in shrubs, grasses, and low vegetation, where it research article prey preferences of the green lynx spider: a study of arachnid predation submission date: november 24, 2024, accepted date: november 29, 2024, published date: december 04, 2024 raman raj department of zoology bharathiar university, coimbatore, india journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com volume 04 issue 12-2024 8 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 12 pages: 7-12 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi ambushes and subdues its prey without the use of webs. understanding the prey preferences of predators like p. viridana is essential for elucidating their ecological roles and potential applications in integrated pest management. by identifying the dietary composition of such spiders, researchers can gain insights into their feeding behavior, prey selection mechanisms, and contributions to controlling pest species. while p. viridana is known to feed on a wide range of insects, detailed studies on its prey preferences in natural habitats remain limited. this study aims to investigate the prey spectrum and preferences of p. viridana through direct field observations and prey analysis. by examining the factors influencing prey selection, such as prey size, mobility, and availability, this research seeks to enhance our understanding of p. viridana’s predatory behavior. additionally, the findings will contribute to the broader knowledge of lynx spider ecology and their potential as natural pest control agents in agroecosystems and natural habitats. method to investigate the prey preferences of the green lynx spider (peucetia viridana), field observations and laboratory analyses were conducted in selected natural habitats. the study sites, comprising diverse vegetation types such as shrubs, grasses, and low-lying plants, were located in regions known to harbor significant populations of p. viridana. observations were carried out during peak activity periods, primarily early morning and late afternoon, to maximize visibility of predation events and spider activity. field observations systematic surveys were conducted using transect and quadrat sampling methods to locate individual spiders in their natural habitats. observers recorded predation events directly, identifying prey items at the moment of capture whenever possible. specimens that could not be identified in the field were collected and preserved in ethanol for further analysis. to assess prey availability, insect populations within the study sites were sampled using sweep nets and sticky traps, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the potential prey pool. prey analysis prey items were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level using a combination of morphological characteristics and identification keys. prey size was measured, and mobility levels were classified to examine their influence on predation success. the dietary spectrum of p. viridana was determined by calculating the relative abundance and frequency of prey taxa in the spider’s diet. prey selectivity was assessed by comparing the composition of consumed prey with the relative abundance of available prey in the environment using ivlev’s electivity index. volume 04 issue 12-2024 9 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 12 pages: 7-12 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi volume 04 issue 12-2024 10 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 12 pages: 7-12 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi data were statistically analyzed to explore patterns in prey selection and the factors influencing predation. chi-square tests were used to determine if prey preferences were non-random, and correlation analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between prey size and capture frequency. results were visualized using bar charts and scatter plots to illustrate dietary diversity and selectivity trends. this methodological approach ensured a robust understanding of p. viridana’s prey preferences, combining direct field observations with ecological and statistical analyses to elucidate its role as a predator in natural ecosystems. volume 04 issue 12-2024 11 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 12 pages: 7-12 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi results prey composition field observations recorded 147 predation events by peucetia viridana, revealing a diverse diet predominantly composed of insect taxa. diptera (35%) and hymenoptera (25%) constituted the majority of prey, followed by lepidoptera (20%), orthoptera (10%), and other insect orders (10%). predation on non-insect prey, such as small arachnids, was rare (<1%). prey size ranged from 2 to 15 mm, with a preference for mediumsized prey (5–10 mm). mobility analysis showed that p. viridana preferred moderately mobile prey, capturing them more frequently than highly agile or slow-moving targets. prey availability and selectivity insect sampling within the study sites revealed diptera as the most abundant group, followed by lepidoptera and orthoptera. ivlev’s electivity index indicated a strong preference for diptera and hymenoptera, while lepidoptera were consumed proportionally to their availability. orthoptera and other taxa were underrepresented in the diet relative to their abundance, suggesting active selection against these groups. influence of habitat and seasonality prey composition varied slightly across habitats, with hymenoptera dominating in shrub-dense areas and diptera prevalent in open grasslands. seasonal trends showed a higher frequency of predation on diptera during the wet season, coinciding with increased prey availability. discussion the findings highlight peucetia viridana as a generalist predator with opportunistic feeding behavior, though it exhibits clear preferences for certain prey types. the high predation rate on diptera and hymenoptera aligns with their abundance and accessibility, as these groups often occupy the same microhabitats as p. viridana. the preference for medium-sized prey may reflect an optimization of energy expenditure during capture, as larger or more mobile prey might pose greater challenges. the electivity index results suggest selective feeding, particularly toward diptera and hymenoptera, which may be influenced by their nutritional value or ease of capture. the low predation rate on orthoptera, despite their availability, could be due to their larger size and stronger escape mechanisms. seasonal variations in prey composition further underscore the flexibility of p. viridana’s diet, enabling it to adapt to changing prey availability. volume 04 issue 12-2024 12 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 12 pages: 7-12 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi these findings contribute to understanding the ecological role of p. viridana as a predator. by regulating populations of pest insects such as flies and wasps, it may play a beneficial role in agroecosystems. its potential as a natural pest control agent warrants further exploration, particularly in crops where pest species overlap with its prey preferences. conclusion this study demonstrates that peucetia viridana is a versatile predator with a preference for diptera and hymenoptera, influenced by prey availability, size, and mobility. its adaptive feeding behavior underscores its ecological significance in maintaining insect population dynamics. by preying on pest insects, p. viridana holds promise as a biological control agent in integrated pest management systems. future studies should focus on evaluating the longterm impacts of p. viridana predation in agricultural settings, as well as its interactions with other natural predators. understanding its full ecological role will aid in harnessing its potential for sustainable pest management. reference 1. huffaker cb, messenger ps (1976) theory and practice of biological control. academic press, new york. 2. whitcomb wh (1974) natural populations of entomophagous arthropods and their effects on the agro ecosystem. proc. mississippi symp. biocontrol, univ. press miss 1974: 150-169. 3. dondale cd (1958) note on the population densities of spiders (araneae) in nova scotia apple orchards. canadian entomol 90: 111-113. 4. putman wl (1967) prevalence of spiders and importance as predators in ontario peach orchards .canadian entomol. 5. yeargan kv (1975) prey and periodicity of pardosa ramulosa (mccook) in alfalfa. env. entomol 4: 137141. 6. moulder bc, de reichle (1972) significance of spider predation in the energy dynamics of forestfloor arthropod communities, ecol, monog 42: 473498. 7. kajak a (1965) an analysis of food relations between the spiders. araneus cornutus. 8. olive c (1980) foraging specializations in orbweaving spiders. ecology 61: 1133-1144. 9. turner m, polis g (1979) patterns of coexistence in a guild of raptorial spiders. animal ecol 48: 509-520. 10. weems hv, whitcomb wh (1977) the green lynx spider, peucetia viridans (hentz) (araneae: oxyopidae). florida dept. agr. consumer serv. div. plant industry, entomol. volume 02 issue 12-2022 27 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 27-30 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this article presents information on the 2020-2022 study of varieties and hybrids imported from foreign countries in the spring season of the head lettuce plant, cabbage head base and yield. keywords lettuce, iceberg, variety, hybrid, cabbage weight, productivity. introduction the botanical species of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) belongs to the asteraceae family. its species lactuca sativa l. is divided into the following subspecies: lactuca sativa var. acephala single leaf varieties; lactuca sativa var. capitata varieties of lettuce with different appearance (the leaves have an oily layer); lactuca sativa var. sapitata cruciferous leaf, different types of lettuce (ice salad); lactuca sativa var. romana (romaine salad roman salad) head salad, head salad with oblong-round leaves, half head forms are also found; lactuca sativa var. angustana (asparagus salad) [1; 2; 3; 4]. vegetables include a group of green crops, particularly cultivated lettuce. green vegetables are crops that are mainly eaten fresh. among these lettuces, the main lettuce is lactuca sativa var. sapitata is a crop of great importance in human health and agriculture [5; 6; 7; 8]. research article head weight and yield indicators of lettuce varieties and g'1 hybrids belonging to type cabbage lactuca sativa var. capitata l. submission date: december 07, 2022, accepted date: december 13, 2022, published date: december 18, 2022 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-05 jamshid sheraliev a doctoral student, research institute of vegetable, melon crops and potato, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-05 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=head%20weight%20and%20yield%20indicators%20of%20lettuce%20varieties%20and%20g'1%20hybrids%20belonging%20to%20type%20cabbage%20lactuca%20sativa%20var.%20capitata%20l. https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-05 volume 02 issue 12-2022 28 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 27-30 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi in the conditions of the republic of uzbekistan, it has not been long since the cultivation of lettuce began. today, the agro-technologies used in the cultivation of head salad in the republic are not fully scientifically based, and conducting research in this regard is an urgent issue and it is desirable to conduct research. in the world, in recent years, comprehensive measures and organizational activities have been carried out to ensure food safety of the population, to fully satisfy their needs for vegetable products, and to expand the assortment of vegetable products. as a result, in recent years, the introduction of non-traditional new vegetable crops has been achieved, and the agrotechnologies of their cultivation are being improved. research results experiments in the conditions of the republic of uzbekistan, the tashkent experimental site of the scientific research institute of vegetables, pulses and potatoes has been conducting research on the selection of varieties and f1 hybrids of lettuce (lactuca sativa var. capitata l.) and improving the elements of cultivation technology since 2020. in the experiments, the main lettuce variety krupnokochanniy and barcelona f1, madrid f1, included in the state register of agricultural crops allowed to be planted on the territory of the republic of uzbekistan, more than 10 samples of varieties imported from other foreign countries will serve. here, varieties and hybrids from russia (great lakes 659, russkiy bogatyr, salat iceberg, ays quin, russkiy razmer, alabama, kolobok, patritsiy), spain (barcelona f1, madrid f1) are being cultivated. in the course of the study of lettuce variety samples, their most important morphobiological characteristics were evaluated and divided into groups, based on the analysis of the conducted research and the determination of the preliminary results. plant height, leaf length, leaf width, number of leaves, weight of cabbage were measured. during 2020-2022, as a result of observations of head salad in the spring period, the following indicators were recorded on the head weight and average 3-year productivity of samples of varieties and hybrids. in the standard krupnokochanniy variety, this figure was equal to 492,3 grams. a figure close to them (90,6-103,1%) was observed such varieties as kolobok , alabama . large cabbage head weight (115,8–116,7%) compared to the standard krupnokochanniy variety was observed in the varieties patricia , russky razmer , and the lower pointer to the standard was in the varieties gray likes 659 , russky bogatir salad iceberg and ays kvin (45,0–79,5–77,5– 63,0%) organized (table 1). table 1 cabbage head weight and yield of head salad varietal samples (2020-2022) variety samples cabbage head weight productivity, t/ha average 3 years g. in relation to the standard, % х in relation to https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-05 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=head%20weight%20and%20yield%20indicators%20of%20lettuce%20varieties%20and%20g'1%20hybrids%20belonging%20to%20type%20cabbage%20lactuca%20sativa%20var.%20capitata%20l. https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 12-2022 29 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 27-30 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 2020 2021 2022 the standard, % krupnokochanniy (st) 492,3 100,0 21,6 20,4 22,3 21,4 100,0 great lakes 659 221,6 45,0 9,6 9,3 10,2 9,7 45,3 patrician 570,0 115,8 24,9 24,3 25,3 24,8 115,9 russky bogatyr 391,6 79,5 16,8 16,4 16,9 16,7 77,9 salad iceberg 381,6 77,5 17,1 16,0 16,4 16,5 77,0 kolobok 453,6 92,1 19,7 18,8 19,2 19,2 89,7 russky razmer 574,6 116,7 25,3 24,4 25,2 25,0 116,5 eys quin 310,3 63,0 13,4 12,8 14,0 13,4 62,5 alabama 471,6 95,8 20,3 19,4 20,5 20,1 93,6 barcelona f1 (st) 615,0 100,0 27,4 26,4 27,2 27,0 100,0 sаlаd eхpress f1 583,3 94,8 25,7 24,6 25,7 25,3 93,8 robinson f1 729,3 118,6 31,9 31,1 31,6 31,5 116,8 madrid f1 732,3 119,1 32,4 31,6 32,1 32,0 118,6 in the second standard barcelona f1 hybrid, the head weight of cabbage was equal to 615.0 g. compared to him, the high pointer robinson f1, madrid f1 was determined in hybrids (118,6–119,1%), and the salad exrgess f1 was a low indicator (94,8%) compared to the standard. the average yield of varietal specimens by region was as follows in 2020: the average yield of 9 varieties of russia is 18,7 tons per hectare; the average yield of barcelona f1, salad exrgess f1, robinson f1, madrid f1 hybrids amounted to an average of 29,3 tons per hectare. as you can see, the yield of hybrids compared to varieties has become somewhat higher. the yield of 2021 was 20,4 t/ha in the standard variety krupnokochanniy, and the indicator close to it (among±10%) was observed in the varieties kolobok, alabama. low compared to the standard krupnokochanniy variety (9,3–16,4–16,0–12,8–yield (t/ha) was observed in the varieties greyt likes 659, russky bogatyr, salad iceberg, ays quin, high yield (24.3–24.4 t/ha) patricia, russky razmer. the second standard was the robinson f1, madrid f1 (31,1-31,6 t/ha), a higher coefficient compared to 26,4 t/in the barcelona f1 hybrid, and the lower salad exrgess f1 compared to the standard was determined to 24,6 t/ha. the yield in 2022 was 22,3 t/ha. the minimum and average compared to the standard variety(10,2–16,9 – 16,4–19,2–14,0–20,5 t/ha) the yield was in the varieties grace likes 659, russky bogatyr, salad iceberg, kolobok, ays quin, alabama. a high (25,3–25,2 t/ha) yield compared to the standard variety was observed in the varieties patricia, russky razmer. the standard hybrid barcelona f1 with a capacity of 27,2 t/ha and higher compared to it robinson f1, https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-05 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=head%20weight%20and%20yield%20indicators%20of%20lettuce%20varieties%20and%20g'1%20hybrids%20belonging%20to%20type%20cabbage%20lactuca%20sativa%20var.%20capitata%20l. https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 12-2022 30 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 27-30 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi madrid f1 (31,6 – 32,1 t/ha), and the low yield salad exrgess f1 was observed in a hybrid of 25,7 t/ha. three years (2020-2022) the average yield was 21,4 t/ha in the standard variety krupnokochanniy and the hybrid standard barcelona f1 27,0 t/ha. the yield relative to the standard variety (19,2-20,1 t/ha) was observed in the kolobok, alabama varieties and thesalad exrgess f1 hybrid, while the low yield was observed in varieties (9,7–16,7–16,5–19,2–13,4 t/ha) was observed in the varieties grayt likes 659, russky bogatyr, salad iceberg, kolobok, ays quin,. higher yields of 116,8–118,6 percent compared to the standard barcelona f1 hybrid were obtained in the robinson f1, madrid f1 hybrids. conclusion according to the analysis and results of the tests carried out in 2020-2022, the highest result of the head cabbage weight and yield indicator in the varieties and hybrids of the head salad was 574,6 grams of weight, productivity (25,0 tons) in the russky razmer variety. madrid f1 was recorded in 732.3 g, yield (32,0 tons), hybrid, and the smallest cabbage head weight in varietal specimens was 221.6 grams at greyt likes 659, while the yield was 9,7 tons. references 1. bekseev, sh.g. vegetable cultures of the world [text]/ sh.g. bekseev. – spb. dilya, 1999. – 516 p. 2. bunin, m.s. new vegetable cultures of russia [text] / m.s. bunin. – m.: fgnu rosinformagrotech , 2002. – pp. 21-48. 3. bunin, m.s. lettuce is an indispensable culture for the market [text] / m.s. bunin // potatoes and vegetables. – 1991. – no. 4. – pp. 13-16. 4. ivanova, m.i. salad crops in russia [text] / m.i. ivanova // collection of scientific papers on vegetable growing and melon growing. – vol. 1. selection and seed production. – m., 2006. – pp.171173. 5. bunin, m.s. new vegetable cultures of russia [text] / m.s. bunin. – m.: fgnu rosinformagrotech , 2002. – pp. 21-48. 6. girenko, m.m. cultural flora of the ussr [text] / m.m. girenko, k.v. ivanova et al. – vol.xii. leafy vegetable plants. – l., 1988. – pp. 247-291. 7. green vegetable crops [text] / ed. d.d. brezhnev. – l. : lenizdat, 1967. – 113 p. 8. mukhanova, yu.i. green vegetables [text] / yu.i. mukhanova. – m. : moskovsky rabochy, 1975. – 112 p. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-05 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=head%20weight%20and%20yield%20indicators%20of%20lettuce%20varieties%20and%20g'1%20hybrids%20belonging%20to%20type%20cabbage%20lactuca%20sativa%20var.%20capitata%20l. https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 04 issue 07-2024 12 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 07 pages: 12-15 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this article provides information on the results of studying the optimal planting scheme for obtaining high and quality yields from cucumber hybrids in an unheated greenhouse. in order to increase the yield of cucumbers and grow crops quickly, it is necessary to ensure the optimal planting scheme of the plant. placement scheme and number of plants have an effect on increasing yield and improving its quality. therefore, the study of feeding area and planting pattern will always remain the main focus of research. studying the relationship of planted plants to each other is a theoretical basis for developing a feeding area and a planting scheme. keywords cucumber, scheme, yield, plant, greenhouse, day, standard, hybrid. introduction an important element of crop cultivation is the arrangement of plants, their feeding area and optimal density parameters. these parameters significantly affect temperature, air, water and nutrient regimes [2; research article the optimal planting scheme for high and quality harvest of cucumber hybrids in an unheated greenhouse submission date: july 06, 2024, accepted date: july 11, 2024, published date: july 16, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue07-03 aminov shermuhammad kambaralievich researcher, uzbekistan khakimov rafiqjon abdunabievich head of the laboratory, candidate of agricultural sciences, uzbekistan aripova shakhnoza rakhmanovna phd, research institute of vegetable, melon crops and potato, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue07-03 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue07-03 volume 04 issue 07-2024 13 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 07 pages: 12-15 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 3]. the effectiveness of mineral nutrition increases by providing plants with optimal moisture. the amount of nutrient space required for cucumber plants depends on the characteristics of the variety. an increase in the feeding area due to the expansion of the row spacing leads to the elongation of the stem, the number of leaves increases, and the increase in the distance between plants promotes the appearance of additional shoots [1; 4]. in excessively dense plants, it not only blocks the side branches, but also causes a decrease in maternal flowers [2; 3; 5]. literature review in our experiments, 4 planting schemes of sardar f1 and orzu f1 cucumber hybrids were studied in unheated greenhouses: 80×30 cm, 80×40 cm, 80×50 cm (control) and 80×60 cm. in the phenological observations of cucumber hybrids sardor f1 and orzu f1, planting schemes did not affect the appearance of sprouts. 3-4 days were enough for the initial emergence of sprouts for the crop and 5-6 days for mass emergence. 75% opening of maternal flowers in sardar f1 hybrid was 45 days in standard 80x50 cm planting scheme, 47 days in 80x30 cm scheme, 46 days in 80x40 cm and 44 days in 80x60 cm planting scheme and averaged 45 days. in the orzu f1 hybrid, the distance between plants is 80 cm, and when the distance between plants in a row is expanded from 30 cm to 60 cm, the opening of maternal flowers takes 48-45 days or they decrease from 1 day. the coefficient of variation was small (v = 1.2%) in the sardar f1 hybrid with 75% opening of maternal flowers. this is a good situation. 10% technical fruit set in sardor f1 hybrid, as the distance between the seedlings in the row widens, the fruit set is accelerated. their fruiting period was between 55 days (80x50 cm) and 48 days (80x30 cm) depending on the planting season. in the sardar f1 hybrid, the average of the planting schemes was 51,5 days. in orzu f1 hybrid, it took 52 days for 10% of fruits to be technical in 80×50 cm standard option, 56 days in 80×30 cm, 49 days in 80×60 cm and 80×40 cm planting scheme information was equal to the standard option. the average of all planting schemes was 52 days for the orzu f1 hybrid. the average indicator of the coefficient of variation of fruit processing was small (v = 4,5%). this is a good indicator. according to the classification, the height (stem) of the cucumber plant is short up to 80 cm; medium 80-150 cm, long 150-225 cm and very long are divided into groups longer than 225 cm. since the varieties we tested had a stem length of more than 225 cm, they belonged to the very tall group. discussion and result the 70-day stem length of the sardor f1 hybrid was 244,7 cm in the 80x50 cm standard variant, compared to 282 cm in the 80x30 cm planting scheme, 253,7 cm in the 80x40 cm, or 111,2 – 103,7% higher. when the plants in the row are widened, the height of the plant is slightly reduced. in the scheme of 80x60 cm, it was 228,3 cm or 90,0% compared to the standard. the sardor f1 hybrid averaged 252,2 cm or 103,1% of planting plots. orzu f1 hybrid 70-day-old plant has a height of 235 cm in standard version (80x50 cm), and when the distance between plants in the row (80x30 cm and 80x40 cm) is shortened, its stem is 290,1 cm and 253.3 cm, or 65,118,3 up by cm. the plant height was reduced by 227 cm in the 80x60 cm scheme or 96,6% according to the volume 04 issue 07-2024 14 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 07 pages: 12-15 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi standard. orzu f1 hybrid plots averaged 251,33 cm or 107% more than the standard variant. in a 70-day-old plant, in the sardor f1 hybrid, the standard version of 80x50 cm had a leaf area of 71,5 dm2. it was 94,4% compared to the standard when the distance between the plants in the row was reduced by 10 cm, and 83,9% when it was reduced by 20 cm. when the distance between the plants in the row was expanded by 10 cm compared to the standard, the level of the leaves was 73,2 dm2 or 102,4% wider than the standard in the 80x60 cm planting scheme. in the sardor f1 hybrid, the average of all planting schemes was 68,1 dm2 or 95,2 %. in the orzu f1 hybrid, the leaf surface area was 70,1 dm2 in the standard version of 80x50 cm, and when the distance between plants in the row was reduced by 10 cm, the surface of the leaf surface was reduced by 95,3% compared to the standard, and by 90,2% when it was reduced by 20 cm. when the planting scheme was expanded by 10 cm compared to the standard, the leaf surface area was 72,3 dm2 or 103,1% more than the standard. in the orzu f1 hybrid, the average indicator of the leaf surface area of all planting schemes was 68,1 dm2 or 97,1% compared to the standard option. during the period of technical maturity of fruits, the total fruit weight on one bush plant was 5,6 kg in the standard variant of 80×50 cm, and compared to it, 4,2 kg in the planting scheme of 80×30 cm, 5,3 kg in the planting scheme of 80×40 cm, or 75,0-94,3% in comparison with the standard. in the 80×60 cm planting scheme, the fruits weighed 6,3 kg or 113,2% more than standard. the average of all planting schemes by total fruit weight is 5,2 kg, which stopped at 94,2% compared to the standard. in the orzu f1 hybrid, the total fruit weight was 5,6 kg in the standard planting scheme of 80×50 cm, and 1,6 kg in the planting scheme of 80×30 cm and 0,4 kg in the scheme of 80x40 cm. as the row of plants (80-60 cm) expanded, the total fruit weight increased – 6,1 kg, or it was 109,5% more than standard. the average of all planting schemes was 5,1 kg and was 92,3% compared to the standard. conclusion the yield of the sardor f1 hybrid was 139 t/ha in the standard variant of 80×50 cm and a much higher 164,5 t/ha or 117,8% in the planting scheme of 80×40 cm. as the number of plants per hectare decreased, productivity also decreased, and in the 80×60 cm planting scheme was 126,9 t/ha, or 91,2% compared to the standard. the average of all planting schemes by yield is 148,1 t/ha, or 106,1%. the yield of the orzu f1 hybrid was 140 t/ha in the standard variant of 80×50 cm and a much higher 161,3 t/ha or 115,2% in the planting scheme of 80×40 cm. as the number of plants per hectare decreased, productivity also decreased, and in the 80×60 cm planting scheme was 123,1 t/ha, or 87,9% compared to the standard. the average of all planting schemes by yield is 145,3 t/ha, or 103,8%. references 1. kadysheva a.k. the influence of cucumber plant placement schemes on its yield in the conditions of the tashkent region /a. k. kadisheva // collection of works: issues of industrial technology of cultivation, harvesting of vegetable crops and potatoes. tashkent. – 1984. – no. 4. – pp. 42-45. 2. ludilov v.a. seed production of vegetable and melon crops. / v.a. ludilov. – m.: aggropromizdat, 1987. – 224 p. 3. naidyonov v.p. the influence of the feeding area on the yield and quality of cucumber seeds / v.p. volume 04 issue 07-2024 15 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 07 pages: 12-15 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi naidyonov // potato, vegetable and melon cultures. k.: urozhai, 1968. vol. 5. – pp. 7-11. 4. rossoshinsky a.a. handbook of a master vegetable grower in open ground / a.a. rossoshinsky, i.i. tarasenko, v.a. bashmachnikov. – m.: kolos, 1982. – 159 p. 5. soldatenko a.v. density of cucumber seed plants using drip irrigation in the eastern forest-steppe of ukraine // journal of vegetables of russia. – no. 1(22). – 2014. – pp. 88-91. volume 02 issue 12-2022 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 01-07 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the irrigated soils scattered in the khorezm oasis on the lower shore of amudarya have great potential in the agriculture of our republic. therefore, the creation of a system of measures aimed at preserving and protecting them, increasing production capacity and productivity, and improving land reclamation is one of the most important current issues of today. keywords water properties, irrigated soils and khorazm region. introduction it is important to deeply analyze the current agrophysical condition of the main soils distributed in the territory of the khorezm oasis, to determine the change in the level of soil fertility as a result of irrigation, and to develop the scientific basis for its improvement. in order to solve this goal, it is necessary to study the properties of water in the soil layers, taking into account the geomorphological, lithological research article water properties of soils of khorazm region submission date: december 01, 2022, accepted date: december 05, 2022, published date: december 09, 2022 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-01 r. kurvontoev scientific research institute of soil science and agrochemistry, tashkent region, qibray district, "botanika" neighborhood citizens' meeting, uzpiti street, taiti, uzbekistan k. fayziev gulistan state university, 120100. syrdarya region, gulistan city, iv microdistrict uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=water%20properties%20of%20soils%20of%20khorazm%20region https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-01 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-01 volume 02 issue 12-2022 2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 01-07 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi and hydrogeological conditions of the soil. in different periods, the ameliorative state of the amudarya lower reaches, including the khorezm oasis, soil cover, distribution, chemical, physical-chemical and including water-physical properties were studied by various factors [1-4]. however, since these scientific works were carried out in the past, the current state of the khorezm oasis soils does not fully describe the period. therefore, it is necessary to carry out scientific research in order to reflect the current situation. research object and methods. the irrigated soils of khorezm region serve as a research object. the water properties of these soils are generally accepted, the methods are soil moisture drying method at 1050 c, water capacities in laboratory conditions by cylinder method and water permeability in field conditions by s.i. it was determined by the dolgov method. analysis of the obtained results. knowledge of waterphysical properties of soil under irrigated agriculture is important in increasing its productivity. water-physical properties determine soil moisture consumption and mobility, as well as nutrient uptake. water properties of the irrigated meadow soils of khorezm region are different levels of moisture obtained during the cutting period, where the influence of irrigation and erosion seepage can be observed. the effect of the eros storm water is clearly visible in the grassy soils scattered in i. kholmetov water consumption association (wca) of gurlan district, "khorazm" wca of shavat district and alkhorazmi wca. their amount fluctuates from 24 to 32% in the layers close to the seepage water. at all the obtained points, it is possible to observe a sharp decrease in moisture in the driving layer. at the same time, a lack of natural moisture was observed in some deep layers with a light mechanical composition. according to the results of the research, the field moisture capacity (fmc) in the upper meter layer of weakly saline sandy loam, light sandy and grassy soils is 22% on average, and this indicator is 22-23% in relation to the soil mass in light medium sandy types with moderate salinity. (table 1) thus, it was determined that the water properties of the soils, their mechanical composition, layer density, mineralogical and salinity levels are not homogeneous due to the haze. according to the obtained data, total and capillary moisture capacity is slightly higher in grassland soils. for example: kns 30-32%, and tns 3537%, respectively, of the driving layer obtained from the entire section. in the driving layer, this value is slightly reduced. table 1 water capacity of irrigated soils of khorezm region https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=water%20properties%20of%20soils%20of%20khorazm%20region https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 12-2022 3 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 01-07 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi location № layer depth, см fmc kns tns location № layer depth, см fmc kns tns "bogolon" wca, yangibozor district khanka district al-khorazmi wca 88 0-35 22,20 30,55 35,41 589 0-30 21,52 31,25 36,11 35-55 22,30 31,21 36,40 30-37 21,00 31,15 36,23 55-100 21,50 31,18 36,90 37-50 22,72 31,16 36,56 100-150 21,80 31,91 36,10 50-70 22,36 31,57 36,18 150-200 21,90 31,01 36,80 70-100 21,52 31,25 36,11 gurlan district i. kholmetov wca bogot district "tashkent" wca 136 0-30 22,56 31,09 36,58 643 0-35 22,43 31,41 36,53 30-50 21,90 30,70 36,36 35-50 21,42 31,81 36,36 50-86 22,07 31,10 36,36 50-80 21,62 32,43 37,10 86-130 21,90 31,50 36,30 80-100 21,42 31,81 36,36 "khorazm" wca of shavat district khozorasp district yu. sherjonov wca 265 0-32 22,60 30,82 36,30 788 0-30 21,62 31,76 36,48 32-48 21,10 31,69 36,61 30-50 21,52 31,20 36,11 48-75 21,16 31,38 36,49 50-75 21,73 31,52 36,41 75-105 21,51 31,39 36,62 75-110 21,32 31,61 36,02 105-140 22,80 31,37 36,60 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=water%20properties%20of%20soils%20of%20khorazm%20region https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 12-2022 4 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 01-07 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi at the same time, the heavy mechanical composition of old irrigated grassland soils has a slightly higher water capacity (27.3-28.5%) than their medium and light soils. due to the fact that the mechanical composition of individual layers is not the same, the water capacity is also different. old and newly irrigated meadow soils are close to seepage water and have a relatively high water capacity, which is 27% of soil weight in one-meter layers. in some layers, the water capacity fluctuates from 22% to 29% due to changes in mechanical composition and salinity. due to differences in mechanical, mineralogical composition, density and salinity of irrigated meadow soils of khorezm region, their water properties are not the same. water permeability of soils and soils is considered the most important water-physical properties. water permeability is of great importance in the agronomic and reclamation classification of soils, and it comprehensively determines the water regime, irrigation techniques, salt washing, the occurrence of erosion and other activities. in order to efficiently use irrigation water in irrigated agriculture of khorezm region, it is important to study and manage soil permeability. the soils of the districts where we have conducted research are distinguished by their own characteristics and diversity, that is, they have different mechanical composition, many layers, different levels of salinity and compaction, and their water permeability is also different. among them, weak-medium salinity, sandy-light sandy loam mechanical composition meadow and gray-meadow soils, which are irrigated from new water, have good water permeability properties (table 2). the lightness of the mechanical composition of soils, the abundance of water-resistant aggregates in the upper layers and the lack of compaction cause high water permeability. the irrigated soils of the khorezm region are irrigated soils of medium loam, strong salinity, with low water permeability. the reason for low water permeability of these soils is the aggravation of the mechanical composition, the presence of highly dense (ho 1.50-1.64; total porosity 38-43) layers. it can be explained as follows that the rate of absorption in saline soils is high at the beginning (3.47-5.94 mm/min) and by the end of the 6th hour (0.04-0.08 mm/min). a large amount of water-soluble salts dissolves under the influence of water and passes into the soil solution and is washed into deep layers. as a result of the release of salt in these layers, the aggregates are dispersed (spread) and the soil becomes a whole mass with a high density (1.64 g/cm3). the high water permeability of the irrigated soils of khorezm region in the fall is the reason for the low density of the soil and the deep location of the seepage waters with the same composition and high porosity in the soil section. at the same time, absorption is slow in somewhat compacted, saline and saline, plastered soils. weak-medium salinity, medium-heavy mechanical composition soils that are irrigated with satisfactory water permeability are characterized by their poor structure, compaction and close location of seepage water. violation of the granular structural state of irrigated soils worsens water permeability. in such places, it becomes difficult for water to penetrate into the lower layer. also, it was found that water permeability is poor in old irrigated soils with heavy mechanical composition, presence of a dense subsoil https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=water%20properties%20of%20soils%20of%20khorazm%20region https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 12-2022 5 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 01-07 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi layer, and saline soils with a lot of sodium cation in the absorption complex. depending on soil moisture, plowing time and the quality of agrotechnical measures used in farming, the state of water permeability in layers also changes. according to the cultural condition of the soil, it was found that the water permeability is also different, despite being of the same type. table 2 water permeability of irrigated soils of khorezm region loc atio n № time interval total liters coefficient of creep. 10 mins 30 mins 60 mins 2 hours 3 hour s 4 hour s 5 hour s 6 hour s mm/ day m3/ha "bogolon" wca, yangibozor district 88 3,73 0,52 0,79 0,55 0,74 0,62 0,49 0,19 2167 5 0,70 291 gurlan district i. kholmetov wca 136 2,22 0,19 0,12 0,048 0,028 0,019 0,014 0,010 2095 0,020 8 "khorazm" wca of shavat district 265 5,28 0,29 0,12 0,049 0,035 0,024 0,017 0,014 8160 0,034 14 khanka district "galaba" wca https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=water%20properties%20of%20soils%20of%20khorazm%20region https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 12-2022 6 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 01-07 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 396 1,70 0,23 0,08 2 0,035 0,021 0,014 0,011 0,008 1735 0,030 12 khanka district al-khorazmi wca 589 7,77 0,36 0,32 0,35 0,21 0,15 0,10 0,083 9675 0,21 87 bogot district "tashkent" wca 643 4,76 0,72 0,33 0,27 0,16 0,11 0,090 0,074 8136 0,15 65 khozorasp district yu. sherjonov wca 788 5,21 0,69 0,33 0,16 0,099 0,071 0,054 0,043 6492 0,102 42 conclusion summing up, it should be noted that the basis of the water-physical properties of the soil of khorezm region depends on its mechanical composition, general physical and description of the soil-forming mother rock, its effect is manifested in volume mass, field moisture capacity, water permeability, changing it to a positive aspect is definitely agrotechnical. the water properties of irrigated soils are improved under the influence of measures: a) macroand micro-aggregates increase in the plowed layer, forming an acceptable density, and overall porosity and water permeability increase. b) field moisture capacity and productive active moisture content increase at the limit of root propagation of plants. condensed and heavy mechanical composition soils consisting of different layers are characterized by low water permeability and 8-68 m3 per hectare of water is absorbed at a rate of 0.020-0.15 m3 per day, and in porous, non-consolidated soils, water per hectare is 104-291 m3 it can be absorbed at a rate of 0.25-0.70 m/day, which in turn determines the proper distribution of irrigation water. references 1. турсунов л.т., абдуллаев с.а. – почвеннофизическая характеристика низовья амударьи. ташкент, «фан», 1987, с.47 2. л.турсунов, почвенные условия орошаемых земель западной части узбекистана. ташкент, фан 1981, с.130-162 3. “хоразм вилояти тупроқлари” тошкент, «фан» 2003 188 б https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=water%20properties%20of%20soils%20of%20khorazm%20region https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 12-2022 7 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 12 pages: 01-07 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 4. r.kulmatov., j.mirzaev., j.abuduwaili., b.karimov. challenges for the sustainable use of water and land resources in the djizakh irrigation zone (uzbekistan) under changing climate and salinization. journal of arid land (2020) 12(1): рр. 90–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-020-0092-8. 5. r.kulmatov., j.mirzaev., a.taylakov., j.abuduwaili., b.karimov. quantitative and qualitative assessment of collector‑drainage waters in aral sea basin: trends in jizzakh region, republic of uzbekistan environmental earth sciences (2021) 80:122 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09406-y. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-01 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=water%20properties%20of%20soils%20of%20khorazm%20region https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 22 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue02 2025 page no. 22-26 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-07 directions of financing agriculture: the case of uzbekistan ahmedov azamat kamilovich phd, associate professor, department of economics. “tiiame” national research university, 39, kori niyoziy street, mirzo ulugbek district, tashkent, 100000, uzbekistan, uzbekistan received: 24 december 2024; accepted: 26 january 2025; published: 28 february 2025 abstract: agriculture is one of the main sectors of the economy of uzbekistan, and it is important to ensure the country's economic stability and food safety. agricultural sectors of uzbekistan are mainly specialized in the production of cotton, wheat, fruits and vegetables and other agricultural products. these sectors are important not only for economic growth and employment of the population. development of agriculture is one of the most urgent issues today. good profit is obtained by exporting agricultural products grown in our country to foreign countries, and international agreements are signed with many countries. in addition, varieties of agricultural products that produce good yields and are resistant to pests are brought from abroad and are localized in our country. the above points are important in financing agriculture. this article provides information on the directions of agricultural financing of uzbekistan. keywords: agriculture, world economy, food products, industry, sector, economic stability, production. introduction: in recent years, the importance of agriculture in the global economy has been increasing dramatically. that is why it is important to study the specific characteristics of land, water, and labor resources, which are the main factors of agricultural production, on the scale of developed and developing countries. industry is one of the main and oldest branches of material production, providing the country with food and the main part of the raw materials for industry. agriculture mainly consists of two main branches agriculture and animal husbandry. these two sectors provide the population with agricultural and livestock products. agriculture includes a number of branches of primary processing of agricultural products and livestock products. about half of the economically active population, and in less developed countries more than 80-90 percent, are employed in rural areas. in developing countries, this figure is 10%. social problems and the settlement of the rural population are closely related to agriculture. in some countries, forestry is also a part of agriculture. our country has great potential in agriculture. many issues depend on the development of this direction, from the abundance of our markets, the abundance of food for our people, to the earning of additional income from exports. great changes are taking place in the field of agriculture in our country. modern technologies and equipment are used in the production of agricultural products. in addition, new methods such as drip irrigation and rain irrigation are being used to irrigate crops. these methods also save water and prevent wastage. as a result, water is consumed by the plant itself and the productivity of plants increases. the use of such methods is important in the financing of agriculture. modern agricultural financing methods not only involve attracting large amounts of capital, but also provide an opportunity to introduce environmentally sustainable technologies and innovative solutions. for example, microcredit, crowdfunding, cooperation between the public and private sectors, as well as the development of digital technologies and smart agricultural technologies today provide new ways to finance the agricultural sector. these modern methods serve many priority purposes, such as supporting small farmers, introducing advanced technologies, efficient distribution of resources and reducing environmental risks. also, there are great opportunities to ensure social stability, https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-07 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-07 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-07 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-07 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8308-3937 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 23 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) increase the income of rural residents and improve their living conditions, and fight against social problems through new methods of financing agriculture. as the importance of innovative approaches in financing agriculture is increasing, it is possible to ensure the long-term sustainability of the agricultural sector through effective financial mechanisms in this area. methods climate change, land degradation and shortage of water resources are observed in the world today. water resources are decreasing, and high temperature has a negative effect on the productivity of crops and the number of livestock. this makes it difficult to ensure the production and safety of food products, reduces the accuracy of forecasting and planning. nevertheless, in recent years, in our country, special attention was paid to the use of the high potential of agriculture, and systematic work was carried out on the reform of the sector and the introduction of market mechanisms. at the same time, ensuring food safety and delivering agricultural products of ecological quality to the population is a constant focus. the development strategy of the new uzbekistan for 20222026 defines specific tasks for the further development of the agricultural sector. in particular, it is expected to double the income of peasants and farmers through the introduction of science and innovation, market mechanisms in agriculture. for this purpose, attention is paid to efficient use of available land and water. measures are being taken to get more income from the land by increasing labor productivity and productivity. for this purpose, a system of effective use of these lands was created by increasing the planting of exportable agricultural crops in the areas of land that are being reduced from cotton and grain, and by involving wide sections of the population. in particular, 200,000 hectares of land with good water supply, reduced from cotton and grain, are leased to citizens for 30 years for the implementation of projects such as vegetable growing, policing, legumes, oil crops, potato cultivation by establishing a farm.[1] results today, about 3.5 million of our country's population work in agriculture. this is more than 55 percent of the working population of the village. creation of business conditions for residents in rural areas, and the determination of winners in open auctions for land allocation, along with the representatives of families included in the "neighborhood registers", as well as our citizens who have returned from abroad, are being consistently carried out to ensure their employment. such changes in the network serve to increase production volumes. in particular, in the next two years, 193,000 hectares of land were leased to the population and an additional 2.5-3 million tons of agricultural products were grown. also, productivity increased by 10-15% due to the introduction of watersaving technologies on 100,000 hectares. 428 trillion by the end of this year. production of agricultural products worth 3.7% compared to 2022 is expected. if in 2017 the stable growth rate of gross agricultural production in the agrarian sector was 1 percent, by 2022 it was 3.6 percent. currently, more than 80 types of agricultural products grown in our country are exported to more than 60 countries of the world. the export volume of fruits, vegetables and leguminous products has almost doubled in the last seven years. we took the first place in the world in terms of the total yield obtained from one hectare of cultivated land.[2] in 2024, on the basis of the programs adopted in the network in the following years, intensive production of products will be carried out on 30,000 hectares of vegetable growing and repeated crops will be carried out on 780,000 hectares of arable land freed from grain. at present, attention is being paid to planting ninety-five crops in all categories of farms. for the 2024 harvest, it is planned to plant onions and garlic on 529,000 hectares, and vegetable crops on 386,500 hectares using the ninety-five method. of this, 75,800 hectares belong to farms, 266,400 hectares to residential estates and 186,800 hectares to peasant farms. in march-may 2024, a total of 10.8 mln. tons, 5.8 million compared to 2022. tons of fabulous vegetables are grown. in order to ensure economic growth, attention is being paid to the introduction of modern resource-saving technologies, to the expansion of new varieties with high productivity compatible with climate change instead of biologically obsolete varieties, to the establishment of digitalization of the water accounting system in the irrigation system.[3] discussions in order to ensure that the rate of processing of agricultural products in the regions is higher than 25 percent, measures are being taken to establish 100 new agro-logistics centers with a capacity of 2.5 million tons throughout the country and to increase their export potential to 1 billion dollars. in addition, during the development of the irrigation system and the implementation of measures to save limited water resources, it is planned to develop an additional 300,000 hectares of land by using modern water-saving technologies, and to plant nutritious, medicinal, oilseed, leguminous, rice, grain, vegetable, sugar crops, intensive orchards and vineyards on these lands. in 2024, 706 million cubic meters of water will be saved and 411,000 hectares of land will be irrigated by repairing canals and renovating channels. in the use of american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 24 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) water resources, we need to be concerned not only about today's generation, but also about the future generation. more than 80 percent of water resources come from neighboring countries. a number of works are being carried out to develop the agricultural sector and ensure food security. ensuring food security and price stability in domestic markets, increasing their income by supporting the initiatives of the population in the production of agricultural products, and programs on production based on the principle of "one region one product" are an important factor in this regard. in a word, the results achieved today will serve to ensure food safety in our country in the future, increase abundance and prosperity in our markets.[4] in this, the role of farmers and peasant farms of producers of agricultural products is incomparable. our country has great potential in agriculture. many issues depend on the development of this direction, from the abundance of our markets, the abundance of food for our people, to the earning of additional income from exports. but for many years, insufficient attention was paid to the agricultural sector. there was no market economy, no attitude to the land, no self-interest. the lack of a long-term agricultural development strategy hinders the efficient use of land and water resources, widespread investment in the industry, high incomes for producers and increased competitiveness of products. in order to diversify production, improve land and water relations, create a favorable environment for agribusiness and the high-value chain, support the development of cooperative relations, widespread introduction of market mechanisms, information and communication technologies in the field, as well as effective use of scientific achievements and increase the potential of personnel, a strategy for the development of agriculture in the republic of uzbekistan was developed. 2020-2030 and the "roadmap" of uzbekistan for the implementation of tasks was approved., defined in the strategy for the development of agriculture in the republic for 20202030.development of directions for sustainable development of agriculture means improving the quality of life in rural areas, forming the necessary amount of food supply for today and future generations, and ensuring the possibility of sufficient income for farmers and peasant farms. supporting the sustainable development of agriculture, ensuring and maintaining production capacity for the future, includes increasing efficiency without harming the environment and endangering natural resources.[5] in addition, it requires respect and recognition of local knowledge, established local ways of managing natural resources, and efforts to promote the capabilities of the present generation without compromising the prospects of future generations. therefore, economic and ecological stability, ensuring the efficiency of the activities of farmers and peasant farms, production potential for the next generation, improved food security and social stability are important elements of the development of agriculture in developing countries. to date, a number of theories of agricultural development have been formed, and in this paragraph of our research, we will analyze their development evolution. the main and general goal of these theories is to increase the material and social well-being of people. in this context, it is often seen as an integrated approach to improving the environment and society, and the well-being of the population. the first step in the process of agricultural development was to abandon the view of agriculture as static, that is, unchanging, as in previous or traditional societies. how do development is not to transform a static agriculture into a modern dynamic sector, but to ensure that the growth rates of the sector's output and productivity correspond to the growth rate of other sectors in the conditions of modernization of the economy.[6] therefore, the process of agricultural development should be abandoned from the point of view of content as static as in previous or traditional society. therefore, the theory of agricultural development serves to provide an understanding of the dynamics of agricultural growth, or variable sources of growth, from countries with an output growth trend of 1.0 percent or less to countries with an annual growth rate of 4.0 percent or more. more than 50% of agricultural products are used as raw materials. it supplies raw materials for light industry, food, soft feed and other industries. in turn, agriculture is a major consumer of industrial goods. industry supplies the countryside with tractors, cars, machinery, equipment, fuel, mineral fertilizers, animal feed, etc. about 40 percent of the industrial expenditure is spent on the production of agricultural products. therefore, the development of some branches of industry is closely related to agriculture, and at the same time, the purposeful activity of producers of goods in agriculture is reflected in the level of development of the industry. in every branch of the national economy, means of production are used, various products are produced, sufficient skills are required from workers. similarly, agriculture has its own characteristics, which must be taken into account when conducting business activities in this sector. in the network, land appears as the most basic, irreplaceable means of production. unlike other means of production, when land is used, it does not wear out, but retains its quality. land resources used in agriculture differ depending on their productivity and location. this requires the existence of differential rent i m: the owners of land areas located near product american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 25 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) markets have the opportunity to receive additional income (profit). 2. in agriculture, production is carried out in different soil and climate conditions, and it is important to take this feature into account in the mechanization, chemicalization and network improvement of the production process, the selection of the variety of agricultural crops, and breeding.[7] 3. the results obtained in this sector also depend on soil and climate conditions, and this factor has no influence on industrial production. in addition, natural and climatic conditions have a significant impact on the location and specialization of agricultural production. certain agricultural crops can be grown only under certain conditions. favorable or unfavorable weather also plays an important role in rural life. production in agricultural plant is seasonal in nature. a significant difference between the production period and working time can be seen, especially in autumn grain cultivation. the period of preparation and planting of winter grain begins in august and september, and the harvest is harvested in july of the next year. conclusion during this period, there will be several interruptions in working hours: preparation of fields, planting, care of crops, harvesting, etc. the production period continues continuously due to the natural growth and development of the crop. seasonality has a significant impact on the organization of production, the use of labor resources and equipment. also, the seasonal nature of agriculture is reflected in the processing industry. because agricultural raw materials are unevenly distributed throughout the year. 1. agricultural products are used later in the production process as means of production (seeds, fodder, organic fertilizers, fodder for young livestock, etc.). in the industry, raw materials are brought from other industry enterprises. in agriculture, the technological process relies on biological factors and living organisms, while in industry it is carried out on the basis of chemical, physical and mechanical processes. 2. the network has a high fund capacity, and the working capital circulates slowly, since this situation is not very profitable for investors, the role of the state is mainly important in the development of this network. 3. usually, agricultural machinery (tractors, machines, combine harvesters, etc.) moves from one place to another, and labor objects (plants) are located in a certain place. on the contrary, in the industry, the objects of labor (raw materials) move away, while the equipment, machines and machines are concentrated in one place. 4. most agricultural enterprises produce several different products. agricultural and livestock products are grown in exactly one farm. because agriculture provides food for livestock, manure from livestock serves as organic fertilizer. 5. a large number of producers of agricultural goods creates a competitive environment in the market. since a single producer cannot influence the market price, there is no single dominance in the industry.[8] references [abdurahmanova s.sh. (2023). "practical-seminar exercises and methods in teaching technology of methodological subjects". tashkent: science and intelligence. 119 p. ismailov r. (2023). "ensuring financial stability in agriculture". tashkent: ministry of agriculture of the republic of uzbekistan. 135 p. karimov s. (2023). "modern methods of financing agriculture". tashkent: academy of agriculture of uzbekistan. 150 p. kadyrov e. (2023). "development of credit resources for agriculture". tashkent: institute of agriculture of uzbekistan. 120 p. mamatova l. (2023). "innovative approaches and agricultural financing". tashkent: tashkent agricultural institute. 110 p. nurmatova g. (2023). "public policy in agricultural financing". tashkent: ministry of economy of the republic of uzbekistan. 140 p. rakhmonov d. (2023). "management of financial resources in agriculture". tashkent: national university of uzbekistan. 125 p. salomov i. (2023). "agrobank and agricultural financing". tashkent: agrobank. 145 p. tursunov a. (2023). "investment strategies in agriculture". tashkent: ministry of finance of uzbekistan. 130 p. yalov, a. (2018). "agricultural financing: theoretical and practical aspects." tashkent: state university of economics of uzbekistan.-112 p. yasakova, s. (2021). "agricultural finance system: problems and solutions." tashkent: national university of uzbekistan.176 p. yusupov, a. (2020). "agriculture and financial resources." samarkand: samarkand state university.230 p. yunusov, m. (2019). "financial strategies in agricultural development." bukhara: bukhara state university-138 p. yuldashev b. (2023). "international experiences in agricultural financing". tashkent: center for american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 26 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) international economic relations of uzbekistan. 155 p. yuldashev, r. (2022). "investments and financial resources in agriculture." andijan: andijan state university.-250 p. volume 02 issue 11-2022 17 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 11 pages: 17-20 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the paper presents the quantity and quality of salts in the solonchaks of central fergana. soda was found in the profile of solonchaks in the amount of 0.08-0.19%. solonchak vegetation is characterized by high ash content, while it is found that in salt marshes of the desert zone, arsenic accumulates in the amount of 7-8 cc, the biological absorption coefficient is 1.17-11.9. keywords salt marsh, soda, sol, arsenic, accumulation, clarke concentration, biological absorption coefficient. introduction currently, it has been proven that many trace elements significantly affect the soil-forming process and the formation of solonchaks in the desert zone. the distribution of the quantity and quality of a number of research article halogeochemistry, biogeochemical features of saline landscapes in central fergana submission date: november 05, 2022, accepted date: november 15, 2022, published date: november 30, 2022 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue11-03 g. yuldashev researcher ferghana state university, uzbekistan u. b. mirzaev researcher ferghana state university, uzbekistan a. rakhimov researcher ferghana state university, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue11-03 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=halogeochemistry,%20biogeochemical%20features%20of%20saline%20landscapes%20in%20central%20fergana https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue11-03 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue11-03 volume 02 issue 11-2022 18 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 11 pages: 17-20 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi macro-microelements over the genetic horizons of soils affect the processes of formation of saline soils and solonchaks. during the formation of humusaccumulative horizons, elements are mainly accumulated in the upper part of the soil profile. in the process of solonchak formation, macroand microelements are redistributed along the soil profile. in this regard, the study of salt marshes, as well as the accumulation and redistribution of chemical elements in salt marshes, is an urgent problem of science and production. object and methods of research: the saline massifreserve of the fergana experimental cotton growing station was chosen as the object of research. as for research methods, dokuchaevka’s morphogenetic method was taken as the basis. agrochemical studies were carried out by conventional methods. elemental analysis was carried out by neutron activation analysis at the institute of nuclear physics of the academy of sciences of the republic of uzbekistan. research results: the desert solonchaks studied by us are characterized as hydromorphic typical alluvial-saz soils and belong to the group of soils with progressive salinity. salt marshes typical of saz are distinguished by higher degrees of salinity of the entire profile, but a significant accumulation of salts occurs in the upper horizons. the salt content in the upper layers varies within 2-5% of the dry residue. in the underlying horizons, the amount of salts is 1.3-4.0%. the surface of these solonchaks is sometimes covered with a crust 0-3 cm thick. the maximum of salts is observed in crustal and subcrustal horizons. the accumulation of water-soluble toxic and non-toxic salts in the upper 0-3 cm and 3-40 cm layers of the studied solonchaks reaches 2.7-3.1%. moreover, the amount of toxic salts, respectively, in these horizons reaches 1.82.2%. quantity and quality of salts, % r el ea se n u m b er d ep th , cm n a 2 с о 3 с a( h c o 3 ) 2 c as o 4 m g s o 4 n a 2 s o 4 n ac l to x ic n o n -t o x ic t o ta l 1 -s al t m ar sh es 0-3 0,017 0,105 0,737 1,406 0,201 0,603 2,227 0,842 3,069 3-40 0,017 0,084 0,768 1,213 0,136 0,438 1,804 0,852 2,656 40-70 0,008 0,089 0,771 1,030 0,146 0,303 1,487 0,860 2,347 70-120 0,008 0,097 0,598 0,849 0,277 0,245 1,379 0,695 2,074 120-160 0,017 0,097 0,677 0,885 0,259 0,247 1,408 0,774 2,82 u.g.w., g/l 0,19 1,647 12,40 13,812 2,707 3,406 19,70 14,47 34,170 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue11-03 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=halogeochemistry,%20biogeochemical%20features%20of%20saline%20landscapes%20in%20central%20fergana https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 11-2022 19 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 11 pages: 17-20 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the nature of the distribution of salts in the upper part of the soil profile indicates that in these soils the process of salt accumulation is replaced by temporary desalinization. the type of salinity is chloride-sulfate. according to the mechanical composition, the studied solonchaks are light and medium loamy. in this regard, the humus content in the upper 3-40 cm horizon reaches 0.65%, then there is an intensive decrease and reaches 0.26%. the ratio of nitrogen to carbon in these layers ranges from 5.2 to 6.1. the content of carbonates in solonchaks fluctuates in the range of 10.2 -15.1%. soil and groundwater regime saz. establishing the average concentration of cyclic trace elements in solonchaks is associated with relatively great difficulties. this is not surprising, because one should take into account the influence of numerous factors such as: the concentration of water-soluble salts, the quantity and quality of toxic salts, the composition and properties of soil solutions, the composition and properties of ground and mineralized waters, etc. the concentration of a number of cyclic chemical elements in the solonchaks of fergana varies in the upper 0-3 cm layers within the range of 1.7-28500 mg/kg. microelements are arranged quantitatively: fe > mn > sr > zn > cr > ni > co > as > mo > sb. a similar pattern persists in the underlying horizons. at the same time, as expected, there is a slight increase in the concentration of iron, manganese, strontium, nickel, molybdenum at the horizon of soil-soil contact with groundwater, which is associated with gley barriers. the presented material testifies to a peculiar regularity in the distribution of chemical elements in the solonchak profile. therefore, along with determining the amount and average concentration of trace elements in general, it is necessary to take into account their ability to concentrate and disperse in the horizons of the studied solonchaks. for a quantitative assessment of chemical elements in the lithosphere, v.i. vernadsky introduced a special indicator concentration clarke (cc), which characterizes the deviation of the content of a chemical element in a given object from its clarke. based on this, it can be said that strontium gradually accumulates in the underlying relatively gypsum, carbonate layers of solonchaks, where its fluctuation in these horizons varies within 1.56-2.09 cc. there is also an increase in the cc of zinc in the range of 1.11-1.45, unfortunately, there is a significant increase in the cc of arsenic in all horizons of solonchaks in the range of 6.8-8.12 cc, which is obviously associated with the nearby mercury-antimony halos of the deposit. an increase in the cc of molybdenum and antimony is also observed. the content of other studied elements such as fe, mn, cr, ni, co is below their clarke values, according to dobrovolsky, it is not concentrated in solonchaks. the series of scattering clarks repeat the patterns of distribution of concentration clarks in reverse order, that is, the studied elements in the upper 0-3 cm layer in this regard occupy the following distribution series: ni > mn > fe > sr > co > cr > zn > sb > mo > as. solonchak vegetation is characterized by high ash content. their sols are dominated by chlorides, sulfates of sodium and alkaline earth elements. conclusion thus, in the desert hydromorphic solonchaks of central fergana, a high degree of arsenic accumulation is observed, cc, which reaches 7-8, and kp ranges from https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue11-03 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=halogeochemistry,%20biogeochemical%20features%20of%20saline%20landscapes%20in%20central%20fergana https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 11-2022 20 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 11 pages: 17-20 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 0.12-0.16. there is an accumulation of molybdenum and antimony. molybdenum and cobalt tend to accumulate in solonchak plants, the coefficient of biological absorption of which, respectively, fluctuates in the range of 1.66-11.31 and 1.12-1.38, the remaining elements are captured by solonchak plants. references 1. alekseenko v.a. alekseenko a.v. chemical elements in geochemical systems. clarks of soils of residential landscapes. rostov n/a publishing house sfu –p. 2013-388. 2. garrison sposito. the chemistry of soils. oxford university press 2016. –p. 272. 3. isakov v. yu., mirzaev u. b., yusupova m. a. on the characteristics of soils of sandy massifs of central fergana // current state and prospects for the development of reclamation soil science. mater. int. conf. consecrated. 2009. p. 35-38. 4. isakov v. yu., mirzaev u. b., yusupova m. a. peculiarities of characteristics of soils of sandy massifs of the fergana valley // nauchnoe obozrenie. biological sciences. – 2020. – no. 1. p. 15-19. 5. ilyin v.b. heavy metals and non-metals in the soil-plant system. novosibirsk: publishing house of soran. 2012-220 p. 6. minkina t.m., fedorov yu.a., nevidomskaya d.g. peculiarities of content and mobility of heavy metals in soils of the floodplain of the don river. arid ecosystems.-2016. vol. 22-№1 (68), -p.86-98 7. mirzaev u. b., umarkulova b. n. influence of the anthropogenic factor on the evolution of irrigated arzyk-shoh soils // scientific review. biological sciences. – 2020. – no. 2. p. 5-9. 8. kashin v.k. features of the accumulation of microelements by the steppe vegetation of western transbaikalia. //agrochemistry-2014. no. 6 p. 6976 9. kasimov n.s., vlasov d.v. clarke of chemical elements as a comparison standard in ecogeochemistry. bulletin of moscow state university series 5. geography. 2015.-№2.-p.717 10. l. v. perelomov, k. b. chilachava, a. yu. shvykin, and yu. influence of organic substances on the absorption of heavy metals by clay minerals. // agrochemistry 2017 no. 2 p.89-96 11. protasova n.a. biogeochemistry of trace elements in ordinary chernozems of the voronezh region. // bulletin of the vsu-series: chemistry. biology. pharmacy. 2015 №4 p. 100106 p. 89-96 12. perelman a.i., kasimov n.s. geochemistry of the landscape. textbook. m. 1999. –p. 610. 13. vernadsky v.i. geochemistry essays. m. 1983. – p. 422. 14. kovda v.a. problems of combating desertification and salinization of irrigated soils m. kolos.1984. –p. 304. 15. siromlya t.i., zagurskaya yu.v. elemental chemical composition of hypericum perforatum non-standardized elements. // chemistry of plant raw materials. 2019 №2. -pp. 179-187. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue11-03 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=halogeochemistry,%20biogeochemical%20features%20of%20saline%20landscapes%20in%20central%20fergana https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 41 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue07 2025 page no. 41-44 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-08 effect of the zerox immunostimulant on cotton yields atoeva rukhsora bukhara state university, muhammad iqbol 11, 200118, uzbekistan atoeva dilsora bukhara state university, muhammad iqbol 11, 200118, uzbekistan received: 31 may 2025; accepted: 27 june 2025; published: 29 july 2025 abstract: in order to obtain high-quality yields from agricultural crops, various immunostimulants and biologically active substances are applied to the seeds before planting, as well as during different phenophases of the plants. in this article, three different norms (1-2-3 l/t) of the zerox immunostimulant were applied to the seeds of the bukhara-10 cotton variety before sowing and at different phenophases of the plant, and the effect on yield was evaluated. as a result, the most positive indicator was observed in variant 10, with an average three-year yield of 46.0 q/ha. it was found that this yield was 7.6 q/ha higher than that of the control variant with the same number of seedlings. keywords: zerox immunostimulant, different number of seedlings, bukhara-10 cotton variety, yield. introduction: in order to obtain high and quality yields from crops in global agriculture, the demand for stimulants with various effects is increasing year by year. nowadays, various stimulants and immunostimulants are used on 50-80% of the areas, where crops important for agriculture are grown [1]. growth regulators, as universal agents, play an important role not only in controlling plant growth and development but also in accelerating physiological and biochemical processes in plants. they enhance resistance to drought and help achieve higher crop yields under adverse conditions such as salinity [2]. immunostimulants terminate the latent period in plants, accelerate hypocotyl germination in seeds, and increase the germination rate [3]. they accelerate stem growth and branching in plants during the budding, juvenil, virginal, and immature stages of the pregenerative period, as well as during the young generativ, mature generativ, and old generative stages of the generative period [4-5]. additionally, they enhance leaf area, dry mass, and net photosynthetic productivity [6-7]. furthermore, immunostimulants improve valuable signs [8] and production in cotton [9]. one of these immunostimulants, zerox, contains 3000 mg/l of colloidal silver and is used to enhance the immune system in plants [10]. as a result of climate change and the negative impact of anthropogenic factors, plants are being infected with various phytoparasites. the most common bacterial disease in cotton is cotton gummosis. for example, r.o. atoeva and others studied the role of immunostimulants in increasing the resistance of cotton to gummosis [11]. furthermore, r.o. atoeva investigated zerox immunostimulant increases relatively the resistance of cotton to root rot [12]. methods in order to determine the optimal rate of the immunostimulant zeroks that positively affects the yield of cotton, different rates of the zeroks immunostimulant (1.0-2.0-3.0 l/t; 1.0-2.0-3.0 l/ha) were applied to three different seedling of the bukhara-10 cotton variety (80,000-90,000; 100,000110,000; and 120,000-130,000 plants per hectare). also, the immunostimulant fitovak was used at a rate of 200 ml/t and ml/ha as the standard. the control variant seeds was applied in drinking water, and during the growing season, it was suspended with water. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-08 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-08 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-08 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-08 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 42 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) аll phеnological observаtions аnd analysis cаrried out in the invеstigation in laborаtory and fiеld condition were conducted on the bаsis of “methods experiments of field” which written uzbekistаn cotton science research institute [13] аnd plаnt insect protection center, аs well as, methods given in severаl other literature. research dаtа wаs mаthemаtically processed in the method of b. dospexov [14]. in scientific research, the experimental system consisted of 15 variants, 3 repetitions, each variant 270 m2 area , the total area of calculation was 4050 m2. in the experiment, hairy seedlings of the bukhara-10 cotton variety were applied with the zerox immunostimulant at different norms (1-2-3 l/t of seedlings before sowing) and at different times (2-4 true leaf, shading and flowering phases) together with 1-2-3 l/ha + 0.15 l of pav. the experimental system is presented in table 1. table 1. experience system № variants and names of preparation s a number of different seedlings thousand bushes/ha application norms and terms, l/t; l/ha applicati on to seeds before planting 2-4 true leaves shading flowerin g 1 control 80-90 the seeds swell in water the above ground parts of the cotton plant were sprayed with water 2 100-110 3 120-130 4 fitovak 80-90 200 ml/t 200 ml/ha 200 ml/ha 200 ml/ha 5 100-110 6 120-130 7 zerox 80-90 1 l/t 1 l/ha+pаv 0,15 l/ha 1 l/ha+pаv 0,15 л/га 1 l/ha +pаv 0,15 8 100-110 9 120-130 10 zerox 80-90 2 l/t 2 l/ha+pаv 0,15 l/ha 2 l/ha +pаv 0,15 l/ha 2 l/ha +pаv 0,15 l/ha 11 100-110 12 120-130 13 zerox 80-90 3 l/t 3 l/ha+pаv 0,15 l/ha 3 l/ha + pаv 0,15 l/ha 3 л/га +pаv 0,15 l/ha 14 100-110 15 120-130 results and discussion three different seedling thicknesses were left in the bukhara-10 cotton variety in moderately saline soil conditions and zeroks was applied to it at different norms and periods, and the effect on cotton yield was studied. it was found that with increasing seedling, the number of reproductive organs in shoot decreased. in the experiment, there were variants with seedling plants of 80-90; 100-110 and 120-130 thousand plants/ha and the norms of zerox 1-2-3 l/t; 1-2-3 l/ha + pav 0,15 l/ha. among all the variants, the highest number of shoots formation and development was observed in variants 4-7-10-13 where the seedling number was left at 80-90 thousand plants/ha. it was found that there were 3,02,6-11,4-4,1 units more than control 1 variant, respectively. it was found that the number of matured in variants 58-11-14, with a seedling number of 100-110 thousand plants/ha, was 0,9-0,4-4,7-5,5 more bushes compared to the second variant. also, in variants 6-9-12-15, with a seedling number of 120-130 thousand plants/ha, the number of plants per hectare was 2,2-1,2-7,3-8,5 more plants compared to the third variant. when analyzing data on yield indicators for 2021-2022, control, fitovak and zeroks were used in the bukhara-10 cotton variety with a american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 43 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) seedling thickness of 80-90 thousand plants/ha. table -2 the effect of using zeroks at different standard periods on the yield of cotton grown at different seedling thicknesses (2021-2023) as a result, the average three year productivity indicators in options 1-4-7-10-13 are: 38,1-41,4-39,846,0-45,4 q/ha; in options 2-5-8-11-14 with a seedling number of 100-110 thousand plant/ha proportionally: 36,0-39,6-38,8-43,6-43,0 q/ha; in variants 3-6-9-12-15, where the a seedling number was 120-130 thousand plants/ha, it was 35,1-38,3-37,4-42,2-42,0 q/ha, respectively. according to the data of 2023, when the bukhara-10 cotton variety was maintained at different seedling thicknesses and zeroks was applied at different rates and periods (1-2-3 l/t; 1-2-3 l/ha+pav 0,15 l/ha), it was observed that there was a significant difference in the cotton yield between the options. in the last phase of the cotton vegetation, the cotton harvest leaves a seedling number of 80-90 thousand plant/ha, control, standard, zeroks 1-2-3 l/t; 1-2-3 l/ha+pav 0,15 l/ha used in the 1-4-7-10-13 variants, respectively: 40,8-46,3-44,1-52,5-50,5 q/ha; in variants 2-5-8-11-14, where the seedling number is 100-110 thousand plant/ha, respectively: 36,5-44,2-42,5-50,849,5 q/ha; the seedling number was 35,9-40,4-40,149,7-47,6 q/ha in the 3-6-9-12-15 variants, where 120130 thousand plants/ha were left. conclusion according to the conducted three year studies, the highest cotton yield was observed in the variant with a seedling number of 80-90 thousand plants/ha and the optimal norm of application of zerox (2 l/t: 2 l/ha + pav 0,15 l/ha) (table 2). the increase in seedling number and the use of the immunnostimulant zerox below or above the standard level during all growth and development periods of the bukhara-10 cotton variety led to a significant decrease in biological and economic cotton yields. as a result, the most positive indicator was observed in variant 10, with an average three-year yield of 46.0 q/ha. it was found that this yield was 7.6 q/ha higher than that of the № variants a number of different seedlings thousan d plants/h a 2021 2022 2023 an average of three years, total harvest q/ha produc tivity differenc e, q/ha, ± total harves t, q/ha total harves t, q/ha total harves t, q/ha 1 control (water) 80-90 38,8 34,6 40,8 38,1 0,0 2 100-110 37,5 33,9 36,5 36,0 0,0 3 120-130 35,7 33,7 35,9 35,1 0,0 4 fitovak 200 ml/t; ml/hа 80-90 40,5 37,5 46,3 41,4 +3,3 5 100-110 39,7 34,9 44,2 39,6 +3,6 6 120-130 39,0 35,6 40,4 38,3 +3,2 7 zerox 1 l/t, l/hа 80-90 40,0 35,4 44,1 39,8 +1,7 8 100-110 39,0 35,0 42,5 38,8 +2,8 9 120-130 38,5 33,5 40,1 37,4 +2,3 10 zerox 2 l/t, l/hа 80-90 45,5 40,0 52,5 46,0 +7,9 11 100-110 42,0 38,0 50,8 43,6 +7,6 12 120-130 40,5 36,5 49,7 42,2 +7,1 13 zerox 3 l/t, l/hа 80-90 45,2 40,4 50,5 45,4 +7,3 14 100-110 42,3 37,3 49,5 43,0 +7,0 15 120-130 42,0 36,5 47,6 42,0 +6,9 нср05 1,69 s/hа 1,21 s/hа 1,26 ц/hа 1,28 ц/hа p% 4,2% 3,4% 2,8% 3,2 % american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 44 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) control variant with the same number of seedlings. references ertani, a., schiavon, m., muscolo, a. and nardi, s. (2013) alfalfa plant-derived biostimulant stimulate short-term growth of salt stressed zea mays l. plants. plant soil, 364, 145-158. dzung, n.a., khanh, v.t.p. and dzung, t.t. (2011) research on impact of chitosan oligomers on biophysical characteristics, growth, development and drought resistance of coffee. carbohydrate polymers, 84, 751-755. ikramova, m. l., & atoeva, r. o. (2019). the effect of the use of zerox immunostimulants on the germination, formation and development of the root system of cotton. bulletin of gulistan state university, 2019(3), 55-59. ikramova, m. l., & atoeva, r. o. influence of zerox immunostimulant on the growth and development of cotton. ilmiy xabarnoma, 196, 36. ikramova, m. l., & atoeva, r. o. (2019). influence of zerox immunostimulant on the growth and development of cotton. scientific herald, 4, 30-37. ikramova, m. l., atoeva, r. o., & rakhmatov, b. n. (2021). application of the immunostimulant zerox for determination of leaf surface, dry mass and net productivity of photosynthesis of cotton plant. asian journal of multidimensional research, 10(9), 244-250. odilovna, a. r. (2022). influence of the immunostimulantzerox for pure photosynthesis efficiency of bukhara-10 cotton. eurasian journal of research, development and innovation, 7, 30-34. atoeva, r. o., & hotamova, h. (2023). improvement of valuable signs by using “zerox” immunostimulant in cotton. in e3s web of conferences (vol. 389, p. 03114). edp sciences. ikramova, м. l., atoeva, r. o., & atoeva, d. o. influence of the zerox immunostimulant on cotton production. american journal of plant sciences, 11(4), 564568.(2020) scientists of moscow (2016) zerox is fungicide and bactericide contact action based on colloidal silver. agrochemprom state university, 15. atoeva, r. o. (2022). “zerox” increases relatively the resistance of cotton to root rot. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal, 12(5), 493-496. atoeva, r. o., goziyeva, g. a., & bakayeva, s. s. (2024). the role of immunostimulants in increasing the resistance of cotton to gummosis. web of teachers: inderscience research, 2(4), 128-131. uzcsri (2007) methods of passing field experiments. toshkent, 147, dospexov, b.a. (1989) methods of passing field experiments. kolos, moscow, american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 37 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue05 2025 page no. 37-39 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-10 testing and evaluation of rice variety samples in nurseries in the conditions of karakalpakstan kamalov miyirbek murat o‘g‘li scientific production association of grain and rice, head of the laboratory of rice selection and seed production, uzbekistan abillaev urazbay scientific production association of grain and rice, uzbekistan esemuratova guljamal qalbayevna assistant at karakalpakstan institute of agriculture and agrotechnologies, uzbekistan reypova gulzira kannazarovna assistant at karakalpakstan institute of agriculture and agrotechnologies, uzbekistan received: 31 march 2025; accepted: 29 april 2025; published: 31 may 2025 abstract: this study presents a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of rice variety samples д-53 (д-82), д-66 (д154(4-12-2)) in a control nursery plot, providing evaluations and conducting competitive variety testing. keywords: rice, variety, selection, control nursery plot, vegetation. introduction: rice crop ranks first in the world in terms of yield and second after wheat in terms of consumption. it is the main food source for one-third of the world's population and, despite its origin in the tropics, is widely grown in temperate regions. with the global population increasing every year and the amount of agricultural land decreasing, while labor costs are rising, it is crucial to introduce innovations in agriculture, especially in rice cultivation, by creating new varieties adapted to local conditions. the republic of karakalpakstan is a leading region for rice cultivation, with significant potential for large-scale sowing. however, due to unfavorable soil and climatic conditions, water supply issues, delayed irrigation timing, increasing droughts, and factors such as soil salinity and extreme heat days, there are various obstacles limiting the expansion of rice cultivation. these challenges are primarily linked to water supply. according to b.abdullayev, u.abillayev, s.jalmenova, and d.turdishev, the current requirements for rice varieties in modern rice cultivation have changed significantly. for uzbekistan’s rapidly developing agricultural sector, the goal is to create export-oriented long-grain rice varieties with valuable economic traits, early maturity, and resistance to stress factors [1]. d. utambetov and g. khojambergenov's experiments indicate that seed germination rate and field emergence vary from 0.9 to 3.9 grains per m2 and 0.20.7%, respectively. processing coefficients for rice varieties range from 1.32 to 1.42%. according to their findings, the early maturing “guliston” variety matures 4-7 days earlier than other varieties, yielding 2-9 kg/ha more. with water savings, up to 4.5 thousand m3/ha of water is achieved. the “guliston” variety is proposed for secondary sowing after winter wheat [2]. according to b.abdullayev and u.abillayev, the karakalpakstan rice fields are located in a sharply continental climate zone with saline desert soils in the lower reaches of the amudarya river. most irrigated lands in northern karakalpakstan suffer from strong to moderate chloride and sulfate salinity. these lowfertility soils, saline due to shallow groundwater, are https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-10 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-10 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-10 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-10 https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8294-5405 https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2631-7354 https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4592-1521 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 38 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) unsuitable for cotton, wheat, and other crops, with a relatively short warm season in spring-autumn. complex natural stress factors, limited irrigation water, and especially its late arrival significantly restrict the expansion of rice cultivation [3]. u.abillayev emphasizes that in the extremely harsh soil and climatic conditions of karakalpakstan, stresstolerant varieties play a crucial role in achieving stable rice yields [4]. given global climate change, the requirements for new varieties have become extremely complex, placing a heavy burden on breeders to consider numerous traits and characteristics. the factors mentioned above present significant obstacles to rice cultivation in karakalpakstan, which breeders must address. these challenges highlight the need to develop new varieties well-adapted to local harsh conditions and meet the global market’s demand for high-yielding varieties. our research aims to identify promising high-yielding rice variety samples with positive traits that are adapted to local stress conditions by conducting thorough evaluations and selecting the most suitable ones for use in breeding programs. methods the study was conducted at the experimental fields of the “scientific production association of grain and rice” in karakalpakstan. observations, measurements, and calculations were carried out according to the standard methods of a.p.smetanin [1972] and the methodological manual for field experiments [2007] [5]. the components of yield indicators were analyzed in the laboratory, and the most productive, low-stemmed, early maturing samples were selected. the data obtained were analyzed using the dispersion method of b.a.dospexov. results and discussion samples in the control nursery plot were sown in pairs (standard) using the standard “guliston” variety for comparison. the samples were analyzed for their tillering ability (number of stems) during the seedling and full ripening phases. the ability of rice plants to produce tillers is a key factor influencing growth and yield. the tillering ability of a variety reflects its biological adaptation to the local environment. we observed significant differences in field emergence and survival until full maturity among the varieties. through agrobiological evaluation, we identified samples with many positive traits, as well as those that are resistant to the stress factors of karakalpakstan and capable of full ripening. we paid particular attention to their early maturity and performance indicators. table 1 classification of the ability of studied rice samples in the control nursery plot to produce tillers and their yield characteristics № variety sample tillers at transplanting (m²/pcs) yield, q/ha differen ce from standar d (q/ha) lodging resistanc e (score) seedling stage full maturity stage 1 gulistan st. 220 179 65,4 5 2 д-21 (д-7(д-48) 235 178 69,6 4,2 5 3 д-66 (д-154(4-12-2) 216 172 74,0 8,6 5 4 gulistan st. 232 156 66,5 5 5 d-17 (otb. almaz) 216 170 69,0 2,5 5 6 д-13(д-32(д-135) 230 194 73,0 6,5 5 7 gulistan st. 226 175 68,0 5 8 д-32 (д-530) 222 177 73,0 5,0 5 9 д-35(д-105) д-192) 197 169 76,0 7,0 5 10 gulistan st. 212 172 65,8 5 11 д-53 (д-82) 198 169 76,0 10,2 5 12 д-20 (д-442(д-143) 214 179 68,2 2,4 5 the selected large-grain samples in the control nursery plot formed normal tiller numbers and demonstrated adaptive traits suitable for local conditions (table 1). our observations revealed that, during the seedling phase, the number of germinated grains ranged from 197 to 235 compared to the standard “guliston” variety. at full ripening, the tiller numbers ranged from american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 39 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) 156 to 194. in terms of yield, the studied samples exceeded the standard “guliston” variety’s yield of 65.4-68.0 t/ha, with д-53 (д-82) and д-66 (д-154(4-122)) showing the highest differences. they also exhibited stress resistance and lodging tolerance. the bestperforming samples will undergo competitive variety testing next year, with thorough study and evaluation. references abdullayev b.u., abillayev u., jalmenova s., turdishev d.y. creation of ultra-early maturing rice varieties adapted to the stress factors of karakalpakstan. proceedings of the international scientific-practical conference “modern methods of cultivation of rice and leguminous crops and the prospects for resourcesaving technologies.” tashkent, august 17-18, 2023. pp. 81-85. utambetov d, khojambergenov g. selection of rice varieties in extreme conditions of karakalpakstan. viscea vienna international science conferences and events association. transgenic plants & transformation technologies, vienna, austria, july 6-7, 2022, p.38. abdullaev b, abillaev u. specificity of rice breeding in karakalpakstan. viscea vienna international science conferences and events association. transgenic plants & transformation technologies, vienna, austria, july 67, 2022, p.37. u. abillayev, b.u. abdullayev, g.q. yesemuratova, a. yesemuratov. specificity of rice cultivation in waterdeficient and late-irrigated conditions in karakalpakstan. international scientific and practical conference “prospects for the cultivation of highyielding and high-quality cereals, legumes, oilseeds, and fodder crops resistant to global climate change.” may 13, 2022, p.149. methodological manual for field experiments. tashkent, 2007. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 33 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue05 2025 page no. 33-36 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-09 phosphate-mobilizing rhizobacteria as biocontrol agents against wheat diseases caused by bipolaris sorokiniana zakiryaeva s.i. phd, senior scientists of institute of microbiology, academy of sciences, republic of uzbekistan received: 31 march 2025; accepted: 29 april 2025; published: 31 may 2025 abstract: bipolaris sorokiniana are a destructive hemibiotrophic pathogen causing root and crown rot, leaf spot and black mold of cereal crops, which significantly reduces grain yield and quality worldwide. this study investigated the antagonistic activity of 20 strains of phosphate-mobilizing wheat rhizobacteria from the genera rahnella, enterobacter, bacillus, paenibasillus and pseudomonas against wheat diseases caused by b. sorokiniana. it was found that out of 20 strains of rhizobacteria 5 strains (enterobacter clocae 7, bacillus cereus 23, pseudomonas kilonensis 24, p. kilonensis 26, p. kilonensis 30) 100% inhibited the growth of phytopathogen b. sorokiniana. keywords: bipolaris sorokiniana, phosphate-mobilizing rhizobacteria, wheat, antagonistic activity, biological control. introduction: wheat (triticum aestivum) is one of the most widely grown crops in the world. in 2018, its production exceeded 734 million tons on an area of 214 million ha [1]. wheat production is constrained by biotic stresses, chief among which are yield-limiting diseases worldwide. out of more than 200 wheat diseases, about 50 cause significant economic losses [27]. diseases cause approximately 20% yield loss annually. rust, spot blight, root rot, parsha, septoriosis, powdery mildew, fusarium and other viral, nematode and bacterial diseases are considered the most damaging [8-11]. wheat has been a key food crop in the world for thousands of years. however, its yield is often reduced by various biotic stresses [12]. among the most dangerous pathogens that affect the leaves, stems and grain of wheat is bipolaris sorokiniana. this fungus has been repeatedly associated with the occurrence of spotting on wheat, leading to yield losses ranging from 16 to 43%, especially in regions with a warm and humid climate [13]. one of the important soil diseases of wheat is common root rot, caused by bipolaris sorokiniana (sacc. in sorok.) shoem. the micromycete bipolaris sorokiniana is a globally distributed pathogen of common root rot, leaf spot, seedling blight, bunt blight and black spot on wheat and barley. this fungus is one of the most serious leaf spot diseases in both crops in warm growing regions and causes significant yield losses. high temperature and high relative humidity favor the spread of the disease, especially in intensive irrigated wheat and rice production systems in south asia. b. sorokiniana can develop endophytically, epiphytically, persist for long periods of time in soil and on plant debris. the chemical mechanisms of such good adaptability of this fungus to different environments are still poorly understood [14-19]. among the various diseases caused by b. sorokiniana, leaf spots of wheat and barley are the most important, especially under the high temperature and humidity conditions typical for some agricultural regions [20]. this phytopathogen poses a serious threat to more than a thousand plant species, including the major cereal crops wheat, barley, rye, maize, rice, and millet [21]. moreover, in 2021, b. sorokiniana was reported for the first time on lentil cultivar syria 229, expanding the potential host range of this pathogen [22]. in recent years, attention to the search for biocontrol https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-09 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-09 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-09 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-09 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 34 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) agents has increased, and it is important to identify antagonistic strains that can complement cultural and chemical defense methods under field conditions. therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the antagonistic activity of phosphate-mobilizing rhizosphere bacteria of wheat against the phytopathogen b. sorokiniana. methods the objects of research were 20 local strains of phosphate-mobilizing rhizobacteria of wheat. rhizobacterial strains were cultured at t=28±2ºс for 5 days under aerobic conditions on peptone liquid nutrient medium with glucose. the fungus was cultivated in liquid czapeka nutrient medium (20 g glucose, 2 g nano3, 1 g kh2po4, 0.5 g mgso4・7h2o, 0.5 g kcl, water up to 1 l, ph 6) [23]. phytopathogenic fungi of b. sorokiniana were obtained from the collection of microorganisms of the institute of genetics. the antagonistic activity of rhizobacterial cultures was tested using the well method [24]. the magnitude of antagonistic activity was measured by the diameter of fungal growth inhibition zones around the wells after incubation at 28°c for 3-5 days. repetition of the experiment was three times. statistical analysis of the results was carried out using excel software package. results and discussion in a previous study, we isolated rhizobacteria from the rhizosphere of wheat and screened them for their phosphate-mobilizing capabilities, identifying the most efficient strains based on their ability to solubilize inorganic phosphates [25]. in the present study, we further evaluated the biocontrol potential of these phosphate-mobilizing rhizobacteria by assessing their antagonistic activity against bipolaris sorokiniana, a major fungal pathogen responsible for spot blotch disease in wheat. a total of 20 phosphate-mobilizing rhizobacterial strains, taxonomically affiliated with the genera rahnella, enterobacter, bacillus, paenibacillus, and pseudomonas, were selected for antagonism assays against b. sorokiniana. the antagonistic activity of phosphate-mobilizing rhizobacteria against the phytopathogenic fungus bipolaris sorokiniana was evaluated in vitro using well method on czapeka (figure 1 and 2). out of the 20 tested strains, 11 exhibited varying degrees of antagonistic activity against the phytopathogen. notably, five strains enterobacter cloacae 7, bacillus cereus 23, pseudomonas kilonensis 24, p. kilonensis 26, and p. kilonensis 30 showed complete inhibition (100%) of fungal mycelial growth, indicating strong antagonistic potential. these strains formed clear inhibition zones and demonstrated rapid colonization around the fungal growth area, likely due to the secretion of antifungal metabolites, lytic enzymes, or siderophores. figure 1. effect of rhizobacterial strains belonging to the genera rahnella, enterobacter, bacillus, paenibacillus and pseudomonas on the growth of the wheat phytopathogen bipolaris sorokiniana (%) american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 35 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) moderate inhibition was observed for rahnella aquatilis strains 10 and 17, which suppressed fungal growth by 60%. e. cloacae 18, b. subtilis 31, and paenibacillus dendritiformis 25 inhibited the pathogen by 50%, whereas r. aquatilis 14 demonstrated a comparatively lower inhibition rate of 40%. the remaining nine strains did not exhibit any noticeable antagonistic effect against b. sorokiniana, suggesting either the absence of antifungal activity or insufficient production of inhibitory compounds under the experimental conditions. figure 2. antagonistic activity of phosphate-mobilizing rhizobacteria against bipolaris sorokiniana: e. cloacae 7, e. cloacae 8, b. cereus 23, p. kilonensis 24, p. kilonensis 26, p. kilonensis 30 these findings highlight the diversity in biocontrol capacity among phosphate-mobilizing rhizobacteria. the strong antifungal activity exhibited by strains such as p. kilonensis and e. cloacae suggests their potential utility in the development of bioinoculants for integrated disease management in wheat cultivation. the dual functionality of these strains phosphate solubilization and pathogen suppression positions them as promising candidates for sustainable agricultural practices aimed at enhancing crop productivity and reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers and fungicides. further studies are warranted to elucidate the specific mechanisms of antagonism, including the identification of secondary metabolites and their modes of action, as well as the performance of these strains under greenhouse and field conditions. thus, of the 20 local phosphate-mobilizing rhizobacterial strains studied, 11 showed antagonistic activity against b. sorokiniana. the strains e. cloacae 7, b. cereus 23, p. kilonensis 24, p. kilonensis 26 and p. kilonensis 30 demonstrated the highest activity, inhibiting the growth of b. sorokiniana by 100%, respectively. conclusion b. sorokiniana is a dangerous pathogen that affects the roots, crown, stems, leaves, and grains of wheat, leading to significant yield losses. effective management strategies should focus not only on limiting the fungus in the above-ground parts of the plant but also on reducing its presence in the soil. based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that local rhizobacterial strains exhibit antagonistic and antifungal activity against b. sorokiniana. as a result, rhizobacterial cultures showing high activity can be recommended as starter cultures for developing biofungicides to protect wheat from b. sorokiniana, and effective bioproducts can be created on this basis. an alternative method for combating pathogenic fungi that cause diseases in agricultural plants is the introduction of bacteria with high biofungicidal properties into the soil and the rhizosphere of plants. references fao (2021). faostat (fao). available at: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/qc/visualize. al-sadi, a. m. 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(2020). coinfection of wheat by pyrenophora tritici repentis and parastagonospora nodorum in the wheatbelt of western australia. crop pasture sci. 71, 119–127. doi:10.1071/cp19412 aboukhaddour r., fetch t., mccallum b.d., harding m.w., beres b.l., graf r.j. (2020). wheat diseases on the prairies: a canadian story. plant pathol. 69, 418– 432. doi: 10.1111/ppa.13147 gultyaeva e., yusov v., rosova m., mal’chikov p., shaydayuk e., kovalenko n., et al. (2020). evaluation of resistance of spring durum wheat germplasm from russia and kazakhstan to fungal foliar pathogens. cereal res. commun. 48, 71–79. doi: 10.1007/s42976019-00009-9 figueroa m., hammond-kosack k.e., solomon p.s. (2018). a review of wheat diseases-a field perspective mol. plant pathol., 19 (6), p. 1523-1536, doi: 10.1111/mpp.12618 he x., dreisigacker s., sansaloni c., duveiller e., singh r.p., singh p.k. 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(2018). spot blotch disease of wheat: the current status of research on genetics and breeding. plant pathol 67(3):508–531. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12781 farr d.f., rossman a.y. (2022). fungal databases, u.s. national fungus collections, ars, usda. https://nt.arsgrin.gov/fungaldatabases/. kouadri m.e.a., bekkar a.a., zaim s. (2021) first report of bipolaris sorokiniana causing spot blotch of lentil in algeria. new dis rep 43(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/ndr2.12009 zvyagintsev d.g. (1991). methods of soil microbiology and biochemistry. moscow. 350 p. segi j. (1983). methods of soil microbiology. m. kolos. 296 p. zakiryaeva s.i., shakirov z.s., khamidova kh.m., normuminov a.a., atadzhanova sh.sh., azatov f.r. (2021). search for phosphate-mobilizing substances in the soils of uzbekistan // universum: chemistry and biology. moscow. no. 9 (87). p. 5-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12781 https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12781 https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ https://doi.org/10.1002/ndr2.12009 https://doi.org/10.1002/ndr2.12009 volume 03 issue 04-2023 29 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 29-36 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract in this research work presented, the results obtained in the study of the general pharmacological properties of plant damalamari with anti-anemia activity, in particular, the effect on the an analysis of the literature on antimicrobial and pathogenic fungal activity was carried out. all the studies carried out were carried out in different animals, which serves to increase the reliability level and efficiency values of these experiments. thus, a fresh decoction, developed on the basis of local medicinal plants, is less poisonous, it is from local tickling, cumulative and allergic effects. at the same time, the possibilities of applying the studied extract damalam against microbes and pathogenic fungi mainly in solution are being studied. the overall safety or non-toxicity of each biologically active substance is important for this reason, in this article we did not dwell in detail on its main activity. research article assessment of the antibacterial and anti-fungal activity of the biologically active substance prepared from local plant extracts submission date: april 20, 2023, accepted date: april 25, 2023, published date: april 30, 2023 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue04-06 bakhramova n.n. tashkent scientific research institute for vaccines and serums, uzbekistan abidova r.m. tashkent scientific research institute for vaccines and serums, uzbekistan ergashov o.i. tashkent scientific research institute for vaccines and serums, uzbekistan boymurodov b.t. tashkent scientific research institute for vaccines and serums, uzbekistan qalandarova f.s. tashkent scientific research institute for vaccines and serums, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume03issue04-06 volume 03 issue 04-2023 30 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 29-36 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi keywords general pharmacology plant extract, pathogenic fungal activity, skin resorption, allergic, tickling and cumulative properties. introduction as you know, anemia is the main health problem, and this disease affects people of all ages, especially pregnant women and children. this cause anemia is one of the most common non-infectious diseases of expectant and lactating mothers to date, as well as in almost the entire segment of newborns. around the world, various types of genesis anemia are being suffered by residents in the greater scale area and regions, and this is widely seen as a serious health problem in nursing mothers. ensuring the iron needs of residents of different young sexes is an important task that does not lose relevance. however, commonly used sources of synthetic iron cause complications, and modern prevention of iron deficiency anemia and pharmacotherapy of this pathology is primarily an urgent problem in the search and implementation of natural-structured substances [1-5]. according to statistics obtained on the basis of epidemiological studies conducted, about 42% of pregnant women worldwide and more than 47% of preschool children suffer from anemia. all types of anemia have serious adverse effects on human health and development, including neonatal and perinatal mortality, underweight, premature birth, and delayed infant development. clinically, anemias are characterized by a variety of symptoms-notably pallor, fatigue, dizziness, difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, and weakness-and if not treated effectively, anemia contributes to cognitive decline, weakened immunity, and increased mortality [6-12]. a large-scale scientific research has been carried out in our country for many years to study the pharmaco-toxicological properties of extracts of plants or their biologically active substances. in particular, studies on the treatment of oncological diseases of plant alkaloids [14-18], the search for hepatoprotector agents based on plant flavonoids [19-23] at the same time, a number of advances have been made in the study of neuropsychopharmacological properties [24,25]. in this regard, as a direct continuation of the scientific research work carried out, the activity of plant extracts against anemia in research conditions with the aim of preventing and treating anemia of different etiologies and at different levels was studied [26]. detection of organ and system hoardiness of extracts with antianemia activity was found to study non-occurrence of side effects when chronically administered, as well as not exhibiting their skin resorption, allergy-inducing, and irritating properties. this article details the results of the study on the determination of the general pharmacological indicators described above. the purpose of the studies carried out is to: assessment of general pharmacological indicators of plant extracts with anti-anemia activity. object and methods of research. as an object of research, a tincture of medicinal plants widely used in folk medicine was used: tubules of hawthorn, bird taron, sweet brain root, water pepper and medicinal chamomile plants, prepared in a 1:1 ratio. volume 03 issue 04-2023 31 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 29-36 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi all studies carried out were carried out on a normal diet under vivarian conditions in rabbits with a body weight of 2-2.5 kg,sea urchins with a body weight of 500 600 g, laboratory rats with a body weight of 180-200 g, and mice with a body weight of 18-24 g. the effect of the studied substance on the central nervous system was carried out in the “open field” method, the methods in which the skin resorption, tickling the mucous membranes and allergic properties are presented in the manuals and methodological recommendations [27]. 1. the results obtained in the study of the local tickling property of the substance studied. the local tickling reaction of the tincture studied was studied in mice, rats and rabbits. to do this, a solution of various concentrations of the studied tincture was applied in doses of 0.25 0.5 ml to the skin of animals previously cleaned of feathers and instilled in one eye of rabbits from 2 3 drops, and in the other eye-in these conditions-discosted water was instilled. control was recorded for 2 days. during this time, no reactions associated with visual tickling were recorded on the skin of animals or in the eyes of rabbits. 2. the results of the study of the effect of the studied tincture on the activity of movement and search of experimental animals in the ‘open field’ method. in the studies carried out, it was demonstrated that this tincture did not adversely affect the activity of movement and search of experimental animals in relation to the control group in all doses studied. this, in turn, makes it possible to conclude that this tincture does not adversely affect the cognitive and motor activity of experimental animals, as well as impair the activity that requires attention. 3. assessment of the alaergic effect of the tincture studied to determine whether the studied tincture has an allergic effect, drip a solution of flour of various concentrations into the eyes of guinea pigs from 1 2 drops, the effect of which on the mucous membrane of the eyes was monitored throughout the day. during the control, what changes in the mucous membrane of the animal eye in the experiment were not recorded. in subsequent experiments, the tincture made from the collection of plants was repeatedly applied to the skin of guinea pigs, which had previously been cleaned of wool. experiments have shown that there are no changes characteristic of any apparent allergic reaction to the eye in the repeated drip site of this damalam: redness, rash, inflammation, skin peeling and other reactions that have not occurred. the general condition of the animals did not differ from the general condition of the animals in the control group. then the allergic effect of tincture made from plant extracts in guinea pigs was studied using bull whey. for this, the animals in the experiment were sensitized with bull serum. on the 21st day of sensitization, a large dose of bull serum was administered to guinea pigs who had been doused with discarded water or tincture, and allergic reactions of almost the same appearance occurred in both groups of animals. in this, the breathing of animals was aggravated, sneezing appeared, the feathers snapped, and 3 of the 6 guinea pigs in both groups died. so it turns out that the studied damalam does not have the ability to bring an allergic reaction to the surface or prevent it. taking into account the fact that several systems of the human body work on the occurrence of an allergic reaction, it is necessary to consider the results obtained in laboratory animals as relatively volume 03 issue 04-2023 32 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 29-36 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi relative results when assessing whether the newly studied collection has an allergic effect. 4. study of the cumulative effect of the herbal collection tincture under study. cumulative effect of herbal decoction tincture under study 18 weight 140-170 g.li studied in labaratory rats. herbal collection tincture was administered orally on the first five days of the experiment in the amount of 5 ml/kg. the next five days, however, the drug was administered with a 2-fold dose increase (10 ml/kg). even in the 3rd and 4th five days of the experiment, the dose of bfc was administered in a volume that was increased 2 more times than in the previous 5-day dose, that is, in doses of 20 ml/kg and 40 ml/kg, respectively. for a total of 20 days, animals in the experimental group were administered an antianemic collection tincture – a herbal collection tincture, which was being studied at a dose of 375 ml/kg. the observation over the experiments was carried out during the entire experiment and for another 15 days after the last administered dose of the drug under vivarian conditions. the main focus in this was on the general condition of rats, their desire for food and response reactions to the various constituents given from the outside. the results were similar to those obtained in the control group of the general condition of animals, their desire for food, response reactions to external constituents. the last observation from the experiment was made lifeless by animals on the 15th day against the background of mild narcosis, and their internal vital organinig morphological cases were considered. the tests carried out showed that the internal organs of the animals in the experiment did not have any changes. so, the plant collection under study does not cause any negative and side effects even when the herbal collection tincture is administered to animals in the experiment with a therapeutic dose of more than 15 times its therapeutic dose for 20 days. based on the above results, it can be said that herbal decoction is free from cumulative effects. 5. analysis of antimicrobial and pathogenic fungal activity of herbal tincture. in this section, based on the data of the studied and analyzed literature, preliminary results of the use of this extract of tincture for pathologies occurring on the skin and mucous membranes are presented [4,5, 28, 29]. preliminary analysis of extracts of various parts of of herbal tincture in various solvents for antimicrobial activity showed that only the root and leaves showed antibacterial activity. antifungal activity was demonstrated by the root, fruits and seeds. these parts of the plant were taken for further study. the overall safety or non-toxicity of each biologically active substance is important for this reason, in this article we did not dwell in detail on its main activity. conclusions. medicinal plant tincture experimental animals were found to have no tickling effect on the skin and mucous membranes. also, in the studies carried out, it did not show an allergic and cumulative nature, and it can be concluded that there is also no negative effect on the cognitive indicators of experimental animals, while in the same period of movement and search. thus, a fresh decoction, developed on the basis of local medicinal plants, is less poisonous, it is from local tickling, cumulative and allergic effects. preliminary analysis of extracts of various parts of of herbal tincture in various solvents for antimicrobial volume 03 issue 04-2023 33 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 29-36 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi activity showed that only the root 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(2022). evaluation of the effect of collecting plants with medicinal properties on the course of hemolytic anemia in the study conditions. international journal of health systems and medical sciences, 1(5), 45-51. retrieved from http://interpublishing.com/index.php/ijhsms/article/view /338 27. миронов а.н.руководство по проведению доклинических исследований лекарственных средств. част первая. — м.: гриф и к, 2012. — 944 с. 28. poimenidou, s. v. et al. effect of single or combined chemical and natural antimicrobial interventions on escherichia coli o157:h7, total microbiota and color of packaged spinach and lettuce. int. j. food microbiol. 220, 6–18 (2016). 29. ashraf a. mostafa , abdulaziz a. al-askar , khalid s. almaary , turki m. dawoud , essam n. sholkamy , marwah m. bakri. antimicrobial activity of some plant extracts against bacterial strains causing food poisoning diseases. saudi volume 03 issue 04-2023 36 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 03 issue 04 pages: 29-36 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471) oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi journal of biological sciences. volume 25, issue 2, february 2018, pages 361-366 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.02.004 volume 04 issue 11-2024 7 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 7-13 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract food security is a critical issue that requires innovative solutions tailored to the unique needs and challenges of different regions. contextual engineering, a multidisciplinary approach that integrates local knowledge, technology, and sustainable practices, holds significant potential in enhancing food security. this study explores the role of contextual engineering in addressing food insecurity, focusing on how localized engineering solutions can improve agricultural productivity, reduce waste, and ensure more equitable food distribution. by examining case studies and real-world applications, the research highlights innovations in sustainable farming technologies, water management systems, and food distribution networks that have been successfully implemented in various contexts. additionally, the study discusses the impact of these solutions on local communities, particularly in rural and underserved areas. the findings underscore the importance of context-specific engineering approaches to create resilient food systems that can adapt to changing environmental, economic, and social conditions. ultimately, this study advocates for the integration of contextual engineering as a key strategy in global efforts to achieve long-term food security. keywords food security, contextual engineering, sustainable agriculture, localized solutions, agricultural innovation, water management, food distribution, resilient food systems, rural development, sustainable practices. introduction food security remains one of the most pressing global challenges, affecting millions of people worldwide. according to the united nations, food security is defined as the availability, access, and utilization of sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets the dietary needs and food preferences of an active and research article enhancing food security with contextual engineering: innovations and impact submission date: october 23, 2024, accepted date: october 28, 2024, published date: november 02, 2024 henry taylor university of illinois at urbana-champaign, department of agricultural and biological engineering, usa journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com volume 04 issue 11-2024 8 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 7-13 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi healthy life. despite significant progress in some regions, food insecurity continues to be prevalent, particularly in rural and underserved areas, where agricultural productivity is often limited by environmental, economic, and social constraints. to tackle this issue effectively, food security strategies must move beyond generic solutions and instead embrace approaches that are tailored to the unique circumstances of different communities and regions. one such approach is contextual engineering, a multidisciplinary field that applies localized knowledge, innovative technologies, and sustainable practices to solve specific challenges related to food production, distribution, and utilization. contextual engineering recognizes that food security issues are not one-size-fits-all problems and that solutions must be designed with a deep understanding of the local context—whether that’s geography, culture, climate, or economic conditions. this approach brings together experts from fields such as agricultural engineering, environmental sciences, and social development to create customized solutions that are both technically feasible and culturally appropriate. in the context of food security, contextual engineering can drive innovations that improve agricultural practices, enhance water and land management, reduce food waste, and optimize food distribution networks. these innovations can have a transformative impact on communities by improving food availability, reducing poverty, and promoting sustainable livelihoods. from precision agriculture technologies that increase crop yields to innovative food storage and distribution systems that prevent waste, the potential of contextual engineering to address food security challenges is vast. this study explores how contextual engineering can contribute to enhancing food security, focusing on real-world applications and innovations that have demonstrated measurable impacts on local communities. by examining the intersections of technology, local knowledge, and sustainable practices, this research aims to highlight the importance of contextual solutions in creating resilient, adaptive food systems. the following sections will discuss specific innovations in agricultural technologies, water management, and food distribution, as well as their impact on communities facing food insecurity. methodology this study employs a mixed-methods approach to explore the role of contextual engineering in enhancing food security through innovations and their impacts on local communities. the research integrates both qualitative and quantitative methods to provide a comprehensive analysis of how localized engineering solutions contribute to food security, addressing both the effectiveness of these innovations and the broader socio-economic implications for the communities they serve. study design and sample selection: the study is designed to analyze case studies from different regions where contextual engineering solutions have been implemented to improve food security. the primary focus is on regions in sub-saharan africa, south asia, and latin america, where food insecurity remains a critical issue and where engineering solutions have been employed to address local challenges. a combination of purposive sampling and random sampling techniques is used to select communities that have implemented specific innovations in agriculture, water management, and food distribution. the study includes case studies from agricultural cooperatives, community-led initiatives, volume 04 issue 11-2024 9 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 7-13 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi and ngo projects that integrate contextual engineering solutions. case studies: in-depth case studies are conducted in selected communities that have adopted contextual engineering solutions to enhance food security. these case studies focus on specific innovations such as the use of precision farming tools, solar-powered irrigation systems, local food processing technologies, and decentralized food storage systems. data are collected through site visits, interviews, and document reviews to understand the scope, implementation, and impact of these innovations. each case study includes background information about the region’s food security context, the nature of the engineering solution, and the involved stakeholders. interviews: semi-structured interviews are conducted with key stakeholders, including local farmers, engineers, project managers, and policymakers. these interviews provide insights into the practical challenges, successes, and limitations of implementing engineering solutions in diverse contexts. interview questions focus on understanding the local adaptation process, community participation, and the sustainability of these initiatives. a total of 50 interviews are conducted across the selected case study regions. surveys: surveys are distributed to a larger sample of farmers and local community members (n=200) to assess their perceptions of the impact of contextual engineering innovations on food security. the survey includes questions on food production, income levels, resource access (e.g., water, land, technology), and quality of life before and after the implementation of engineering solutions. likert scale items are used to measure perceived benefits, such as increased agricultural yield, reduced water scarcity, improved food security, and community empowerment. qualitative analysis: the qualitative data from case studies and interviews are analyzed using thematic analysis. this method allows for the identification of recurring themes related to the local adaptation of engineering solutions, the challenges faced during implementation, and the perceived benefits for food security. key themes include technological adoption, community involvement, sustainability, and resilience to climate change. data are coded and categorized to draw comparisons between different regions and innovations. quantitative analysis: the survey data are analyzed using descriptive statistics and comparative analysis. descriptive statistics provide an overview of the demographic characteristics of respondents and their perceptions of food security improvements due to contextual engineering solutions. comparative analysis is used to assess changes in agricultural productivity, income levels, and access to food before and after the introduction of engineering innovations. the study also employs correlation analysis to examine relationships between the adoption of specific engineering technologies (e.g., irrigation systems, food storage) and improvements in food security outcomes. ethical considerations: the research adheres to ethical guidelines by ensuring informed consent from all participants. participants are fully briefed on the purpose of the study, and their participation is voluntary. the study guarantees the confidentiality of personal information, and all interviews and surveys are conducted in accordance with the highest ethical standards. ethical approval for the study is obtained from the relevant institutional review boards, ensuring that the research respects the rights and welfare of all participants. volume 04 issue 11-2024 10 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 7-13 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi limitations: while the study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the impact of contextual engineering on food security, several limitations must be acknowledged. first, the study focuses on a select number of case studies, which may not be fully representative of all regions or types of innovations in food security. second, the reliance on self-reported data from interviews and surveys could introduce bias, particularly in perceptions of success or impact. third, the study captures only a snapshot of the food security situation at a particular point in time, and does not explore long-term sustainability or changes over multiple years. finally, external factors such as political instability, market fluctuations, and climate events may influence the results, but these factors are beyond the scope of this study. through this mixed-methods approach, the study provides valuable insights into the effectiveness and impact of contextual engineering innovations on food security, offering a nuanced understanding of how localized solutions can address the unique challenges faced by different communities. results the study revealed several key findings regarding the role of contextual engineering in enhancing food security. the case studies, interviews, and surveys provided comprehensive insights into the effectiveness of engineering innovations in different communities. impact on agricultural productivity: the introduction of precision farming technologies (e.g., soil moisture sensors, gps-guided tractors) and solar-powered irrigation systems in regions such as sub-saharan africa and south asia showed marked improvements in agricultural productivity. about 75% of farmers surveyed reported increased crop yields due to more efficient use of water and better management of soil nutrients. in some areas, crop yields increased by as much as 30%, particularly for water-intensive crops like rice and maize. water and resource management: solar-powered irrigation systems and rainwater harvesting technologies were particularly effective in reducing water scarcity. in communities where these systems were implemented, 80% of farmers experienced more reliable access to water, leading to an improvement in crop production and food security. additionally, the use of water-efficient technologies helped reduce dependency on erratic rainfall patterns, making farming more resilient to climate change. food storage and distribution: innovations such as decentralized food storage facilities and low-cost, solar-powered refrigeration units significantly reduced post-harvest losses. in latin america, where these technologies were introduced, the loss of perishable food items (e.g., fruits and vegetables) decreased by approximately 40%. this led to improved food availability in local markets and a reduction in food waste. economic benefits: a significant portion of the surveyed farmers (about 65%) reported increased incomes as a direct result of adopting contextual engineering solutions. by increasing yields and reducing post-harvest losses, these innovations allowed farmers to sell surplus crops in local markets, enhancing their economic stability. in some cases, local economies saw improvements due to enhanced food availability and more sustainable farming practices. community empowerment: one of the most consistent findings from the interviews was the role of contextual engineering in empowering local communities. approximately 70% of the interviewees volume 04 issue 11-2024 11 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 7-13 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi expressed that the technologies introduced were not only technologically feasible but also culturally appropriate and community-driven. local knowledge was integrated into the design and implementation of the engineering solutions, which improved community buy-in and the long-term sustainability of these projects. discussion the findings underscore the transformative potential of contextual engineering in improving food security. by applying localized, sustainable solutions that address the unique challenges of each region, contextual engineering innovations have proven to be effective in enhancing food production, distribution, and access. the improvements in agricultural productivity, particularly through precision farming technologies and solar-powered irrigation systems, highlight the importance of tailored approaches that consider the specific environmental and resource conditions of each community. these innovations not only increase crop yields but also make farming more resilient to climate change by reducing dependence on inconsistent weather patterns. the success of decentralized food storage and refrigeration systems emphasizes the critical role that post-harvest management plays in addressing food security. reducing food waste by improving storage capabilities is especially important in regions where food scarcity is driven by seasonal fluctuations in production. these innovations not only extend the shelf life of perishable food but also enhance market access for small-scale farmers, improving their income and overall economic stability. community empowerment emerged as a central theme throughout the study. the integration of local knowledge into the design of engineering solutions was key to fostering ownership and ensuring the sustainability of projects. this approach is essential for overcoming the resistance to new technologies that often exists in rural communities. by respecting local customs and practices, and by involving community members in the process, contextual engineering fosters trust and collaboration, which are critical to the long-term success of food security initiatives. however, the study also revealed several challenges. despite the successes, there remain significant barriers to the widespread adoption of these innovations. the lack of sufficient infrastructure, such as reliable electricity and access to technology, continues to limit the effectiveness of some solutions, particularly in more remote regions. additionally, while many farmers are eager to adopt new technologies, there is still a digital literacy gap that hinders the full utilization of advanced tools. continued investment in education and training is essential to bridge this gap and ensure the successful adoption of contextual engineering solutions. conclusion the study demonstrates that contextual engineering has the potential to significantly enhance food security by providing localized, sustainable solutions tailored to the specific needs and challenges of different communities. innovations such as precision farming technologies, solar-powered irrigation, and decentralized food storage systems have proven to be effective in improving agricultural productivity, reducing food waste, and fostering economic growth in food-insecure regions. volume 04 issue 11-2024 12 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 7-13 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi despite the positive impact, there are challenges that must be addressed, including infrastructure limitations, digital literacy gaps, and the need for further investment in community training. for contextual engineering to continue making an impact on food security, it is crucial that governments, ngos, and development organizations prioritize these solutions in their policies and funding strategies in conclusion, contextual engineering is a powerful tool in the fight against food insecurity, but its success depends on a holistic approach that integrates technological innovation, local knowledge, and community empowerment. by fostering collaboration between engineers, farmers, and policymakers, and by ensuring that these solutions are both feasible and sustainable, contextual engineering can contribute to building more resilient and equitable food systems worldwide. reference 1. ferguson j (2012) global disconnect: abjection and the aftermath of modernism. in: the anthropology of globalization. ed. by j. xavier and r. rosaldo 136153. 2. saskia sassen (2000) the global city: strategic site/new frontier. american studies, 41: 79-95. 3. creed g, ching b (1997) recognizing rusticity: identity and the power of place. in: knowing your place: rural identity and cultural hierarchy. ed. by b ching and g creed 1-38. 4. radhakrishnan p, arunachalam r (2017) study on factors responsible for shifting of rural youth from agriculture to other occupation. in: madras agriculture journal 104: 94-97. 5. witmer a (2018a) the influence of development objectives and local context upon international service engineering infrastructure design. in: international journal of technology management. 6. qi x, dang h (2018) addressing the dual challenges of food security and environmental sustainability during rural livelihood transitions in china. in: land use policy 77: 199-208. 7. gartaula h, niehof a, visser l (2012) shifting perceptions of food security and land in the context of labour out-migration in rural nepal. food security 4: 181-194. 8. witmer a (2018b) contextual engineering assessment using an influence identification tool. journal of engineering, design and technology 16: 889-909. 9. krause m (2014) the good project: the field of humanitarian relief ngos and the fragmentation of reason. chicago, il: the university of chicago press. 10. brass j (2012) why do ngos go where they go? evidence from kenya. in: world development 40: 387-401. 11. eshetu f, beshir m (2017) dynamics and determinants of rural-urban migration in southern ethiopia. in: journal of development and agricultural economics 9: 328-340. 12. mariola m j (2005) losing ground: farmland preservation, economic utilitarianism, and the erosion of the agrarian ideal. agriculture and human values 22: 209-223. 13. witmer a (2017) personal travel journals. bolivia, cameroon, dominican republic, ecuador, guatemala, honduras, india, nigeria, senegal: 2006-2017. handwritten diaries, unpublished. 14. witmer a (2018c) addressing the influence of context and development in rural international engineering design. (doctoral dissertation, unpublished). 15. imai k, gaiha r, garbero a (2017) poverty reduction during the rural-urban transformation: rural development is still more important than volume 04 issue 11-2024 13 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 7-13 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi urbanization. in: journal of policy modeling 39: 963-982. 16. rignall k, atia m (2017) the global rural: relational geographies of poverty and uneven development. in: geography compass 11. volume 02 issue 09-2022 20 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 09 pages: 20-24 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract taking into account the properties of fertilizers and their interaction with the soil, creating favorable conditions for plant nutrition and the most effective rates, methods, periods and ratios of fertilizer application for specific soil and climate conditions. definition is important. plants need all the nutrients to get a high and quality harvest. they are in the form of organic and mineral compounds in the soil. keywords iron-ion, potassium, calcium, magnesium, silicon, 0.3-0.4 % nitrogen, 0.3-0.6% potassium, sodium, magnesium, peat, fluorine, manure. research article properties of fertilizers, their effect on shrubs and plants submission date: september 10, 2022, accepted date: september 20, 2022, published date: september 30, 2022 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-05 yo’ldosheva dilrabo shukrullaevna termez institute of agrotechnology and innovative development, uzbekistan khafizova matluba kholmamatovna termez institute of agrotechnology and innovative development, uzbekistan davlatova jasmina toychievna termez institute of agrotechnology and innovative development, uzbekistan abdullayev mukhtarjon bobirovich termez institute of agrotechnology and innovative development, uzbekistan mamarajabov samandarbek fakhriddinovich termez institute of agrotechnology and innovative development, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-05 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=properties%20of%20fertilizers,%20their%20effect%20on%20shrubs%20and%20plants https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=properties%20of%20fertilizers,%20their%20effect%20on%20shrubs%20and%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-05 volume 02 issue 09-2022 21 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 09 pages: 20-24 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi introduction taking into account the characteristics of fertilizers and their interaction with the soil, it is important to create favorable conditions for plant nutrition and to determine the most effective rate, method, periods and proportions of fertilizer application for specific soil and climate conditions. is important. plants need all the nutrients to get a high and quality harvest. they are in the form of organic and mineral compounds in the soil . as a result of their decomposition (decay) and mineralization, plants become absorbed. nitrogen is absorbed by plants in the form of ammonium (nh4) cation, nitrogen anion or nitric acid (no), phosphorus phosphates, and sulfur sulfates. potassium, calcium, magnesium, silicon passes through the soil in the form of ions, iron ions or complex compounds (states), manganese, copper, zinc cations, molybdenum and boron in the form of anions (molybdate and borate). the amount of nutrients depends on the water and air regime of the soil. the amount of acid ions in the soil solution depends on moisture. oxygen in the soil layer ensures respiration through the roots and absorption of nutrients. the direction of this process depends on the climatic conditions. fertilizers are available in organic and mineral form. organic fertilizers have been used in agriculture since ancient times. the basis of organic fertilizers is the remains of animal and plant life. when they are mixed with the soil, they rot in the presence of microorganisms and enrich the soil with substances necessary for plants. it is known that plant parts contain more than 85 macro and micronutrients. plant and animal remains also contain these substances to a certain extent. organic fertilizers include: manure animal waste. it contains all nutrients necessary for the plant. under the influence of organic matter formed as a result of manure decay, the waterphysical properties of the soil (water permeability, moisture capacity, heat capacity, density) and biological properties improved. organic and mineral fertilizers. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-05 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=properties%20of%20fertilizers,%20their%20effect%20on%20shrubs%20and%20plants https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=properties%20of%20fertilizers,%20their%20effect%20on%20shrubs%20and%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 09-2022 22 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 09 pages: 20-24 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi carbonic acid released when organic matter decomposes , hard-to-assimilate compounds become mobile. in addition, as a result of the enrichment of the air at the soil level with carbon dioxide gas, the process of photosynthesis in plants accelerates. along with the manure, a lot of microorganisms fall into the soil, with their participation, plant absorption of nutrients accelerates. the collection, amount and quality (composition) of manure depends on the care of the animals, the quality and composition of the fodder, the type and age of the animal. 20-30 kg of cattle manure, 15-20 kg of horse manure , and 1.5-2.5 kg of sheep manure are collected in one day. manure collected in farms should be stored in special places for a certain period of time before putting it on the ground . if this is done, the organic matter contained in the manure will be decomposed, microbes that spread infectious diseases will die, and the germination rate of weed seeds will decrease sharply. according to the data, the manure applied to each hectare of the field increases the yield of plants in crop rotation by 1 centner at the expense of grain . the amount of manure applied to 1 hectare of land is 20-30 tons, and it is sprinkled on the field with the help of special devices before autumn plowing. in some farms, manure is mixed with water and given as "juice water" during the development of cotton. when preparing compost (a mixture of various organic residues), phosphorus fertilizer is also added, and it is collected in a separate place (not a deep pit, large-sized special devices) and covered with liquid manure or water. peat (undecayed remains of wetland plants) usually added to manure and spread on the field (before plowing) is beneficial. poultry manure contains more nutrients than manure. but the nitrogen content evaporates quickly. therefore, it should be stored in a dry place covered with soil or peat. 2-4 tons per hectare can be applied to the field. green grass ( siderates ) is planted after the cultivated plants (peas, plums, etc.) are well developed. as a result, the soil is enriched with organic matter. waste (wastewater) residue (sewage, etc.) can be used as fertilizer after drying in a special way. industrial waste processing agricultural products can also be used as fertilizer. liquid manure collected on livestock farms is a highquality and fast-acting organic fertilizer . it contains 0.3-0.4% nitrogen , 0.3-0.6% potassium. liquid manure can also be used to feed the plant during its development. it is better to apply manure to vegetable crops before plowing. nutrients necessary for the plant in the composition of mineral fertilizers are obtained by a chemical method . mineral fertilizers are divided into the following depending on the saturated environment that can be formed when placed in the soil: a) from physiological sour fertilizers, the plant rapidly absorbs the cation, and the anion passes into the soil solution (ammonium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, ammonium-nitrogen fertilizer and urea); b) the plant absorbs anion from physiological-alkaline fertilizers, and the cation accumulates and alkalizes the soil environment (sodium nitrate, potassium and calcium nitrates); d) physiologically neutral fertilizers. the above mentioned properties of fertilizers are taken into account in their use, taking into account the properties and condition of the soil. for example, in chlorinesaline soils, fertilizers without chlorine ions (potassium sulfate) are needed, and in sulfate-saline soils, it is necessary to apply potassium chloride fertilizer. the effectiveness of mineral fertilizers depends on their use in the appropriate period, rate and time. they are usually applied to the field before planting, when the seed is set in the soil , and during the growing season. according to many years of experience, 20-30 tons/ha of manure, 70-80% of the annual rate of phosphorus fertilizers, and 50% of potash fertilizers are applied to the field before autumn plowing. fit for purpose. if 2530% of nitrogen fertilizers are applied to the field when cotton seeds are planted, the sprouts will develop https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-05 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=properties%20of%20fertilizers,%20their%20effect%20on%20shrubs%20and%20plants https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=properties%20of%20fertilizers,%20their%20effect%20on%20shrubs%20and%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 09-2022 23 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 09 pages: 20-24 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi rapidly. during the growing period of cotton, mineral fertilizers (mainly nitrogenous and potassium, partially phosphorous) are applied to the field to feed the plant. the following must be taken into account. demand of plants for nutrients during the main growth periods , the order of development of plant roots, the state of fertilizers in the soil. in the case of cotton, it is better to apply mineral fertilizers to the soil in the following order: 15-18 cm from the seedling when the seedling produces 2-4 leaves , 20-22 cm from the seedling during the pruning period, during flowering and crop formation, it is placed 30-35 cm away from the seedling and 3-5 cm deep from the bottom of the plant. in recent years, new types of mineral fertilizers have been created and imported from foreign countries. their use requires a unique differentiated approach in each soil-climate condition. one of the important requirements for the use of mineral fertilizers in agriculture is that they should adequately satisfy the nature of plants, as well as not spoil (pollute) the quality of soil, stream and underground water. since most of the mineral fertilizers are soluble and mobile in water, a certain part of the substance contained in them pollutes wastewater and underground water. in addition, if nitrogenous fertilizers are applied to the soil in excess of the plant's biological requirements, the amount of nitrogen in the content of the grown crop (poly crops, wet fruits) will increase . the human body that consumes it is poisoned. therefore, it is necessary to take into account non-pollution of human, animal and plant life and the environment (flow and underground water, soil) at the same time as mineral fertilizers are used on a large scale. the use of mineral fertilizers depends on the level of fertility of the soil, the type of plants, and the amount of intended harvest . according to the experiments carried out in different regions of uzbekistan, it is appropriate to give mineral fertilizer in the following order. the optimal norm of nitrogen fertilizers is 25-30% before sowing the seeds, 5-10% when the seeds are planted, the rest 2-3 times https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-05 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=properties%20of%20fertilizers,%20their%20effect%20on%20shrubs%20and%20plants https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=properties%20of%20fertilizers,%20their%20effect%20on%20shrubs%20and%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 09-2022 24 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 09 pages: 20-24 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi during the growth period of the plants (the last feeding in cotton is 10it is better not later than july 15). 70-80% of the optimal rate of phosphorus fertilizers is applied before autumn plowing ( when the soil is treated before sowing seeds in saline lands ), the rest during seeding and during the flowering period of cotton (nitrogen fertilizer is added to the dog). potassium fertilizers are optimally applied in the ratio of 50% before plowing the field, 50% during the cotton budding period (added to the nitrogenous fertilizer). fields planted with spike crops are fed 100% of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, 30% of nitrogen fertilizers before plowing the land, and the rest in equal amounts in early spring and at the beginning of the tuber period. summary organic and mineral fertilizers. carbonic acid released when organic matter decomposes , hard-to-assimilate compounds become mobile. in addition, as a result of the enrichment of the air at the soil level with carbon dioxide gas, the process of photosynthesis in plants accelerates. along with the manure, a lot of microorganisms fall into the soil, with their participation, plant absorption of nutrients accelerates. the collection, amount and quality (composition) of manure depends on the care of the animals, the quality and composition of the fodder, the type and age of the animal. references 1. balashev ni, zeman go, vegetables, t., 1977; 2. abdukarimov d., safarov t., ostanakulov t., field harvest selection, breeding as well as genetics basics, t., 1989. 3. khaitovna pm, faksriddinovich ms technology of growing cauliflower // texas journal of interdisciplinary research. 2022. t. 6. s. 810. 4. https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op =view_citation&hl=ru&user=buztwd0aaaaj& authuser=1&citation_for_view=buztwd0aaaa j:u-x6o8ysg0sc 5. https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op =view_citation&hl=ru&user=buztwd0aaaaj& authuser=1&citation_for_view=buztwd0aaaa j:2osognq5qmec 6. https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op =view_citation&hl=ru&user=buztwd0aaaaj& authuser=1&citation_for_view=buztwd0aaaa j:qjmakfhdy7sc 7. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7115076 8. soil science and farming: tashkent 2018. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue09-05 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=properties%20of%20fertilizers,%20their%20effect%20on%20shrubs%20and%20plants https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=properties%20of%20fertilizers,%20their%20effect%20on%20shrubs%20and%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 10-2022 8 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 08-10 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract asparagus, better known as asparagus, is a perennial that grows mainly in dry climates. there are about 100 types of asparagus, but some sources mention the presence of 300 types of asparagus. asparagus, which is familiar to many, has a high taste, which is grown in the form of a shrub or grass. the upper part of the young shoots of this vegetable is included in various culinary delights. however, only 20 types of asparagus are suitable for food. the article notes the nutritional and healing properties, how to use them, and provides information on the history of asparagus and chemical composition. a brief morphological characteristic of asparagus, its relation to environmental factors is given. the technology of growing asparagus is described in detail: seed preparation for sowing, site selection, soil preparation, fertilizers, methods of growing crops, care and harvesting measures. keywords asparagus, chemical composition, use, morphological features, biological properties, agricultural technology, harvest. introduction asparagus is a perennial plant of the asparagus family (asparagaceae), a delicacy vegetable crop, also used as an ornamental plant. it grows wild in eurasia (except for the north); in russia in the european part, in the north caucasus, in western siberia, in altai. asparagus was introduced into culture more than 4 thousand years ago, probably in the mediterranean. since the 15th century, it has been grown in france and other european countries. since that time, it has been known research article morpho-biological features and technology of growing asparagus submission date: october 01, 2022, accepted date: october 05, 2022, published date: october 12, 2022 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-02 aripova shakhnoza rakhmanovna phd, research institute of vegetable, melon crops and potato, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=morpho-biological%20features%20and%20technology%20of%20growing%20asparagus https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-02 volume 02 issue 10-2022 9 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 08-10 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi in russia, but has not been widely spread. widely cultivated in western europe and the usa. according to the chemical composition, asparagus is one of the most valuable vegetable crops. bleached asparagus shoots contain on average: water – 91,7%, nitrogenous substances – 2,5%, sugar – 3,6%; fiber – 0,72%; ascorbic acid – 13,7 mg per 100 g. it is noteworthy that from 60 to 80% of nitrogenous substances in asparagus are accounted for by protein nitrogen. asparagus is valuable for its mineral composition. asparagus shoots contain (mg per 100 g): sodium – 40,0; potassium – 207,0; magnesium – 20,0; calcium – 21,0; iron – 1,0; phosphorus – 46,0; iodine – 10,0. the nutritional value of asparagus is also determined by the presence of a whole complex of vitamins in it. along with ascorbic acid, it contains vitamins b1 and b2, pp, pantothenic acid, vitamin b6, and provitamin a (carotene). vegetable soups, salads, side dishes are prepared from asparagus shoots, and as an independent dish they are consumed boiled with butter and breadcrumbs; shoots are also canned and frozen. dishes prepared from asparagus are dietary and are recommended for diseases of the liver, kidneys, rheumatism and gout. there is evidence that asparagus lowers blood pressure, enhances the work of the heart, and relieves fatigue. asparagus is a herbaceous dioecious (sometimes monoecious) plant with a height of 1-1,5 m. male plants are more powerful than female plants and produce a larger yield. the stems are round, erect, smooth, strongly branched. the leaves are small, scaly, underdeveloped, from their sinuses come out in bunches (3-6 each) filiform, green needle-shaped branches 1-3 cm long, which perform the function of leaves. thick (cord-like) roots of adult plants, which serve to accumulate reserve nutrients, go deep into the soil. thin (filamentous) lateral roots extending from them are located in the arable layer, through them water and nutrients enter the plant from the soil. mature plants have a powerful rhizome, from which young shoots develop in early spring. each shoot develops new roots. the flowers are small, female pale green, male light orange. cross pollination. the fruit is a 3-celled berry, initially green, turning red when ripe. seeds are black, shiny, irregularly rounded, with a slight smell of vanilla. germination is retained for 3-7 years. asparagus is propagated by sowing seeds, dividing adult rhizomes and cloning through tissue culture in vitro. seeds germinate slowly even at +20...25°c, which is due to the presence of a dense shell. to speed up the germination process, the seeds are soaked for 3-4 days in water heated to +35...40°c, changing it daily, followed by drying at +25°c and frequent stirring of the heap. after 4-5 days, due to the thermal effect, the seeds germinate rapidly within 6-10 days. mature plants withstand frosts down to -30°c and overwinter well in the open field even in winters with little snow, however, young shoots during the regrowth period are sensitive to frost, the optimum temperature for their growth is 10-12°c. for seed germination, a temperature of 25-30°c is required, seedlings are very sensitive to cold and do not tolerate return spring frosts. the optimum temperature for the growing season of mature plants is 20-25°c. asparagus is highly demanding on soil moisture: with a lack of moisture, the shoots are small, fibrous and bitter in taste. at the same time, it does not tolerate soils with a close occurrence of groundwater (with an excess of moisture, the roots die off). soils suitable for asparagus are light, rich in organic matter, sandy or medium loamy, the optimal acidity is close to neutral or slightly alkaline. light culture. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=morpho-biological%20features%20and%20technology%20of%20growing%20asparagus https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume 02 issue 10-2022 10 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 02 issue 10 pages: 08-10 sjif impact factor (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) oclc – 1290679216 metadata if – 5.625 publisher: oscar publishing services servi conclusion and recommendation. asparagus is grown by seedlings or by planting individual parts of the rhizome. seedlings are grown in special open nurseries on highly productive soils; beds well fertilized with humus are used in garden plots. sowing is carried out in late may early june. 8-10 days before sowing, the seeds are soaked for 2 days in warm water (25°c), which is changed several times, then they are scattered on a damp burlap and placed in a warm place (25°c), making sure that they do not dry out. after 6-8 days, the seeds peck and they are sown on the beds. sowing depth 2-4 cm, distance between rows 15-20 cm, distance between plants in a row 3-5 cm. after emergence, thinning is carried out, leaving 15-20 cm between plants. weeds, 2-3 row-spacing loosening, top dressing with full mineral fertilizer (10-15 g/m²), as well as slurry (1:6) or bird droppings (1:20), 1-2 times per season. the consumption of liquid fertilizers is 0,2-0,3 liters per 1 linear meter of the row. by the autumn of the 1st year of life, the seedlings have 2-3 stems. for better overwintering, seedlings are covered with a layer of peat or humus 3-5 cm thick. they are planted in a permanent place either in the spring of next year before the shoots started to grow, or in august. sometimes the nursery is left for the 3rd year. references 1. soromotina, t.v. rare garden crops from a to z: a reference book / t.v. soromotina; m-in s.-x. rf, federal state budget images. institution of higher education "perm state. s.-x. acad. them. acad. d.n. pryanishnikov. perm: ipc "prokrost", 2016. 207209 p. 2. technology of growing asparagus. krasnodar 2014. -pp. 2. 3. shevchenko yu.p., ushakova i.t., kurbakov e.l., bespalko l.v., kharchenko v.a. asparagus (asparagus officinalis l.) is a vegetable crop of the future. russian vegetables. 2018; (5): 47-50. doi:10.18619/2072-9146-2018-5-47-50. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue10-02 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=morpho-biological%20features%20and%20technology%20of%20growing%20asparagus https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=inheritance%20of%20growth%20duration%20in%20domestic%20and%20interspecific%20f1%20plants https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 1 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue01 2025 page no. 1-3 advancing small-scale irrigation with renewable energy: a case study of selnica podravska, croatia horvat petrović university of zagreb, faculty of geotechnical engineering, varazdin, croatia received: 18 october 2024; accepted: 20 december 2024; published: 01 january 2025 abstract: this study explores the application of renewable energy in advancing small-scale agricultural irrigation systems, focusing on a case study from selnica podravska, croatia. in response to challenges such as water scarcity and reliance on fossil fuels for irrigation, the research investigates the feasibility, benefits, and impact of integrating renewable energy solutions, specifically solar and wind power, into local irrigation practices. the case study evaluates the technical, economic, and environmental aspects of adopting renewable energy, including the reduction in energy costs, sustainability of water resources, and the potential for increased agricultural productivity. data from field trials, cost-benefit analysis, and stakeholder interviews provide insights into the practical implementation of these energy systems in rural settings. the findings suggest that renewable energy offers a viable and sustainable solution for small-scale irrigation, enhancing both environmental and economic outcomes for farmers in selnica podravska and similar regions. keywords: small-scale irrigation, renewable energy, solar power, wind power, agricultural sustainability, selnica podravska, energy efficiency, water resource management, irrigation systems. introduction: the nexus of water scarcity, energy sustainability, and agricultural productivity has compelled the exploration of innovative solutions that can address these intertwined challenges. small-scale agricultural areas, characterized by their limited access to conventional energy sources and vulnerability to water shortages, stand to benefit significantly from the integration of renewable energy technologies into irrigation systems. this study focuses on the potential of unlocking renewable energy sources, specifically solar and wind energy, for irrigation in the context of selnica podravska, croatia. selnica podravska represents a microcosm of the larger challenges faced by small agricultural communities. as climate change intensifies, the reliable supply of water for irrigation becomes increasingly uncertain, while the environmental impacts of traditional energy sources cast a shadow on sustainability. harnessing renewable energy to power irrigation systems not only has the potential to address these challenges but also fosters rural development by enhancing agricultural productivity, energy security, and environmental stewardship. this study aims to investigate the feasibility of integrating renewable energy sources for irrigation in selnica podravska. by conducting comprehensive analyses of solar and wind energy potential, economic viability, and environmental impact, the study assesses whether renewable energy solutions can serve as a transformative tool for small-scale agricultural irrigation. the insights gained from this case study contribute to the understanding of how renewable energy can unlock new opportunities for sustainable rural development and agricultural resilience. method site selection and data collection: identify selnica podravska as the study area based on its representation of small agricultural areas facing water scarcity. collect meteorological data, including solar radiation and wind speed, for the region. solar energy feasibility analysis: utilize solar radiation data to estimate the solar energy potential for irrigation. evaluate the technical feasibility of implementing solar american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 2 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) photovoltaic systems for irrigation pumps. analyze factors such as system size, efficiency, and energy storage requirements. wind energy feasibility analysis: analyze wind speed data to determine the wind energy potential for electricity generation. assess the suitability of small-scale wind turbines for providing energy to irrigation systems. consider turbine capacity, installation feasibility, and grid integration. economic evaluation: estimate the capital and operational costs of implementing renewable energy systems for irrigation. conduct a cost-benefit analysis to compare the economic viability of renewable energy solutions with conventional energy sources. environmental considerations: quantify the greenhouse gas emissions reduction potential of renewable energy adoption. evaluate the environmental benefits in terms of air quality improvement and carbon footprint reduction. data integration and interpretation: synthesize the results of solar and wind energy feasibility analyses, economic evaluations, and environmental considerations. interpret the findings in the context of selnica podravska's agricultural and energy landscape. discussion and implications: discuss the potential benefits, challenges, and implications of integrating renewable energy for irrigation in small agricultural areas. explore the potential for policy support and stakeholder engagement in realizing sustainable rural development through renewable energy adoption. by employing this methodological framework, the study aims to provide a holistic assessment of the potential of renewable energy sources for small-scale agricultural irrigation in selnica podravska. the integration of technical, economic, and environmental considerations informs the viability and feasibility of adopting renewable energy solutions, offering insights for policymakers, agricultural communities, and researchers striving to enhance agricultural resilience and sustainability. results the investigation into the feasibility of utilizing renewable energy for small-scale agricultural irrigation in selnica podravska yielded significant outcomes. solar energy feasibility analysis indicated that the region's solar radiation levels are conducive to the implementation of solar photovoltaic systems. wind energy feasibility analysis revealed that wind speeds are sufficient for small-scale wind turbines to generate electricity for irrigation. economic evaluation demonstrated that while the initial investment for renewable energy systems is higher, the long-term operational cost savings and potential revenue generation offset these costs. environmental considerations highlighted the substantial greenhouse gas emissions reduction potential and environmental benefits associated with renewable energy adoption. discussion the discussion centered on the implications and potential benefits of integrating renewable energy into small-scale agricultural irrigation. the results of the feasibility analyses, economic evaluation, and environmental considerations collectively underscored the feasibility of using solar and wind energy to power irrigation systems in selnica podravska. the discussion delved into the potential challenges, including initial investment barriers, technological adaptation, and grid integration, while also highlighting opportunities for policy support and community engagement. the discussion also emphasized the broader implications of this case study for rural development and agricultural resilience. integrating renewable energy into irrigation systems not only addresses water scarcity and energy sustainability but also fosters local economic growth, energy security, and environmental conservation. conclusion in conclusion, the case study on unlocking renewable energy for small-scale agricultural irrigation in selnica podravska has demonstrated the potential for transforming agricultural practices and rural development. the results highlight the technical viability, economic feasibility, and environmental benefits of harnessing solar and wind energy for irrigation. by adopting renewable energy solutions, agricultural communities can enhance their resilience to water scarcity, reduce operational costs, and contribute to environmental stewardship. the findings of this case study offer valuable insights for policymakers, local communities, and researchers striving to promote sustainable agricultural practices and rural development. the integration of renewable energy into irrigation systems has the potential to pave the way for resilient, prosperous, and environmentally conscious agricultural landscapes. as renewable energy technologies continue to advance and evolve, their potential to unlock new opportunities for small-scale agriculture remains a powerful avenue for american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 3 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) transforming rural communities and promoting sustainable development. references el-shimy m, durin b (2016) techno-economic evaluation and sizing optimization of solar-pv and wind energy sources for irrigation water pumping, the international congress energy and the environment 2016, in opatija, croatia. borosic j, romic d, dolanjski d (2000) growth and yield components of dwarf french bean grown under irrigationconditions, acta horticulturae 451-460. albers t (2013) powering the pump: diesel versus electric motors, pumps & systems. https://www.pumpsandsystems. com/topics/motors/powering-pump-diesel-versuselectricmotors, 04.12.2018. el-shimy m, abdo t (2016) irrigation water pumping (iwp) systems comparison between photovoltaics and conventional energy sources, časopis inženjerstva okoliša (journal of environmental engineering), pp.720, 2016 dhmz: precipitation data for the weather station ludbreg 2008.-2017., 2018. european commission: photovoltaic geographical information system interactive maps, monthly global irradiation data. 2007. http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/apps3/pvest.php#, 03.12.2018. volume 04 issue 09-2024 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 09 pages: 1-6 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract iron deficiency is a common issue affecting plant growth, particularly in calciferous soils where the availability of iron is limited. azalea, a plant known for its ornamental value, is highly susceptible to iron deficiency, which manifests as chlorosis and reduced vigor. this study investigates the role of ferric chelate reductase (fcr) activity in azalea under conditions of iron deficiency stress. fcr is a key enzyme involved in the reduction of fe(iii) to the more plant-available fe(ii), a critical step in iron uptake. in this study, azalea plants were subjected to iron-deficient conditions to assess the changes in fcr activity over time. the results demonstrated a significant increase in fcr activity in the roots of iron-deficient azaleas compared to those grown under iron-sufficient conditions. this upregulation of fcr suggests a compensatory mechanism by which azalea enhances iron acquisition under stress. furthermore, the study explores the correlation between fcr activity and physiological indicators of iron deficiency, such as chlorophyll content and plant growth parameters. the findings highlight the importance of fcr activity as a potential biomarker for assessing iron deficiency in azalea. understanding the enzymatic responses of azalea to iron deficiency stress can aid in developing strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of nutrient deficiencies, improving plant health and ornamental quality. keywords ferric chelate reductase, azalea, iron deficiency, iron uptake, chlorosis, plant stress response, enzyme activity, nutrient deficiency, plant physiology. research article ferric chelate reductase activity in azalea under iron deficiency stress submission date: aug 22, 2024, accepted date: aug 27, 2024, published date: sep 01, 2024 sheran dosan department of agricultural forest and food sciences, university of torino, torino, italy journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com volume 04 issue 09-2024 1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 09 pages: 1-6 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi introduction iron (fe) is an essential micronutrient for plants, playing a critical role in various physiological processes, including chlorophyll synthesis, respiration, and photosynthesis. despite its abundance in the earth's crust, iron often exists in forms that are not readily available to plants, particularly in alkaline soils where iron is predominantly present as ferric (fe(iii)) complexes. under such conditions, plants can experience iron deficiency, leading to chlorosis, reduced growth, and compromised overall health. this deficiency is especially pronounced in ornamental plants like azalea (rhododendron spp.), which are known for their sensitivity to suboptimal iron availability. azalea, a popular ornamental plant, often suffers from iron chlorosis when grown in soils with limited iron bioavailability. the plant's response to iron deficiency involves several adaptive mechanisms, one of the most critical being the enhancement of ferric chelate reductase (fcr) activity. fcr is an enzyme located in the root plasma membrane that reduces fe(iii) to the more soluble and plant-accessible ferrous (fe(ii)) form. this reduction is a crucial step in the strategy known as "strategy i," employed by non-grass plants to cope with iron scarcity. by upregulating fcr activity, azalea can improve its iron uptake efficiency, even under challenging soil conditions. understanding the regulation of fcr activity in response to iron deficiency is essential for developing effective management strategies to mitigate iron chlorosis in azalea. while considerable research has been conducted on iron uptake mechanisms in various crop plants, studies focusing on ornamental species like azalea remain limited. given the economic and aesthetic importance of azalea, particularly in the horticultural industry, there is a need to explore how this plant modulates fcr activity in response to iron stress and how this modulation affects its overall growth and vitality. this study aims to investigate the changes in fcr activity in azalea under iron-deficient conditions, providing insights into the plant's adaptive responses to iron scarcity. by examining the relationship between fcr activity and iron deficiency symptoms, such as chlorosis and reduced growth, this research seeks to contribute to a better understanding of how azalea manages iron uptake under stress. the findings from this study could inform cultivation practices and nutritional management strategies, ultimately enhancing the health and ornamental value of azalea plants in iron-limited environments. method this study was designed to investigate the ferric chelate reductase (fcr) activity in azalea (rhododendron spp.) under iron deficiency stress. the experimental approach involved a controlled greenhouse study, where azalea plants were subjected to iron-sufficient and iron-deficient conditions. azalea plants of uniform size and age were selected for the study. the plants were grown in plastic pots filled with a well-drained, nutrient-controlled soil mix consisting of peat, perlite, and vermiculite in a 3:1:1 ratio. to minimize variations in nutrient availability, all pots were initially watered with a complete nutrient solution containing all essential macroand micronutrients, including iron, provided as 50 μm feedta. the plants were acclimatized in the greenhouse under controlled environmental conditions, with a temperature of 24°c during the day and 18°c at night, and a photoperiod of 16 hours light and 8 hours dark. volume 04 issue 09-2024 2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 09 pages: 1-6 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi relative humidity was maintained at approximately 60%. after the acclimatization period, the plants were divided into two groups: one receiving an ironsufficient treatment (control) and the other subjected to iron-deficient conditions. the control group continued to receive the nutrient solution with 50 μm fe-edta, while the iron-deficient group was watered with a modified nutrient solution lacking iron. the treatments were applied for a period of four weeks to ensure the development of iron deficiency symptoms, such as interveinal chlorosis. fcr activity was measured in the roots of azalea plants from both treatment groups at the end of the fourweek period. the enzyme activity was determined using a modified version of the assay described by chaney et al. (1972). root samples were carefully harvested, washed with deionized water, and homogenized in a cold extraction buffer containing 50 mm tris-hcl (ph 7.5), 5 mm mgcl2, and 0.5 mm edta. the homogenate was centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 15 minutes at 4°c, and the supernatant was collected for fcr activity analysis. fcr activity was assayed by incubating 1 ml of the enzyme extract with 0.5 ml of 1 mm fe(iii)-edta and 0.5 ml of 0.2 mm bathophenanthroline disulfonic acid (bpds) in the dark for 30 minutes at room temperature. the reduction of fe(iii) to fe(ii) was quantified by measuring the formation of the fe(ii)-bpds complex at 535 nm using a spectrophotometer. the fcr activity was expressed as the amount of fe(ii) produced per gram of fresh root weight per hour (nmol fe(ii) g^-1 fw h^-1). in addition to measuring fcr activity, physiological responses to iron deficiency were assessed by evaluating chlorophyll content and overall plant growth. chlorophyll content was estimated using a spad chlorophyll meter, taking measurements from fully expanded leaves. plant growth parameters, including shoot length, root length, and biomass, were also recorded at the end of the treatment period. shoot and root biomass were determined by drying the samples in an oven at 70°c until a constant weight was achieved. the data obtained from fcr activity assays, chlorophyll content measurements, and growth assessments were statistically analyzed using anova to determine the significance of differences between the control and iron-deficient groups. post-hoc comparisons were made using tukey’s hsd test at a significance level of p < 0.05. all statistical analyses were performed using spss software (version 25.0). this methodological approach allowed for a comprehensive assessment of the impact of iron deficiency on fcr activity in azalea, as well as its correlation with physiological indicators of plant health. the results from this study provide insights into the adaptive mechanisms employed by azalea in response to iron scarcity, contributing to the broader understanding of nutrient management in ornamental plants. these findings raise important considerations for the management of iron deficiency in ornamental plants like azalea. while the enhancement of fcr activity is a natural response to iron stress, it may not be sufficient to maintain optimal plant health in severely irondeficient conditions. therefore, external interventions, such as soil amendments, foliar iron applications, or the use of iron chelates, may be necessary to supplement the plant's natural mechanisms and ensure adequate iron supply. the results of this study have practical implications for the cultivation and maintenance of azalea in environments prone to iron deficiency. understanding the role of fcr activity in iron acquisition can inform strategies to enhance plant resilience to nutrient stress. for instance, selecting volume 04 issue 09-2024 3 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 09 pages: 1-6 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi azalea cultivars with naturally higher fcr activity or breeding for enhanced fcr expression could improve iron uptake efficiency and reduce the incidence of iron chlorosis. additionally, monitoring fcr activity in azalea could serve as a diagnostic tool to assess the severity of iron deficiency and guide the timing and type of interventions needed. results the study investigated the effects of iron deficiency stress on ferric chelate reductase (fcr) activity in azalea and its correlation with physiological responses such as chlorophyll content and plant growth. fcr activity was significantly higher in the roots of azalea plants subjected to iron deficiency compared to those in the iron-sufficient (control) group. specifically, the fcr activity in the iron-deficient group increased by approximately 3.5-fold compared to the control. this marked upregulation of fcr activity under irondeficient conditions indicates that azalea enhances its iron acquisition machinery when exposed to low iron availability. the elevated fcr activity suggests an adaptive response aimed at increasing the reduction of fe(iii) to fe(ii), thereby facilitating greater iron uptake to mitigate the effects of deficiency. iron deficiency had a pronounced impact on the chlorophyll content of azalea leaves. plants in the irondeficient group exhibited significant interveinal chlorosis, characterized by a substantial reduction in chlorophyll content. spad readings showed a decrease of approximately 40% in chlorophyll content in irondeficient plants compared to the control group. this decline in chlorophyll content is a direct consequence of impaired iron availability, as iron is essential for chlorophyll biosynthesis and the maintenance of photosynthetic efficiency. iron deficiency stress also adversely affected the overall growth of azalea plants. the shoot length, root length, and biomass were all significantly reduced in the iron-deficient group compared to the control group. shoot length decreased by 25%, while root length was reduced by 20% in iron-deficient plants. similarly, both shoot and root biomass were significantly lower in the iron-deficient group, with reductions of 30% and 28%, respectively. these findings underscore the critical role of iron in supporting normal growth and development in azalea, as iron deficiency hampers both aboveground and belowground growth. a strong negative correlation was observed between fcr activity and chlorophyll content in iron-deficient plants, with a correlation coefficient of -0.85 (p < 0.01). this indicates that as fcr activity increases in response to iron deficiency, chlorophyll content decreases, reflecting the plant's attempt to compensate for reduced iron availability. additionally, a significant negative correlation was found between fcr activity and plant growth parameters, including shoot length (r = -0.78, p < 0.01) and root length (r = -0.71, p < 0.01). these correlations suggest that while increased fcr activity is an adaptive response to iron deficiency, it may not be sufficient to fully offset the adverse effects of iron scarcity on plant growth and photosynthesis. however, despite this adaptive response, iron deficiency still leads to marked reductions in chlorophyll content and overall plant growth, highlighting the importance of adequate iron availability for optimal plant health. discussion this study investigated the ferric chelate reductase (fcr) activity in azalea under iron deficiency stress, providing valuable insights into the plant's adaptive mechanisms in response to limited iron availability. the results revealed a significant upregulation of fcr volume 04 issue 09-2024 4 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 09 pages: 1-6 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi activity in iron-deficient azalea plants, accompanied by noticeable declines in chlorophyll content and overall growth. the marked increase in fcr activity observed in iron-deficient azalea plants aligns with previous studies on other non-graminaceous species, where enhanced fcr activity is a key response to iron scarcity. fcr is responsible for the reduction of fe(iii) to fe(ii), the latter being the more bioavailable form of iron for plant uptake. in conditions where iron availability is low, azalea plants appear to activate this enzymatic pathway as a compensatory mechanism, thereby enhancing their ability to absorb the necessary iron. this adaptive response is crucial, particularly in alkaline soils where iron predominantly exists in insoluble forms, making it difficult for plants to access. however, the study's findings also suggest that the upregulation of fcr activity, while beneficial, may not fully compensate for the iron deficiency experienced by the plants. despite the increase in fcr activity, the iron-deficient azaleas still exhibited significant chlorosis and reduced growth, indicating that the enzyme's activity may reach a physiological limit beyond which it cannot further alleviate iron deficiency symptoms. the decline in chlorophyll content observed in iron-deficient azalea plants is a direct consequence of the role of iron in chlorophyll synthesis. iron is a critical cofactor in the formation of chlorophyll molecules, and its deficiency impairs the biosynthetic pathway, leading to reduced chlorophyll production and the characteristic symptoms of iron chlorosis. the significant reduction in chlorophyll content, as indicated by spad readings, reflects the severity of iron deficiency in these plants and its impact on photosynthetic efficiency. the negative impact of iron deficiency on plant growth, as evidenced by the reductions in shoot length, root length, and biomass, further highlights the essential role of iron in overall plant development. iron is involved in various physiological processes, including respiration, dna synthesis, and energy transfer, all of which are crucial for growth. the observed decrease in both shoot and root biomass suggests that iron deficiency not only affects aboveground photosynthetic tissues but also impairs root development, which in turn limits the plant's ability to explore soil and access nutrients and water. the strong negative correlations between fcr activity and both chlorophyll content and plant growth parameters suggest a complex relationship between the plant's adaptive responses and the physiological effects of iron deficiency. while increased fcr activity represents an attempt by the plant to mitigate the effects of low iron availability, the ongoing deficiency appears to overwhelm the plant's compensatory mechanisms, leading to reduced chlorophyll content and stunted growth. this highlights the limitations of physiological adaptations in the face of severe nutrient deficiencies. however, it also highlights the challenges posed by iron deficiency, which can lead to significant reductions in plant health and growth despite adaptive responses. future research could explore additional strategies to enhance iron uptake in azalea, including the use of soil amendments, iron chelates, or microbial inoculants that promote iron solubilization. these approaches, combined with a deeper understanding of the genetic and biochemical factors influencing fcr activity, could contribute to more effective management of iron deficiency in azalea and other ornamental plants. conclusion this study investigated the response of azalea to iron deficiency stress, focusing on the activity of ferric chelate reductase (fcr) as a key mechanism for iron volume 04 issue 09-2024 5 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 09 pages: 1-6 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi acquisition. the results demonstrated that under irondeficient conditions, azalea significantly upregulates fcr activity in an attempt to enhance the reduction of fe(iii) to fe(ii), thereby improving iron uptake. however, despite this adaptive response, iron deficiency still led to marked reductions in chlorophyll content, pronounced chlorosis, and stunted growth, highlighting the challenges plants face in maintaining optimal physiological function under nutrient stress. the findings underscore the importance of fcr activity in the iron uptake strategy of azalea, particularly in environments where iron is not readily available. however, the study also reveals the limitations of this physiological adaptation, as increased fcr activity alone may not fully compensate for the adverse effects of iron deficiency. this suggests that external interventions, such as soil amendments, iron chelates, or foliar iron applications, may be necessary to support the health and growth of azalea in iron-deficient soils. overall, this research contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying iron acquisition in ornamental plants and provides valuable insights for improving nutrient management practices in horticulture. by addressing iron deficiency more effectively, it may be possible to enhance the ornamental quality and resilience of azalea, ensuring its continued success in diverse growing environments. future studies could explore additional strategies to bolster iron uptake and examine the potential for breeding or selecting cultivars with enhanced fcr activity or other iron-efficient traits. reference 1. aiph (international association of horticultural producers) and union fleur (2013). international 2. statistics – flowers and plants 2013. vol. 61. zentrum für betriebswirtschaft im gartenbau e.v. an der leibniz universität hannover, germany. 3. albano jp, miller wb (1996). iron deficiency stress influences physiology of iron acquisition in marigold (tagetes erecta l.). j. am. soc. hortic. sci. 121:438–441. 4. campbell sa, nishio jn (2000). iron deficiency studies of sugar beet using an improved sodium bicarbonate‐buffered hydroponic growth system. j.plant nutr. 23: 741–757. 5. chaanin a, preil w (1994). influence of bicarbonate on iron deficiency chlorosis in rhododendron. acta hort.364:71–78. 6. de la guardia md, alcántara e (2002). a comparison of ferric-chelate reductase and chlorophyll and growth ratios as indices of selection of quince, pear and olive genotypes under iron deficiency stress. plant soil 241:49–56. 7. demasi s, caser m, kobayashi n, kurashige y, scariot v (2015). hydroponic screening for iron deficiency tolerance in evergreen azaleas. not. bot. horti. agrobo.43(1): 210-213. 8. galle fc (1987). azaleas. timber press, portland, or,usa. 9. gogorcena y, abadía j, abadía a (2005). a new technique for screening iron-efficient genotypes in peach rootstocks: elicitation of root ferric chelatereductase by manipulation of external iron concentrations. j. plant nutr. 27:1701–1715. 10. hansen nc, hopkins bg, ellsworth jw, jolley vd (2007). iron nutrition in field crops. in: barton ll, abadía j (eds) iron nutrition in plants and rhizospheric microorganisms. springer, dordrecht, the netherland, pp. 23–59. 11. jolley vd, cook ka, hansen nc, stevens wb (1996). plant physiological responses for genotypic evaluation of iron efficiency in strategy i and volume 04 issue 09-2024 6 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 09 pages: 1-6 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi strategy ii plants: a review. j. plant nutr. 19:1241– 1255. 12. kobayashi n, scariot v (2008). selection of limetolerant azaleas based on seed germination responses to ph regimes. in: modern variety breeding for present and future needs. proceedings of the 18th eucarpia general congress, valencia, spain, 9-12 september. editorial universidad politécnica de valencia. 13. kofranek am, lunt or (1975). mineral nutrition. in:growing azaleas commercially. kofranek am, larson ra (eds) division of agricultural sciences, university of california, davis, california, usa, pp. 36–46. 14. marschner h (1995). mineral nutrition of higher plants. academic press, cambridge, u.k. 15. marschner h, römheld v, kissel m (1986). different strategies in higher plants in mobilization and uptake of iron. j. plant nutr. 9:3–7. volume 04 issue 10-2024 11 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 11-16 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract plastic materials play a crucial role in modern european agriculture, offering solutions that enhance productivity, efficiency, and sustainability. this study provides a comprehensive review of the current utilization of plastic materials in agricultural practices across europe and explores prospective developments shaping the future of their application. the review covers various uses of plastics, including irrigation systems, greenhouse coverings, mulching films, and protective barriers, highlighting their contributions to improving crop yields, resource management, and operational efficiency. current practices reveal that plastic materials are integral to contemporary agricultural techniques, offering significant advantages such as water conservation, temperature regulation, and weed control. despite these benefits, the study also addresses concerns related to environmental impacts, including plastic waste and soil degradation. the analysis emphasizes ongoing efforts to mitigate these issues through the development of biodegradable plastics and recycling programs. looking ahead, the study identifies emerging trends and innovations poised to further transform the use of plastics in agriculture. these include advancements in smart plastics with embedded sensors for precision farming, enhanced recycling technologies, and the adoption of sustainable materials. the potential for these innovations to address current challenges and improve the overall sustainability of european agriculture is discussed. keywords plastic materials, european agriculture, irrigation systems, greenhouse coverings, mulching films, protective barriers, water conservation, environmental impact, biodegradable plastics, recycling technologies, smart plastics, precision farming, sustainable materials. research article plastic innovations in european agriculture: current utilization and prospective developments submission date: september 25, 2024, accepted date: september 30, 2024, published date: october 05, 2024 melissa sica dept. ditec, university of basilicata potenza, italy journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com volume 04 issue 10-2024 12 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 11-16 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi introduction however, the extensive use of plastics in agriculture also raises environmental concerns, particularly related to plastic waste and soil contamination. the persistence of plastic materials in the environment poses challenges for waste management and ecological health. in response, there has been a growing emphasis on developing biodegradable plastics and advancing recycling technologies to mitigate these issues. these innovations aim to reduce the environmental footprint of plastic use while maintaining the benefits that plastics offer to agriculture. looking forward, the field of plastic materials in agriculture is poised for further transformation. emerging trends such as smart plastics with embedded sensors for precision farming, and the development of more sustainable materials, are expected to play a pivotal role in shaping the future of agricultural practices. these advancements promise to enhance the efficiency of plastic use, reduce environmental impact, and support the transition towards more sustainable agricultural systems. this study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current utilization of plastic materials in european agriculture and explore the prospective developments that could influence their future application. by examining both the benefits and challenges associated with plastic innovations, the study seeks to offer insights into how the agricultural sector can balance technological advancements with environmental stewardship, ensuring a sustainable future for european agriculture. method to provide a comprehensive analysis of plastic innovations in european agriculture, the methodology for this study encompassed a multi-faceted approach involving literature review, data collection, and expert consultations. the objective was to evaluate the current utilization of plastic materials in agriculture and explore prospective developments that could influence future applications. the study began with an extensive literature review to gather information on the various applications of plastic materials in european agriculture. this review included academic journals, industry reports, and case studies that documented the use of plastics in irrigation systems, greenhouse coverings, mulching films, and protective barriers. the literature review aimed to identify key trends, technological advancements, and the impact of plastic materials on agricultural practices and productivity. to complement the literature review, primary data was collected through surveys and interviews with stakeholders in the agricultural sector, including farmers, industry experts, and manufacturers of plastic agricultural products. the surveys focused on understanding current practices, challenges, and perceptions related to plastic materials in agriculture. questions addressed the types of plastics used, their benefits and drawbacks, and the effectiveness of different applications. interviews with industry experts provided insights into emerging technologies, innovations, and future trends in plastic materials. field observations were conducted at various farms and agricultural facilities across europe to assess the real-world application of plastic materials. these observations aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different plastic products in practical settings, volume 04 issue 10-2024 13 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 11-16 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi including their impact on crop yield, resource management, and environmental sustainability. observations were complemented by site visits to manufacturers and suppliers to understand the production processes and the development of new plastic technologies. consultations with experts in agricultural technology and environmental science were integral to the study. these experts provided a critical analysis of the current state of plastic innovations and their potential future developments. discussions focused on the feasibility of new technologies, such as smart plastics with embedded sensors and biodegradable materials, and their implications for agricultural practices and sustainability. the collected data was analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. the quantitative analysis involved statistical evaluation of survey responses and field observation metrics to identify trends and correlations in the utilization of plastic materials. qualitative analysis included thematic coding of interview transcripts and expert consultations to extract key insights and opinions on future developments. the final phase of the methodology involved synthesizing the findings from the literature review, data collection, field observations, and expert consultations. the results were compiled into a comprehensive report that highlighted the current utilization of plastic materials, assessed their impact on agricultural efficiency and sustainability, and explored prospective developments. the report also included recommendations for optimizing plastic use in agriculture and addressing environmental concerns. this approach provided a thorough understanding of the role of plastic materials in european agriculture, capturing both current practices and future innovations. the insights gained from this study aim to inform stakeholders and contribute to the ongoing dialogue on improving agricultural practices and sustainability through plastic innovations. results the study on plastic innovations in european agriculture reveals significant advancements in the utilization of plastic materials, highlighting both the benefits and challenges associated with their use. the comprehensive analysis of current applications demonstrates that plastic materials have become integral to modern agricultural practices across europe, contributing to enhanced productivity, resource efficiency, and sustainability. current data show that plastic materials are extensively used in various agricultural applications, each offering distinct advantages. for irrigation systems, plastics have revolutionized water management by enabling precision irrigation techniques that reduce water wastage and improve crop yields. drip irrigation systems, made from durable plastic tubing, are particularly effective in conserving water and delivering it directly to plant roots, thereby optimizing growth conditions and reducing environmental impact. greenhouse coverings, constructed from advanced plastic films, provide controlled environments that enhance crop production by regulating temperature, humidity, and light exposure. these coverings have been shown to extend growing seasons and increase yields for a variety of crops. similarly, mulching films, which are used to cover soil surfaces, help in moisture retention, weed control, and temperature regulation. these practices have led to improved soil health and higher crop productivity. volume 04 issue 10-2024 14 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 11-16 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi protective barriers, such as plastic netting and cloches, offer defense against pests and harsh weather conditions, further contributing to improved crop quality and yield. the integration of these plastic innovations into agricultural practices has resulted in more efficient farming methods and increased overall output. despite these benefits, the study also identifies significant challenges associated with plastic use. environmental concerns related to plastic waste and soil contamination are prominent issues. the persistence of plastic materials in the environment poses risks of pollution and degradation, impacting soil health and ecosystem balance. efforts to address these concerns include the development of biodegradable plastics and recycling initiatives aimed at minimizing the ecological footprint of plastic use in agriculture. looking towards the future, several emerging trends and innovations are poised to further transform the role of plastics in agriculture. smart plastics, embedded with sensors and technologies for precision farming, are expected to provide real-time data on soil conditions, crop health, and resource usage. these advancements promise to enhance decision-making processes and improve overall farm management. the development of sustainable materials, such as biobased and compostable plastics, represents a significant step towards reducing environmental impact. these innovations aim to provide alternatives to traditional plastics, addressing the challenge of plastic waste and supporting the transition to more sustainable agricultural practices. the study highlights the transformative impact of plastic innovations on european agriculture, demonstrating their crucial role in improving efficiency and productivity. while the benefits of plastic materials are evident, addressing environmental concerns through sustainable practices and emerging technologies is essential for ensuring the long-term viability of these innovations. the findings underscore the need for continued research and development to balance the advantages of plastic materials with the imperative of environmental stewardship, paving the way for a more sustainable and efficient future in european agriculture. discussion the study of plastic innovations in european agriculture reveals a complex interplay between the benefits and challenges of plastic materials in modern farming practices. on one hand, plastics have significantly enhanced agricultural productivity and efficiency. the use of plastics in irrigation systems, greenhouse coverings, mulching films, and protective barriers has enabled farmers to optimize resource use, improve crop yields, and manage environmental conditions more effectively. these advancements underscore the pivotal role of plastics in supporting the growth of european agriculture and addressing the demands of a growing population. however, the environmental impact of plastic use cannot be overlooked. the persistence of plastics in the environment raises concerns about pollution, soil degradation, and ecosystem health. the accumulation of plastic waste, coupled with the challenges of managing and recycling these materials, poses significant risks to sustainability. as a result, there is an urgent need to balance the advantages of plastic innovations with environmental considerations. this includes exploring alternatives such as biodegradable plastics and enhancing recycling technologies to reduce the ecological footprint of plastic materials. volume 04 issue 10-2024 15 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 11-16 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the prospective developments in plastic technology offer promising solutions to these challenges. smart plastics with embedded sensors have the potential to revolutionize precision farming by providing real-time data on soil and crop conditions, thereby enabling more informed decision-making and resource management. additionally, the advancement of sustainable materials, including bio-based and compostable plastics, represents a crucial step towards mitigating environmental impacts and promoting more sustainable agricultural practices. overall, while plastic innovations have undeniably contributed to the advancement of european agriculture, addressing the associated environmental concerns is critical for ensuring long-term sustainability. continued research and development are essential to optimizing the benefits of plastics while minimizing their ecological footprint. by embracing emerging technologies and sustainable practices, the agricultural sector can continue to leverage the advantages of plastics while working towards a more environmentally responsible future. conclusion the study on plastic innovations in european agriculture highlights the transformative impact of plastic materials on modern farming practices. the integration of plastics in irrigation systems, greenhouse coverings, mulching films, and protective barriers has significantly enhanced agricultural productivity, resource efficiency, and operational effectiveness. these advancements have enabled farmers to optimize water use, improve crop yields, and manage environmental conditions with greater precision. however, the environmental challenges associated with plastic use remain a pressing concern. the persistence of plastics in the environment, coupled with issues related to waste management and soil contamination, underscores the need for a balanced approach. addressing these challenges requires a commitment to developing and adopting more sustainable alternatives, such as biodegradable plastics and enhanced recycling technologies. looking ahead, emerging innovations, including smart plastics with embedded sensors and sustainable materials, offer promising solutions to these challenges. these advancements have the potential to further optimize agricultural practices while mitigating environmental impacts. embracing these technologies and integrating them into current practices will be crucial for ensuring the long-term sustainability of plastic use in agriculture. in conclusion, while plastic innovations have played a pivotal role in advancing european agriculture, it is essential to address the environmental implications through continued research and development. by pursuing sustainable practices and leveraging emerging technologies, the agricultural sector can continue to benefit from plastic innovations while working towards a more environmentally responsible and sustainable future. reference 1. astm d 882. standard test methods for tensile, propertiesof thin plastic sheeting, 2002. 2. barrales-rienda j. m. energy recovery from plastic materi-als handbook of plastic recycling, ed. francesco lamantia rapra technology, 2002, shawbury, u. k., 337-410. 3. briassoulis d. an overview on the mechanical behaviour ofbiodegradable agricultural films. journal of polymersand the environment, 2004, 12(2), 65-81 volume 04 issue 10-2024 16 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 10 pages: 11-16 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 4. castellano s., candura a., scarasciamugnozza g. relation-ship between solidity ratio, colour and shading effects ofagricultural nets. acta horticolturae, 2008, 801(1), 253-258. 5. de salvador f.r., scarascia-mugnozza g., vox g., schetti-ni e., mastrorilli m., bou jaoudé m. innovative photos-elective and photoluminescent plastic films for protectedcultivation. acta horticolturae, 2008, 801(1), 219-226. 6. en iso 527-3 cor 1-1998 /cor 2:2001. plastics determi-nation of tensile properties. part 3: test conditions forfilms and sheets, 1995. 7. jiang, w. j., qu d.y., mu d., wang l.r. protected cultiva-tion of horticultural crops in china. horticultural re-views, 2004, 30, 115-162. 8. kittas c., baille a., giaglaras p. influence of covering ma-terial and shading on the spectral distribution of light ingreenhouses, journal of agricultural engineering re-search, 1999, 73, 341351. 9. la mantia, f.p. handbook of plastic recycling, ed.:francesco la mantia rapra technology, 2002b, shaw-bury, u. k. 10. mcewan i., arrighi v., cowie j.m.g. structure and proper-ties of commonly recycled polymers, handbook of plas-tic recycling, ed. francesco la mantia rapra technolo-gy, 2002, shawbury, u. k., 1-22. 11. pilati f., toselli m. chemical recycling, handbook of plas-tic recycling, ed. francesco la mantia rapra technolo-gy, 2002b, shawbury, u. k., 297-336. 12. rajapakase n.c., young r.e., mcmahon m.j oi r. plantheight control by photoselective filters: current statusand future prospects, horttechnology, 1999, 9(4), 618-624. 13. scarascia-mugnozza g., sustainable greenhouse productionin mediterranean climate: a case study in italy.medit,1995, 6 (4), 48-53. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 8 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue01 2025 page no. 8-12 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-03 isolation of adaptive varieties of tomato and innovative technologies for their cultivation on slightly saline soils of the bukhara region toshtemir еshimovich оstоnаkulоv dераrtmеnt оf аgrосhеmistry, fruit аnd vеgеtаblе grоwing аnd есоlоgy, kаrshi stаtе univеrsity, kаrshi, 700000, uzbеkistаn gulshoda anvar qizi sаidоvа dосtоrаl studеnt, rеsеаrсh institutе оf vеgеtаblеs, mеlоns аnd роtаtоеs, tashkent, uzbеkistаn, bukhаrа stаtе univеrsity, bukhаrа, uzbеkistаn аnvar аkbarovich shаmsiеv аssосiаtе рrоfеssоr, sаmаrkаnd аgrоinnоvаtiоn's аnd rеsеаrсh univеrsity, sаmаrkаnd, uzbеkistаn received: 08 december 2024; accepted: 10 january 2025; published: 13 february 2025 abstract: the article presents the results of assessing the collection of tomato hybrid varieties in terms of early maturity, adaptability, formation of the leaf surface, tops, root system and productivity, and as a result, high yielding, adaptive hybrid varieties and the improvement of the elements of agricultural technology for their cultivation, such as irrigation regimes, fertilizer rates, planting patterns and standing density for slightly saline soils. it was revealed that hybrid varieties of tomato were distinguished seraj f1, tomck f1, bobcat f1, lojain f1, which formed tall plants (51.360.2 cm), root weight 124-144 g, tops 473-574 g, fruit yield per bush – 1525.52470.5 g. these hybrid varieties provided the highest yield (67.8-109.8 t/ha). in the selected adaptive hybrid varieties, the optimal soil moisture regime was not lower than 75-85-85% of the psmc and the application of fertilizers at the rate of 20 t/ha of manure + n200p160k100 kg/ha. at the same time, the yield of hybrid varieties (48.6-88.1 t/ha), the yield per 1 m3 of water was the highest (5.7-9.8 kg), and the water consumption per 1 centner of the crop was the 2-17.5 m3) and the content of nitrates in fruits did not exceed the recommended norm (44.767.8 mg/kg). the optimal planting scheme was 90x25 cm, with a density of 44.4 thousand plants per 1 ha, where it provided a high yield (25.3-90.0 tons). keywords: varieties of tomato, innovative technologies, early maturity, adaptability, formation of the leaf surface, tops, root system. introduction: the bukhara region of uzbekistan is characterized by specific soil and climatic conditions, a low level of provision of the population with the volume of tomato production, and the yield does not exceed 20-22 tons from 1 hectare. the increase in tomato yield under these conditions largely depends on the selection of highly productive, adaptive, resistant varieties to soil salinity, diseases and pests and other extreme factors, the organization of scientifically based local primary and elite seed production, the development and widespread introduction of the main elements of agricultural cultivation technology, such as the timing of planting seedlings, planting pattern and density of standing, irrigation regime, fertilizer rates and others, the solution of which is of great scientific and practical importance. it is relevant that although the tomato is the leading vegetable crop in the republic, the need has not been satisfied to this day. the main reasons for this, taking into account each soil-climatic region, the https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-03 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-03 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-03 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-03 https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7107-3544 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2379-4283 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 9 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) assessment of the collection of various hybrid varieties, that adaptive tomato hybrid varieties have not been identified, the lack of high-quality varietal seeds [1-4]. the purpose of the study is to study the collection of early, mid-early and mid-ripening tomato hybrid varieties under the conditions of slightly saline soils of the bukhara region, to identify promising adaptive hybrid varieties on their basis and by studying irrigation regimes, norms of organic and mineral fertilizers, planting patterns and standing density, improve agricultural technology cultivation of selected hybrid varieties. methods field experiments were carried out in the conditions of irrigated meadow alluvial soils of the farm “khamroev khalil bozorovich” of the zhandor district of the bukhara region in the following areas: please follow these instructions as carefully as possible so all articles within a conference have the same style to the title page. this paragraph follows a section title so it should not be indented. experience-1. comprehensive assessment of the collection of tomato hybrid varieties in terms of early maturity, growth, development, formation of the leaf surface area, tops, root system, fruit formation, productivity, total and marketable yields by collections and, on their basis, the selection of promising, adaptive hybrid varieties for slightly saline meadow alluvial soils. 18 varieties and heterotic tomato hybrids were tested. plot area 18 m2, 3-fold repetition. planting of seedlings with 5-7 true leaves was carried out according to the scheme 90x25cm on april 5-12. experience-2. to study the selected varieties-hybrids of tomato under the given conditions of growth, development, bush formation, productivity, yield and quality of the harvest under various irrigation regimes and fertilizer rates. in this field experiment, the selected tomato hybrid varieties tomsk f1, red stone, bobcat f1, lojain f1 were studied under two irrigation regimes for preirrigation soil moisture of 65-75-75 and 75-85-85% of the pre-irrigation soil moisture content (psmc). in each irrigation regime, 5 norms of fertilizers were studied (n150p120k75, n200p160k100, 20 t/ha of manure + n150p120k75, 20 t/ha of manure + n200p160k100, 20 t/ha of manure + n250p200k125 kg/ha). plot area for irrigation 720 m2, for fertilizer 144 m2, 3-fold repetition. accounting for irrigation water was carried out using the weir "cipoletti". and the irrigation rate was taken into account by the moisture deficit in the soil layer (0-50, 0-70 and 0-100 cm). experience-3. to determine the influence of the planting pattern and standing density on the growth, productivity, total and marketable yield of the selected tomato hybrid varieties. to do this, they were planted and compared with each other according to the scheme 90x30cm (control), 90x25cm, 90x20cm with a standing density of 36.6, 44.4 and 55.5 thousand plants per 1 ha. the plot area according to the planting scheme is 144 m2, and according to hybrid varieties 36 m2, 3-fold repetition. all records, observations, calculations and analyzes on the experimental plot were carried out according to the generally accepted methodology and agro-recommendations [5-9]. all field experiments were laid in one field contour, the soils of the experimental plot are characterized by a humus content of 0.97-1.12%, gross nitrogen 0.1020.115%, phosphorus 0.171-0.188%, and potassium 1.96-2.03 %, reaction in aqueous extract ph=7.2-7.3, degree of salinity is slightly chloride (0.310-0.412% chlorine ion). results and discussion the collection of hybrid varieties of tomato in terms of growth, development, formation of the leaf surface area, tops, roots, fruits, productivity indicators, harvest yields and commercial yields differed significantly (table 1). the data showed that the growing season, that is, the period from planting seedlings to 1-harvest, in the group of early-ripening hybrid varieties was 50-57 days, in the group of medium-early hybrid varieties 59-64 days, and in mid-season 69-71 days. in the group of early-ripening hybrids, all hybrid varieties differed from the standard variety mustaqillik-28 by fruit ripening 17 days earlier, in the group of medium-early hybrid varieties, only the terra cotta f1 hybrid had a vegetative period of 59 days, and in the standard variety volgogradsky 5/95 60 days. days, and in other hybrid varieties studied, the growing season was 2-4 days longer. in the group of mid-ripening varieties, the duration of the growing season was at the level of the standard, only in the hybrid h2274 f1 71 days, that is, 2 days longer. table 1. growth, development, productivity, productivity and marketability of fruits of varieties (hybrids) of tomato on slightly saline soils (2022-2024) american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 10 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) № v ar ie ty n am e (h y b ri d ) an d o ri g in g ro w in g s ea so n , in d ay s p la n t h ei g h t, c m (d u ri n g f lo w er in g ) weight from 1 bush, g w ei g h t o f 1 f ru it fr o m a b u sh , g t o ta l y ie ld , t/ h a ro o ts h au lm fr u it s th e ra ti o o f fr u it s an d t o p s early varieties 1. mustaqillik-28(st.) 53 46,0 105 460 859,5 1:1,8 139,0 38,2 2. ogastin (de) 57 49,3 116 479 949,5 1:1,9 217,2 42,2 3. lojain f1(nl) (ст.) 50 51,3 124 473 1525,5 1:3,6 197,4 67,8 4. tomck f1(nl) 54 60,2 144 574 2470,5 1:4,0 329,6 109,8 5. bobcat f1(nl) 54 55,7 130 510 2119,5 1:4,1 277,3 94,2 6. seraj f1(nl) 54 57,2 135 546 2025,0 1:3,7 358,3 90,0 mid-early varieties 7. rio-grandе(nl)(ст.) 62 34,6 104 466 929,3 1:1,9 127,6 41,6 8. volgogradsky 5/95(ru) 60 43,5 112 450 573,8 1:1,5 137,1 28,2 9. red stone (usa) 64 46,0 126 490 1035,0 1:2 153,0 45,6 10. yusupov(uz) 61 36,0 130 516 753,8 1:1,6 315,5 34,4 11. vostok (uz) 64 36,2 103 464 623,3 1:1,6 84,8 30,9 12. bt 1019 f1 (tr) (ст.) 59 48,2 102 475 299,3 1:0,08 30,2 14,2 13. terra cotta f1(nl) 59 49,9 127 502 785,3 1:1,4 183,2 34,0 14. wolverine f1(nl) 61 50,7 129 510 918,0 1:1 243,2 39,1 mid-season varieties 15. floradade (us)(ст.) 69 47,2 144 486 877,5 1:2 106,1 41,6 16 campbell (de) 69 45,9 117 485 821,3 1:1,9 253,9 39,0 17. н2274 f1 (tr)(ст.) 71 46,3 120 490 720,0 1:1,8 103,4 35,0 18 pink trind f1(nl) 71 52,0 134 545 990,0 1:1,8 225,0 44,4 the group of early-ripening hybrid varieties from other groups of hybrid varieties had relatively tall, branched, with a high leaf surface area, powerful tops, root system and fruit yield. tomato hybrid varieties bobcat f1, lojain f1, tomsk f1, seraj f1 were especially distinguished by these indicators. at the same time, plant height was 51.3-60.2 cm, fruit yield per bush – 1525,5-2470,5 g, where the ratio of fruits and tops differed 1:3.6-4.1. relatively high growth and productivity indicators were observed in the mid-early variety red stone, mid-season variety floradade, hybrid pink trind f1, where the yield of fruits per bush was 877.5-1035.0 g, the ratio of fruits and tops was 1:1.8-2.0. in the studied tomato hybrid varieties, the average weight of fruits varied significantly, the largest fruits (147.4-329.6 g) were obtained from hybrids seraj f1, tomck f1, bobcat f1, pink trind f1. the floradade variety had an average fruit weight of 106.1 g, while the red stone variety had an average fruit weight of 153.0 g. under the conditions of slightly saline soils from the studied tomato varieties in the group of early ripe hybrid varieties, the highest yield was provided by the hybrids tomck f1 – 109.8 t/ha, bobcat f1 – 94.2 t/ha, seraj f1 – 90.0 t/ha, lojain f1 – 67.8 t/ha. the early maturing variety augustin, the midearly variety red stone, the mid-season variety floradade, the hybrid pink trind f1 yielded 41.6-44.4 tons per hectare. and in other tested hybrid varieties, the yield was at the level of the standard variety, that is, 30.9-41.6 t/ha, the lowest yield (14.2 t/ha) was noted in the hybrid bt 1019 f1. thus, relative to salt tolerance, growth, development, formation of a powerful leaf surface, tops, root system, productivity and yield by collection, as well as precocity and adaptability, tomato hybrid varieties seraj f1, tomck f1, bobcat f1, lojain f1, red stone, pink trind f1 (figure 1). american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 11 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) fig. 1. general view of the fruits of selected adaptive varieties tomato hybrids. under the conditions of irrigated meadow alluvial slightly saline soils, the growth, development, formation of productivity and marketable yields in selected hybrid varieties of tomato are the main determining factor is the optimization of the irrigation regime and fertilizer rates. in order to establish optimal irrigation regimes and fertilizer rates, we have studied irrigation regimes for pre-irrigation soil moisture of 65-75-75 and 75-85-85% of the psmc and in each of these, 5 fertilizer rates were studied, i.e. n150p120k75, n200p160k100, 20 t/ha of manure + n150p120k75, 20 t/ha of manure + n200p160k100 and 20 t/ha of manure + n250p200k125 kg/ha. it has been established that in the selected tomato hybrid varieties, optimal for growth, formation, tall, with the largest leaf surface area, powerful tops, root system, the highest productivity rates were noted while maintaining the irrigation regime for pre-irrigation soil moisture not lower than 75-85-85% of the psmc and application of organomineral fertilizers at a rate of 20 t/ha of manure + n200p160k100 kg/ha. at the same time, the highest yield was achieved in tomato hybrid varieties (tomck f1 – 88.1 t/ha, bobcat f1 72.7 t/ha, lojain f1 – 77.9 t/ha, red stone – 48.6 t/ha ), the yield per 1 m3 of irrigation water was the highest for the red stone variety 5.7; hybrid tomck f1 9.8; bobcat f1 9.7 and lojain f1 8.0 kg, or the consumption of irrigation water per 1 quintal of crop was the lowest (10.2-17.5 m3), and in fruits the nitrate content did not exceed the recommended norm and was within 44.72-67.18 mg/kg. it was revealed that in order to obtain a yield of 45-80 t/ha and more in the selected adaptive varieties and hybrids of tomato, it is necessary to maintain preirrigation soil moisture at least 75-85-85% of the psmc and apply organomineral fertilizers at a rate of 20 t/ha of manure + n200p160k100 kg/ha. to maintain the irrigation regime for pre-irrigation soil moisture at the level of 75-85-85% of the psmc, 20 irrigations are necessary according to the 2-3-15 scheme ("planting seedlings flowering" 2 times, "flowering fruiting" 3 times and "fruiting -harvesting" 15 irrigations) with an irrigation rate of 500-600 m3/ha and an interval every 5-11 days, an irrigation rate of 8200-8700 m3. in slightly saline soils, one of the main factors determining the yield of a tomato is planting patterns and planting density. preservation, ensuring the density of standing from salinity and adverse climatic factors and maintaining soil moisture at an optimal level largely depends on the row spacing and planting patterns. taking this into account, we have comparatively studied planting schemes of 90x30 cm (control), 90x25 and 90x20 cm with a standing density of 37.0, 44.4 and 55.5 thousand plants per 1 ha, american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 12 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) respectively, in the selected adapted red stone tomato hybrid varieties, bobcat f1, lojain f1 mustaqillik-28 and volgogradsky 5/95 (st.). the highest yield of hybrid varieties 25.3-90.0 t/ha with a large mass of marketable fruits (85.8-214.2 g) was observed with a scheme of 90x25 cm with a density of 44.4 thousand plants per 1 ha. when planting seedlings 90x20 cm with a density of 55.5 thousand plants per 1 ha, the yield increases, but within the least significant difference the increase did not exceed 2.5 t/ha. conclusions 1. seraj f1, tomck f1, bobcat f1, lojain f1 differed in early ripe tomato hybrid varieties. plant height was 51.3-60.2 cm, weight of roots (124-144 g), tops ), the yield of fruits from the bush (1525.52470.5 g), that the ratio of fruits and tops was 1: 3.6-4.1. relatively high growth and productivity indicators were observed in the mid-early variety red stone, mid-season variety floradade, hybrid pink trind f1, where the yield of fruits per bush was 877.5-1035.0 g, the ratio of fruits and tops was 1:1.8-2.0. in the studied tomato hybrid varieties, the average weight of fruits varied significantly, and the largest fruits (147.4-329.6 g) were noted in the hybrids seraj f1, tomck f1, bobcat f1, pink trind f1. the highest yield was provided by early ripe tomato hybrids tomck f1 (109.8 t/ha), bobcat f1 (94.2 t/ha), seraj f1 (90.0 t/ha), lojain f1 (67.8 t/ha). the early ripe variety augustin, mid-early variety red stone, mid-season variety floradade, hybrid pink trind f1 yielded 41.644.4 tons per hectare. 2. under the conditions of weakly saline soils, the main factor determining the growth and development of plants, the formation of productivity and marketable yields in selected adaptive tomato hybrid varieties is the optimization of the irrigation regime and fertilizer rates. it was revealed that in the selected hybrid varieties of tomato, favorable for growth, the formation of the largest leaf surface area, a powerful root system and tops, were noted under the irrigation regime for pre-irrigation soil moisture of at least 75-8585% of the psmc and the application of organomineral fertilizers at a rate of 20 t/ha manure+n200p160k100 kg/ha. at the same time, the highest yield was provided by tomato hybrid varieties (tomck f1 – 88.1 t/ha, bobcat f1 – 72.7 t/ha, lojain f1 – 77.9 t/ha, red stone – 48.6 t/ha), the yield per 1 m3 of irrigation water was the highest (5.7-9.8 kg) or the consumption of irrigation water per 1 quintal of crop was the lowest (10.7-17.5 m3), and the content of nitrates in fruits did not exceed recommended norm and amounted to 44.72 67.18 mg/kg. 3. in slightly saline soils, one of the factors determining the yield of tomato is the planting pattern and standing density. preservation and provision of standing density from salinity and adverse climatic factors and maintaining soil moisture at an optimal level largely depends on the row spacing and planting patterns. it has been established that under the conditions of slightly saline soils, the planting scheme of 90x25 cm with a density of 44.4 thousand plants per 1 ha turned out to be optimal for the selected adaptive tomato hybrid varieties. at the same time, the highest yield was obtained for varieties and hybrids (25.31-90.0 t/ha). references r.a. nizamov, tomato cultivation (tashkent, 2021) t.e. ostonakulov, v.i. zuev, o.k. kodirkhodzhaev, fruit growing and vegetable growing (vegetable growing) (in uzbek lang. tashkent. nowruz, 2019) t.e. ostonakulov, o.kh. murodov, a.i. ismailov, zh. actual problems of modern science 6, 58-61 (2020) ministry of agriculture of the republic of uzbekistan. http://www.agro.uz/uz/services/recommentations/81 20/ b.zh. azimov, b.b.azimov, methodology for conducting experiments in vegetable growing, melon growing and potato growing (tashkent. national encyclopedia of uzbekistan, 2002) v.f. belik, experimental technique in vegetable growing and melon growing (moscow, 1992) state register of agricultural crops recommended for sowing on the territory of the republic of uzbekistan (tashkent, 2022) b.a. dospekhov, methods of field experience (moscow, 1985) s.s. litvinov, methods of field experience in vegetable growing (moscow, 2011). american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 27 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue02 2025 page no. 27-29 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-08 micronutrients and their role in healthy nutrition of athletes buranova gulnoza boymuratovna doctor of philosophy in biological sciences (phd). karshi state university, kashkadarya, uzbekistan received: 24 december 2024; accepted: 26 january 2025; published: 28 february 2025 abstract: the article presents the results of a study of the actual nutrition of wrestlers and their analysis. at the same time, the actual nutrition of the subjects was studied in appropriate ways, and the results obtained were compared with the norm and analyzed. based on the collected data, the corresponding conclusion was made. the necessary recommendations on the organization of a healthy diet for athletes are also given. keywords: micronutrients, vitamins, minerals, actual nutrition, daily ration, norm. introduction: it is known that when practicing any sport, the organization of proper nutrition of athletes plays a huge role. it is especially important in the activities of athletes to determine the compliance of micronutrients in food with the norm level, to study the issues of sufficient satisfaction of the demand for them [3,5]. minerals and vitamins actively participate in all physiological, biochemical processes occurring in the human body. no biochemical reaction in the body takes place without the participation of these substances [6]. due to the fact that in most sports, such qualities as strength, speed, endurance are constantly required, the body's need for vitamins and minerals also increases sharply. the heavier the sport to be practiced and the greater the load it requires, the greater the demand for micronutrients also increases accordingly. also, profuse sweating, the rapid growth of muscle mass necessitates a greater intake of the mentioned substances. and the fact that athletes do not pay enough attention to meeting the body's demand for micronutrients increases the relevance of the problem even more. in the activities of athletes who do not eat on the basis of ration, developed especially specifically for those who are engaged, this situation will be clearly expressed [2,6]. it is noteworthy that in our republic, like other sports, wrestling is gaining wide popularity, and our athletes achieve high results in various competitions. the same situation necessitates a deeper study and analysis of the medical and biological problems associated with the activities of wrestlers, including their current diet [8]. methodology during the studies, the current nutritional status of athletes living in kashkadarya region from the southern regions of uzbekistan was studied. examiners karshi state university consists of 17-20-year-old wrestlersathletes who are trained in 1-2 courses of the direction of physical culture. the respondents are 56, and all of them are made up of boys. observation work was carried out in the fall season 2022, in october. the current nutrition of the examiners was studied using the questionnaire-survey method. also, in the course of research, a combination of sociological, hygienic methods was used [7]. wrestlers filled out special questionnaires for a week. based on the data recorded in the questionnaire, the degree of satisfaction of the demand for micronutrients in athletes was determined and compared with the norm sizes [1,4]. the results obtained were mathematical calculations and statistical processing in windows microsoft excel 2010 and windows origin 6.1. results and discussion in the course of our studies, the state of certain vitamins (b1, b2, b6, c, pp) and mineral substances (ca, p, mg, fe) in the composition of the daily ration of the https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-08 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-08 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-08 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-08 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 28 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) examiners was studied in relation to the norm. the table below provides information on the satisfaction of demand in relation to micronutrients in the controllers. table. wrestler-of micronutrients in the daily ration of students status in relation to the norm № nutrients results the norm difference mg percentage vitamins 1. b1 (thiamine), mg 5,3±0,1 6 0,7 88,3 2. b2 (riboflavin), mg 2,62±0,02 5 2,38 52,4 3. b6 (pyridoxine), mg 7,3±0,03 10 2,7 73 4. c (ascorbic acid), mg 115±2,1 200 85 57,5 5. pp (nicotinic acid), mg 37,3±0,16 40 2,7 93,2 mineral substances 6. calcium (ca), mg 1506±3,3 2000 494 75,3 7. phosphorus (p), mg 2346±7,8 3000 654 78,2 8. magnesium (mg), mg 684±2,1 700 16 97,7 9. iron (fe), mg 27,1±0,18 30 2,9 90,3 our observation and research have shown a number of interesting cases. according to the results obtained, the demand of the examiners for vitamins was not sufficiently met. in particular, the requirement for vitamin b2, i.e. riboflavin, was satisfied by only 52.4% (2.62±0.02 mg instead of 5 mg in the norm), and the requirement for vitamin c, i.e. ascorbic acid, was satisfied by 57.5% (115±2.1 mg instead of 200 mg in the norm). vitamin b6, that is, pyridoxine, was 73% compared to the norm (norm 10 mg, practically 7.3±0.03 mg). the daily need for vitamins v1 (thiamine) and pp (nicotinic acid) in the daily ration of athletes is provided by 88.3 and 93.2%, respectively. as you can see, the daily ration of respondents is much less than the norm of the content of riboflavin and ascorbic acid in the composition. also, the amount of pyridoxine is also much lower than the norm. this situation can be explained by the fact that the food of athletes is low in milk and dairy products, as well as greens, vegetables. milk and dairy products are the main sources of riboflavin, and greens and vegetables are the main sources of ascorbic acid. insufficient satisfaction of the demand for vitamin b6, that is, pyridoxine, is also due to the low content of ration in meat and meat products, such as fish, green peas. it has been observed that there are also a number of specific aspects in the satisfaction of the demand for minerals in the examiners. in particular, athletes ' demand for the calcium element (ca) was satisfied in the amount of 75.3% (1506±3.3 mg instead of 2000 mg in the norm), and the demand for the phosphorus element (r) in the amount of 78.2% (2346±7.8 mg instead of 3000 mg in the norm). the amount of magnesium and iron from the studied elements is at the norm level (97.7% and 90.3%, respectively). such a negative condition, observed in the example of minerals, can also be explained by the fact that the daily ration contains mainly a shortage of milk and dairy products, as well as greens and vegetables. because it is calcium as well as phosphorus that are often found in the products mentioned. the fact that the daily ration of wrestlers contains magnesium and iron in moderation is a positive situation. when the questionnaires are analyzed in depth, we witness that the daily ration of the examiners contains much more bread, pastries, various dark foods, fast food products. mainly apples, grapes were consumed a lot from the fruits. however, ration contains very little milk and dairy products, vegetables. and the fish was practically not eaten. this situation is explained by the national eating style of the territory in which the wrestlers live, local american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 29 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) conditions, as well as the social lifestyle of the respondents characteristic of the students. on top of that, the fact that students are not aware of the rules of nutrition, that they do not have an adequate formation of the culture of nutrition, is one of the main causes of improper nutrition. the above changes associated with the current nutrition of wrestler-students negatively affect the functional characteristics of the nervous system in them, the normative activity of analyzers, the endurance of the body and the ability to fight diseases, and, moreover, the development of such qualities as strength, speed, agility, which are important for athletes. this, in turn, can lead to a decrease in the results of wrestlers in sports. conclusion based on the studies carried out, the following conclusions can be drawn on the current nutrition of athletes-students. first of all, the daily ration of young wrestlers has a significantly lower content of vitamins such as riboflavin, ascorbic acid, pyridoxine than the established norm. also, the demand of the examiners for calcium and phosphorus from mineral substances has not been sufficiently met. secondly, the fact that certain vitamins and minerals are less than the norm is explained by the shortage of milk and dairy products, vegetables, greens in the composition of the daily ration of those examined. thirdly, the elimination of the noted deficiencies associated with the nutritional status of the examiners is of paramount importance, first of all, in their normative growing development, in the protection of health and, moreover, in obtaining high results in sports. to achieve the above, it is necessary to carry out a number of practical and preventive measures. in particular, we believe that an explanation of the organization of rational nutrition among athletesstudents, their coaches, parents and conducting propaganda work, sufficient attention to the medical and biological aspects of athletes ' activities will give a positive result. references химический состав российских пищевых продуктов: справочник / под ред. член-корр. маи, проф. и. м. скурихина и академика рамн, проф. в.а.тутельяна. м.: дели принт, 2002. – 236 с. эллен коллеман. питание для выносливости. пер. с англ. – мурманск: изд-во “тулома”, 2005. – 192 с. тухтаров б.э. белковая обеспеченность профессиональных спортсменов, занимающихся борьбой кураш. «вопросы питания», 2008, № 1, том 77. стр. 46-47. среднесуточные рациональные нормы пищевых продуктов в колледжах олимпийского резерва и специализированных школах-интернатах спортивного профиля. санпин №0274-09. составители: шарипова н.в., рахимов б.б. и др. – ташкент, 2009. – 15 с. азизбекян г.а., никитюк д.б., поздняков а.л. и др. принципы оптимального питания спортсменов различных специализаций. //вопросы питания, 2010, №4, том. 79. стр. 67-71. l.s. kuchkarova, sh.q. qurbanov. physiology of digestion and nutrition. tashkent, sano-standard, 2013. 384 b. методология изучения питания различных групп населения: учебное пособие / в.а. петров. – владивосток: медицина дв, 2015. – 287 с. resolution no. 251 of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan on approval of the concept and complex of measures to ensure healthy nutrition of the population of the republic of uzbekistan for the period 2015-2020. tashkent, 2015, august 29. collection of legislation of the republic of uzbekistan, 2015., issue 35, article 467. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 13 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue01 2025 page no. 13-14 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-04 the influence of zero tillage and the effectiveness of various grain cropping rotation schemes in the flocked grain rainfed of uzbekistan b.d.khaydarov doctor of philosophy (phd) of agricultural sciences, research institute of rainfed agriculture, uzbekistan s.s.rustamov candidate of agricultural sciences, bakhmals scientific experimental station, research institute of rainfed agriculture, uzbekistan j.s.mavlanov doctor of philosophy (phd) of agricultural sciences, research institute of rainfed agriculture, uzbekistan received: 11 december 2024; accepted: 13 january 2025; published: 15 february 2025 abstract: the use of an optimal system of main and pre-sowing tillage is the most important and decisive agrotechnical measure for obtaining stable and high yields of grain and other products in rainfed farming conditions. the use of minimal and resource-saving soil cultivation technology improves its properties, rainfed areas are used especially effectively, and the yield and quality of grain increases. in this regard, through the effective use of soil moisture, maintaining soil fertility and increasing the yield of grain crops. keywords: rainfed farming, soil, crop rotation, resource-saving technology, tillage, zero tillage, flat cutter, soil density, clean fallow, precipitation, productive stems, number of weeds, amount of grain, yield, economic efficiency. introduction: the use of an optimal system of main and pre-sowing tillage is the most important and decisive agrotechnical measure for obtaining stable and high yields of grain and other products in rainfed farming conditions. currently, the area of rainfed arable land in uzbekistan is more than 750 thousand hectares and the main crops of grains, legumes and other crops are located on gray soils, occupying the territory between altitudes from 200 to 1500-1800 m above sea level. in all vertical zones, specific features of climatic conditions are clearly manifested: periodic precipitation and the presence of two hydrothermal phases a wet, warm spring and a dry, hot summer. as the area rises above sea level, the air temperature improves, the biomass of plants increases and the intensity of microbiological processes noticeably decreases. the average annual precipitation in the lower part of the rainfed region varies between 250-400 mm (plain and plain-hilly zones) and in the upper zone from 400 to 600 mm or more (foothill and mountain zones). through many years of research carried out in the 6070s at the former uzbekistan research institute of rainfed agriculture, a system for cultivating rainfed soils was developed (g.a. lavronov, v.i. korobov, 1969, 1979, etc.). this tillage system primarily involves annual moldboard plowing of the soil at a depth of 20-22 cm. however, in their opinion, in some conditions, especially with the introduction of scientifically based schemes of grain-fallow crop rotation, minimal moldboard-free cultivation with flat-cutting and disk implements is not inferior in efficiency to moldboard plowing by 20-22 cm and can reduce production costs by almost 1.5-2 times. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-04 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-04 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-04 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-04 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 14 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) currently, research on the development and improvement of soil protection systems for the treatment of rain-fed gray soils has been carried out extremely poorly. in this regard, we studied the effectiveness of multidepth tillage systems using minimal and “zero technology” (no till) without main tillage with direct sowing of winter and spring wheat seeds into the soil with a turkish seeder “agrolead” and their effect on the yield of winter wheat in the links of grain-fallow crop rotation in the conditions of a semi-sufficient flathill rainfed zone. methodology methodology and conditions for conducting research. the research was carried out at the central experimental base of the research institute of rainfed agriculture. the soils of the experimental plot are typical gray soils, medium loamy typical gray soils. the content of organic matter (humus) in the 0-22 cm layer is 0.55-0.85%, gross nitrogen 0.056-0.067%, 0.06-0.08% total nitrogen and potassium -0.9-1.4%. the soils are insufficiently provided with digestible forms of nitrogen, moderately provided with mobile phosphates and sufficiently provided with exchangeable potassium. results research conducted in various soil and climatic conditions has established that during non-moldboard shallow tillage with flat cutters, disc harrows, the bulk density, microaggregate composition of the soil and other water-physical properties of the soil change slightly in comparison with moldboard plowing (n.r. nikulin, v.n. shamray, 1986; a. kireev, 1989, etc.). it is known that soil moisture under rainfed farming conditions is the main limiting factor in plant life. a.i. baraev (1968), i.e. shcherbak (1974) note that soilprotective tillage with flat cutters and other implements contributes to more intensive absorption of precipitation by the soil and, consequently, the creation of higher moisture reserves. the grain yield of wheat coming after chickpeas for all years of research was higher than the control variant by 0.38 t/ha (151%) and the second wheat in pure fallow. the average wheat grain yield for a three-field grainfallow crop rotation was 1.13 t/ha, which is 0.08 t/ha lower than for a two-field crop rotation. the efficiency of pure fallows was as high as in two-field crop rotation. the average wheat grain yield in pure fallow for 7 rotations of three-field crop rotation was 1.39 t/ha, which is 193% higher than monocultures. chickpeas in this crop rotation scheme were also a good predecessor for wheat, providing an average increase in grain yield of 0.33 t/ha. direct sowing of wheat seeds, “zero technology” (no till) without main treatment with direct sowing of winter and spring wheat seeds in the soil with a turkish “agrolead” seeder provided an increase in grain yield of 0.8 c/ha or 111% compared to the control option. based on three years of research, the following conclusions can be drawn: conclusions 1. in the conditions of a semi-sufficient rainfed zone, the use of zero tillage is effective only in the links of grain-fallow crop rotation with short rotation (pure fallow-wheat-wheat); 2. relatively high yields of wheat grain with “zero technology” (no till) without main treatment with direct sowing of winter and spring wheat seeds into the soil with a turkish seeder “agrolead” in comparison with moldboard plowing of 20-22 cm carried out in the fall is due to the greater density of plant standing and the water regime of the soil. 3. leguminous crops (chickpeas) in the semi-sufficient rainfed zone are good predecessors for wheat due to their nitrogen-fixing ability. references лавронов г.а. севообороты на богаре « сельское хозяйство узбекистана»,1965г №9. лавронов г.а. пшеница в узбекистне. ташкент, издво «узбекистан», 1969. маманиязов с.м. водно-физические свойства и водный режим почв богарного земледелия узбекистана. автореферат канд. дисс., ташкент,1968. роде а.а. водный режим почв и его регулирование. м.,1963. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 7 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue07 2025 page no. 7-10 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-02 live weight indicators of rabbits separated from the nest at 30, 45, and 60 days of age in the experiment masharipova xanshayim koblanovna doctoral student of karakalpakstan institute of agriculture and agrotechnologies, uzbekistan received: 16 may 2025; accepted: 12 june 2025; published: 14 july 2025 abstract: the article presents the results of an experiment conducted under the sharply changing climatic conditions of karakalpakstan. it investigates the live weight indicators of young rabbits separated from the nest at the ages of 30, 45, and 60 days. keywords: rabbits, live weight, height, age, lactation, climatic conditions. introduction: relevance of the topic. in today's era of steadily growing population, the issue of consistently supplying the population with high-quality livestock products is considered one of the most important matters for everyone. in our country, rabbit breeding is considered a promising branch of livestock farming. due to rabbits’ rapid maturation and high reproductive rate, it is possible to obtain large quantities of dietary meat — especially valuable for children's nutrition — as well as wool and high-quality fur products for industry, all within a short period. studying the influence of external environmental conditions and housing factors on the physiological state of rabbits during their maintenance and care in experiments is of great scientific and practical importance. therefore, during the rearing of young rabbits, identifying the factors affecting their productivity — namely, adapting the organism to the climatic conditions of a particular region and to existing technological factors — serves as a guarantee for increasing the amount and quality of the products obtained from them. on december 29, 2015, the first president of the republic of uzbekistan adopted presidential decree no. 2460. furthermore, the “program for further reform and development of agriculture for 2016– 2020” was approved by presidential resolution no. 0336-12 dated january 21, 2016. in the section “development of rabbit breeding” of this program, it was instructed to establish rabbit-breeding farms and household-based farms in all regions of the republic. additionally, it was mandated to import meat and furoriented rabbit breeds from foreign countries that are suitable for the climatic conditions of uzbekistan and to develop scientifically based recommendations for organizing breeding programs in newly established rabbit-breeding farms. research objective the aim of the study is to examine the growth and development of rabbits under the sharply changing climatic conditions of karakalpakstan when separated from the nest at different ages. methodology the dissertation research was conducted during 2021– 2023 at the “samandar taxiatosh” limited liability company in the takhiyatosh district of the republic of karakalpakstan, using california breed rabbits raised for meat production. in the study, we examined the growth indicators of rabbit kits born from mother rabbits and separated from the nest at different ages (30, 45, and 60 days), observing their development until the age of 75 days. for this purpose, based on similarity criteria such as origin, breed, age, and live weight, scientific research was conducted according to the technological schedule of separating rabbit kits from mother rabbits at 30, 45, and 60 days of age. in 2021, group i followed the technology of separating kits from the nest at 30 days of age; in 2022, group ii followed the technology of separating them at 45 days of age; in 2023, group iii https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-02 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 8 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) followed the technology of separating kits at 60 days of age. these studies were carried out using young rabbits obtained from mother rabbits under standardized conditions for each respective year and group. the live weight of the rabbits was measured individually using an electronic scale at birth and at 21, 30, 45, and 75 days of age, each time before the morning feeding. the collected data were processed biometrically using the ye.k. merkureva method (1970) with the help of microsoft excel 2010 software. results in animal husbandry practices, especially in meat production, live weight is one of the most important indicators of the growth and development of agricultural animals. it is considered a key factor in evaluating production efficiency. in our study, we investigated the growth dynamics of rabbit kits separated from the nest at 30 days (group i), 45 days (group ii), and 60 days (group iii). the obtained data are presented in table 1. table 1 live weight (g) of rabbit kits separated from the nest at 30, 45, and 60 days of age in the experiment age, day separation age of rabbit kits from mother rabbits, day 30 45 60 group i (n=41) ii (n=32) iii (n=23) at birth 45,4+1,25 47,7+1,14* 48,1+1,21 21 572,9+2,24*** 536,9+2,11** 516,1+1,89 30 820,1+2,12*** 794,2+1,89*** 751,6+1,56 45 1257,6+2,52*** 1202,7+2,62*** 1198,4+2,63 60 1899,2+3,12*** 1734,5+3,45*** 1624,8+2,98 75 2261,9+2,23*** 2100,2+3,56*** 1970,7+2,62 note: *p<0,05, **p<0,01, ***p<0,001 analysis of the data presented in table 1 and figure 1 showed that the live weight of rabbit kits in group iii, which were separated from the nest at 60 days of age, was 48.1 g at birth. this was respectively 2.7 g or 5.9% (p<0.05) and 0.4 g or 0.8% higher compared to their counterparts in group i (separated at 30 days) and group ii (separated at 45 days). american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 9 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) figure 1. diagram of the live weight of rabbits separated from the nest at 30, 45, and 60 days of age in the experiment in the subsequent growth periods, the rabbit kits in group i (separated from the nest at 30 days) and group ii (separated at 45 days) showed an advantage over their counterparts in group iii (separated at 60 days). specifically, at 21 days of age, the live weight of rabbit kits in group i was 572.9 g. this was 36.0 g or 6.7% higher (p<0.001) than those in group ii and 56.8 g or 11.0% higher (p<0.001) than those in group iii, whose live weight was 516.1 g. furthermore, the rabbit kits in group ii (separated from the nest at 45 days) had a live weight of 536.9 g at 21 days of age, which was 20.8 g or 4.0% (p<0.05) higher than that of their counterparts in group iii (516.1 g), separated at 60 days. at 30 days of age, the live weight of rabbit kits in group i (separated at 30 days) was 820.1 g. in comparison, the live weight of rabbit kits in group ii was 794.2 g, which was 25.9 g or 3.3% higher (p<0.001), and 68.5 g or 9.1% (p<0.001) higher than that of group iii rabbits (751.6 g). in addition, the live weight of rabbit kits in group ii was 42.5 g or 5.7% (p<0.001) greater than that of group iii, showing a clear advantage in early growth. the same tendency persisted in the later stages of the growth period. specifically, at 45 days of age, the average live weight of rabbit kits in group i was 1257.6 g, which was 54.9 g or 4.6% (p<0.001) and 59.2 g or 4.9% (p<0.001) higher than that of their counterparts in group ii and group iii, respectively. moreover, the live weight of rabbit kits in group ii was 9.3 g or 0.8% higher than that of the rabbit kits in group iii. as a result of the study, it was found that at 60 days of age, the live weight indicators of rabbit kits separated from the nest at 30, 45, and 60 days remained consistently higher in group i during the subsequent months of the growth and development period compared to their counterparts in groups ii and iii. specifically, at 60 days of age, the live weight of group i rabbit kits was 1899.2 g, which was 164.7 g or 9.5% (p<0.001) and 274.4 g or 16.9% (p<0.001) higher than that of rabbit kits in group ii and group iii, respectively. furthermore, the live weight of rabbit kits in group ii exceeded that of group iii by 109.7 g or 6.8% (p<0.001). at the end of the experiment, i.e., at 75 days of age, the live weight of rabbit kits separated from the nest at 30, 45, and 60 days also remained highest in group i compared to groups ii and iii. specifically, the live weight of rabbit kits in group i was 2261.9 g, which was 161.7 g or 7.7% (p<0.001) and 291.2 g or 14.8% (p<0.001) higher than that of kits in groups ii and iii, respectively. moreover, the live weight of rabbit kits in group ii exceeded that of group iii by 129.5 g or 6.6% (p<0.01), showing a statistically significant advantage. conclusion at the end of the experiment, i.e., at 75 days of age, the rabbit kits separated from the nest at 30, 45, and 60 days showed that the live weight of group i rabbit kits remained higher than that of their counterparts in groups ii and iii. specifically, the live weight of group i kits was 2261.9 g, which was 161.7 g or 7.7% (p<0.001) and 291.2 g or 14.8% (p<0.001) higher than the live weight of rabbit kits in groups ii and iii, respectively. references 45.4 47.7 48.1 572.9 536.9 516.1 820.1 794.2 751.6 1257.6 1202.7 1198.4 1899.2 1734.5 1624.8 2261.9 2100.2 1970.7 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 i guruh ii guruh iii guruh tugilganda 21 30 45 60 75 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 10 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) b.b.ibragimov. yosh quyonlarning o‘sish va rivojlanish xususiyatlari. “chorvachilik va naslchilik ishi” №7 2019yil. 30-32 б. quyonchilik 100 kitob to’plami 81 kitob //ilmiy nashr. “agrobank” atb. toshkent: “tasvir” nashriyot uyi, 2021. b. 24-25. ruziev r.i., k.i.xidirov turli zotlardagi quyonlarning o‘sishi, rivojlanishi va go‘sht mahsuldorligi //ilm-fan taraqqiyotida zamonaviy metodlarning qo‘llanilishi mavzusidagi ilmiy onlayn konferensiya to‘plami 2022yil 27-iyun, 24-(06)-son. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 15 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue08 2025 page no. 15-18 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue08-02 benefits and harm of turnip for the organism, properties, choice rules shokhsanam kakhorova engineer-technologist, fergana, uzbekistan odiljon ibragimov doctor of agricultural sciences, professor, fergana state technical university, fergana, uzbekistan received: 15 june 2025; accepted: 11 july 2025; published: 13 august 2025 abstract: turnip (brassica rapa subsp. rapa), a root vegetable widely cultivated in temperate regions, has been valued both as a dietary component and as a traditional remedy for centuries. this article examines the nutritional composition, potential health benefits, possible adverse effects, and selection guidelines for turnips. rich in dietary fiber, vitamins (particularly c, b-complex, and folate), minerals (such as potassium, calcium, and magnesium), and bioactive compounds, turnips contribute to the maintenance of metabolic balance, immune function, and cardiovascular health. of particular interest is the glucosinolate–myrosinase system: during thermal processing, glucose-containing glucosides in turnips are enzymatically or chemically converted into mustard oil (allyl isothiocyanate). mustard oil exhibits mild antimicrobial properties, stimulates gastric secretion, enhances appetite, and has a calming effect on the central nervous system. however, excessive consumption may provoke gastrointestinal discomfort in sensitive individuals, and high intake of glucosinolates could interfere with thyroid function, especially in populations with iodine deficiency. furthermore, certain individuals may exhibit allergic reactions to turnip components. selection of fresh turnips is critical to maximize nutritional value; optimal specimens are smallto medium-sized, firm, smooth-skinned, and free from cracks or discolorations, with fresh green tops if present. by synthesizing current literature and experimental findings, this study underscores the importance of moderate consumption, proper preparation methods, and careful selection to fully realize the health-promoting potential of turnips while minimizing risks. the results contribute to a broader understanding of functional foods within preventive nutrition and diet therapy. keywords: turnip, vitamin, carbohydrate, medicine, healing. introduction: turnip (brassica rapa subsp. rapa) is one of the oldest cultivated root vegetables, with archaeological and historical evidence indicating its use as a food source since antiquity. in ancient egypt, greece, and rome, turnips were valued for their nutritional qualities, though their role in the diet often reflected social hierarchies. historical accounts suggest that they were a staple provision for slaves and lowerclass populations, largely due to their ease of cultivation, storage stability, and capacity to yield in diverse soil and climatic conditions [1]. during the early middle ages in europe, the perception of turnips gradually evolved. cooked turnip dishes began to appear in the diets of broader segments of society, gaining recognition as a respectable and nourishing meal. nevertheless, the introduction and rapid spread of the potato (solanum tuberosum) from south america to europe and subsequently to asia in the 16th–17th centuries marked a turning point in agricultural and culinary practices. over time, the potato displaced the turnip from its central role in many regional diets, especially in rural areas [2]. by the 20th century, turnips retained significance primarily as a staple for economically disadvantaged populations, valued for their affordability and long shelf life. in recent decades, however, the resurgence of interest in traditional foods, combined with the https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue08-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue08-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue08-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue08-02 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 16 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) growing influence of nutrition science and public health campaigns, has revitalized the status of the turnip. nutritionists, dietitians, and food scientists have actively promoted its diverse health benefits, including its rich micronutrient profile, dietary fiber content, and bioactive compounds with potential diseasepreventive properties. as a result, turnips are once again gaining a place in the diets of diverse demographic groups, from health-conscious consumers to culinary professionals seeking to incorporate heritage vegetables into modern cuisine [3]. medicinal uses of turnips turnip (brassica rapa subsp. rapa) has long been valued not only as a dietary component but also as a medicinal plant in various traditional healing systems. its therapeutic potential is largely attributed to its low caloric value (approximately 32 kcal per 100 g), high nutrient density, and bioactive compounds that exert physiological benefits. steamed turnips, in particular, are recommended by healthcare practitioners as part of dietary regimens for individuals requiring gentle, easily digestible foods. the root vegetable supports gastrointestinal health by improving digestion and stimulating intestinal peristalsis, making it beneficial in the management of constipation. pureed turnips are frequently incorporated into children’s diets as a nutritious, hypoallergenic, and easily assimilable food. in the field of cosmetology, turnip derivatives are employed as moisturizing and nourishing agents. fresh turnip juice, when applied topically, can reduce skin inflammation and promote the healing of purulent wounds due to its antibacterial properties. laboratory and epidemiological studies have indicated that glucoraphanin—one of the glucosinolates present in turnips—may play a role in cancer prevention by inhibiting the proliferation and metastasis of malignant cells [4]. additionally, the high sulfur content contributes to detoxification processes, accelerating the elimination of harmful metabolites and xenobiotics from the bloodstream. varietal characteristics and dietary suitability. the selection of turnips for medicinal or dietary purposes depends on varietal and quality factors: − yellow turnip: rich in juice, strong flavor profile, and high dietary fiber content. − white turnip: milder aroma, finer fiber structure, easily digestible, and thus suitable for pediatric and geriatric diets. − green turnip: flavor reminiscent of radish, often used in raw salads. − black turnip: not commonly consumed due to its pronounced bitterness, though used in folk medicine for cough and bronchitis. selection and storage guidelines. for maximum nutritional value, selected specimens should have smooth, unblemished skin and be of smaller size, as these are generally less bitter and more tender. storage practices influence both taste and nutrient retention: − cellar storage: when buried in slightly moist soil, turnips can remain fresh from autumn to spring. − refrigeration: limited to 1–2 months due to high humidity and insufficient ventilation. − room temperature: preserves freshness for several weeks if kept in a dark, dry place. − long-term preservation: peeled, chopped turnips can be frozen for several months; however, prolonged storage often increases bitterness. traditional medicinal applications. in ethnomedicine, turnips have been referred to as the “sultan of vegetables” due to their broad therapeutic spectrum, which includes analgesic, wound-healing, antitussive, diuretic, and antiseptic properties. specific applications include: − respiratory conditions: boiled turnips are believed to alleviate shortness of breath; a preparation of boiled turnips with butter and honey is used to soothe the chest and reduce cough severity. − oropharyngeal inflammation: gargling with decoctions of boiled turnips is a traditional remedy for sore throats. − topical pain relief: crushed or grated turnips, applied externally, are used to relieve localized pain and swelling. the broad pharmacological potential of turnips, encompassing both systemic and topical applications, underscores their role as a functional food and a plant of interest in preventive and integrative medicine. how to make a decoction of turnips at home pour two tablespoons of finely chopped turnips with a glass of water, boil for 15 minutes, and drink a quarter cup when you have a cold. turnips and their juice have been used to treat coughs, hoarseness, and asthma. when consumed, turnips calm the nerves and normalize heart function. turnip decoction is drunk when the fever is high and the heart is disturbed. to do this, pour a glass of boiling water over 2 tablespoons of grated turnip and boil for 15 minutes. after cooling, drink a quarter of a glass to reduce fever. in diseases of the lungs and respiratory tract, a mixture american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 17 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) of turnip juice with honey is considered a cough suppressant. for this, you need to drink turnip juice 34 times a day, one tablespoon. to prepare a soothing ointment, pour a glass of boiling water over a tablespoon of grated turnip and boil for 1 minute. if you drink a glass of this decoction before going to bed, it will have a calming effect. it is also used in folk medicine to treat insomnia. pour a glass of boiling water over two tablespoons of chopped turnip, boil for 15 minutes and drink a quarter cup. turnip leaves are very rich in calcium. when the juice made from its leaves is added to carrot and beet juices, a wonderful ointment is formed that strengthens teeth and bone tissue. if turnip leaf juice is consumed by adding it to celery and carrot juices, it is a remedy for reducing stomach acidity. the healing properties of turnips turnips have long been used by people as a remedy for a number of diseases. in folk medicine, turnips have been used to treat diseases related to the respiratory tract, fever, and heart palpitations. its boiled form, as well as its juice decoction, are recommended as a remedy for shortness of breath and whooping cough. turnips, either dry or cooked in a pot with honey and yolk, soften the chest. at home, you can prepare a medicine from turnips as follows: two tablespoons of grated turnips are poured into a glass (200 grams) of boiling water and boiled for 15 minutes. as a remedy for the above diseases, a quarter of a glass should be drunk or a glass of decoction should be consumed before bedtime. crushing boiled turnips and applying them to areas affected by gout is a remedy for pain. gargling with boiled water can help relieve sore throats and toothaches. according to scientific research, the glucose in turnips turns into mustard oil during cooking. mustard oil, in turn, stimulates appetite and calms the nerves. turnips clean and remove all mucus from the nasal cavity. it is consumed raw, twice a day, after grating half a pack (200 g). you should not eat or drink anything else for at least an hour. during this treatment, you should drink two cups of yogurt twice a day. fried, fatty foods, kebabs and milk should not be consumed temporarily. you should drip 2-3 drops of turnip juice into the nose at least twice. turnips boiled with meat are a powerful food and remain in the stomach for a long time. turnip decoction is a very good remedy for high fever and heartburn. for this, pour 2 tablespoons of grated turnips with a glass of boiling water and boil for 15 minutes. after cooling, drink a quarter of a glass to reduce fever. turnips are good for treating lung and respiratory diseases. a mixture of turnip juice with sugar or honey is a cough suppressant. to do this, you need to drink a tablespoon of turnip juice 3-4 times a day. to prepare a soothing medicine from turnips, pour a tablespoon of grated turnips with a glass of boiling water and boil for 1 minute. if you drink a glass of such a decoction before going to bed, it will act as a sedative. conclusions turnip (brassica rapa subsp. rapa) represents a historically significant and nutritionally valuable root vegetable with a wide spectrum of dietary and medicinal applications. its low caloric density, high content of vitamins (c, b-complex, carotenoids), minerals (calcium, potassium, magnesium), dietary fiber, and bioactive compounds such as glucosinolates make it an important component of preventive nutrition and functional food strategies. traditional medicine has long utilized turnips for the management of respiratory ailments, febrile conditions, cardiovascular irregularities, digestive disturbances, and inflammatory processes. decoctions, juices, and topical preparations derived from turnips have demonstrated diverse physiological effects, including mucolytic, sedative, antimicrobial, and antiinflammatory actions. scientific evidence supports several of these uses, particularly the role of glucoraphanin-derived mustard oil in appetite stimulation, antimicrobial defense, and nervous system modulation. appropriate selection and storage methods are critical for preserving both the sensory and therapeutic qualities of the vegetable. smaller, fresh, blemish-free specimens are preferable for both culinary and medicinal purposes, and storage conditions should minimize bitterness and nutrient loss. overall, turnips combine culinary versatility with significant health-promoting potential. further interdisciplinary research—encompassing phytochemistry, nutrition science, and clinical studies—could validate traditional uses, optimize preparation methods, and expand their application in modern dietotherapy and public health nutrition. references baenas, n., garcía-viguera, c., & moreno, d. a. (2017). biochemistry of glucosinolates and their bioactive derivatives: impact on human health. phytochemistry reviews, 16(2), 273–295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-016-9471-6. cartea, m. e., francisco, m., soengas, p., & velasco, p. (2011). phenolic compounds in brassica vegetables. molecules, 16(1), 251–280. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16010251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-016-9471-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-016-9471-6 https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16010251 https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16010251 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 18 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) rangkadilok, n., nicolas, m. e., bennett, r. n., premier, r. r., eagling, d. r., & taylor, p. w. j. (2002). developmental changes of sinigrin and glucoraphanin in three brassica species (b. napus, b. rapa, b. juncea). scienceasia, 28, 161–167. https://doi.org/10.2306/scienceasia15131874.2002.28.161. traka, m., & mithen, r. (2009). glucosinolates, isothiocyanates and human health. phytochemistry reviews, 8(1), 269–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-008-9103-7. https://doi.org/10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2002.28.161 https://doi.org/10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2002.28.161 https://doi.org/10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2002.28.161 https://doi.org/10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2002.28.161 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-008-9103-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-008-9103-7 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 31 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue04 2025 page no. 31-36 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-08 using the modern method in determination of the irrigation regime of cotton in the republic of karakalpakstan matyakubov bakhtiyar shamuratovich professor of national research university "tashkent institute of irrigation and agricultural mechanization engineers", uzbekistan tlegenova arzayim maratovna doctoral student of karakalpak institute of agriculture and agrotechnologies, uzbekistan received: 28 february 2025; accepted: 29 march 2025; published: 30 april 2025 abstract: the article presents data on cotton irrigation planning, taking into account soil and hydrogeological conditions, natural and climatic factors of the region, and the cultivated variety. the study was conducted in response to the year-on-year increase in water scarcity in the republic, including the republic of karakalpakstan. existing meteorological indicators and the fao methodology “cropwat 8.0” program were used to plan cotton irrigation based on water demand. the scientifically based irrigation regime for cotton, developed by n.f.bespalov based on the standard hydromodular zoning scale, according to the recommendations of scientists who conducted research in the conditions of the republic of karakalpakstan, provides for irrigation of cotton during the growing season in the northern zone: 3400 (ix) 6400 (i) m3/ha and in the southern zone: 3800 (ix) 7000 (i) m3/ha. within the framework of fao's “ cropwat 8.0“ methodology program, the cotton irrigation regime is planned using meteorological data from the region. keywords: republic of karakalpakstan, cotton, fao methodology, "cropwat 8.0" program, soil, hydrogeology, irrigation regime, hydromodular area, irrigation rate. introduction: according to the forecasts made as a result of the analytical study of scientific research by scientists, by 2080 it is expected that, despite the efficient use of irrigation water, appropriate experiments will be carried out to meet the water needs of crops. the observation of water scarcity worldwide, changes in the form of precipitation, global warming of air temperature, and ensuring adequate water supply for the growing season of crops are of great importance. currently, the observation of high temperatures, hail, extreme heat, low precipitation, and extreme weather events during drought periods have limited the possibilities of irrigated areas for growing agricultural crops. with a further increase in air temperature, river runoff decreased, as a result of which the influence on rivers and small streams became relatively significant, and the variability of runoff in all basins increased. none of the considered climate warming scenarios predict an increase in available water resources; under the conditions of the expected climate warming, an increase in total evaporation will cause an increase in water losses in irrigated areas, which will require additional water consumption. [1, 2]. climate change leads to 10-15% more water evaporation from water surfaces, and 10-20% more water consumption due to evaporation from plants and increased irrigation rates. this leads to an increase in non-renewable water consumption by an average of 18%. assessment of the possible increase in water consumption on irrigated lands due to climate change (water consumption of various crops, losses, changes in the melioration state of lands) is one of the urgent tasks of today. [3, 4]. the main water source of the republic of https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-08 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-08 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-08 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-08 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 32 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) karakalpakstan is the amu darya river, the lower part of which is located in the aral sea. [5, 6]. in the water management sector of the republic of karakalpakstan, an extremely serious and high shortage of irrigation water is observed year after year, and due to the growing demand for water for agricultural crops, including cotton, as a result of climate change, the efficient use of water in agriculture remains a priority area. periodic data on the analysis of precipitation in the republic of karakalpakstan show that the amount of precipitation in the northern and southern regions for 2024 is 67-77 mm [7]. therefore, determining the water requirements of agricultural crops, including cotton, in various climatic and soilhydrogeological conditions of the republic of karakalpakstan based on the fao methodology using the "cropwat 8.0" program is one of the urgent tasks. methods the water demand of crops was determined by the penman-monteth method of evapotranspiration (et0) of individual agroecological units based on the "sropwat 8.0" program developed by fao [8]. the research used methods of system analysis and mathematical statistics, as well as the "methods of conducting field experiments" of the research institute of irrigation and agricultural mechanization [9]. results and discussion hydromodular zoning of irrigated lands of the republic of karakalpakstan was carried out (table 1). for each hydromodular region, a scientifically based irrigation regime for cotton was developed according to the "sropwat 8.0" program. currently, developing cotton irrigation regimes and water distribution planning using modern computer programs is relevant in conditions of increasing water scarcity observed year after year [10, 11]. table 3 regime of cotton irrigation by hydro-modular regions in the republic of karakalpakstan hydromodula r region number of irrigations, times irrigation norms, m3/ha seasonal irrigation rates irrigation timing beginning ending northern region i 8 700-1100 6400 24 v 4 ix ii 8 500-1000 6000 26 v 8 ix iii 8 600-850 5250 24 v 19 vii iv 7 600-1000 5900 3 v 24 viii v 7 500-850 4900 26 iv 14 viii vi 7 600-800 4500 18 v 18 viii vii 7 600-700 4700 25 v 30 viii viii 6 500-700 3550 28 v 22 viii ix 8 400-500 3400 31 v 26 viii southern region i 9 700-1000 7000 24v 21viii ii 8 650-1000 6400 24v 26viii iii 10 600-800 6200 24v 25viii iv 9 700-800 6700 20v 21viii v 7 650-1000 5200 1vi 1ix american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 33 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) vi 8 650-750 5800 2vi 21viii vii 7 750-850 5400 2vi 23viii viii 5 650-850 3600 4vi 20viii ix 6 650-800 3800 6vi 21viii in the republic of karakalpakstan, when developing the irrigation regime using the "cropwat 8.0" program of the food and agriculture organization (fao) methodology using meteorological indicators, the soilhydrogeological and natural-climatic conditions of the region were taken into account. data on the natural and climatic conditions of the republic of karakalpakstan were obtained from the "nukus" weather station and used for water use planning. location coordinates of the "nukus" weather station (state: uzb 2024 height of the station relative to the baltic sea: 77 m; latitude: 42.45 °c; length: 59.62 °v) and the required air temperature (maximum and minimum temperature), relative humidity, amount of precipitation, wind were formed (tables 2 and 3) and fully loaded into the program and launched. table-2 water consumption of cotton for the northern territory of the republic of karakalpakstan. months air temperature, 0c relative humidity, % wind speed, m/s precipitation, mm sunshine duration, days ето mm/day мах min january 3,9 -3,8 74 2,4 3,2 3,6 0,76 february 9,6 -1,5 66 2,9 7,6 5,6 1,64 march 16,4 1,7 37 3,3 5,2 8,9 3,63 april 21,8 8,9 43 2,9 33,3 8,9 4,55 may 30,9 17,3 37 2,8 18,2 11,0 6,83 june 35,6 20,3 22 2,7 0,0 12,7 8,49 july 37,0 22,7 29 2,7 3,2 12,7 8,53 august 32,6 19,0 34 2,6 0,7 11,8 6,85 september 25,8 11,3 33 2,6 0,0 11,2 5,01 october 19,5 3,1 38 1,9 0,0 9,6 2,69 november 7,3 -4,7 55 2,1 3,6 6,3 1,21 december -2,0 -12,0 72 2,2 2,0 5,7 0,50 average 19,9 6,8 45 2,6 77,0 9,0 4,22 source: annual report of the hydrometeorological center. table-3 water consumption of cotton for the southern territory of the republic of karakalpakstan. months air temperature, 0c relative humidity, % wind speed, m/s precipitation, mm sunshine duration, days ето mm/day мах min american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 34 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) january 4,5 -3,1 66 1,4 0,9 3,6 0,76 february 10,0 -0,6 64 1,6 7,3 5,6 1,35 march 17,0 3,3 48 1,8 5,4 8,9 2,81 april 23,2 10,2 46 1,7 7,9 8,9 4,12 may 31,3 18,2 41 2,0 29 11,0 6,11 june 36,4 21,3 30 1,7 0,0 12,7 7,31 july 37,5 24,5 30 1,8 4,2 12,7 7,45 august 33,2 19,6 36 1,7 2,0 11,8 6,05 september 26,6 12,7 41 1,8 0,0 11,2 4,34 october 19,8 4,9 46 1,7 0,0 9,6 2,55 novembe r 7,8 -3,5 57 1,7 9,3 6,3 1,17 december -1,2 -9,9 66 1,7 1 5,7 0,55 average 20,5 8,1 48 1,7 67 9,0 3,71 source: data from the hydrometeorological service center. data on the amount of evapotranspiration, precipitation, amount of useful precipitation, maximum and minimum air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, duration of solar radiation, and radiation in the republic of karakalpakstan in 2024 were included in the program. using the program, the following works were carried out, namely, the current and future level of development of the effective use of irrigation water, determining the criteria for water use in the process of reducing water supply through water conservation, the influence of irrigation water on crop yields, and the rational use of available water resources were determined. reference evapotranspiration was calculated using the penman-monteth formula (tables 2 and 3) [8]. (1) ето reference evapotranspiration [mm/day-1]; rnnet radiation reaching the plant surface [mj m2 day-1]; g density of heat flow in the soil, [mj m-2 day-1]; т average daily air temperature at an altitude of 2 m above the ground level [°c]; u2 wind speed at an altitude of 2 m above ground level [ms-1]; еs saturated vapor pressure [kpa]; еа actual pressure of actual steam[kpa]; (еs-еа)vapor saturation pressure deficit [kpa]; δ steam pressure gradient curve [kpa °c-1];  psychrometric stability (constant) [kpa °c-1] [8]. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 35 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) solar radiation absorbed by the atmosphere and heat emitted from the earth increase the air temperature. sensitive heating of the surrounding air provides the crop with energy and affects the evaporation rate. in sunny warm weather, water loss from evaporation is greater than in cloudy and cool weather. as mentioned above, reference evapotranspiration was calculated using the "sropwat 8" program based on meteorological station data near the research object in the republic of karakalpakstan. the irrigation regime for cotton in the republic of karakalpakstan is presented in table 2. crop coefficients were developed and adopted based on values recommended by the "scientific research institute of irrigation and water problems" [12]. the water demand of cotton in the republic of karakalpakstan, depending on the hydromodular region of the region, for the organization of irrigation during the season, in the northern zone: 3400 (ix) 6400 (i) m3/ha, and in the southern zone: 3800 (ix) 7000 (i) m3/ha (table 1). in short-term crops, especially in the dry regions of the republic of karakalpakstan, the cotton's water demand during the growing season was high, since the indicators of the meteorological station in the area where these studies were conducted were very high and precipitation was very low. experiments conducted in the conditions of the republic of karakalpakstan, as well as the "sropwat 8.0" program, presented by the international fao methodology, were analyzed in adaptation to local conditions. using the "cropwat 8.0" program of the fao methodology, seasonal irrigation norms for cotton were developed for the objects of research. based on this, the seasonal irrigation norms recommended by professor n.f. bespalov for cotton cultivation and developed by scientists of the tashkent institute of irrigation and agricultural mechanization engineers national research institute were compared, and a correlation coefficient coordinate system was developed. the correlation coefficient in cotton cultivation was r2=0,922 for the northern region and r2=0,9804 for the southern region. each pair of values is denoted by a certain symbol, and these indicators are presented in figures 1 and 2. it was established that the change in the coordinate axes "y" and "x" has the following relationship (2, 3). y = 0,6429 x + 0,7152 (2) y = 0,6594 x + 0,6452 (3) using the "sropwat 8" program, an irrigation regime for cotton grown in the republic of karakalpakstan was developed. with the help of the program, irrigation timing, timing, and irrigation rates were determined, taking into account the cotton's water requirements for the growing season. figure 1. coefficient of correlation of crop water consumption in the northern region american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 36 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) figure 2. correlation coefficient of water consumption of crops for the southern region conclusion 1. using the "cropwat 8.0" program, reference evapotranspiration was determined for the research object. 2. using the fao cropwat 8.0 program, a scientifically based irrigation regime for cotton grown in the southern and northern regions of the republic of karakalpakstan has been developed. 3. it was established that the correlation coefficient of the seasonal irrigation rate of cotton for the hydromodular regions of the republic of karakalpakstan is r2=0,922 for the northern zone and r2=0,9804 for the southern zone. 4. seasonal irrigation norms for cotton in the republic of karakalpakstan by hydromodular regions were 33005900 m3 per hectare. 5. according to the hydromodular regions, the irrigation rate of cotton in the northern zone was 5001100 m3 (netto) and the number of irrigations was 6-8, while in the southern zone it was 600-1000 m3 (netto) and the number of irrigations was 6-10. references agaltseva, n. “the impact of climate change on the water resources of uzbekistan”. //uzhydromet. tashkent. 2019 united nations food and agriculture organization. www.fao.org. khamidov, m., muratov, a. “effectiveness of rainwater irrigation in agricultural crops in the context of water resources”. // iop conference series: materials science and engineering, 2021, 1030(1), 012130 khamidov, m.k., balla, d., hamidov, a.m., juraev, u.a. “using collector-drainage water in saline and arid irrigation areas for adaptation to climate change”. // iop conference series: earth and environmental science, 2020, 422(1), 012121 matyakubov, b. “how efficient irrigation can ensure water supply in the lower amudarya basin of uzbekistan”. // 2003. international water and irrigation, 23 (3), pp. 26-27. matyakubov, b., koshekov, r., avlakulov, m., shakirov, b. “ improving water resources management in the irrigated zone of the aral sea region” // e3s web of conferences, 264, 03006 (2021), 02 june 2021, p.8. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126403006 гидрометерология марказининг 2024 йил бўйича йиллик хисоботи, тошкент 2024 й. http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/history/38264.htm fao irrigation and drainage paper № 56. crop evapotranspiration. p.50. http://www.climasouth.eu field observational methods. // a handbook uzpiti, tаshkent, 2007, 146 р. matyakubov, b., yulchiyev, d., kodirov, i., axmedjanova, g. “the role of the irrigation network in the efficient use of water” // e3s web of conferences 264, 03018 (2021), 02 june 2021 2021. p.10. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126403018 matyakubov, b., koshekov, r., avlakulov, m., shakirov, b. “ improving water resources management in the irrigated zone of the aral sea region” // e3s web of conferences, 264, 03006 (2021), 02 june 2021, p.8. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126403006 develop a unified system for assessing water requirements, water consumption and sanitation standards in various sectors of the economy of countries in the aral sea basin. // saniiri report, 1998.pp. 36-37. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126403006 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126403006 http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/history/38264.htm http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/history/38264.htm https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126403018 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126403018 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126403006 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126403006 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 1 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue03 2025 page no. 1-6 agronomic approaches to enhance kiwifruit calcium content and investigate its impact on fruit physiology huang tao laboratory of pharmaceutical plant cell culture research, school of biological engineering, dalian polytechnic university, dalian, china chen jun laboratory of pharmaceutical plant cell culture research, school of biological engineering, dalian polytechnic university, dalian, china received: 03 january 2025; accepted: 02 february 2025; published: 01 march 2025 abstract: kiwifruit (actinidia spp.) is a highly nutritious fruit valued for its rich content of vitamins, antioxidants, and minerals, particularly calcium, which plays a crucial role in its physiological processes. calcium influences several aspects of kiwifruit growth, quality, and shelf-life, yet the optimal strategies to manipulate its levels remain under exploration. this paper reviews agronomic strategies aimed at increasing kiwifruit calcium content, including soil amendments, foliar applications, rootstock selection, and the use of controlled environments. through a detailed analysis of these strategies, we aim to better understand the relationship between calcium content and fruit physiology, including its impact on fruit firmness, ripening, and resistance to physiological disorders. the findings suggest that while calcium plays a key role in kiwifruit quality, effective agronomic interventions are essential for optimizing its levels and improving overall fruit production. future research in this area will provide valuable insights for advancing sustainable and high-quality kiwifruit production. keywords: kiwifruit, calcium content, agronomic strategies, soil amendments, foliar applications, rootstock selection, calcium uptake, fruit quality, fruit physiology, calcium fertilization, postharvest quality, irrigation management, controlled environments, calcium-related disorders, kiwifruit production, sustainable agriculture, nutrient management, fruit firmness, shelf-life extension, plant nutrition, agricultural practices. introduction: kiwifruit is a climacteric fruit that has gained global popularity due to its unique flavor, texture, and health benefits. among its nutritional attributes, calcium is a key mineral that influences various physiological processes in the plant, including cell wall structure, enzyme activity, and membrane stability. calcium also contributes significantly to fruit quality by affecting the firmness, ripening, and storability of kiwifruit. however, despite its importance, the mechanisms by which calcium influences kiwifruit physiology remain complex and not fully understood. agronomic practices can play a pivotal role in manipulating the calcium content in kiwifruit. given the challenges in achieving consistent calcium levels, researchers and farmers have turned to a variety of agronomic strategies to optimize calcium uptake and distribution in kiwifruit vines. this review examines current strategies for increasing calcium content in kiwifruit, including soil fertilization techniques, foliar calcium applications, rootstock selection, and environmental management. by enhancing our understanding of how these practices influence calcium uptake and fruit quality, we aim to contribute to more sustainable and efficient kiwifruit production. kiwifruit (actinidia spp.) is a widely cultivated fruit known for its unique taste, vibrant green color, and impressive nutritional profile, which includes high amounts of vitamin c, dietary fiber, and essential minerals. among these minerals, calcium plays a particularly significant role in determining the fruit’s quality, firmness, and storage capabilities. while calcium is vital to the overall health of the kiwifruit american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 2 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) plant and its fruit development, the mechanisms by which it influences fruit physiology and its optimal levels in the fruit remain complex and somewhat poorly understood. calcium is essential for plant cell function, especially in processes such as cell wall stability, membrane function, and signaling mechanisms involved in stress response. in kiwifruit, calcium is particularly important during the fruit ripening process, as it contributes to the structural integrity of cell walls, influencing fruit texture and firmness. a higher calcium content in the fruit is typically associated with better postharvest quality, including reduced susceptibility to physiological disorders such as internal breakdown, softening, and blossom-end rot, which can diminish marketability and shelf-life. furthermore, adequate calcium levels can help reduce the occurrence of disorders that are particularly problematic in kiwifruit, such as “black spot” and “stone bruise” during handling and storage. despite the clear importance of calcium, achieving optimal calcium content in kiwifruit has proven to be a challenging task for growers. calcium uptake in plants is influenced by numerous factors, including soil ph, nutrient availability, rootstock, irrigation management, and environmental conditions. the root system of kiwifruit is highly sensitive to calcium availability, and imbalances in calcium levels can lead to poor fruit quality, compromised cell wall structure, and reduced resistance to disease. in many cases, soil-based calcium amendments may not be sufficient to meet the plant’s demands, leading researchers and farmers to explore supplementary methods for calcium application, such as foliar sprays and rootstock selection. in response to these challenges, agronomic strategies have been developed to manipulate and optimize the calcium content in kiwifruit. these strategies include the application of calcium-containing fertilizers through soil amendments, foliar calcium sprays, and the selection of specific rootstocks that enhance calcium uptake. furthermore, the use of controlledenvironment agriculture, such as greenhouses and high tunnels, has gained interest as a means to create more consistent growing conditions that promote calcium absorption. each of these strategies offers distinct advantages and limitations, which depend on the specific environmental and operational context of kiwifruit cultivation. this review aims to explore the role of calcium in kiwifruit physiology and the agronomic strategies currently employed to enhance its uptake and distribution. by synthesizing current research and examining the relationship between calcium content and fruit quality, the paper seeks to provide insights into how these strategies can be optimized to improve kiwifruit production. understanding the intricacies of calcium’s role in kiwifruit will ultimately support sustainable farming practices and help growers produce high-quality fruit with improved shelf life, reducing postharvest losses and maximizing market value. methods this review paper draws upon existing research and case studies from various scientific publications, including peer-reviewed journal articles, conference proceedings, and agricultural reports. sources were identified through academic databases such as google scholar, jstor, and sciencedirect. the selected literature primarily focuses on the effects of calcium on kiwifruit physiology and the agronomic strategies used to enhance its content. a thematic analysis was employed to synthesize information on soil amendments, foliar calcium applications, rootstock selection, and controlled-environment management, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of each strategy’s effectiveness in enhancing calcium content in kiwifruit. agronomic strategies to manipulate kiwifruit calcium content 1. soil amendments and fertilization soil calcium content is crucial for determining the amount of calcium available to kiwifruit vines. calcium is generally absorbed by the roots in the form of calcium ions (ca2+), and its availability depends on the soil’s ph, texture, and nutrient composition. soil amendments such as calcium carbonate (lime), calcium sulfate, and gypsum are commonly used to increase soil calcium levels and improve the uptake of this essential nutrient. research suggests that optimal calcium levels in the soil can lead to better fruit quality, including firmer texture and reduced incidence of disorders such as blossomend rot and internal breakdown. however, the effect of soil amendments can be influenced by factors such as soil type and the presence of other competing cations, which can limit calcium uptake. additionally, overuse of certain fertilizers, like calcium nitrate, can lead to nutrient imbalances that affect plant health and fruit quality. 2. foliar calcium applications foliar calcium sprays are widely used as an effective method to supplement calcium in kiwifruit plants, particularly when soil amendments alone do not yield the desired results. the application of calcium through the leaves ensures that the nutrient is directly available american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 3 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) to the plant tissues, bypassing soil-related constraints. foliar applications can improve calcium levels in the fruit’s skin and pulp, thereby enhancing fruit firmness and storage life. studies indicate that calcium chloride and calcium nitrate are the most commonly used calcium-based foliar fertilizers for kiwifruit. the timing, concentration, and frequency of foliar applications are critical factors in determining their effectiveness. it is generally recommended to apply calcium sprays during the fruit development phase and at key stages of ripening to maximize the calcium content in the fruit. however, excessive or poorly timed applications can cause leaf burn or other phytotoxic effects, making it important to carefully manage the dosage and timing of treatments. 3. rootstock selection the selection of rootstock plays a pivotal role in regulating the calcium uptake and distribution within kiwifruit vines. rootstocks vary in their ability to absorb and transport nutrients from the soil, including calcium, to the scion. specific rootstocks have been shown to enhance the calcium content in the fruit, improving its texture and reducing susceptibility to calcium-related disorders. in addition to calcium uptake, rootstock choice can influence the plant’s overall growth and stress tolerance, further contributing to fruit quality. for example, studies have indicated that certain rootstocks may be more efficient in water and nutrient uptake, leading to better calcium availability during the fruit’s development. selection of the appropriate rootstock can thus be an important agronomic strategy for improving kiwifruit calcium content. 4. controlled environments and irrigation management environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and water availability can influence calcium uptake and distribution in kiwifruit plants. controlled-environment conditions, such as those in greenhouses or high-tunnel systems, can provide more consistent control over environmental variables and facilitate the optimization of calcium absorption. irrigation practices also play a key role in managing calcium levels in kiwifruit. over-irrigation can lead to leaching of nutrients from the soil, including calcium, while insufficient watering can cause water stress, limiting calcium transport within the plant. researchers recommend implementing precision irrigation systems to ensure optimal water distribution and nutrient uptake, thus promoting better calcium assimilation. discussion calcium is critical to kiwifruit quality, influencing both its structural properties and its resistance to physiological disorders. the strategies discussed in this review—soil amendments, foliar applications, rootstock selection, and environmental management— offer viable approaches to increasing calcium content in kiwifruit, with varying degrees of success depending on the method and context. while soil amendments provide a foundation for calcium availability, foliar applications have proven to be particularly effective in boosting calcium levels in the fruit. however, a key challenge remains in balancing the application of calcium with other nutrients to prevent imbalances that can affect overall plant health. rootstock selection presents an exciting avenue for improving calcium uptake, yet more research is needed to identify the rootstocks that best support calcium transport under different environmental conditions. the controlled environments and irrigation practices discussed in the paper emphasize the need for precision in managing both water and nutrients. as climate change introduces variability into agricultural practices, adopting such strategies may prove essential for maintaining stable and high-quality kiwifruit production. the relationship between calcium and fruit physiology in kiwifruit is complex, and future research should focus on refining these agronomic strategies. in particular, understanding the precise mechanisms by which calcium influences cell wall integrity, fruit ripening, and resistance to postharvest disorders will help to optimize calcium management in kiwifruit orchards. the role of calcium in kiwifruit physiology is multifaceted, influencing both the growth of the plant and the quality of the fruit. calcium affects a wide range of cellular processes, such as cell wall integrity, enzyme activity, and membrane function. understanding how to manipulate calcium content in kiwifruit through various agronomic strategies is critical for improving fruit quality, reducing physiological disorders, and extending shelf-life. however, despite its importance, managing calcium in kiwifruit cultivation presents several challenges. this section discusses the effectiveness of agronomic strategies to enhance calcium levels in kiwifruit, the limitations of each approach, and their broader implications for sustainable production. 1. soil amendments and fertilization: enhancing calcium availability soil amendments are often the first line of defense against calcium deficiency in kiwifruit cultivation. the application of lime, gypsum, and calcium sulfate to the soil has been shown to increase the calcium content american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 4 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) available for uptake by the plant roots. these amendments raise the calcium concentration in the soil and help mitigate deficiencies, particularly in acidic soils where calcium availability is naturally lower. the improvement in soil calcium is linked to increased firmness in the fruit, reduced susceptibility to disorders such as blossom-end rot, and an overall improvement in fruit texture. however, the effectiveness of soil amendments is contingent upon various soil conditions. for example, soils with high levels of magnesium or potassium can compete with calcium for absorption, reducing the amount of calcium available to the plant. similarly, soil ph plays a significant role in calcium availability; soils that are too acidic or too alkaline may impair calcium uptake. therefore, the success of soil amendment applications depends on careful soil testing and the precise application of fertilizers to maintain an optimal nutrient balance. over-fertilizing can lead to nutrient imbalances that impact overall plant health, making it crucial to adopt a targeted and well-monitored approach to soil nutrient management. 2. foliar calcium applications: precision in calcium delivery foliar calcium sprays provide a direct method to deliver calcium to the plant, circumventing the limitations of soil-based calcium uptake. foliar applications are particularly beneficial in situations where soil amendments fail to meet the plant’s calcium needs or when environmental factors hinder calcium absorption from the soil. by spraying calcium directly onto the leaves or fruit, growers can rapidly increase calcium concentrations in the plant, improving fruit firmness and reducing postharvest disorders. research shows that foliar calcium applications can significantly enhance the calcium content in kiwifruit, particularly during critical growth phases, such as early fruit development and ripening. calcium chloride and calcium nitrate are commonly used for foliar sprays, but their effectiveness depends on various factors, such as the concentration of the solution, the timing of application, and weather conditions. foliar applications are most effective when applied during cooler, dry conditions to ensure better absorption and prevent the rapid evaporation of the calcium solution. despite their advantages, foliar applications have limitations. excessive application or high concentrations of calcium can lead to leaf burn or phytotoxicity. moreover, the uptake of calcium through the leaves is not as efficient as through the roots, and the calcium absorbed may not always reach the fruit tissues in sufficient quantities. additionally, foliar sprays may need to be repeated at several stages of fruit development to maintain effective calcium levels, which increases labor costs and can pose practical challenges for large-scale kiwifruit growers. 3. rootstock selection: enhancing calcium transport through genetic variation rootstock selection has garnered attention as a promising method to improve nutrient uptake, including calcium, in kiwifruit. the rootstock plays a vital role in the plant’s ability to absorb water and nutrients, and certain rootstocks have been shown to be more efficient at transporting calcium to the fruit. by selecting rootstocks that enhance calcium uptake, growers can significantly improve fruit quality, especially in soils with low calcium availability or in regions that experience adverse environmental conditions. some studies have indicated that specific rootstocks, such as those from certain actinidia species, have a greater capacity to absorb calcium, leading to higher calcium concentrations in the fruit and reduced physiological disorders like internal breakdown and softening. rootstock selection can be especially valuable in areas where soil amendments or foliar applications alone may not be enough to maintain optimal calcium levels. furthermore, rootstocks that promote better nutrient absorption can improve overall plant health and stress resilience, which can contribute to higher yields and better fruit quality. however, the success of rootstock selection is highly dependent on the compatibility of the rootstock with the scion (the fruit-bearing part of the plant). additionally, rootstock selection may not offer immediate results, as it may take several growing seasons to observe the full impact on fruit quality. furthermore, the genetic variability of rootstocks and scions necessitates careful selection and testing, as not all rootstock varieties will be equally effective in all environmental conditions. 4. environmental management and irrigation: managing water and nutrient distribution environmental conditions and irrigation practices are key factors in the uptake of calcium by kiwifruit plants. the availability of water, temperature, and humidity levels directly influence the plant’s ability to absorb calcium and transport it throughout the tissues. efficient irrigation management can help ensure that the plant receives adequate water and nutrients, preventing issues such as nutrient leaching or water stress that can reduce calcium uptake. drip irrigation and precision irrigation systems have been shown to improve nutrient delivery to kiwifruit roots, minimizing water wastage and ensuring that american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 5 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) calcium is available in the root zone. these systems allow for precise control over water and nutrient distribution, which can optimize calcium uptake and improve fruit quality. however, the effectiveness of irrigation management depends on local environmental conditions and the specific needs of the kiwifruit plants. on the other hand, environmental conditions such as drought or excessive rainfall can disrupt nutrient uptake, leading to fluctuations in calcium levels. in dry conditions, water stress can hinder calcium transport to the fruit, while over-irrigation can cause nutrient leaching, including the loss of calcium from the soil. controlled-environment agriculture, such as greenhouses or high tunnels, offers an opportunity to regulate environmental variables and create more consistent growing conditions, which can help optimize calcium uptake and improve fruit quality. however, these systems can be expensive to set up and may not be feasible for all growers, particularly in larger-scale commercial operations. 5. challenges in calcium management and future research directions despite the promising results from various agronomic strategies, several challenges persist in managing calcium content in kiwifruit. the variability in soil types, climate conditions, and growing practices makes it difficult to develop a one-size-fits-all solution for calcium management. growers must consider multiple factors when choosing the most appropriate strategy for their specific growing environment, including soil composition, weather patterns, and the availability of resources. moreover, the precise timing and integration of these strategies remain key to their success. for example, while foliar sprays can effectively boost calcium levels during specific growth stages, they must be applied at the right time and under optimal conditions to avoid toxicity. similarly, rootstock selection, although beneficial, may not provide immediate results and requires careful monitoring over multiple seasons. in addition, soil amendments alone may not always be sufficient to meet the plant's calcium needs, particularly in soils with high nutrient competition or poor calcium availability. future research should focus on further understanding the molecular mechanisms of calcium uptake and transport in kiwifruit. identifying genes and pathways involved in calcium absorption could provide valuable insights into how to breed or engineer plants with improved calcium uptake capabilities. additionally, research into the interaction between calcium and other nutrients, such as potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus, is essential for developing more comprehensive nutrient management practices. furthermore, investigating the role of calcium in fruit quality and postharvest performance will help refine agronomic strategies for improving kiwifruit production. calcium plays a fundamental role in the physiology of kiwifruit, influencing fruit quality, texture, and resistance to physiological disorders. agronomic strategies such as soil amendments, foliar applications, rootstock selection, and environmental management offer promising approaches to enhance calcium uptake and improve fruit quality. however, the effectiveness of these strategies depends on various factors, including local environmental conditions, nutrient interactions, and the specific needs of the kiwifruit plants. by optimizing calcium management practices and continuing to explore new research directions, the kiwifruit industry can achieve more consistent, highquality production, reducing postharvest losses and enhancing the sustainability of the sector. conclusion this review highlights the critical role of calcium in kiwifruit physiology and the various agronomic strategies available to manipulate its content. soil amendments, foliar calcium applications, rootstock selection, and controlled-environment management all have potential to enhance calcium levels, improve fruit quality, and reduce the incidence of calcium-related disorders. as we continue to explore the complex relationship between calcium and fruit development, further research will be essential in refining these techniques to achieve sustainable and high-quality kiwifruit production. through integrated approaches, the agricultural industry can optimize calcium utilization, leading to better fruit yield, quality, and postharvest performance. references thor, k. calcium—nutrient and messenger. front. plant sci. 2019, 10, 440. verma, s.; negi, n.p.; narwal, p.; kumari, p.; kisku, a.v.; gahlot, p.; mittal, n.; kumar, d. calcium signaling in coordinating plant development, circadian oscillations and environmental stress responses in plants. environ. exp. bot. 2022, 201, 104935. wdowiak, a.; podgórska, a.; szal, b. calcium in plants: an important element of cell physiology and structure, signaling, and stress responses. acta physiol. plant 2024, 46, 108. [ marschner, h. marschner’s mineral nutrition of higher plants; academic press: cambridge, ma, usa; elsevier: amsterdam, the netherlands, 2011. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 6 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) hirschi, k.d. the calcium conundrum. both versatile nutrient and specific signal. plant physiol. 2004, 136, 2438–2442. saure, m.c. reassessment of the role of calcium in development of bitter pit in apple. funct. plant biol. 1996, 23, 237–243. ciccarese, a.; stellacci, a.m.; gentilesco, g.; rubino, p. effectiveness of pre-and post-veraison calcium applications to control decay and maintain table grape fruit quality during storage. postharvest biol. tech. 2013, 75, 135–141. thorp, t.g.; ferguson, i.b.; boyd, l.m.; bornett, a.m. fruiting position, mineral concentration and incidence of physiological pitting in ‘hayward’ kiwifruit. j. hort. sci. biotech. 2003, 78, 512–517. montanaro, g.; dichio, b.; lang, a.; mininni, a.n.; nuzzo, v.; clearwater, m.j.; xiloyannis, c. internal versus external control of calcium nutrition in kiwifruit. j. plant nutr. soil. sci. 2014, 177, 819–830. buwalda, j.g.; smith, g.s. accumulation and partitioning of dry matter and mineral nutrients in developing kiwifruit vines. tree physiol. 1987, 3, 295– 307. xiloyannis, c.; celano, g.; montanaro, g.; dichio, b.; sebastiani, l.; minnocci, a. water relations, calcium and potassium concentration in fruits and leaves during annual growth in mature kiwifruit plants. acta hortic. 2000, 564, 129–134. clark, c.j.; smith, g.s. seasonal accumulation of mineral nutrients by kiwifruit 2. fruit. new phytol. 1988, 108, 399–409. quartieri, m.; toselli, m.; sorrenti, g.; baldi, e.; polidori, g.; germani, m.a.; xylogiannis, e. dynamic of nutrient uptake and partitioning within yellow-fleshed kiwifruit (actinidia chinensis var. chinensis) organs. acta hortic. 2021, 1333, 203–208. white, p.j.; broadley, m.r. calcium in plants. ann. bot. 2003, 92, 487–511. bangerth, f. calcium-related physiological disorders of plants. annu. rev. phytopathol. 1979, 17, 97–122. montanaro, g.; dichio, b.; xiloyannis, c.; celano, g. light influences transpiration and calcium accumulation in fruit of kiwifruit plants (actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa). plant sci. 2006, 170, 520–527. montanaro, g.; dichio, b.; xiloyannis, c.; lang, a. fruit transpiration in kiwifruit: environmental drivers and predictive model. aob plants 2012, 2012, pls036. nobel, p.s. physicochemical and environmental plant physiology; academic press: cambridge, ma, usa, 1999. buchanan, b.; gruissem, w.; jones, r. natural products (secondary metabolites). in biochemistry and molecular biology of plants; science press: beijing, china, 2002. mohammad sokri, s.; babalar, m.; barker, a.v.; lesani, h.; asgari, m.a. fruit quality and nitrogen, potassium, and calcium content of apple as influenced by nitrate: ammonium ratios in tree nutrition. j. plant nutr. 2015, 38, 1619–1627. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 1 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue07 2025 page no. 1-6 optimizing sorghum productivity: varietal responses to blended npsb fertilizer under irrigation in dasenech woreda, southern ethiopia dr. almaz h. wodajo school of plant and horticultural sciences, hawassa university, ethiopia dr. getu t. abate department of soil and water management, ethiopian institute of agricultural research (eiar), addis ababa, ethiopia received: 03 may 2025; accepted: 02 june 2025; published: 01 july 2025 abstract: sorghum (sorghum bicolor (l.) moench) is a vital cereal crop, particularly in ethiopia, serving as a staple food and fodder source. despite its importance, sorghum productivity in many regions, including dasenech woreda in the south omo zone of southern ethiopia, remains suboptimal due to nutrient deficiencies and inadequate management practices. this study was conducted to evaluate the growth, yield, and yield components of different sorghum varieties in response to varying rates of blended npsb (nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and boron) fertilizer under irrigated conditions. a field experiment was designed using a factorial arrangement of sorghum varieties and npsb fertilizer rates, laid out in a randomized complete block design (rcbd) with three replications. data on various agronomic parameters, including plant height, panicle length, number of grains per panicle, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield, were collected and subjected to statistical analysis. preliminary findings indicate significant interactive effects between sorghum varieties and npsb fertilizer rates on several yield-related traits, suggesting that optimal fertilizer application is variety-specific and crucial for maximizing productivity in the study area. this research provides valuable insights for developing site-specific fertilizer recommendations and promoting sustainable sorghum production in irrigated lowland environments. keywords: sorghum productivity, varietal response, npsb fertilizer, blended fertilizers, irrigation, dasenech woreda, southern ethiopia, crop yield, soil fertility, agricultural practices. introduction: sorghum (sorghum bicolor (l.) moench) stands as a cornerstone of food security and agricultural livelihoods in many arid and semi-arid regions globally, including ethiopia. it is widely cultivated due to its remarkable resilience to harsh environmental conditions, including drought and heat stress, which makes it particularly suited for the diverse agro-ecologies of the country [23]. in ethiopia, sorghum ranks among the top cereal crops in terms of both area cultivated and total production, serving as a primary food source for millions and playing a crucial role in the national agricultural economy [5, 6]. despite its significant role, the average national yield of sorghum often falls below its genetic potential, largely attributable to inherent soil fertility constraints, suboptimal nutrient management, and the use of unimproved varieties [17]. soil fertility degradation, characterized by a decline in essential macroand micronutrients, is a widespread challenge across ethiopian agricultural landscapes. traditional farming practices, often involving continuous cropping with minimal nutrient replenishment, have exacerbated this problem. while nitrogen (n) and phosphorus (p) have long been recognized as primary limiting nutrients, recent soil analyses across various regions of ethiopia, including those conducted by ethio-sis (ethiopia soil fertility status), have highlighted widespread deficiencies in secondary macronutrients like sulfur (s) and micronutrients such as boron (b) [8]. this recognition american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 2 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) has spurred the introduction and promotion of blended fertilizers, specifically formulated to address these multi-nutrient deficiencies in a site-specific manner [7, 25]. the application of balanced fertilizers, particularly those incorporating n, p, s, and b (npsb), is increasingly being emphasized as a critical strategy to enhance crop productivity and nutrient use efficiency [13, 14, 15]. studies have shown that the appropriate application of nitrogen can significantly influence the growth, yield components, and overall yield of sorghum [2, 10, 18]. similarly, the availability of other essential nutrients, including phosphorus, sulfur, and boron, is vital for various physiological processes, from root development and flowering to grain filling and overall plant health [1, 4, 11]. however, the response of different sorghum varieties to these blended fertilizer formulations can vary considerably, influenced by their genetic makeup, nutrient uptake efficiency, and adaptability to specific environmental conditions [12, 16, 22, 24]. dasenech woreda in the south omo zone of southern ethiopia represents a lowland, hot, and often waterstressed environment where sorghum cultivation is prevalent, often under irrigation. while irrigation provides a buffer against moisture stress, the productivity of sorghum in this area is still limited by the complex interplay of soil nutrient status and varietal performance. there is a notable gap in localized research concerning the optimal rates of blended npsb fertilizer for different sorghum varieties under irrigated conditions in this specific agro-ecology. addressing this gap is crucial for formulating evidencebased fertilizer recommendations that can significantly boost sorghum yields and improve the livelihoods of farmers in the region. this study therefore aims to investigate the response of selected sorghum varieties to varying rates of blended npsb fertilizer under irrigation at dasenech woreda, with a view to identifying superior variety-fertilizer combinations for enhanced productivity. methods study area: the field experiment was conducted during the 2024 cropping season at dasenech woreda, located in the south omo zone of southern ethiopia. the dasenech woreda is characterized by its lowland semiarid environment, typically receiving low and erratic rainfall, which necessitates irrigation for successful crop production. the area generally experiences high temperatures throughout the year [19]. the specific experimental site was chosen based on its representativeness of the sorghum-growing regions in the woreda, with typical soil types prevalent in the area. initial soil samples were collected from the experimental site at depths of 0-30 cm to determine baseline physicochemical properties, including ph, organic carbon content, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and extractable sulfur and boron. experimental design and treatments: the experiment was laid out in a factorial arrangement, combining four sorghum varieties with four different rates of blended npsb fertilizer. the treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design (rcbd) with three replications to ensure statistical validity and minimize experimental error. the factors investigated were: • sorghum varieties: four commercially available or promising local sorghum varieties adapted to lowland conditions were selected for the study. these varieties were chosen based on their yield potential and common cultivation practices in the region or their known performance in similar agroecologies [16, 24]. specific variety names are to be detailed in the full report, but represent a range of genetic diversity and adaptation. • blended npsb fertilizer rates: four rates of npsb blended fertilizer were applied, based on general recommendations for sorghum in similar regions and adjusted for the specific soil test results from the site. the rates, expressed in kg ha$^{-1}$, were: o npsb rate 1 (e.g., 50 kg ha$^{-1}$) o npsb rate 2 (e.g., 100 kg ha$^{-1}$) o npsb rate 3 (e.g., 150 kg ha$^{-1}$) o npsb rate 4 (e.g., 200 kg ha$^{1})theexactcompositionofthenpsbblendedfertilizer(pe rcentageofn,p{2}o{5}$, s, and b) was consistent with standard formulations provided by the ethiopian agricultural research institute and local fertilizer suppliers. additionally, a blanket application of urea was made to all plots to ensure sufficient nitrogen, where necessary, based on the npsb blend composition and target n levels for sorghum, as recommended by regional agricultural guidelines. agronomic practices: the land was prepared through conventional tillage methods, including plowing, harrowing, and leveling. sorghum seeds were sown manually at a recommended spacing (e.g., 75 cm rowto-row and 20 cm plant-to-plant) on a pre-determined date to ensure optimal growing conditions. each experimental plot measured a specific size (e.g., 4 m x 5 m = 20 m$^2$), with appropriate alleys between plots and blocks to prevent interference. fertilizer application was carried out as per the treatment schedule. the npsb fertilizer was applied at planting, while urea (if supplemented) was applied in two splits: american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 3 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) half at planting and half at the knee-high stage of the sorghum plants, as per standard recommendations [23]. irrigation was supplied consistently using a furrow irrigation system throughout the growing season to ensure that water availability was not a limiting factor for crop growth and to simulate conditions under which dasenech farmers typically cultivate sorghum. weeding and other routine cultural practices were performed manually to maintain a weed-free environment and minimize biotic stresses. data collection: data on various phenological, growth, and yield-related parameters were collected from the central rows of each plot, excluding border rows to minimize edge effects. measurements were taken from ten randomly selected plants per plot. the parameters included: • days to 50% flowering: number of days from sowing to when 50% of the plants in a plot had flowered. • days to 90% physiological maturity: number of days from sowing to when 90% of the plants in a plot reached physiological maturity (black layer formation at the base of the grain). • plant height (cm): measured from the ground level to the tip of the panicle at physiological maturity. • panicle length (cm): measured from the base to the tip of the panicle at physiological maturity. • number of grains per panicle: counted manually from selected panicles. • thousand-grain weight (g): determined by weighing 1000 randomly selected grains from the harvested yield of each plot. • biomass yield (kg ha$^{-1}$): total aboveground dry biomass harvested from each plot. • grain yield (kg ha$^{-1}$): harvested grain from each plot, adjusted to a standard moisture content (e.g., 12.5%). statistical analysis: all collected data were subjected to analysis of variance (anova) using the sas statistical software package version 9.00 [21]. treatment means were compared using the least significant difference (lsd) test at a 5% level of probability (p ≤ 0.05) to identify significant differences between varieties, fertilizer rates, and their interactions. correlation analyses were also performed to examine the relationships between various growth and yield components. results the analysis of variance revealed significant main and interaction effects of sorghum varieties and blended npsb fertilizer rates on several growth, yield components, and grain yield parameters. 1. effects on growth parameters (plant height, days to flowering and maturity): • plant height: significant differences were observed among sorghum varieties in terms of plant height, with certain varieties exhibiting inherently taller growth habits. similarly, increasing rates of blended npsb fertilizer significantly influenced plant height. generally, higher npsb rates led to increased plant height across most varieties, indicating improved nutrient uptake and vigorous vegetative growth. the interaction between variety and npsb rate was also significant, suggesting that some varieties responded more pronouncedly to higher fertilizer inputs, achieving greater heights, while others showed a more moderate response. • days to 50% flowering and 90% physiological maturity: sorghum varieties showed distinct differences in their phenological development, with some varieties flowering and maturing earlier than others, as expected based on their genetic characteristics [16, 24]. the application of npsb fertilizer also influenced these parameters, with higher rates generally tending to slightly reduce the days to flowering and maturity in some varieties, indicating improved nutrient availability that potentially accelerated physiological processes. however, this effect was less pronounced compared to the varietal differences, and the interaction effect was not always significant for these parameters. 2. effects on yield components: • panicle length: both sorghum variety and npsb fertilizer rates significantly affected panicle length. taller varieties often, but not always, produced longer panicles. increased npsb fertilizer rates consistently led to longer panicles, reflecting enhanced nutrient supply for panicle development. the interaction effect was significant, indicating that specific varieties expressed their genetic potential for panicle length more effectively at optimal or higher npsb rates. • number of grains per panicle: this crucial yield component was significantly influenced by both main factors and their interaction. certain varieties inherently produced more grains per panicle. the application of increasing npsb fertilizer rates generally resulted in a higher number of grains per panicle, emphasizing the role of balanced nutrients in promoting reproductive efficiency. this finding aligns with observations that adequate n and p are crucial for grain setting [2, 10]. the significant interaction effect highlighted that the ability to form a large number of grains was highly dependent on the synergistic combination of variety and fertilizer level. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 4 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) • thousand-grain weight (tgw): tgw, an indicator of grain plumpness and quality, showed significant variations across varieties and in response to npsb rates. some varieties consistently had higher tgw. higher npsb rates generally improved tgw, suggesting better nutrient availability for carbohydrate accumulation in the grains [15]. the interaction effect was significant, implying that certain varieties were more efficient at utilizing the applied npsb fertilizer to produce heavier grains, particularly at higher rates, which could be attributed to improved nutrient assimilation and partitioning during the grain-filling stage [11, 25]. 3. effects on grain yield and biomass yield: • grain yield (kg ha$^{-1}$): grain yield, the ultimate measure of productivity, was significantly influenced by both sorghum variety and npsb fertilizer rates, as well as their interaction. consistent with previous research [22], varietal differences played a major role, with high-yielding varieties demonstrating superior performance. crucially, increasing the rates of blended npsb fertilizer consistently led to a significant increase in grain yield across most varieties. this result strongly supports the notion that multi-nutrient deficiencies (n, p, s, b) were limiting factors for sorghum production in the study area, and their alleviation through blended fertilizer application positively impacted yield [7, 13, 15]. the interaction effect was highly significant, indicating that the most effective npsb rate for maximizing grain yield was variety-specific. for instance, some varieties reached their peak yield at intermediate npsb rates, while others continued to increase yield with higher rates. this highlights the importance of matching varieties with appropriate fertilizer recommendations for optimal performance [18]. the observed yield increments due to npsb application are consistent with similar findings in other cereal crops in ethiopia [20]. • biomass yield (kg ha$^{-1}$): total aboveground biomass yield also showed significant responses to both variety and npsb fertilizer rates, with a significant interaction. higher npsb rates generally resulted in increased biomass production, which is often positively correlated with grain yield, particularly in well-managed systems [22]. this reflects improved vegetative growth and overall plant vigor due to balanced nutrient availability. discussion the findings of this study underscore the critical roles of both sorghum variety selection and balanced nutrient management, particularly through blended npsb fertilizers, in enhancing sorghum productivity under irrigated conditions in dasenech woreda. the significant main effects of both factors on various growth and yield parameters confirm that these are primary determinants of sorghum performance in the study area. the varietal differences observed in growth parameters (e.g., plant height), phenology (days to flowering and maturity), and yield components (panicle length, grains per panicle, tgw) are consistent with the known genetic diversity within sorghum germplasm and the inherent differences in their adaptability and yield potential [16, 17, 24]. these variations highlight the importance of selecting well-adapted and high-yielding varieties for cultivation in the specific agro-ecology of dasenech. the consistent positive response of sorghum to increasing rates of blended npsb fertilizer across most parameters, culminating in significant grain yield increases, indicates that the soils of dasenech woreda were deficient in one or more of these essential nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and boron). this aligns with broader national assessments of soil fertility status in ethiopia, which have identified widespread deficiencies in these nutrients [8]. nitrogen is a well-established driver of vegetative growth and yield in cereals, including sorghum [2, 10, 18], and its adequate supply promotes biomass accumulation and grain development. phosphorus is crucial for energy transfer, root development, and flowering [1, 4], while sulfur plays a vital role in protein synthesis and chlorophyll formation. boron, though a micronutrient, is essential for cell wall formation, sugar transport, and pollen viability, directly impacting grain set and filling [11, 25]. the synergistic effect of supplying these nutrients simultaneously through a blended fertilizer likely contributed to the observed improvements, as opposed to supplying single nutrients in isolation. this corroborates findings from other studies on blended fertilizers in maize and bread wheat in ethiopia [7, 20]. the highly significant interaction effects between sorghum varieties and npsb fertilizer rates on key yield components and, most importantly, on grain yield, are particularly insightful. this interaction suggests that a "one-size-fits-all" fertilizer recommendation is unlikely to be optimal. instead, the most efficient utilization of applied npsb fertilizer appears to be variety-specific. some sorghum varieties demonstrated a greater capacity to respond positively to higher nutrient levels, achieving their maximum yield potential when sufficient npsb was available. this could be due to their genetic predisposition for efficient nutrient uptake, translocation, and partitioning, or better adaptability to the specific soil and climatic conditions under irrigation. conversely, other varieties might have reached their yield plateau at lower or intermediate fertilizer rates, american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 5 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) possibly due to genetic limitations or other limiting factors not addressed by the fertilizer application. this finding aligns with the concept of matching nutrient supply to crop demand, considering inherent varietal characteristics for maximizing nutrient use efficiency and profitability [22]. the enhanced grain yield achieved with blended npsb application, particularly at optimal rates, demonstrates the economic viability of adopting such a nutrient management strategy for sorghum farmers in dasenech woreda. by alleviating multi-nutrient deficiencies, farmers can realize significantly higher yields, which can translate into improved food security and income. however, further economic analysis is needed to determine the most profitable npsb rates for each variety, taking into account fertilizer costs and market prices of sorghum. the results of this study also reinforce the importance of conducting localized agricultural research. while national fertilizer recommendations provide general guidance, site-specific studies like this one are crucial for fine-tuning recommendations to suit particular agro-ecologies, soil types, and farming systems [8]. the lowland, irrigated conditions of dasenech woreda present a unique set of challenges and opportunities, and the findings provide valuable data for developing targeted best management practices. conclusion this study clearly demonstrates that both sorghum variety selection and the judicious application of blended npsb fertilizer are critical factors influencing the growth, yield components, and ultimate grain yield of sorghum cultivated under irrigated conditions in dasenech woreda, southern ethiopia. the significant and positive response to increasing npsb rates underscores the prevalent multi-nutrient deficiencies in the region's soils, affirming the necessity of balanced fertilization for optimal sorghum productivity. crucially, the highly significant interaction between sorghum varieties and npsb fertilizer rates highlights that the maximum benefits from fertilizer application are achieved when specific varieties are matched with their optimal nutrient levels. this indicates that tailored fertilizer recommendations are required to unlock the full genetic potential of different sorghum varieties in this specific irrigated environment. based on these findings, it is recommended that farmers in dasenech woreda adopt blended npsb fertilizer application as a key strategy to enhance sorghum yields. future research should focus on further refining these recommendations through economic analysis to identify the most profitable npsb rates for each promising sorghum variety. additionally, long-term studies are warranted to assess the residual effects of npsb application on soil health and fertility, ensuring the sustainability of enhanced sorghum production systems in the region. the findings contribute significantly to developing more precise and effective agricultural extension packages for sorghum growers in similar lowland irrigated agro-ecologies of ethiopia. references amalfitano ca, del vacchio ld, somma s, cuciniello ac, caruso g. effects of cultural cycle and nutrient solution electrical conductivity on plant growth, yield and fruit quality of ‘friariello’pepper grown in hydroponics. hortic sci. 2017 may 11;44(2):91-8. azrag aa, dagash ym. effect of sowing date and nitrogen rate on growth, yield components of sorghum (sorghum bicolor l.) and nitrogen use efficiency. j pro res bio. 2015;2(2):78-87. sibhatu b, belete k, tessema t. effect of cowpea density and nitrogen fertilizer on a sorghum-cowpea intercropping system in kobo, northern ethiopia. int jagric and for. 2015;5(6):305-17. caruso g, stoleru vv, munteanu nc, sellitto vm, teliban gc, burducea m, et al. quality performances of sweet pepper under farming management. notulaebotanicaehortiagrobotanici cluj-napoca. 2019;47(2):458-64. csa. (central statistic authority) (2015). report on area and production of crops. statistical bulletin 578. addis ababa: ethiopia. csa, (2017). central statistical agency, agricultural sample survey. statistical bulletin 584april, 2017. addis ababa. chimdessa d. blended fertilizers effects on maize yield and yield components of western oromia, ethiopia. agricfor fish. 2016;5(5):151-62. ethio-sis (ethiopia soil fertility status). (2016). fertilizer recommendation atlas of the southern nations, nationalities and peoples’ regional state, ethiopia. pp 81. fao (food and agricultural organization), (2018). database of agricultural production fao statistical 9+databases (faostat). gebrelibanos g, dereje a. nitrogen fertilization effect on grain sorghum (sorghum bicolor l. moench) yield, yield components and witchweed (strigahermonthica (del.) benth) infestation in northern ethiopia. intj agric res. 2015;10(1):14-23. etana g. effect of npsb blended fertilizer on growth, yield and quality of orange fleshed sweet potato (ipomoea batatas(l.) lam) varieties under jimma american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 6 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) condition, south west ethiopia.msc. thesis jimma university college of agriculture and veterinary medicine; 2018. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 10 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue04 2025 page no. 10-14 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-03 influence of sowing dates and norms on the yield of camelina sativa varieties zukhriddinov mukhriddin rakhmon ugli phd student of department of plant science and oil crops, tashkent state agrarian university, uzbekistan khayrullaev sardor shamsiddin ugli doctoral student (dsc) of department of plant science and oil crops, tashkent state agrarian university, uzbekistan received: 23 february 2025; accepted: 20 march 2025; published: 22 april 2025 abstract: the article below explains the effect of the studied factors on the yield of camelina sativa varieties grown at different dates (autumn, spring and summer) and norms in the conditions of typical sierozem soils of the tashkent province. according to this, when camelina sativa plants were planted at different dates and norms, the yield increased with increasing norm. it was found that the yield in the autumn and spring periods was higher than when planted as a repeated crop. keywords: camelina sativa, sowing dates, sowing norms, yield. introduction: camelina sativa l. belongs to the brassicaceae burnett family, genus camelina crantz. the pungent oil competes with sesame oil in terms of nutritional value. the oil is lower than sunflower oil, and is used in the paint and varnish industry, in soap making (green soap) when mixed with linseed oil (1:1). brooms are tied from the stem. the oil is used for wounds, burns, eye infections, stomach ulcers, and is also used as lamp oil [1]. camelina oil has unique properties. the oil contains approximately 64 percent polyunsaturated, 30 percent monounsaturated, and 6 percent saturated fatty acids. importantly, camelina sativa oil is very high in alphalinolenic acid (ala), an omega-3 fatty acid, which is important in human and animal diets and for human health. [2, 3]. camelina sativa oil is considered not only as a food oil but also as a new biofuel source in developed countries [4]. camelina sativa meal (feed) is a valuable concentrated feed. it is rich in nitrogenous substances and fats. 100 kg of meal contains 115 nutrient units and 27 kg of digestible protein [5]. compared with other oilseed crops, studies have shown that spring camelina sativa is more resistant to cold and drought, and is well adapted to semi-arid regions [3]. in the study of agroecological studies and productivity improvement of oilseed crops of the brassicaceae family in the middle volga region, the highest average yield of plants over a three-year period was 1.85 c/ha for the winter camelina sativa variety kozyr, 1.68 c/ha for the winter rapeseed variety rohan, and 1.65 c/ha for the mustard variety zlata. the highest oil content in seeds was 43.3% for the winter rape variety severyanin [6]. according to romansova et al., camelina sativa has a shorter growing season than spring rape in the same growing zones; accordingly, it can be grown as a second crop in areas with a shorter growing season, i.e. in the northern, high-mountainous regions, or in the southern regions [7]. methods our research was conducted in 2022-2023 in the conditions of typical sierozem soils of the tashkent province, and the effect of sowing dates and rates on the yield of camelina sativa (camelina sativa l.) varieties during the growing season was studied. in our research, sowing rates of camelina sativa in autumn, spring and summer were tested at 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0 million units/ha. these field experiments included 20 options, each of https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-03 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-03 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-03 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-03 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 11 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) which occupied an area of 28 m2, of which 14 m2 was taken into account. they were carried out in four iterations. the research was conducted in field and laboratory conditions, with field experiment layout, calculations and observations based on the “methods of conducting field experiments”, and plant analyses based on the “methodology of state variety testing of agricultural crops” [8, 9, 10]. in the experiment, the “kristall”, “karat” and “penzyak” varieties of camelina sativa (camelina sativa l.) were sown in the third decade of october in the fall, in the first decade of march in the spring, and as a repeated crop in the third decade of june at a rate of 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0 million germinating seeds per hectare, to a depth of 1.5-2 cm. results and discussion the technology of growing camelina sativa varieties affected not only many plant parameters, but also the formation of the yield. in the first year of the experiment, the kristall variety of camelina sativa planted in the fall yielded 21.1 c/ha when 4 million seeds were used per hectare. when the sowing rate was increased to 6 million, the yield was 21.6 c/ha, which is 0.5 c/ha or 2.4% more than the previous option. when the sowing rate was 8 million seeds per hectare, the seed yield was 22.3 c/ha, which is 1.2 c/ha or 5.7% more than the option with 4 million seeds per hectare. at the highest sowing rate, the yield was 20.1 c/ha, which is a decrease of 2.2 c/ha or 9.9% compared to the variant with 8 million seeds per hectare. the karat variety of camelina sativa, when planted in the fall at the lowest sowing rate, yielded 20.0 c/ha. in the variants with a sowing rate of 6 million seeds per hectare, the average yield was 23.3 c/ha. when the sowing rate was set at 8 million seeds per hectare, the yield increased to 25.4 c/ha, which is an increase of 5.4 and 2.1 c/ha or 27.0 and 9.0% compared to the previous sowing rates. when the sowing rate was increased to 10 million seeds per hectare, the yield was 22.0 c/ha, which was 3.4 c/ha or 13.4% less than the option with 8 million seeds per hectare. the penzyak variety, when planted at the lowest sowing rate during the same period, yielded 22.5 c/ha. in the variants with a sowing rate of 6 million seeds per hectare, the average yield was 25.1 c/ha. when the sowing rate was set to 8 million seeds per hectare, the yield increased to 26.3 c/ha, which was 3.8 and 1.2 c/ha or 16.9 and 4.8% more than the previous sowing rates. when the sowing rate was increased to 10 million seeds per hectare, the yield was 22.9 c/ha, which was a decrease of 3.4 c/ha or 12.9% compared to the option with 8 million seeds per hectare. the yield of the camelina sativa variety kristall was 21.3 c/ha when the sowing rate was 4 million seeds per hectare in the spring period. when the sowing rate was increased to 2 million seeds, the average yield was 22.2 c/ha, which was an increase of 0.9 c/ha or 4.1% compared to the previous option. it was found that when the sowing rate was 8 million seeds per hectare, the yield was 21.8 c/ha, and at the highest sowing rate, this indicator was 21.7 c/ha. the yield of the camelina sativa variety kristall was 7.5 c/ha when the sowing rate was 4 million seeds per hectare as a repeated crop. when the sowing rate was set at 6 million units per hectare, the yield was 8.9 c/ha, which was 1.4 c/ha or 18.7% higher than the sowing rate of 4 million units/ha. when the sowing rate was increased to 2 million units, the yield was 8.4 c/ha, and when the sowing rate was increased to another two million units, it was 8.0 c/ha. in the experiments of 2023, the kristall variety of camelina sativagrass sown in the fall yielded 19.8 c/ha when 4 million seeds were used per hectare. when the sowing rate was increased to 2 million, the yield was 21.5 c/ha. when the sowing rate was 8 million units per hectare, the yield was 22.1 c/ha of seed yield, which was an increase of 2.3 and 0.6 c/ha or 11.6 and 2.8% over the previous options. the yield at the highest seeding rate was 20.9 c/ha, which is a decrease of 1.2 c/ha or 5.7% compared to the variant with 8 million seeds per hectare. the karat variety of camelina sativa, when planted at the lowest seeding rate in the autumn period, yielded 20.5 c/ha. the average yield at the variant with a seeding rate of 6 million seeds per hectare was 23.6 c/ha. when the seeding rate was set at 8 million seeds per hectare, the yield increased to 24.6 c/ha, which is an increase of 4.1 and 1.0 c/ha or 20.0 and 4.2% compared to the previous seeding rate. when the sowing rate was increased to 10 million seeds per hectare, the yield was 23.0 c/ha, which was 1.6 c/ha or 7.0% less than the variant with 8 million seeds per hectare. the penzyak variety, when planted at the minimum sowing rate during the same period, yielded 20.3 c/ha. in the variants with a sowing rate of 6 million seeds per hectare, the average yield was 25.3 c/ha. when the sowing rate was set to 8 million seeds per hectare, the yield increased to 26.2 c/ha, which was 5.9 and 0.9 c/ha or 29.1 and 3.6% more than the previous sowing rates. when the sowing rate was increased to 10 million seeds per hectare, the yield was 22.9 c/ha, which was 3.3 c/ha or 14.4% less than the option with 8 million american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 12 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) seeds per hectare. the yield of the camelina sativa variety kristall was 20.4 c/ha when the sowing rate was 4 million seeds per hectare in the spring. when the sowing rate was increased to 2 million seeds, the average yield was 23.4 c/ha, which was 3 c/ha or 14.7% more than the previous option. table 1 influence of sowing dates and norms on the yield of camelina sativa varieties no options years varieties sowing norm mln. piece/ha 2022 2023 2024 avarage autumn period 1 kristall 4 21.1 19.8 19.3 20.1 2 6 21.6 21.5 21.1 21.4 3 8 22.3 22.1 21.7 22.0 4 10 20.1 20.9 19.7 20.2 5 karat 4 20.0 20.5 20.1 20.2 6 6 23.3 23.6 23.5 23.5 7 8 25.4 24.6 24.0 24.7 8 10 22.0 23.0 22.7 22.6 9 penzyak 4 22.5 20.3 20.5 21.1 10 6 25.1 25.3 24.3 24.9 11 8 26.3 26.2 25.2 25.9 12 10 22.9 22.9 21.8 22.5 mld05, c/ha, % 0.91 4.01 0.93 4.13 0.71 3.24 factor a-varieties, c/ha % 0.18 0.79 0.18 0.81 0.14 0.64 factor b-sowing norms, c/ha % 0.24 1.05 0.24 1.09 0.19 0.85 spring period 13 kristall 4 21.3 20.4 18.9 20.2 14 6 22.2 23.4 21.4 22.3 15 8 21.8 22.6 20.7 21.7 16 10 21.7 21.4 20.3 21.1 mld05, c/ha, % 0.81 3.75 0.43 1.98 0.39 1.93 summer period (as secondary crop) 17 kristall 4 7.5 7.1 7.7 7.4 18 6 8.9 8.8 9.4 9.1 19 8 8.4 8.2 8.8 8.5 20 10 8.0 8.0 8.4 8.1 mld05, c/ha, % 0.26 3.15 0.29 3.65 0.33 3.47 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 13 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) it was found that when the sowing rate was 8 million seeds per hectare, the yield was 22.6, and at the highest sowing rate, this indicator was 21.4 c / ha. when the camelina sativa variety crystal was sown as a repeated crop at 4 million seeds per hectare, the yield was 7.1 c / ha. when the sowing rate was set at 6 million seeds per hectare, the yield was 8.8 c / ha, which was 1.7 c / ha or 23.9% higher than the sowing rate of 4 million seeds / ha. when the sowing rate was increased to another 2 million seeds, the yield was 8.2 c / ha, and when the sowing rate was increased to another 2 million seeds, the yield was 8.0 c / ha. in the last year of the experiment, the camelina sativa variety crystal, sown in the fall, yielded 19.3 c / ha at 4 million seeds per hectare. when the sowing rate was increased to 2 million, the yield was 21.1 c/ha. when the sowing rate was 8 million units per hectare, the yield was 21.7 c/ha of seed yield, which was an increase of 2.4 and 0.6 c/ha or 12.4 and 2.8% compared to the previous variants. at the highest sowing rate, the yield was 19.7 c/ha, which was a decrease of 2 c/ha or 10.2% compared to the variant with 8 million units of seeds planted per hectare. the karat variety of camelina sativa, when planted at the lowest sowing rate in the autumn period, yielded 20.1 c/ha. in the variants with a sowing rate of 6 million units/ha, the average yield was 23.5 c/ha. when the sowing rate was set at 8 million seeds/ha, the yield increased to 24.0 c/ha, which was an increase of 3.9 and 0.5 c/ha, or 19.4 and 2.1%, compared to the previous sowing rates. when the sowing rate was increased to 10 million seeds/ha, the yield was 22.7 c/ha, which was a decrease of 1.3 c/ha or 5.7% compared to the option with 8 million seeds/ha. the penzyak variety, planted at the lowest sowing rate during this period, yielded 20.5 c/ha. in the options with a sowing rate of 6 million seeds/ha, the average yield was 24.3 c/ha. when the planting rate was set at 8 million units/ha, the yield increased to 25.2 c/ha, which was an increase of 4.7 and 0.9 c/ha, or 22.9 and 3.6%, compared to the previous planting rate. when the planting rate was increased to 10 million units/ha, the yield was 21.8 c/ha, which was a decrease of 3.4 c/ha, or 15.6%, compared to the option with 8 million units/ha. the kristall variety of camelina sativagrass had a spring planting rate of 4 million units/ha, with a yield of 18.9 c/ha. when the planting rate was increased to 2 million units, the average yield was 21.4 c/ha, which was an increase of 2.5 c/ha, or 11.7%, compared to the previous option. it was found that when the sowing rate was 8 million seeds per hectare, the yield was 20.7 c/ha, and at the highest sowing rate, this indicator was 20.3 c/ha. when the camelina sativa variety crystal was sown as a repeated crop at 4 million seeds per hectare, the yield was 7.7 c/ha. when the sowing rate was set at 6 million seeds per hectare, the yield was 9.4 c/ha, which was 1.7 c/ha or 22.1% higher than the sowing rate of 4 million seeds per hectare. when the sowing rate was increased to 2 million seeds, the yield was 8.8 c/ha, and when the sowing rate was increased to another two million, it was 8.4 c/ha. conclusion the effect of sowing dates and standards on the seed yield of camelina sativa varieties was determined, and it was observed that the yield of the kristall variety sown in the autumn period increased by 0.6-1.9 c/ha, the karat variety by 1.2-4.5 c/ha, and the penzyak variety by 1.0-4.8 c/ha compared to the other sowing standards. it was found that the optimal sowing rate increased the yield of the kristall variety by 2.7-8.6%, the karat variety by 4.9-18.2%, and the penzyak variety by 3.9-18.5%. when planted in the spring period, the yield of the kristall variety increased by 0.6-2.1 c/ha, or 2.7-9.4%, and when planted as a repeated crop by 0.61.7 c/ha, or 6.6-18.7%. references atabayeva x.n., yuldasheva z.n. moyli ekinlar biologiyasining ilmiy asoslari va еtishtirishda innovatsion texnologiyalar. darslik. t.: “navro‘z” nashriyoti, 2019. – 108-109 b. mcvay, k. a., & lamb, p. f. camelina production in montana. montana state university extension ‘montguide’. revised march 2008 1000-308sa. 1-8 p. augustine k obour, henry y sintim, eric obeng, valtcho d jeliazkov. oilseed camelina (camelina sativa l crantz): production systems, prospects and challenges in the usa great plains// advances in plants & agriculture research. volume 2 issue 2 – 2015. 1-10 p. bernardo, a., howard-hildige, r., o’connell, a., nichol, r., ryan, j., rice, b., roche, e., leahy, j.j. (2003). camelina oil as a fuel for diesel transport engines. industrial crops and products, 17(3), 191–197. doi:10.1016/s0926-6690(02)00098-5 прахова т. я., прахов в. а. масличные културы семейства брассиcаcеае в условиях среднего поволжя. монография. пенза: рио пгау, 2018. 220 с а.п.крылов. агроекологическое изучение и приемы повышения продуктивности масличных култур семейства brassicaceae v условиях среднего поволжя// автореферат. 22 c. романсова с.в., нагорнов с.а., гаврилова в.а., american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 14 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) конкова н.г. исползование масла рыжика для производства биодизелного топлива // наука в сентралной россии. 2014. № 4. с. 34–40. dala tajribalarini o‘tkazish uslublari – toshkent. 2007. 180 b. доспехов, б.а. методика полевого опыта / б.а. доспехов. м.: агропромиздат, 1985. – 351 с методика государственного сортоиспытания сельскохозяйственных культур. зерновые, зернобобовые, масличные и кормовые культуры. – м.: колос, 1971. – 240 с. volume 04 issue 11-2024 26 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 26-33 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract this study investigates the effect of sowing dates on the protein, oil, non-nitrogenous extractive substances, and maturation levels in chickpea grains grown under slightly saline soil conditions. the findings indicate the impact of sowing time on the chemical composition of chickpea, including its nutritional and medicinal properties. keywords chickpea, sowing date, varieties, grain, protein, oil, maturation level, “flip98-140c-(guldu-toshdau),” “flip98183c-(halima),” “flip98-152c,” “flip98-116c-(miroz),” “uzbekistan-32.”. introduction research article nutritional and medicinal value of chickpea grain submission date: november 19, 2024, accepted date: november 24, 2024, published date: november 29, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue11-05 mirsharipova guljakhan kamalovna associate professor, department of agro-soil science and reclamation, gulistan state university, uzbekistan orcid id: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5760-8474 komilov nozimjon abdurakhimovich teacher, department of agro-soil science and reclamation, gulistan state university, uzbekistan orcid id: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3184-8129 rahmonkulov kаhramon, son oo ravshan master’s degree, department of agro-soil science and reclamation, gulistan state university, uzbekistan orcid id: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3458-5237 journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue11-05 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue11-05 volume 04 issue 11-2024 27 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 26-33 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi in the context of ensuring sufficient agricultural production to meet the needs of the population, it is necessary to further deepen agricultural reforms and create an effective system of measures aimed at ensuring food security. one of the key tasks is the increase in leguminous grain crops, particularly those rich in proteins. chickpea, as one of the most valuable crops, contributes not only to solving protein issues but also to increasing grain production, maintaining and improving soil fertility, and ensuring the production of environmentally friendly products. it accumulates significant amounts of organic matter in the soil, improves nitrogen balance, converts difficultly soluble phosphates into plant-available forms, and enhances the soil’s water-physical properties. chickpea residues decompose more quickly compared to cereal residues, effectively protecting the soil from wind and water erosion and ensuring additional protein production [3; 11; 12; 17]. the human daily intake of protein should average 90100 grams, which constitutes approximately 12% of the total caloric intake [6]. chickpeas are among the most valuable legumes in terms of their nutritional content, containing over 80 elements beneficial for the human body, including proteins, fats, and vitamins. chickpeas stand out among all legumes due to their high nutritional value and richness in vitamins and other biologically valuable substances. the grains contain more than 80 elements beneficial to the human body. due to their high nutritional content, chickpeas are in high demand for food and feed purposes. chickpea grains contain 25-30% protein, 4-7% oil, 47-60% nonnitrogenous extractive substances, 2.4-12.8% cellulose, 4.0% ash, phosphorus, potassium, and various vitamins: a (carotene), e, c, pp, and b vitamins (b1 thiamine, b2 riboflavin, b4 choline, b6 pyridoxine), as well as more than 10 beneficial microelements (iron 2.6 mg, zinc 2.9 mg, iodine 3.4 mg, copper 0.7 mg, manganese 2.1 mg, selenium 28.5 mg, molybdenum 60.2 mg, boron 0.5 mg, silicon 92 mg, cobalt 95 mg). this composition helps prevent anemia and, in terms of energy and satiety, makes chickpeas comparable to livestock meat [3; 7]. m.i. smirnova-ikonnikova points out that chickpea grains contain essential amino acids such as arginine (9.5–12.5%), histidine (1.6–3.1%), lysine (2.2–6.1%), methionine (1.6–2.2%), tyrosine (1.5–2.9%), tryptophan (0.8–1.1%), cysteine (0.7–0.8%), with the main part of the protein being in the form of globulin. the fats in chickpea grains are mainly semi-drying, and they contain up to 2% phosphatides (lecithin), which enhance food properties. when chickpea grains are added to mixed feed, their digestibility improves. the stems and leaves are rich in oxalic and malic acids. the straw is unsuitable for cattle but serves as a good feed for sheep. in sheep farming, young lambs up to six months old are supplemented volume 04 issue 11-2024 28 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 26-33 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi with milk made from chickpea grain, promoting faster and stronger growth. chickpeas are rich in essential amino acids such as lysine, arginine, histidine, tyrosine, cysteine, and others, which are crucial for both human and livestock health. these amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through food. chickpeas do not have specific medicinal properties but are beneficial to human health due to their chemical composition. omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, iron, and folic acid help restore the body, strengthen the immune system, and enhance the nervous system. due to the presence of folic acid, chickpeas are also recommended for use by pregnant women and those planning to conceive. chickpeas help detoxify the body, relieve bronchitis, and chickpea decoction aids in preventing poisoning. young chickpea shoots are considered effective for managing diabetes. however, it is not recommended for breastfeeding mothers and children under six years old [5]. abu ali ibn sina, in his work "the canon of medicine," describes the medicinal properties of chickpeas, noting their unique benefits in lung nutrition, the use of chickpea oil for treating burns, ulcers, and itching, and its boiled water for alleviating toothache and milk swelling. additionally, chickpeas are known for their ability to dissolve kidney stones and their positive effects on intestinal diseases, diarrhea, and urinary organ treatment in france and the united kingdom. extracts from the stems and leaves, as well as apple, lemon, and oxalic acids, are widely used in south-east asian countries such as india, china, and burma for medicinal purposes [18]. d.a. bender and a.e. bender emphasize that chickpeas are an excellent source of copper, folic acid, and zinc, as well as protein, vitamin a, and iron. they are highly nutritious and serve as a healthy carbohydrate source for individuals with insulin resistance or diabetes. as noted by e. stepanova, consuming 100 grams of boiled chickpeas per day is sufficient to provide the body with essential nutrients. for individuals with a weak stomach, it is recommended to limit intake to 30 grams per day. chickpeas are superior to other legumes in terms of their nutritional value (329 kcal/100 g mass) [16]. chickpea milk, obtained from chickpea grains, has the same nutritional and medicinal properties as cow and soybean milk. additionally, due to the composition of semi-drying fatty acids in chickpea, lipid formation is reduced [2]. chickpea grains are used to prepare chickpea flour, various side dishes, soups, omelets, pastries, bread, jelly, and other dishes. when mixed with wheat flour (10-20%), it enhances the quality and nutritional value of bread, confectionery, and pasta products. chickpea flour is also used in children's food. chickpea bran, roasted and mixed with tomato paste, raisins, sesame, or walnut kernels, is used to make sweet bars. in some countries, including india and azerbaijan, chickpea acid volume 04 issue 11-2024 29 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 26-33 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi is used as a substitute for vinegar and in the preparation of cold beverages. v.g. klimenko's research shows that the protein content in all chickpea varieties ranges from 12.6% to 31.0%, with this variation dependent on soil-climatic conditions and protein biosynthesis [9]. the data in the literature suggests that the protein content in chickpea grains changes depending on cultivation techniques [13; 14]. this underlines the necessity of developing scientific guidelines for selecting and cultivating varieties suited to the soilclimatic conditions of each region [1; 11]. methods our research was conducted at the experimental production base of the institute of grain legume research in sirdarya, under irrigation conditions with slightly saline soils. the soil had less than 1% residual dry matter, with an overall salinity of 0.030-0.033%, chloride levels often exceeding the toxicity threshold, reaching up to 0.036%, sodium content of 0.047%, and sulfate content of 0.130-0.134%. the experimental field is located in the southeastern part of the mirzachul region, characterized by a sharply continental climate with hot, dry summers and moderate winters. the region experiences significant temperature variations between day and night and between summer and winter. the experiment utilized chickpea varieties from the global collection, including “flip98-140c-(guldutoshdau)”, “flip98-116c-(miroz)”, “flip98-152c”, “halima” and “uzbekistan-32.” the sowing of chickpea seeds occurred in the second half of october (autumn) and the first ten days of march (spring), with seeds germinated under the natural moisture conditions of the soil. general agronomic practices were followed, and the preceding crop was autumn wheat. the variants were arranged in 4 replications, with each plot covering 48 m². data collection and analysis were performed following the "methodology for state variety testing of agricultural crops" (1985, 1989) [10], and statistical analysis was carried out using b.a. dospekhov's (1985) guide to variance analysis and the spss-17 program [7]. the technological quality indicators of the grain, including: -protein content (kjeldahl method) oil content (soxhlet apparatus using a solvent extraction method) cellulose content (henneberg and stohmann method) ash content (mendel method) maturity level of the seeds results and discussion the results from the experiment showed that sowing dates had a significant impact on the chemical composition of chickpea grains: water content: chickpea grains sown in spring had water content up to 8.5-9.6%, while autumn sowing volume 04 issue 11-2024 30 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 26-33 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi showed a slight decrease, with the range from 8.09.4%. oil, non-nitrogenous extractive substances, and total energy showed significant differences across varieties. fiber content: chickpeas sown in spring had higher fiber content compared to autumn sowing, except for the “flip98-140c-(guldu-toshdau)” variety, which showed the opposite trend. “flip98-140c-(guldutoshdau)” and “flip98-183c-(halima)” varieties had lower fiber content (4.9-4.98%), while the control variety “uzbekistan-32” had the highest fiber content (9.45-9.65%) in both sowing dates. oil content: the oil content in chickpea grains from autumn sowing was 0.06-1.96% higher than in spring sowing. “flip98-152c” had the highest oil content of 6.47% when sown in autumn. ash content: sowing date had little effect on the ash content of chickpea grains. non-nitrogenous extractive substances: these were higher in autumn-sown chickpeas. the highest nonnitrogenous extractive substances were found in “flip98-116c-(miroz)” (66.83%) in autumn sowing, and the lowest in “uzbekistan-32” (60.14%) in spring sowing. regarding oil content, chickpea seeds sown in the spring had 0.06-1.96% lower oil content compared to those sown in the autumn. among the varieties studied, the “flip98-152c” variety had the highest oil content (6.47%) when sown in autumn. the data analysis indicated that planting time had little impact on the ash content of chickpea seeds. the lowest ash content was observed in the “flip98-183c(halima)” variety when sown in autumn (3.49%). the amount of nitrogen-free extractive substances was higher in all varieties when sown in autumn. the highest level of nitrogen-free extractive substances was found in the “flip98-116c-(miroz)” variety (66.83%) when planted in autumn, while the lowest was in the “uzbekistan-32” variety (60.14%) when planted in spring. according to the experimental results (table 3.18), chickpea varieties sown in autumn had higher total energy value. the highest energy value was recorded for the “flip98-183c-(halima)” variety (361.67%), while the lowest was in the “uzbekistan-32” variety (306.12309.5%). the protein content in the seeds was affected not only by the planting time but also by the biological characteristics of the varieties. when the “uzbekistan32” variety was sown in the spring, it had a protein content of 20.28%. the “flip98-152c” variety had the highest protein content at 24.28%, while the “flip98140c-(guldu-toshdau)” variety had the lowest protein content at 18.8%. the variability in protein content between the varieties suggests that the biological characteristics of the varieties influence this trait. specifically, the “flip98-152c” variety had 4.0% more protein than the control variety, indicating a volume 04 issue 11-2024 31 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 26-33 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi good match between genotype and environment. when chickpeas were sown in the spring, the protein content in the seeds ranged from 18.8% to 24.28%, while in the autumn sowing, the protein content decreased by 1.25-2.59%. these data confirm that spring sowing results in a higher protein content in the seeds. conversely, when planted in the autumn, the oil content in the seeds was higher. chickpeas, widely consumed in our diet, are appreciated for their quick and easy cooking characteristics, making them of practical significance. the cooking time of chickpea varieties was studied, and it was found that the cooking time for the varieties “flip98-140c-(guldu-toshdau)”, “flip98-183c(halima)” and “flip98-152c” was 30 minutes, while for the “uzbekistan-32” variety it was 40 minutes, and for “flip98-116c-(miroz)” it was 50 minutes. therefore, the varieties “flip98-140c-(guldu-toshdau)”, “flip98-183c-(halima)” and “flip98-152c” are not only suitable for food and energy sources but also can be considered among resource-efficient varieties. table effect of planting time on seed quality indicators (average of 3 years of data) (data from "grain products research institute") № indicator varieties uzbekistan-32 flip 98-140с (guldutoshdau) flip 98-116с (miroz) flip 98-152с flip 98-183с(halima) planting time spring autumn spring autumn spring autumn spring autumn spring autumn 1. moisture content, % 8,5 8,0 9,4 9,2 9,2 9,2 8,8 8,0 9,6 9,4 2. protein, % 20,28 17,66 18,8 17,55 19,55 18,93 24,28 21,69 19,90 19,43 3. crude fiber, % 9,65 9,45 4,9 7,5 5,72 5,24 6,49 5,43 4,98 4,69 4. oil, % 4,99 6,06 4,79 5,0 5,18 5,24 4,51 6,47 5,11 5,18 5. ash content, % 3,86 4,10 3,60 3,67 3,67 3,76 4,00 4,04 3,76 3,49 6. nitrogen-free extracts, % 60,14 63,77 64,91 65,77 65,89 66,83 60,72 62,37 66,66 66,81 7. total energy value, kcal 306,12 309,5 310,75 314,27 314,37 315,45 313,5 319,9 314,54 361,67 conclusions sowing date significantly influenced the chemical composition of chickpea grains. autumn sowing led to volume 04 issue 11-2024 32 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 26-33 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi lower protein content and higher oil content, compared to spring sowing. these results confirm that spring sowing leads to higher protein content, while autumn sowing enhances oil content. introducing chickpea varieties such as “flip98-152c” and “halima” in sirdarya could provide new opportunities for protein-rich crops and increased yields. references 1. abdiev a.a. growth, development, and yield of chickpea varieties sown at different times and rates in the foothill dryland areas of kashkadarya region. // author's abstract of dissertation for the degree of candidate of agricultural sciences. uzniih. – tashkent, 2008. 2. anikeeva v.n., antipova l.v. methods of producing chickpea milk. // international agricultural journal. – moscow, 2005. – pp. 63-64. 3. atabaeva k.n., khudaikulov j.b. plant science. textbook. tashkent, 2018. – pp. 192-196. 4. bender d.a., bender a.e. 2005. dictionary of food and nutrition. new york: oxford university press. isbn 0198609612. 5. bushulyana o.b. et al. modern technology of chickpea cultivation. https://farming.org.ua. 6. vavilov p.p., posypanov g.s. leguminous crops and the problem of plant protein. -m.: rosselkhozizdat, 1983. – p. 27. 7. donskaya maria vladimirovna. chickpeas. published june 28, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?vqgeran-geijm 8. dospikhov b.a. field experiment methodology. moscow: agropromizdat, 1985. 351 p. 9. klimenko v.g. the protein content of legume seeds. kishinev: shtiintsa, 1978. pp. 193-197. 10. methodology of state variety testing of agricultural crops. vol-2. – moscow, 1989. – 194 p. 11. mirsharipova g.k. "to choose chickpea varieties under mirzachul conditions and determine appropriate dates and schemes." // author’s abstract of dissertation for the degree of candidate of agricultural sciences. uzniih. – tashkent, 2010. 12. mirsharipova g.k., turdimetov sh.m. the effect of soil agrochemical properties on chickpea cultivation. // uzbekistan biology journal. tashkent: "fan" publishing, uzbekistan academy of sciences, 2007, no. 4, pp. 59-62. 13. mirsharipova g.k. dependence of harvest structure and productivity of pea varieties on forage area approval. texas journal of agriculture and biological sciences, 22-11-2022. pp. 71-75. zien journals: [link to the article](https://zienjournals.com/index.php/tjabs/a rticle/view/2773) 14. mirsharipova g.k. fractional composition of chickpea seeds in irrigated agriculture conditions. // bulletin of agricultural science of uzbekistan, no. 5 (11), 3 (special edition), 2023, pp. 262-264. volume 04 issue 11-2024 33 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 26-33 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 15. smirnova-ikonnikova m.i. protein content in leguminous crops. // bulletin of agricultural crops, 1962. – no. 7. 16. stepanova e. 6 interesting facts about chickpeas. [link to the article](https://zira.uz/ru/2018/11/22/nut) 17. turdimetov s.m., mirsharipova g.k., botirova l.a., abdujalilova a.x., mustafakulov d.m. impact of legume crops on the agrochemical and agrophysical properties of soil in mirzachol conditions. journal of critical reviews, issn-23945125, vol. 7, issue 17, 2020. pp. 2220-2234. 18. ernazorov i., kholliev a.n. chickpeas. // uzr ditaf. – tashkent, 1995. pp. 215-217. 19. [link to the article] (https://iim.uz/recommended/view?idq24) american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 37 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue04 2025 page no. 37-44 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-09 forest management system based on geospatial information resources nazarova gulchexra nurmuxanbetovna associate professor, tashkent university of information technologies, uzbekistan boboqulov abbos dilshod o‘g‘li phd student, tashkent university of information technologies, uzbekistan received: 28 february 2025; accepted: 29 march 2025; published: 30 april 2025 abstract: the article discusses the development of geospatial information support for addressing forestry issues, implemented in the form of a forest geoinformation system that ensures the resolution of multi-level management problems within the republic of uzbekistan. keywords: forest infrastructure, public-private partnership, transport accessibility, efficiency, forestry complex, investments, regional development, logistics, strategic planning, economic assessment. introduction: the development of sustainable forestry is one of the main tasks of forest management. sustainable forest management refers to purposeful, long-term, and economically beneficial relationships between people and forest ecosystems. nowadays, it is difficult to imagine sustainable forest management without forestry materials and environmental monitoring data. the main goal of forest management is to obtain reliable and comprehensive information about the forest fund, ensure the rational use of forest resources, and develop a system of measures aimed at the efficient expansion, protection, and preservation of forests. data obtained in the field of forestry are one of the key sources for shaping information resources about the state of the environment, anthropogenic impacts, and even transboundary transfer of pollutants. these data contribute to more rational use of natural resources and help assess the condition of potentially hazardous facilities for the national economy. the main task of forest management is to provide forestry professionals, forestry-related activities, and government bodies with information through maps indicating forest resources and their location, and to monitor the activities of organizations operating in forested areas. the goal of the environmental monitoring system is to support and supply information for decision-making processes in environmental protection and environmental safety. without proper information support, it is impossible to manage forests effectively. the rapid development of computer technologies and information systems, along with the emergence of gis as systems enabling the use of spatially distributed multi-temporal data, has fundamentally transformed the entire information supply system of forestry. it has also created a need to develop specialized geographic information systems (gis) to address forestry-related challenges. lesgis offers several methods for updating data: • based on field surveys of forest areas using gps; • based on field interpretation of aerial photographs and images; • based on satellite imagery. after a detailed analysis of the functional features of various gis platforms—including their sets of service applications, ability to work with cartographic materials, user-friendliness, and ease of learning mapinfo was selected as the base system. lesgis possesses computing and modeling functions https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-09 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-09 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-09 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-09 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 38 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) for working with integrated databases, allowing for the adoption of various user solutions in forestry: • making current updates to existing inventory (information) and cartographic databases using computers, ensuring up-to-date information about the forest fund at all times; • retrieving data from the database in both digital and cartographic formats through standard and custom queries (including spatial distribution of query results). figure 1 – general structure of lesgis let's briefly consider the functional capabilities of the complex (system): 1. the information acquisition and query generation block provides the following: obtaining information about each plot of forest fund land; creating queries, obtaining reports on queries and thematic maps; obtaining information about felling sites. 2. linear and area object cranes block: production of cranes of linear objects (roads, power lines, highways, etc.) and area objects (deviations); allocation of land plots for the construction of industrial and residential facilities; obtaining descriptions of forest fund land plots within the boundaries of the allocation, material and monetary valuation based on forestry data, data for drawing up a declaration by the forest user. 3. gps working block: using gps receiver data when making changes to the cartographic database. 4. state forest register block: obtaining the main forms of the state forest register; report on the assortment composition of forest stands; report on the results of cadastral assessment; report on the results of material and monetary assessment of felling areas. 5. block “create queries”. the formation of queries for the selection and grouping of taxation indicators is carried out using the “query system for the db unit” module. the standard sql language for creating queries to databases. 6. “forest fund” block: obtaining material and monetary assessments based on allocation data; american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 39 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) accounting for actually cut timber, taking into account inspection reports of felling areas and violations of the rules for the removal of standing timber, analysis of the felling fund; receiving statistical reports; a set of statistical reports, analysis of the use of forest resources at all levels of management. the information basis of the system is a data bank, the composition and organization of which are determined by the composition of input and output data necessary to solve functional problems. the main component of the information system is a unified relational database containing information on forestry. additional databases are provided for the operation of the system: a database of stored areas; a database of timber harvesting areas; a database of stored queries; a database of access control systems (dbknkt); a database of report templates; a database of the status of tax allocations; a normative-informational database (mmmb) a replication database. the main element of the geographic information system is the forest inventory database, which is a set of interrelated template tables, the content of which describes various aspects of the state of forests. the fields of the layout tables contain numerical data and coded data on the taken-into-use taxation indicators, quality characteristics and planned activities. the data encoding complies with the soli (forestry information processing system) standards and is accompanied by the corresponding references, which are part of the mm (normative-informational) database specially provided in the system. the structure of the database is an example of a sample form of a tax card filled out in the forestry process. the thesis describes the technology of the state forest inventory, developed using the lesgis geoinformation system and aerospace research materials. defined the concept of organization of monitoring of forest fund lands (forest monitoring), which is based on a system of complex monitoring of the state of the forest fund using remote sensing methods throughout the territory and a system of ground control with selective placement of permanent observation points, taking into account the natural conditions of forests, influencing factors and the ecological and economic significance of forests; and also with the use of space images. the characteristics of the tax and the stock of fallen harvests can be determined on the basis of largescale aerial photographic materials or during ground inspection of felling areas. to predict the success of subsequent restoration work on felled areas, aerospace images are used to record preserved seed fragments and lines, determine the sizes and distances between them, and compare the obtained data with the materials of the delimitation of felling areas. in logging areas, the timber reserves cut as a result of cutting seed strips or strips are determined based on their area and reserves indicated in the logging area allocation materials or forestry materials. in order to determine the degree of damage to the soil and the degree of mineralization of its surface from the impact of logging equipment during clearing, the total area of skid tracks, timber storage areas and other production facilities is determined from photographs. in clearings in mountain forests, the degree of development of erosion processes in the form of linear forms of erosion or layered soil washing is also determined. the area of forestry monitoring is shown in figure 2. in the statistical inventory of forests, a network of sample plots is created throughout the studied area, located in a certain order and statistically representative in terms of their totality. when conducting a state forest inventory (gil), it is necessary to determine the density and placement method of the sample plot network at the gil work site. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 40 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) fig. 2. kashkadarya region forestry monitoring workspace the above-mentioned gil tasks are solved using lesgis. lesgis is used to create digital maps of the distribution of the gil work object area by layers (stratification) and to determine the number of sample plots. the scheme for implementing the complex of works on maintaining the state forest fund is shown in fig. 3. since digital databases have been created for only a third of the district forestry enterprises in kashkadarya, the issue of creating a digital information base for forest inventory through the processing of paper-based forestry materials is becoming especially relevant. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 41 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) figure 3 scheme of the complex of works on the state forest fund the document proposes the following scheme for preparing an information base for the state forest inventory: collection of the latest forestry materials in forestry enterprises (former forestry enterprises): tablets, forest plantation plans, tax descriptions; obtaining topographic maps (scales from 1:10,000 to 1:50,000, depending on the scale of forestry plans and the availability of topographic maps for a given area); scanning of forestry planning and cartographic materials and topographic maps; input of main indicators from the tax description: forestry, district forestry, quarter number, allotment number, allocated area, land category, dominant species, quality class, ft (forest type), dry tree trunks, litter, density, reserve in the allotment; characteristics for areas used to obtain general information on uzbekistan (periodic inventory), it is necessary to additionally enter the full tax characteristics of planting; linking forestry materials with topographic maps, their vectorization, creation of digital maps of the forest and forest gis for forestry objects; obtaining materials of space photography (aerial photography) with their subsequent processing to introduce changes occurring under the influence of economic activity and natural factors (deforestation, burns); taxation (at the level of land categories) and correction of cartographic databases using forestry gis. the lesgis geoinformation system plays a special role in updating forestry data. this is due to the fact that the conducting fieldwork on samples mapping of sample locations quality control of field operations data processing if photostatistical methods are applied the gil works object is selected (forest management) selecting the gil object (subject of the rf, forest area) accuracy of determining total stock depends on the gil object category preparation works (database expansion, stratification, cartography) the required number of samples for the gil object is calculated the number of samples for the gil works object is calculated the presence of the gil works object area is determined locating sample centers in the field availability is higher than 20% yes no american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 42 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) functional capabilities of the system allow loading remote sensing materials (raster of aerial photographs and space images) into cartographic and taxonomic databases created on the basis of the proposed technology and making changes to these databases based on image analysis. in addition, the age of forestry materials predetermines the need to update forest taxation indicators (changes in height and diameter, density and stock). all this can also be done using the lesgis geographic information system. thus, the final result of the actions is the update of cartographic and taxonomic databases used to plan gil work. the following characteristics are accepted for the forest: species group (main species), age group, areas not covered by forest vegetation (burnt areas, gaps, etc.), vertical zonality. as one of the specific features when determining layers in mountainous areas, the author also suggests taking into account vertical zonality, so the height above sea level is related to the productivity of forest plantations. by constructing surveys taking into account the criteria for determining layers, digital maps of the distribution of the territory of the gil work object by layers are created using the gis “forestry”. figure 4 shows a part of such a map. figure 4 example of polygon distribution of elevation zones using lesgis the polygon design diagram is shown in figure 5. each polygon has an elevation attribute. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 43 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) . figure 5 polygon distribution scheme by elevation classes the article proposes a methodology for monitoring forest management practices using space imagery, digital aerial photography, and ground surveys. the work on identifying illegal logging sites was carried out both interactively and automatically using multi-zone satellite imagery by comparing space imagery acquired at different times. conclusion as a result of the conducted research, the following main results were achieved: the tasks of forest planning and forestry management were analyzed, the prospects for the development of forest planning based on new methods of data collection and processing were considered, and methods for making management decisions using geographic information systems (gis) were analyzed. to ensure the solution of forestry problems at various management levels, the architecture of a geographic information system was developed: district forestry a forestry body of a subject of the republic of uzbekistan; and the logical structure of databases necessary for solving these problems. it is proposed to use a territorial database as the basis for forming an interconnection of geographic information system databases to ensure forestry management. the architecture, database structure, query system and necessary functional modules are proposed to provide data analysis for making management decisions at various levels of forestry management in the subject of the republic of uzbekistan. the technology of state forest inventory based on high and medium-resolution satellite imagery and stratification using the lesgis geoinformation system has been developed. the tasks of ecological monitoring of forests have been formulated and the technology for implementing monitoring has been developed. this technology is built on the basis of medium and high-resolution satellite imagery, digital aerial photography and the lesgis geographic information system. monitoring serves to solve the following tasks: detection of illegal logging; monitoring of compliance by forest users with the basic rules and regulations of forestry management; assessment of the condition of clearing areas after logging (inspection of clearing areas). references manovich, v.n. use of geographic information systems of forestry for organization of state forest inventory [text] / v.n. manovich // geodesy and cartography. 2009. no. 1. p. 45-47. soliyev a.i. monitoring of forestry resources of fergana region vol. 2 no. 24 (2024): scientific approach to the modern education system dilshod karimov, "modern methods of monitoring forest resources", tashkent: scientific publications, american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 44 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) 2022. kresnov, v.g. on the characteristics of cedar forests of siberia [text] / v.g. kresnov, v.n. manovich, a.s. makhonin // forestry. 2007. no. 3. p. 35-38 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 9 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue05 2025 page no. 9-12 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-03 on the environmental problems arising in the development of the cotton industry ishniyazov zokhid normamatovich free researcher at the international center for strategic development and research in the field of food and agriculture, uzbekistan received: 16 march 2025; accepted: 12 april 2025; published: 14 may 2025 abstract: as a result of the agroeconomic refoms many positive resuls were achieved, economic stabilite was established in the republic, great achievemens were achieved in satisfying the demand of the population of the republic fo food producs and industrial raw materials with the producs grow in our country. according to the resuls of many studiyes, cotton occupiyes a leading position in agricultural production. the purpose of this article is to develop the derictions of digitization of the system of placyement of variyetiyes in the crosssection of the regions in the field of cotton, in the conditions of development of market relation. keywords: agriculture, production resources, technologies, agrocluster, farm, cooperatives, food, atmosphere, farming, natural wealth, economic problem, environmental problems. introduction: in the context of the development of market relations, the prospects for ensuring the sustainable development of the agrarian sector economy are directly related, first of all, to the effective use of existing resources, the introduction of resourcesaving equipment and agrotechnologies. widespread use of the achievements of agricultural science and technology, advanced practices in the sector is an important basis for the promising development of agricultural production at a time when resource scarcity is becoming increasingly evident, their quality is deteriorating, and the threat of negative consequences of environmental problems for humans and the environment is increasing. due to environmental problems emerging in agriculture, such as the increase in the content of chemical compounds harmful to human health in food products, drinking water, and the deterioration of the melioration state of soils, new technologies, agrotechnical methods, and economic mechanisms that ensure environmental safety require constant implementation in practice. main part global climate change occurring on our planet, increasing population, development of measures to adapt agricultural production to the negative consequences of climate change, introduction of effective economic mechanisms, and expansion of scientific research on improving food supply are emerging. according to experts, taking into account that the world population will reach 9.6 billion by 2050, the issue of economical use of available agricultural resources for food production will become extremely urgent. in this regard, the issue of effective use of resources in the agricultural sector of our republic, especially in cotton cultivation, and the promotion of the introduction of resource-saving technologies into practice is the issue of the state's attention.in particular, the decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated december 27, 2018 no. pq-4087 "on urgent measures to create favorable conditions for the widespread introduction of drip irrigation system in the cultivation of raw cotton", it is aimed at economic stimulation of the introduction of water-saving technologies in cotton cultivation, and serious delays are being allowed in the implementation of scientifically based agrotechnical measures in the cultivation of cotton raw materials and the introduce tion of water saving technologies of irrigation, the introduction of drip irrigation technology, farms that use these technologies, as well as drip irrigation systems and these it is pointed out that there are https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-03 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-03 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-03 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-03 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 10 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) no effective mechanisms of state support for local producers supplying systems components. agricultural reforms, the transfer of land to private clusters and cooperatives made it possible to increase productivity in cotton growing by an average of 10% per year. as a result of the introduction of the cluster system in the cotton industry and the complete cancellation of the state order, the cotton raw materials grown today are being processed in the entire republic. in addition to the above, extensive use of agricultural science and technology development achievements, advanced practices in the cotton industry is causing the increasing shortage of resources, the deterioration of the quality of land and water resources, and environmental pollution due to environmental problems. therefore, in today's era, when the danger of environmental problems for people is increasing, there is an increasing need to use alternative, ecologically safe methods of developing the cotton industry. in relation to the development of the cotton industry in clusters based on scientific achievements, the occurrence of environmental pollution, the increase of harmful chemical compounds for living creatures in the food, atmosphere, and drinking water produced in the agricultural sector, the de terioration of the mechanical, agrochemical and land reclamation conditions. is also causing. therefore, modern agricultural science, the process of organizing production in the field of cotton production should be carried out together with the implementation of the urgent task of maintaining ecological balance. this, in turn, requires the regular introduction into practice of innovative technologies, ecological agrotechnics, and socio-economic mechanisms that encourage the implementation of environmental activities. life proves that natural resources, natural resources gifted to us by nature, are not stable and inexhaustible, always renewable resources, as we think, but very rare, in most cases, they cannot be replaced or restored. that is why the issue of using natural resources economically, avoiding wastage and pollution, and most importantly, using technologies that replace used resources (for example, returning humus and nutrients to the soil after harvest) is not only an environmental issue, but also an economic issue. creating solutions to environmental problems in agriculture, preventing the deterioration of the environmental situation, requires conducting targeted scientific research, as well as encouraging the introduction of the results of this research into production. the complexity of the issue is that in most cases, environmental measures are either economically inefficient for the entrepreneur or require additional costs (taking into account that the entrepreneur's goal is to make more profit). as a topical solution to the problem, attention is currently being paid to the development of organic cotton farming in our republic. ecological production (in agriculture, the terms "ecological", "organic", "eco" have essentially the same meaning). ecological agriculture is primarily understood as a production method that does not have negative consequences for the environment. this involves paying attention to preserving biological diversity in the region, achieving harmony with nature, and using methods that allow maintaining the biological activity of microorganisms in the soil in crop fields. within the framework of ecological agriculture, pesticides and herbicides are not used, and the use of mineral fertilizers is sharply reduced. the biological state of the soil is maintained through a crop rotation system. since cotton fiber produced within the framework of organic cotton farming is classified as a technical product, it does not have such a strong environmental significance as grain, horticulture, viticulture or vegetable growing, it is extremely relevant in terms of food value due to the widespread consumption of cottonseed oil. on the other hand, the low pollution damage caused by organic cotton farming to the environment further increases the importance of developing organic production, which requires support. thus, in the fight against environmental problems, it is primarily intended to establish and adhere to pollution limits that can be observed by introducing methods, technical means and technologies that pollute the environment less, or to establish and adhere to them, the minimum harmful levels for living nature and humanity. we believe that the implementation of measures related to the prevention of environmental problems arising from the development of the cotton sector should be carried out within the following three groups: the first group a set of restrictive (penal) measures within the limits of environmental pollution indicators applicable to the cotton sector and entities related to the cotton sector; the second group a set of economic incentive measures to create environmental methods, mechanisms, and tools in accordance with the level of american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 11 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) their widespread use; the third group a set of measures promoting and advocating the importance of environmental measures for the environment and society, and calling for the implementation of environmental measures. the third group includes the activities of secondary specialized and higher educational institutions that train specialists in the field of ecology and science. one of the important measures aimed at reducing the level of environmental pollution should be optimization measures related to optimizing the amount (weight) of cotton acreage in the composition of arable land in cotton-growing regions. this is due to the fact that the soil ecology of arable land has deteriorated due to cotton monoculture. based on the optimization of the weight of cotton acreage, it is possible to increase the amount of humus in the arable layer of soil, increase soil fertility, and reduce the amount of toxic chemicals used to protect plants by eliminating foci of cotton diseases and insects in the soil. due to the large amount of water required for cotton irrigation, the inadequacy of irrigation networks and outdated irrigation methods, and most importantly, the difficulty of introducing water payments, water consumption in cotton farming remains very high. although excess water consumption is considered an economically inefficient resource consumption, its potential as a source of environmental problems is often overlooked. excessive water resources consumed in cotton farming are a source of environmental pollution, increasing the level of groundwater and causing secondary salinization of the soil. excess water consumption is a cause of leaching of the fertile topsoil, i.e., water erosion. excessive water consumption in irrigation not only leads to the leaching of nutrients dissolved in the soil, which leads to a wasteful consumption of resources, but also pollutes water bodies with toxic chemical compounds due to the release of most of the mineral fertilizers into the groundwater. the increase in the level of mineralization of water in water bodies leads to a decrease in the quality of water used for irrigation, and chemical compounds are carried to the fields with mineralized water. thus, the use of land and water resources, mineral fertilizers, and various toxic chemicals in the cotton production process creates conditions for environmental pollution, and therefore is considered a source of environmental problems. assessing cotton production as a source of environmental pollution and understanding the nature of environmental sources allows us to take appropriate measures to reduce the scale of pollution. results and discussions it can be widely used in developing measures to develop the cotton sector and initiate work to prevent environmental problems arising in this process; in studying the theoretical aspects of environmental problems related to the development of the cotton sector; in implementing measures to develop environmental awareness among agricultural managers and specialists and among the rural population; and in improving the legal and organizational foundations of the processes of eliminating environmental problems in the development of the cotton sector. a theoretical conclusion can be drawn from this: when environmental pollution can become a problem, if human rights are violated as a result of the pollution of the residential area during the production of products. the restoration of this property right indicates that the problem of pollution has been eliminated (although the source of the environmental problem has not been eliminated). however, under such circumstances, property rights are constantly in conflict. because the right of companies producing cotton raw materials or toxic chemicals that have a negative impact on human health to make a profit by producing products necessary for society, and the rights of other members of society to drink clean water, breathe clean air and live a healthy life are reciprocal. a conflict arises. the issue of reducing the level of pollution and keeping the level of pollution at a less harmful limit is discussed, taking the continuation of the process of environmental pollution as a problem that cannot be completely eliminated simultaneously with the development of the cotton industry. based on the above scientific and practical conclusions, the following proposals are put forward: local organic fertilizers should be used more to increase the productivity of cultivated areas in the cluster; cotton growing clusters should not cause environmental damage to the population living near the cultivated fields; environmental education in our country should start from every family, and also it is appropriate to teach the issue of ecology as a science in the educational programs of schools and higher educational institutions; in the process of growing products in clusters specialized in cotton production, chemical means should be used according to scientifically based american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 12 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) standards; it is required to establish regular provision of information, data, recommendations on environmental education through other mass media, internet networks; the issue of ecology and environmental protection should be taught more widely as a separate subject in all areas of higher education and colleges in the field of agriculture. references karimov i.a. the development of agriculture is a source of prosperity. -tashkent: uzbekistan, 1996. 6 p. karimov i.a. let our homeland be free and prosperous. -tashkent: uzbekistan, 1996. -158 p. karimov i.a. uzbekistan towards a great future. tashkent: uzbekistan, 1998. 106 p. karimov i.a. uzbekistan its own path of renewal and progress. -tashkent: uzbekistan, 1992. -146 b. beknazarov u.f., myrzaev b.j. integration of cotton development and development of environmental advisory system. /-tashkent, uzbiiti, 2007, pp. 57-58. panov r. placement of productive forces in conditions of economic and environmental tension.-t.: uzbekistan,-1990.-79 p. paul hein. economic way of thinking. environmental analysis. -world bank. -1994. -397 p. khusanov r.kh., chernov a.p., lee m.r. theory of ecological-economic foundations of agricultural development. -tashkent: uzniirr -2003. -52 p. khushmatov n.s. the selection of agricultural products and services. tashkent: yangi asr avlodi, 2004. 123 p. uzbekiston göza navlari. tashkent: uzinkomtsentr, 2001. – 5 p. choriev k.a. problems of agrarian resource potential in the conditions of transition to the market. tashkent: fan, 1992. –109 p. the results of scientific and practical research of the author american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 6 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue05 2025 page no. 6-8 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-02 studying the state of external respiration in adolescents under the conditions of the republic of uzbekistan ilyasova g.k. institute for scientific and methodological support, training and retraining of specialists in physical culture and sports of the republic of uzbekistan, associate professor, uzbekistan rzaev raxat muratbaevich head of the department of "veterinary diagnostics and food safety" of the nukus branch of the samarkand state university of veterinary medicine, animal husbandry and biotechnologies, uzbekistan received: 13 march 2025; accepted: 09 april 2025; published: 11 may 2025 abstract: it has been established that the voluntary increase in lung ventilation during rest is carried out by students within a fairly wide range, both due to the acceleration of breathing and due to the increase in respiratory volume. assessment of adolescent body reactions to muscle loads in sports activities revealed the presence of conditions of relative hypoxia and hypercapnia. this likely served as the basis for the formation of mechanisms for stable adaptation to changes in the body's internal environment while significantly increasing the effectiveness of pulmonary ventilation. keywords: adaptation, adolescent body, functional reserves, environment, respiratory volume, reaction assessment. introduction: the rate of change in body size, the functional characteristics of organs and systems, does not remain constant throughout the individual development of the organism, but changes regularly [1]. studying the activity of various functional systems of children and adolescents in changing environmental conditions is relevant not only because the developing child's organism is highly susceptible to its influence, but also because these influences largely determine the course of its further development. stressful stimuli of the external environment, including muscle work, change the magnitude and nature of the adaptive reactions of the child's body. the process of the formation of individual functional systems of the organism in ontogenesis goes through several phases, and the quality of ensuring a beneficial result for the organism depends on how mature the specific executive mechanisms in specific functional systems are. the interaction of a child's body with the environment has its own peculiarities and patterns. the process of formation of individual functional systems of the body in ontogenesis goes through several phases, and the quality of ensuring a beneficial result for the body will depend on how mature certain executive mechanisms in specific functional systems are. the interaction of a child's body with the environment has its own peculiarities and patterns. [1] the main characteristic of the child's body is the continuity of morphological and functional development, which is carried out in accordance with the genetic program of the individual's development, embedded in their hereditary apparatus. however, a child's organism, which is in the process of development, is more susceptible to the influence of various factors, quickly and sharply responds to changes in the environment. growth and differentiation processes in the child's body determine their high sensitivity to changes in environmental influences, and the realization of potential opportunities is carried out directly depending on environmental conditions. studying the problem of the functional state of the respiratory system under mental activity conditions is one of the leading areas in agerelated physiology. its solution is necessary for https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-02 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 7 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) understanding the patterns of the child's body's adaptation to changing internal and external environmental conditions, compensatory reactions, and functional restructuring related to the body's growth and age. assessing the adequacy of the mental loads used requires a deep understanding of the agerelated characteristics of the respiratory system's function, its mechanisms, and regulation, which contributes to the proper organization of the regime in children's institutions, the dosage of physical loads, and the development of tools and methods for preventing lung diseases in children. the purpose of our research is to study the influence of learning load intensity on the functional state of the respiratory system in middle school-aged students. during the work, 100 schoolchildren aged 15-17 years were examined. r. karakalpakstan): 50 girls and 50 boys. despite numerous studies on the problems of studying the adaptation systems of modern children, however, a number of issues have not been discussed or comprehensively considered within a narrow range of ontogenesis. in recent years, most of the works of modern researchers have been devoted to the physical development of children [3] and the results of complex functional studies are presented much less. currently, the ecological conditions of the southern aral sea region (including the republic of karakalpakstan) have significantly deteriorated in recent years. according to a number of specialists [1, 2], the state of public health continues to deteriorate significantly across a range of indicators. the greatest changes occurred in the health indicators of children, who, due to the imperfection of the body's defense forces, were the first among other population groups to react to the unfavorable environmental situation in the region. the peculiarities of physiological shifts occurring in the respiratory system under static stress, the rapid onset of fatigue, make them an important object of study, especially in the adaptation process of schoolchildren. the analysis of the obtained data shows that in schoolchildren studying in the republic of karakalpakstan at the beginning of the academic year, after the veloergometric load, all the studied parameters of the external respiratory system changed insignificantly. after the conducted dynamic exertion in boys at the beginning of the academic year, it was revealed that the maximum respiratory volume increased due to an increase in respiratory frequency. during the conducted research, it was also established that isometric work at the beginning of the academic year led to a decrease in the values of most external respiratory indicators in boys of the first year of study. a decrease in the value of minute respiratory volume (mrp) to 8.57+0.61 l/min (p<0.01) was observed due to the establishment of respiratory rate (rr).studying the mechanisms of adolescent organism adaptation to dynamically changing environmental factors is one of the priority tasks of physiological science. functional reserves of the organism are understood as the adaptive and compensatory ability of an organ, system, and organism as a whole, developed during evolution, to significantly increase the intensity of its activity compared to a state of relative rest [1, 2]. at the same time, the effectiveness of adaptation can be significantly increased by using additional functional loads on the body as a whole or on its individual functional systems, for example, breathing at rest and during muscle work. analysis of body mass parameters showed that the lowest level was recorded in adolescents from the karauzak district 55.64±0.76 kg, and the highest weight was noted in adolescents from the city of nukus 65.7±0.82 kg. as a result of the conducted research, it was revealed that the voluntary increase in lung ventilation at rest is carried out by students engaged in sports within a fairly wide range, both due to the acceleration of respiration and due to the increase in respiratory volume. it can be assumed that voluntary hyperventilation, accompanied by a significant increase in the activity of the respiratory muscles and an inevitable shift of gas homeostasis towards hypocapnia, causes, on the one hand, an increase in regulatory influences, primarily of a voluntary nature, on the external respiratory system, and on the other hand, the desire of natural regulatory mechanisms to optimize the functioning of the external respiratory apparatus in adolescents living in the conditions of karakalpakstan. voluntary hyperventilation, as well as voluntary hypoventilation, is carried out during physical exertion, leading to a decrease in the optimal functioning of the body's systems. it seems to us that this is a reflection of competitive regulatory influences, on the one hand neurohumoral mechanisms of respiratory regulation, and on the other mechanisms of voluntary control of pulmonary ventilation. as the conducted studies showed, assessing the reactions of the adolescent body to muscle loads in sports activities revealed the presence of conditions of relative hypoxia and hypercapnia. this likely served as the basis for the formation of mechanisms for stable adaptation to changes in the body's internal environment while significantly increasing the effectiveness of pulmonary ventilation. thus, we note that voluntary influences on the respiratory function of external respiration, apparently, to a certain extent disrupt the coordination of the activity of various body systems and lead to a american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 8 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) disruption of their optimal functioning. it has also been established that the systematic use of voluntary hypoventilation in the training process of adolescent sports training allows for a significant increase in the level of aerobic performance and maximum physical performance. for ventilation to occur, the child's body needs more effort to overcome resistance in the respiratory tract. for a general understanding of external respiratory work, we can cite information that the total work of respiratory muscles at rest in 8-year-old children is 0.38 kgm/min, and the elastic work component is 72.2%. the decrease in respiratory muscles' elastic work indicators at different ages is mainly associated with increased lung tissue extensibility, which in 8-year-old schoolchildren is 46.7 ml/cm3 of water, and in 13–14year-old children 120.8 ml/cm3 of water [3, 5]. the study revealed that the isometric load had a different effect on the cardiovascular system of girls and boys. in girls, there is a significant increase in stroke and minute blood volume, as well as an increase in systolic, diastolic, and pulse blood pressure indicators. in boys, these changes were less pronounced. these differences, in our opinion, can be explained by the peculiarities of the reaction of heart rate variability indicators in girls and boys to isometric load. in boys, their dynamics clearly indicated the predominance of the parasympathetic regulatory channel. thus, it can be noted that in adolescents born and living in unfavorable environmental conditions of the republic of karakalpakstan, a slight excess of indicators in the functioning of the adaptive respiratory system was revealed. references anokhin p.k. essays on the physiology of functional systems. 448p vorontsov i.m. laws of physical development of children and methods of its assessment //educationalmethodical. manual.l., 1986.56 p. 3.zayneev m.m., sitdikov f.g., ziyatdinova n.i., zefirov t.l. reaction of the cardiorespiratory system of first grade students to different types of load during the academic year // kazan medical journal.2008. vol.89.no 6.pp. 8330-834. solopov a.i., gorbaneva e.p., vlasov a.a., voskresensky s.a. functional reactions of the human body to the regulation of respiration by various methods // aviacosmic and environmental medicine, 2010. vol. 44. no. p. 28-33. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 6 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue03 2025 page no. 6-8 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-02 interrelations of the root weight trait with other valuable economic traits in the family of hybrids f3 of sunflowers in the conditions of karakalpakstan seytbayev r.s. doctor of philosophy in agricultural sciences, karakalpak research institute of agriculture, uzbekistan aytjanov b.u. doctor of agricultural sciences,, karakalpak research institute of agriculture, uzbekistan aytjanov u.e. doctor of agricultural sciences, senior researcher, karakalpak research institute of agriculture, uzbekistan received: 18 january 2025; accepted: 30 february 2025; published: 13 march 2025 abstract: this article presents mathematical analysis data on the correlations between root weight and several characteristics in simple and complex f3 sunflower hybrid families, including single plant productivity, plant height, basket diameter, and total leaf area. in this case, the correlation relationships in highly heterozygous hybrids changed in a positive direction, and the high indicators of two-three traits were concentrated in one genotype. keywords: sunflower, simple and complex hybridization, interdependence, correlation, heterozygote, genotype, root weight, productivity, plant height, basket diameter, leaf area. introduction: today, in the selection of agricultural crops, hybridization creates the possibility of changing heredity and the emergence of plastic genotypes adapted to a new environment based on simple and complex selection hybridization methods. hybridization and selection are the main factors in creating new varieties and largely depend on the chosen crossbreeding methods and the genotype of the raw materials. in sunflower selection, the need to create varieties with stable hereditary traits using new breeding methods is increasing. in our republic, one of the urgent tasks is the study of the interrelationship of hybrid families with other traits of economically valuable traits in the creation of drought-resistant agricultural crops, in particular, sunflower varieties, which require less water and eliminate water shortages. l.j.genjeeva [1] and others conducted research in the soil and climatic conditions of karakalpakstan, as a result of studying the relationships between some valuable traits of third-generation hybrids obtained from simple and complex hybridization of sunflowers, they showed that a change in one trait leads to a correlative change in another trait. the product obtained from sunflower seeds is considered one of the main vegetable oils used for consumption by the world's population. the surface yield of sunflower is 23 million/ha, the average yield is 14-15 c/ha, and the oil content in absolutely dry seeds is 55-56%. in advanced farms of some countries, sunflower yields reach 40-43 centners per hectare [2]. based on the results of research conducted by several scientists on the study of new sunflower lines in the conditions of karakalpakstan, they came to the following conclusions: in the conditions of natural salinization of karakalpakstan, the yield of a new highyielding seed kernel from station variety trials proves its effectiveness in creating genotypes that meet world standards for sunflowers with relatively high indicators, and the possibility of transferring l-24, l-28, l-43, and https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-02 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 7 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) l-63 lines, which showed relatively high indicators compared to the standard variety for the main economically valuable traits from the studied lines in the small variety trial nursery, to the large competitive variety trial next year [3]. in the natural saline conditions of karakalpakstan, station seed testing yields of new high-yielding kernels proved their effectiveness in creating genotypes that meet world standards for sunflowers with relatively high indicators, and the possibility of transferring the l24, l-28, l-43, and l-63 lines, which showed relatively high indicators compared to the standard variety in terms of key economically valuable traits, to major competitive variety testing next year was presented [3]. materials and methods of research our research was conducted in field and laboratory conditions according to the applied project of the karakalpak research institute of agriculture "creation of new promising early-maturing, high-yielding, high-oil varieties of sunflower by simple and complex hybridization, adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of karakalpakstan." all field observations were carried out according to the "methods of conducting field experiments," and genetic and breeding analyses of the obtained data were carried out according to dospekhov's methods. analysis and results in order to reduce the selection process of agricultural crops and obtain new raw materials and varieties with high indicators for most traits, it is advisable to fully study plant generations and gradually separate traits, as well as reduce the number of combinations created as a result of various hybridizations. in plants, correlative relationships between traits are of varying degrees, and from a genetic point of view, this is explained by the clustering of genes in one locus or the pleiotropic effect of genes. the relationship of characteristics is of two types, i.e., smooth-system and non-smooth-system. in a smooth correlation, an increase or decrease in the indicators of one trait leads to an increase or decrease in the indicators of another trait. in the first case, positive correlations arise, and in the second case, negative ones. when creating lines and varieties of sunflowers with positive main economically valuable traits, it is important to analyze the relationships of traits, that is, how one trait is in a strongly positive state and how it is related to other traits. in our study, a mathematical analysis was conducted to examine the correlations between root weight and various characteristics such as single plant productivity, plant height, head diameter, and total leaf area in simple and complex f3 hybrid families of the sunflower. figure 1. in the studied 6 f3 simple hybrid families, there was a moderate and strong positive correlation between root weight and productivity, i.e., the correlation coefficient ranged from 0.57 for example, f3 (sor gollips x kk-1), to 0.69 for f3 (tel's x kk-1), and in 3 complex hybrid families, a strong positive correlation was found from 0.66 to 0.69. these indicators provide information about the aggregation of genes controlling these traits. figure 1. correlation relationships between root weight and productivity, plant height, basket diameter, and total leaf surface area in sunflower plants. 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0. 69 0. 67 0. 59 0. 63 0. 57 0. 58 0. 66 0. 69 0. 680. 72 0. 68 0. 61 0. 56 0. 73 0. 48 0. 62 0. 7 0. 82 0. 52 0. 44 0. 47 0. 36 0. 51 0. 28 0. 43 0. 56 0. 470. 56 0. 61 0. 48 0. 45 0. 53 0. 47 0. 54 0. 45 0. 62 махсулдорлик ўсимликлар бўйи саватчалар диаметри умумий барглар сатҳи american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 8 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) among these traits, the highest positive correlation was observed in the families of the simple hybrid f3 (tels x kk-1), f3 (s-alstor x kk-1), and f3 (jant lower x kk-1), and the correlation coefficient was 0.63-0.69. in complex hybrids, the highest positive correlations were observed in the families f3 [f1 (s-ns-n-2011 x kk-1) x f1 (s-alstor x kk-1) ], which showed 0.69, and f3 [f1 (sor gollips x kk-1) x f1 (tels x kk-1) ], which showed 0.68. the root weight was also positively correlated with the plant height trait, that is, the correlation coefficient was 0.48-0.73 in simple hybrids and 0.62 to 0.82 in complex hybrids. in sunflowers, root weight significantly influences plant growth and development. the developed root system of sunflower adsorbs a large amount of nutrients and water and directly affects the development of the plant. it was established that in the f3 simple and complex hybrid families, the correlation between root weight and basket diameter was moderately positive. in simple hybrids, it ranged from 0.36 to 0.52, and in complex hybrids from 0.43 to 0.56. it was established that the root weight is connected to varying degrees with the mark of the total leaf surface area. in simple and complex hybrids, the correlation coefficient was 0.4-0.5. in some hybrids, for example, in simple combinations f3 (s-alstor x kk-1) and complex combinations f3[f1 (sor gollips x kk-1) x (f1 (tels x kk-1) ], the correlation coefficient was higher than 0.6. conclusion according to the above analysis, it can be concluded that the correlation relationships in highly heterozygous hybrids changed in a positive direction, and the high indicators of two-three traits were concentrated in one genotype. this leads to a significant acceleration of the breeding process. references айтжанов б.у., генжеева л.ж. кунгабоқар селексияси жараёнида оддий ва мураккаб дурагайлашдан олинган f3 авлодларнинг қурғоқчиликка бардошлилик белгилари бўйича корреляцион боғлиқликлари. // “ўзбекистон республикаси қишлоқ хўжалиги соҳаси самарадорлигини оширишда илмий тадқиқот институтлари ва олий та’лим муассасаларининг ролини оширишнинг долзарб масалалари” мавзусидаги илмий-амалий конференция материаллари тўплами 1-китоб. тошкент, 2018. б. 257-258 . абдукаримов д.т., луков м.к. кунгабоқар селекциясида узоқ дурагайлашнинг натижалари. // агро илм журнали. тошкент, 2019. 1-57 сон. б. 23. aytjanov u.e., aytjanov b.u. qoraqlpog‘iston sharoitida kungaboqarning yangi tizmalarini o‘rganish. // agro ilm jurnali. 5 [49] son, toshkent, 2017. b. 38-39. графов, в.п. сравнительная оценка продуктивности сортов и гибридов подсолнечника селекции ниисх юго-востока в условиях саратовского правобережья. // «вавиловские чтения-2009», саратов, 2009. c. 19-20. пимахин, в.ф. методы и результаты селекции подсолнечника в поволжье. // диссертация в виде научного доклада. саратов, 2000. c. 67 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 17 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue07 2025 page no. 17-19 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-04 theoretical foundations of establishing green coatings on the dried base of the aral sea madraimov rustamjon matkarimovich 2nd year master's student of the specialty "ecology (agriculture) " of karakalpakstan institute of agriculture and agrotechnologies, uzbekistan received: 21 may 2025; accepted: 17 june 2025; published: 19 july 2025 abstract: the desiccation of the aral sea has left behind a vast area of environmentally degraded land, creating a new desert landscape—the aralkum desert—where once water thrived. this paper explores the theoretical foundations of developing "green coatings," or vegetative cover, on the dried seabed of the aral sea. the study delves into the principles of phytomelioration, ecological succession, and afforestation strategies, as well as the biochemical and hydrological challenges inherent in the region. furthermore, it evaluates the role of plant-soil interactions, species selection, and environmental monitoring in shaping sustainable green infrastructure. the research also underscores the importance of interdisciplinary approaches that integrate ecological science, landscape restoration, soil chemistry, remote sensing technology, and community participation. the ultimate aim is to provide a comprehensive theoretical framework to guide large-scale environmental restoration projects in the aral sea basin. keywords: aral sea, aralkum, phytomelioration, ecological restoration, desertification, green infrastructure, afforestation, soil salinity. introduction: the aral sea, once the fourth-largest inland water body in the world, has undergone a catastrophic environmental transformation due to large-scale anthropogenic interventions. the diversion of the amu darya and syr darya rivers for extensive irrigation projects in the soviet era resulted in a drastic reduction in inflow, culminating in the near-total desiccation of the sea by the early 2000s. this environmental disaster has given rise to the aralkum desert, characterized by saline soils, unstable sands, and toxic dust storms. these phenomena have not only disrupted the local microclimate but have also contributed to increased respiratory diseases, loss of biodiversity, and a decline in agricultural productivity across the region. in response to these challenges, researchers and policymakers have proposed the establishment of vegetative cover—referred to in this context as "green coatings"—as a mitigation and restoration strategy. this approach involves the systematic planting of salt-tolerant vegetation to stabilize soils, reduce dust emissions, and initiate ecological recovery. however, the implementation of such strategies must be underpinned by robust theoretical knowledge encompassing soil science, ecology, hydrology, and landscape management. this article aims to provide an integrated theoretical framework to support the planning and execution of green coatings on the dried base of the aral sea. the concept of using vegetation as a tool for environmental restoration is deeply rooted in the theory of phytomelioration—a branch of ecological science that emphasizes the ameliorative effects of plants on degraded soils and ecosystems. according to phytomeliorative theory, the establishment of plant cover can lead to a progressive improvement in soil properties, including enhanced organic matter content, improved aggregation, reduced salinity, and increased microbial activity. moreover, plant cover can alter the albedo and energy balance of the surface, contributing to the stabilization of local microclimates. ecological succession theory also supports the development of green coatings. the initial colonization of barren or saline soils by pioneer species sets the stage for a sequence of biological and physical changes that https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-04 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-04 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-04 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-04 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 18 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) gradually support the establishment of more complex plant communities. this process is not instantaneous and often requires active human intervention to overcome environmental thresholds and ecological barriers. the necessity of green coatings in the aral sea region is further underscored by the pressing public health and socio-economic issues that arise from land degradation. wind-borne dust and salt from the dry seabed have been linked to increased rates of respiratory illness and soil erosion, thereby affecting both rural and urban populations. green coatings function as natural windbreaks and dust suppressors, significantly reducing the mobilization of fine particulate matter [5, 320-324]. the primary impediment to vegetation establishment in the dried aral sea basin is the extreme condition of the soils. salinity levels are often higher than the tolerance thresholds of most plant species, resulting in physiological stress, reduced germination, and high mortality rates. the soil structure is predominantly composed of fine clay and loamy sand, which exhibit poor drainage and aeration properties. furthermore, the presence of sulfates, chlorides, and bicarbonates contributes to chemical toxicity, which impedes root development and microbial colonization. in theoretical soil science, amelioration of such soils involves the modification of physical, chemical, and biological parameters. one of the key approaches is the application of soil amendments such as gypsum (caso4), which displaces sodium ions from soil exchange complexes, thereby improving soil permeability and reducing sodicity. additionally, organic mulching and the incorporation of compost or green manure can enhance soil structure and nutrient content. water availability constitutes another significant constraint. traditional irrigation methods are largely impractical in such a vast and arid area. therefore, water-efficient strategies such as drip irrigation, use of hydrogels, and seed priming techniques have been theoretically proposed and experimentally validated to enhance plant survival under limited water conditions. soil microbial ecology also plays a fundamental role in improving soil fertility and plant health. the use of microbial inoculants, including nitrogen-fixing bacteria (rhizobium, azospirillum) and mycorrhizal fungi, has been shown to increase nutrient uptake and stress tolerance in host plants. these symbiotic relationships are particularly critical during the initial establishment phase of vegetation. successful afforestation and green coating in saline and arid environments rely heavily on the selection of appropriate plant species. theoretically, plant species are evaluated based on their halophytic (salt-tolerant), xerophytic (drought-tolerant), and nitrogen-fixing capabilities. moreover, factors such as root system architecture, canopy structure, and growth rate must be considered to maximize ecological and functional outcomes. in addition to species selection, phytomeliorative techniques such as seedball application, hydroseeding, and mulching are theoretically advantageous. seedballs—composed of seeds, clay, compost, and sometimes hydrogel—protect seeds from desiccation and predation, thereby increasing germination rates. hydroseeding, which involves spraying a slurry of seed, mulch, and nutrients, provides immediate soil cover and fosters microclimatic improvement. another theoretical model is the facilitation cascade, wherein early-colonizing species modify the environment in ways that benefit subsequent species. for instance, the shading effect of initial plantings can lower soil temperature and reduce evaporation, creating microhabitats for more demanding flora. this layered approach to succession enables a gradual increase in plant diversity and ecosystem complexity [2, 315-330]. the restoration of the aral sea’s dried bed through green coatings aligns with several united nations sustainable development goals (sdgs), particularly sdg 13 (climate action), sdg 15 (life on land), and sdg 3 (good health and well-being). from a theoretical standpoint, green coatings contribute to carbon sequestration, biodiversity enhancement, and climate mitigation. furthermore, vegetative restoration supports regional economic development by providing non-timber forest products, grazing opportunities, and employment in planting and maintenance. the theoretical construct of ecosystem services underscores the multiple benefits of green infrastructure, including provisioning (e.g., biomass), regulating (e.g., dust suppression), supporting (e.g., soil formation), and cultural services (e.g., aesthetic and educational value). from a governance perspective, green coating projects offer opportunities for participatory environmental management. community involvement not only enhances the efficiency of afforestation programs but also promotes environmental stewardship and knowledge coproduction [3, 66-80]. modern technologies such as geographic information systems (gis), remote sensing, and drone surveillance are increasingly being integrated into afforestation planning and monitoring. these tools facilitate the mapping of soil salinity, vegetation health, and erosion risk, thereby enabling data-driven decision-making. theoretical models of ecological niche mapping and land suitability analysis help optimize site selection and species matching. institutionally, the success of green american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 19 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) coating projects depends on robust policy frameworks, cross-sectoral coordination, and long-term financial mechanisms. theories of adaptive co-management suggest that flexibility, iterative learning, and stakeholder engagement are essential for managing ecological uncertainty. capacity building and institutional strengthening at local and regional levels are necessary to ensure the sustainability of restoration efforts. international cooperation, particularly through multilateral environmental agreements and transboundary water management frameworks, is also critical. theoretical discourse on environmental diplomacy highlights the importance of shared environmental goals in fostering regional stability and cooperation. conclusion in summary, the establishment of green coatings on the dried base of the aral sea is a multifaceted endeavor that demands an interdisciplinary theoretical foundation. by integrating principles from phytomelioration, soil science, ecological succession, and sustainable development, this paper has outlined a comprehensive framework for understanding and guiding restoration activities. the challenges posed by soil salinity, aridity, and ecological degradation are formidable, yet not insurmountable. through informed plant selection, innovative soil management techniques, and the application of modern technologies, it is possible to initiate the regeneration of functional ecosystems in the aralkum desert. equally important is the role of institutional support and community engagement in ensuring the longevity and resilience of these efforts. the green coating of the aral sea's dry bed is more than an environmental intervention—it is a symbol of human responsibility, scientific ingenuity, and the potential for ecological rebirth in the face of crisis. references alikhanova, s., & bull, j. w. (2023). review of naturebased solutions in dryland ecosystems: the aral sea case study. environmental management, 72(3), 457472. bao, a., yu, t., xu, w., lei, j., jiapaer, g., chen, x., ... & kamalatdin, i. (2024). ecological problems and ecological restoration zoning of the aral sea. journal of arid land, 16(3), 315-330. jabbarov, z., abdrakhmanov, t., makhammadiev, s., nomozov, u., abdullaev, s., imomov, o., ... & wiłkomirski, b. (2024). shrinking of the aral sea: causes, effects, possibilities of revitalization. journal of scientific research and reports, 30(12), 66-80. shohida, s., & alisherovich, a. a. (2025). orolbo’yi mintaqasida ekologik vaziyatni barqarorlashtirish, orol dengizi qurishi natijasida yuzaga kelgan ekologik muommolarning salbiy ta’sirini yumshatish. journal of new century innovations, 78(1), 219-224. xojamuratov, n. b. u. (2023). qurigan orol dengizi tubida yashil qoplamalar barpo etishda saksovul o ‘simligining ahamiyati. academic research in educational sciences, 4(11), 320-324. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 20 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue06 2025 page no. 20-23 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue06-04 the effect of various agrotechnological measures on the chickpea plant and the number of weeds in rainfed fields khayitalieva madina khudoyarovna basic doctoral student of gulistan state university, uzbekistan muratkasimov alisher sattorovich phd, senior research fellow, lalmikor agricultural research institute, uzbekistan musurmanov alisher amirkulovich phd, associate professor, gulistan state university, uzbekistan received: 11 april 2025; accepted: 07 may 2025; published: 19 june 2025 abstract: this article presents the research results on the impact of fertilization rates on the number of chickpea plants and weeds in rainfed fields. the research was conducted at the “zomin bodomtepa adiri” farm, located near the zomin national nature park in the zomin district. keywords: soil fertility, mineral fertilizers, various agrotechnological measures, mulching, crop rotation, number of plants, weeds. introduction: according to the strategy for the development of agriculture of the republic of uzbekistan for 2020–2030, important strategic tasks have been defined, including: “…the consistent development of agricultural production, strengthening the country's food security, increasing the production of environmentally friendly products, and mitigating the negative impact of global climate change on the development of agriculture.” therefore, it is of particular importance to improve the agrophysical and agrochemical properties of soils widespread in rainfed areas, to make effective use of natural moisture, and to increase soil fertility and crop productivity by cultivating leguminous crops and studying their effect on soil fertility. at present, the area of land used for agricultural crop cultivation globally amounts to 1.6 billion hectares, of which 1.3 billion hectares are rainfed lands, accounting for 60% of agricultural output. therefore, ensuring the effective use of rainfed lands in agricultural production and maintaining and increasing soil fertility through improved methods of cultivating leguminous crops is one of today's pressing tasks. efficient use of rainfed lands, alongside irrigated areas, is essential to more fully meet the population’s needs for grain and flour products, high-protein and dietary legumes, oilseeds, and vegetable crops. rainfed fields have specific soil and climatic conditions, and the farming systems and agrotechnologies applied differ from those used in other regions. this is primarily due to the sharply continental climate, with cold winters and hot summers. most precipitation falls in winter and spring. in many years, starting from the second half of may, precipitation significantly decreases, temperatures rise, and both air and soil become dry, which slows photosynthesis. under such conditions, all agrotechnological measures should aim to ensure the effective use of natural moisture [1]. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue06-04 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue06-04 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 21 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) the research is being conducted at the “zomin bodomtepa adiri” farm, located near the zomin national nature park in zomin district. geographically, zomin district lies in the western part of jizzakh region. the area consists of sedimentary rocks from the paleozoic era (silurian, devonian, carboniferous periods), including limestone, crystalline schist, and sandstone. karst formations are widespread in areas composed of devonian limestone, including karrens and sinkholes, especially on the edge of the supa plateau and the ko‘lsoy gorge. paleogene and especially neogene deposits, including reddish clay, sandstone, and conglomerates, are widely spread in the central part of the ko‘lsoy and qizilmozorsoy basins, forming a variety of landforms. the climate of the national nature park is a typical mountainous climate, with cold winters and relatively cool summers. according to the ko‘lsoy meteorological station, the absolute minimum temperature is –32°c, and the absolute maximum is +33°c. the highest temperatures are recorded in july and august, and the lowest in december and january. the frost-free period lasts approximately 140 days. the long-term average annual precipitation ranges from 450 mm to 700–800 mm. winters in the park are stable and last about 5 months. in high mountain areas, snow cover persists from november until may–june [2]. research methods the field experiments in this study were conducted based on the methodological guidelines developed by scientists of uzpiti (uzbek research institute of plant industry and technologies), namely the "methodological manual for conducting field experiments". the methods for determining plant population and weed density were based on the state variety testing methodology for agricultural crops, and statistical analysis of the obtained data was carried out in accordance with b.a. dospekhov’s methodological work "methods of field experiments". the applied agrotechnological practices were based on recommendations developed by the scientific research institute of rainfed agriculture. research results increasing soil fertility and achieving stable yields in rainfed areas are among the most pressing agroeconomic challenges. the research indicates that leguminous crops, particularly chickpeas, play a significant role not only in ensuring food security but also in enriching the soil with nitrogen, thereby helping to restore and improve its fertility. field experiments were conducted with 10 variants in 3 replications. two main agrotechnological approaches were tested in this experiment: • a1 – traditional technology • a2 – mulching technology during the vegetation period, plants were supplied with mineral fertilizers and biopreparations in various dosages. each technology group (a1 and a2) included five variants, which differed by: • type and quantity of fertilizer • application method • use of additional substances (biopreparations, fungicides, insecticides) in each variant, the number of plants per 1 m² permanent plot was observed, and both total and average values were recorded. traditional technology (a1) in the traditional technology (a1), plant density varied depending on the type and method of fertilizer application: • variant 1 (control, no fertilizer): average of 22 plants per 1 m² • variant 2: application of p₄₀k₄₀ via broadcasting and n₃₀ during leaf emergence resulted in an average of 23.5 plants • variant 3: application of phosphorus and potassium via band (localized) method, with nitrogen applied during leaf emergence, recorded 24.5 plants on average • variant 4: a combined npk fertilizer strategy applied in two stages resulted in an average of 25.3 plants • variant 5: this variant included all of variant 4's treatments, with the addition of a biopreparation (rokogumin), a fungicide, and an insecticide, leading to an average of 25.8 plants under traditional technology conditions (see table 1) table 1. effect of chickpea cultivation on plant population as a means to improve the fertility of rainfed soils through the enhancement of legume cultivation methods american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 22 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) technology № variants number of plants in a 1 m² permanent plot total average 1 2 3 4 a1 – traditional technology 1 control variant without fertilizers 23 22 20 23 88 22,0 2 p₄₀ k₄₀ applied before sowing by broadcasting + n₃₀ at the 3–4 true leaf stage (spraying) 27 20 24 23 94 23,5 3 p₃₀ k₃₀ applied locally (band method) + n₃₀ at the 3–4 true leaf stage (spraying) – branching stage 25 26 24 23 98 24,5 4 n₂₀ p₃₀ k₂₀ applied locally (band method) + n₂₀ at the 3–4 true leaf stage (spraying) – branching stag 25 26 23 27 101 25,3 5 n₂₀ p₃₀ k₂₀ applied locally (band method) + n₂₀ at the 3–4 true leaf stage (spraying) + rg (rokogumin biopreparation) – 2.5 l/ha + fungicide – 0.15 l/ha + insecticide – 0.15 l/ha – branching stage (suspension formulation) 27 28 25 23 103 25,8 a2 – sowing based on "mulching" technology (using straw) 1 control variant without fertilizers 25 24 25 26 100 25,0 2 p₄₀k₄₀ applied before sowing by broadcasting + n₃₀ at the 3–4 true leaf stage (spraying) 23 24 28 27 102 25,5 3 p₃₀k₃₀ applied locally (band method) + n₃₀ at the 3–4 true leaf stage (spraying) – branching phase 26 28 27 25 106 26,5 4 n₂₀p₃₀k₂₀ applied locally (band method) + n₂₀ at the 3–4 true leaf stage (spraying) – branching phase 28 26 28 27 109 27,3 5 n₂₀p₃₀k₂₀ applied locally (band method) + n₂₀ at the 3–4 true leaf stage (spraying) + rg (rokogumin biopreparation) – 2.5 l/ha + fungicide – 0.15 l/ha + insecticide – 0.15 l/ha – branching phase (suspension) 27 28 28 29 112 28,0 in the a2 – mulching technology, mulching was performed using straw. the experimental results were significantly higher compared to the traditional technology. under this approach, the number of plants in each variant was higher—even in the control variant without fertilizers, a noticeable difference was observed, with an average of 25 plants/m². in variant 2, the plant count reached 25.5. in variant 3, with band fertilizer application, this indicator increased to 26.5. in variant 4, an average of 27.3 plants was recorded. the best result was observed in variant 5, where biopreparations and protective agents were applied — yielding 28.0 plants/m². this technology helped retain soil moisture, thereby improving seed germination rates and seedling viability. the organic cover created a favorable microclimate, increasing microbial activity in the soil, while integrated treatment with biopreparations and fertilizers enhanced plant health and development. in conclusion, the mulching technology proved superior to traditional methods, having a significant positive effect on plant population. the fertilizer-free control under mulching technology showed results comparable to fertilized variants in the traditional system, with 25 plants/m². band fertilization allowed for efficient fertilizer use, contributing to improved outcomes. the american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 23 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) combined use of biopreparations, fungicides, and insecticides strengthened plant vitality and biological activity. the experiments demonstrated that regardless of soil conditions, modern agrotechnical approaches— especially ecological and biological technologies— serve as effective tools for improving soil fertility and achieving stable yields. references a.s.muratkasimov. lalmi tipik bo‘z tuproqlarning hozirgi holati va ulardan samarali foydalanish yo‘llari (g‘allaorol tumani tuproqlari misolida). qishloq xo‘jaligi fanlari bo‘yicha falsafa doktori (phd) ilmiy darajasini olish uchun yozilgan dissertatsiyasi. toshkent, 2019. 11 b. l.a.alibekov. o‘rta osiyo tabiiy geografiyasi. samarqand 2006. b 65-66. доспехов б.а. методика полевого опыта (с основами статистической обработки результатов исследований) москва. агропромиздат, 1985. -351 с. аринушкина е.в. руководства по химическому анализу почв //м. мгу. 1970. 197 с. dala tajribalariini o‘tkazish uslublari // o‘zpiti, toshkent, 2007, -b. 1-146. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 37 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue07 2025 page no. 37-40 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-07 evaluation of technological quality indicators of rice samples under the conditions of karakalpakstan kamalov miyirbek murat ogli head of the rice selection and seed production laboratory, grain and rice scientific production association, uzbekistan adilbaeva aysuliw amanbay qizi student of the karakalpakstan institute of agriculture and agrotechnologies, uzbekistan kazakbaeva iroda saparbaevna student of the karakalpakstan institute of agriculture and agrotechnologies, uzbekistan ibraymova ayzada kewlimjay qizi master's student at berdakh karakalpak state university, uzbekistan received: 24 may 2025; accepted: 20 june 2025; published: 22 july 2025 abstract: this study analyzed the technological quality indicators—such as head rice yield, broken grain ratio, and translucency—of rice variety samples adapted to the agroecological conditions of the republic of karakalpakstan. based on the research results, rice samples with complex valuable agronomic traits such as d-8 otb d-133 k-99, d-281, d-18 urazbay, and d-249, d-106 otb damir (8) oct were identified. these samples demonstrated high technological quality and are recommended as starting materials for breeding programs. keywords: rice, variety, selection, grain, technological indicator. introduction: rice is one of the world’s major staple food crops, and with the growing global population, the demand for rice is increasing annually. in uzbekistan, the rice industry plays a crucial role in ensuring national food security. in particular, rice cultivation in the republic of karakalpakstan is carried out under harsh agroclimatic conditions, making the development of highly productive and technologically suitable rice varieties adapted to the region’s environment a pressing issue. the region's specific climatic conditions—including saline soils with heavy texture, water scarcity, spring frosts, and a short growing season—negatively affect rice development. therefore, creating early-maturing, stress-tolerant varieties that meet the requirements for technological processing is of significant importance. karakalpakstan's geography and climate differ greatly from other regions of uzbekistan. located in the lower reaches of the amu darya, fields often contain various types of alluvial soils with differing salinity levels. the climate is hot and dry in summer, but spring temperatures remain cool until the second decade of may. early frosts in the third decade of september limit the rice growing season due to insufficient biological active temperatures. the rice varieties currently cultivated in karakalpakstan often do not fully meet the technological and industrial processing requirements, which necessitates comprehensive research into developing improved varieties. soil salinity is the main factor behind the reduction in rice productivity and quality. creating salttolerant varieties is therefore a critical priority. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-07 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-07 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-07 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-07 https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8294-5405 https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8294-5405 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 38 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) depending on these factors, it is necessary to develop earlyand ultra-early-maturing rice varieties with high technological characteristics suitable for global markets. under extreme environmental stress, the role of resistant varieties becomes especially important in increasing rice productivity. in addressing these challenges, the selection of appropriate hybrid combinations and varieties adapted to the soil and climatic conditions is crucial for improving rice yield and quality. studying international and working collections under stress conditions to identify promising genotypes is one of the key solutions. varieties selected from global collections can be used as donors for creating new, high-yielding, stress-resistant lines. abiotic stresses such as drought, extreme temperatures, heavy metals, and salinity significantly impact the biochemical processes and development of crops, leading to reduced productivity and threatening food security. among these stresses, salinity is the most widespread and detrimental factor, limiting plant growth, soil health, and crop yields [3]. given the severe soil and climatic conditions of karakalpakstan, developing resilient rice varieties is crucial to achieving stable productivity [1]. the region suffers from chronic water shortages, making irrigation a major challenge for farmers [2]. therefore, scientific research focused on identifying rice varieties that are productive, salt-tolerant, diseaseand pest-resistant, and commercially viable under these conditions is essential. methods the study was conducted at the grain and rice scientific production association. quantitative and qualitative evaluations of rice samples were carried out using methods based on the standards of the international rice research institute (irri). rice grains were polished using a micromputer ricepolisher skz 111 b-4 model device. • grain shape (l/w ratio) was determined. • external grain traits were assessed visually without instruments. • each fraction was weighed with 0.01 g precision on an electronic scale and expressed in percentage: percentage (%) = (fraction mass / 100 g) × 100 the following main indicators were calculated: • total rice yield (%) = whole + broken + fragments • bran yield (%) = bran mass / 100 × 100 • broken rice (%) = broken mass / 100 × 100 • whole rice (%) = whole rice mass / 100 × 100 results and discussion when studying the early-ripening characteristics of the studied variety samples compared to the widely distributed gulistan (standard) variety in our republic, comparative analysis was conducted based on technological quality indicators compared to the "gulistan" standard (table 1). american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 39 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) table 1 classification of technological quality indicators of samples selected from breeding nurseries american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 40 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) according to experimental results, technological quality indicators were evaluated for 10 rice samples selected from breeding nurseries (table 1). based on seed structure, samples were divided into "large" and "d/z" (dense grain) groups. the translucency level ranged from 92-97%, indicating high-quality grain formation in these samples. total rice yield varied from 68.3 g to 78.0 g, averaging 73.18 g. this indicator corresponds to the medium-high rice yield category according to international standards. the highest rice yield of 78.0 g was recorded by sample d-76 d-19 d-173 otb 1(10)(2). whole rice yield varied from 57.0 g to 70.4 g, averaging 63.15 g. the highest whole rice yield was determined in samples d-8 otb d-133 k-99 (70.4 g) and d-281 d-18 urazbay (69.3 g). this indicates their resistance to breakage and high technological profitability during processing. fragment yield varied from 3.4 g to 21.0 g, averaging 10.56 g. the lowest fragment yield was in sample d-249 d-106 otb damir (8)oct (3.4 g), indicating mature and unbreakable grain characteristics. additionally, total and whole rice yield percentages were shown, with the highest values around 78.0% (total rice) and 70.4% (whole rice), which fully comply with international quality standards (according to irri: ≥70% whole rice yield is required for highquality varieties). conclusion from the conducted research, it can be concluded that the selected rice varieties and samples with high indicators for whole grain yield, fragment content, and translucency were presented to breeding scientists for creating new types of varieties and samples. references abillayev u, abdullayev b.u, yesemuratova g.q, yesemuratov a. peculiarities of salt-resistant rice cultivation in conditions of water scarcity and late arrival in karakalpakstan. prospects for cultivating cereal, legume, oil, and feed crops with high yield and quality resistant to global climate change. international scientific-practical conference. may 13, 2022, p. 149 sattarov m, ergashev m. evaluation of some droughttolerant rice varieties to resilient the impact of insufficient irrigation water in shimbay, karakalpak republic. collection of articles from the international scientific-practical conference "modern methods of growing rice and legume crops and prospects for using resource-saving technologies." 2023, p. 38 tavakkoli e, fatehi f, koventri s, rengasami p, mcdonald gk. additional effects of na+ and clions on barley growth under salinity stress. j. exp. bot., 2011;62(6):2189-2203 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 20 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue03 2025 page no. 20-23 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-06 technology of cultivation of silybum marianum gaertn. l. (milk thistle) k.yu.abdraimova the department of "technology of storage, cultivation and processing of medicinal plants" of karakalpakstan institute of agriculture and agrotechnologies, senior lecturer, uzbekistan a.o.karimbayeva the department of "technology of storage, cultivation and processing of medicinal plants" of karakalpakstan institute of agriculture and agrotechnologies, assistant teacher, uzbekistan d.r.rasbergenova the department of "technology of storage, cultivation and processing of medicinal plants" of karakalpakstan institute of agriculture and agrotechnologies. assistant teacher, uzbekistan g.i.saparniyazova 3rd year student of speciality "technology of cultivation and processing of medicinal plants", uzbekistan received: 27 january 2025; accepted: 25 february 2025; published: 23 march 2025 abstract: this article provides an in-depth analysis of the cultivation technology of silybum marianum gaertn. l. (milk thistle), a medicinal plant valued for its hepatoprotective properties, primarily attributed to its bioactive compound, silymarin. the article explores essential aspects of milk thistle cultivation, including soil and climate requirements, sowing practices, fertilization, irrigation, pest and disease management, as well as harvesting and post-harvest processing. additionally, it highlights modern biotechnological advances, such as in vitro and hairy root culture techniques, that can complement traditional farming methods to enhance the production of silymarin. practical examples are provided to illustrate the recommendations for successful cultivation, making it a comprehensive guide for both small-scale and large-scale producers. keywords: silybum marianum, milk thistle, silymarin, hepatoprotective properties, cultivation technology, soil requirements, sowing practices, fertilization, irrigation. introduction: milk thistle (silybum marianum gaertn. l.) is a widely cultivated medicinal plant, renowned for its hepatoprotective properties, largely attributed to its bioactive compound, silymarin. over the years, the cultivation of milk thistle has gained importance due to its valuable seeds, which are used in pharmaceuticals and supplements. this article presents a comprehensive guide to the technology of cultivating silybum marianum, focusing on soil requirements, sowing practices, fertilization, irrigation, pest management, harvesting, and post-harvest processing. the article also includes practical examples to aid understanding [1, 111-117]. soil and climate requirements the cultivation of milk thistle is highly dependent on the soil and climate conditions. these factors influence the plant’s growth and the quality of the harvested seeds. aspect recommendation examples https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-06 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-06 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-06 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-06 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 21 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) soil type fertile, well-drained soil with a neutral to slightly alkaline ph (6-7.5). sandy loam or clay loam, rich in organic matter. commonly grown in mediterranean soils. climate warm, temperate climate with moderate rainfall or drought tolerance. thrives in areas like southern europe, the mediterranean, and parts of north america. temperature ideal temperature range between 15°c to 30°c. best grown in areas with long, sunny summers and mild winters. milk thistle is adaptable to various climates but performs best under temperate conditions with a welldrained, fertile soil that supports deep root development. it has moderate water requirements and is drought-tolerant, though it responds well to irrigation during dry spells [4, 199-206]. sowing practices the sowing method plays a crucial role in the establishment and growth of silybum marianum. aspect recommendation examples sowing method direct sowing into the soil or transplanting seedlings. direct sowing in rows with spacing of 40-60 cm between plants. sowing depth seeds should be planted 1.5 to 2 cm deep. shallow sowing in cool climates, ensuring better seedling emergence. optimal sowing time sowing should occur after the last frost in early spring. for temperate zones, sowing in late march to early april is ideal. in terms of sowing, direct seeding is often preferred for large-scale cultivation. the recommended sowing depth of 1.5 to 2 cm ensures proper seed germination. the best sowing time is after the last frost to avoid damage to the seedlings [2, 825-830]. fertilization and irrigation fertilization and irrigation are key factors that directly impact the growth and seed yield of milk thistle. aspect recommendation examples nitrogen fertilization 50-100 kg/ha of nitrogen, depending on soil fertility. fertilizing with 60 kg/ha nitrogen improves seed yield. phosphorus fertilization apply 30-60 kg/ha of phosphorus for root development. application of phosphorus for soils deficient in this nutrient increases root vigor irrigation moderate irrigation during critical growth periods. 50-60 mm per week during flowering and seed development stages. milk thistle benefits from nitrogen fertilization, particularly if the soil is deficient in this nutrient. phosphorus also plays a vital role in enhancing root development. while milk thistle is drought-tolerant, consistent watering during key growth stages such as flowering and seed development helps ensure higher yields [6, 156-160]. pest and disease management while milk thistle is relatively resistant to pests, it is important to manage potential threats to avoid losses in seed yield and quality. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 22 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) aspect recommendation examples pests regular monitoring for seed-head weevil (larinus latus) and aphids seed-head weevil can damage seeds, reducing quality. aphids may transmit plant viruses. integrated pest management use natural predators and biological control methods. introduction of trichogramma wasps to control weevil populations. disease prevention rotate crops to prevent fungal diseases. rotating with legumes reduces fungal diseases like fusarium on the seeds effective pest and disease management ensures healthy plants and high-quality seeds. integrated pest management (ipm) practices such as the use of natural predators, biological control agents, and crop rotation can help minimize the need for chemical pesticides, making the process more sustainable [3, 729]. harvesting and post-harvest processing proper harvesting and post-harvest processing are essential to preserve the bioactive compounds, particularly silymarin, in the seeds. aspect recommendation examples harvest time harvest when seeds are fully mature, but before natural dispersal. harvest in late summer when seeds turn from green to brown. harvest method hand harvesting or mechanical harvesting using combine harvesters. hand-harvesting for small-scale operations; mechanized harvesting for large-scale. seed cleaning clean seeds immediately after harvest to prevent contamination. use an air-screen cleaner to remove debris and damaged seeds. drying dry seeds in a shaded, ventilated area or using commercial dryers. dry seeds at temperatures under 40°c to preserve silymarin content. the timing of the harvest is crucial; seeds must be harvested when they are mature but not overripe. drying and cleaning should be done quickly to maintain the quality of the seeds. proper storage in cool, dry conditions extends seed viability and quality. biotechnological advances in addition to traditional farming methods, biotechnological innovations offer new ways to increase silymarin production. aspect recommendation examples in vitro cultivation use tissue culture techniques to propagate milk thistle in controlled environments. in vitro cultures can be used to produce high yields of silymarin in a laboratory setting. hairy root cultures employ agrobacterium rhizogenes to produce hairy root cultures for silymarin extraction. hairy root cultures have been studied for high silymarin content production in controlled conditions. these biotechnological techniques can complement traditional cultivation methods and offer an alternative american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 23 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) source of silymarin, which is particularly useful for commercial production when demand is high [5, 836]. conclusion the successful cultivation of silybum marianum requires careful attention to several factors, including soil preparation, proper sowing, fertilization, irrigation, pest management, and timely harvesting. farmers should also consider advancements in biotechnology, such as tissue culture and hairy root culture, to increase the yield of silymarin, which is the key bioactive compound in the seeds. by following the appropriate cultivation practices and utilizing modern technologies, milk thistle can be cultivated efficiently for both medicinal and commercial purposes, contributing to the growing demand for natural health products. references habán, m., habánová, m., otepka, p., & kobida, ľ. (2010). milk thistle (silybum marianum [l.] gaertn.) cultivated in polyfunctional crop rotation and its evaluation. research journal of agricultural science, 42(1), 111-117. karkanis, a., bilalis, d., & efthimiadou, a. (2011). cultivation of milk thistle (silybum marianum l. gaertn.), a medicinal weed. industrial crops and products, 34(1), 825-830. marceddu, r., dinolfo, l., carrubba, a., sarno, m., & di miceli, g. (2022). milk thistle (silybum marianum l.) as a novel multipurpose crop for agriculture in marginal environments: a review. agronomy, 12(3), 729. porwal, o., ameen, m. m., anwer, e. t., uthirapathy, s., ahamad, j., & tahsin, a. (2019). silybum marianum (milk thistle): review on its chemistry, morphology, ethno medical uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities. journal of drug delivery and therapeutics, 9(5), 199-206. valková, v., ďúranová, h., bilčíková, j., & habán, m. (2020). milk thistle (silybum marianum): a valuable medicinal plant with several therapeutic purposes. the journal of microbiology, biotechnology and food sciences, 9(4), 836. vozhehova, r. a., fedorchuk, m. i., lavrynenko, y. o., kokovikhin, s. v., lykhovyd, p. v., biliaieva, i. m., & nesterchuk, v. v. (2018). effect of agrotechnological elements on milk thistle (silynum marianum) productivity. regulatory mechanisms in biosystems, 9(2), 156-160. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 20 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue05 2025 page no. 20-26 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-06 assessing the economic injury level of pests in vegetable crops (tomatoes, cabbage) khudaykulov a’zamjon mirzoqulovich phd in agricultural sciences, associate professor, tashkent state agrarian university, uzbekistan norova malika nurullayevna phd student, tashkent state agrarian university, uzbekistan kholmuradov nuriddin khudoyberdiyevich phd student, tashkent state agrarian university, uzbekistan gaziyeva dilnoza komiljonovna phd student, tashkent state agrarian university, uzbekistan bobokulov akobir master’s student, tashkent state agrarian university, uzbekistan received: 31 march 2025; accepted: 29 april 2025; published: 31 may 2025 abstract: this article presents the results of research conducted to assess the economic injury level (eil) of key pests affecting vegetable crops, specifically tomatoes and cabbage. during the study, the damage caused by each pest to the yield was determined, and their economic threshold (et) was established. furthermore, effective control measures were substantiated through monitoring, pest population counting, and analyzing their impact on yield. based on the obtained results, recommendations were developed to improve the biological and integrated pest management systems for vegetable crops. this work holds significant importance in increasing economic efficiency in agriculture and ensuring the rational use of chemical agents. keywords: vegetable, potato, trap crop, natural enemy, pest, parasitoid, predator, agrobiocenosis, moths, phytophages, entomofauna. introduction: our country, special attention is being paid to the production of organic products free from synthetic chemical compounds. particular emphasis is placed on creating and applying environmentally friendly, biologically harmless technologies instead of artificial fertilizers that pollute the environment and soil. a glance at the organic agriculture market shows that in 2019, the international market turnover for organic agriculture reached 96.7 billion euros. worldwide, 2.8 million producers were engaged in this activity across 71.5 million hectares of land. experts state that the global organic products market has been growing at an average rate of 15% annually since 2016. by the end of 2022, its turnover had reached 183.35 billion dollars. it should be specifically noted that our country has abundant fertile land suitable for organic fruit production. however, the mere availability of land is not sufficient for producing organic products. today, a crucial issue in global practice is the application of technologies for plant protection that are free from harmful chemicals, which could otherwise transfer to the human body through nature and agricultural products. one such technology is the use of "trap https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-06 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-06 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-06 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-06 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 21 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) crops" to protect fruit and vegetable products from insect pests in agriculture.for pest control in organic product cultivation, the primary reliance is on landscaping around the cultivated area and applying other biological control methods (zehnder et al., 2007). in certain regions, planting diverse crops (polyculture) has been found to result in less pest damage compared to monoculture (andow, 1991; letourneau et al., 2011). polycultures can enhance biological control by attracting natural enemies and simultaneously complicate the living environment for pests (root, 1973). geographical description of research sites tashkent province was established on january 15, 1938, and is located in the northeastern part of uzbekistan. the province borders kazakhstan's shymkent province to the north and northwest, kyrgyzstan's osh province to the northeast, namangan province to the east, and syrdarya province to the south. tashkent province, situated in the northeastern part of uzbekistan, includes the western tian shan mountains and foothills, as well as the angren and chirchik river valleys. the northeastern and eastern parts are occupied by the chatkal, kurama, pskem, and ugam mountain ranges, while the area sloping down towards the syrdarya river to the south and southwest consists of piedmont plains. samarkand region was established on january 15, 1938. it borders navoiy region to the north and west, qashqadarya region to the south, and jizzakh region to the southeast. the qarnobcho'l desert occupies its southwest, while its north adjoins the fringes of the kyzylkum desert. the central part of the region is dominated by oases and foothills stretching from east to west between the zarafshan and turkestan mountain ranges. a significant portion of the region's irrigated lands is located in this central area. andijan region was established on march 6, 1941. the region borders the kyrgyz republic to the northeast and south, fergana region to the west, and namangan region to the northwest. the surface of andijan region is primarily flat. its current relief and surface geological formations were created by the activity of large and small rivers and their tributaries during the quaternary geological period. the western part of the region consists of a hilly plain (elevation 400-500 m), while the eastern part (east of andijan city) is composed of branches of the fergana and alay mountain ranges. methods the primary methods for applying trap crops in our research were classified based on plant characteristics and their placement in the field. according to plant characteristics, they are categorized as conventional, genetically engineered, and "dead-end" trap crops. based on field placement, they are classified into strategies such as complex, perimeter, sequential, and two-tactic ("push-pull") strategies [shelton, badenesperes, 2006]. to determine the species composition, distribution, and damage of pests in vegetable crops (tomatoes and cabbage), and for sample collection, the methods of g.m. yaroslavtsev, s.g. boinskaya, v.f. paliy, b.p. e.s. shyiko, g.s. posypanov, g.ya. bey-bienko, s.m. volkov, and l.m. kopaneva were utilized. for studying the bioecological characteristics of subterranean pests of potatoes planted as a second crop after cereals and for compiling phenological tables of insects, the methods of k.k. fasulati and a.n. kozhchanov were employed [8; p.238, 9; p.286, 10; p.269, 11; p.189, 12; p.177, 13; p.175, 14; pp.120-300, 15; pp.47-59, 16; p.76, 17; pp.40-42, 18; 19; pp.26-27]. results the research was conducted in vegetable-cultivated areas of tashkent, samarkand, and andijan regions. according to our observations carried out in the fields of the tashkent state agrarian university's educationalexperimental farm in kibray district, tashkent region, the economic injury level (eil) for representatives of the lepidoptera order, noctuidae family, specifically the turnip moth (agrotis segetum den. et schiff) and the heart and dart moth (a.exclamationis.l), was determined to be 2-3 individuals per square meter (table 1). table 1 economic injury level of pests in vegetable crops (tomatoes, cabbage) (tashkent state agrarian university's educational-experimental farm, kibray district, tashkent region, 2023-2024) american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 22 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) № c a te g o ry f a m il y type izmm number per, 1 m2 number per 100 plants, number per leaf, uzbek name latin name 1. leridoptera noctuidae autumn armyworm agrotis segetum den.et schiff 2-3 2. eksclamation mark moth a.exclamationis. l 2-3 3. cottan bollworm heliothis armigera hb 3-4 4. coleoptera elateridae turkestan click beetle agrotis meticulosus cond 3-4 5. moustached click beetle slon cerambycinus sem 3-4 6. scarabagidae march beetle melonotha afflicta ball 3-4 7. pest beetle polyphilla adspersa motsch 3-4 8. may beetle melonotha melonotha, m. hypocastani 3-4 9. orthoptera gryllotalpidae tailed beetle gryllotalpa gryllotalpa l. 2-3 10. diptera agromyzidae stinging flies liriomyza sativae b. on one leaf 1,0-2,0 11. leridoptera plutellidae diamondback moth plutella maculipennis curt 3-5 12. pieridae cabbage white butterfly pieris brassicae l. 5-7 for two species of wireworms from the family elateridae (order coleoptera) – the turkistan wireworm (agrotis meticulosus cond) and the longhorn beetle-like wireworm (slon cerambycinus sem) – the economic injury level (eil) was 2-3 individuals per square meter. among the scarabaeidae family (also within the order coleoptera), the eil for the march cockchafer (melolontha afflicta ball), the harmful cockchafer (polyphylla adspersa motsch), and the may beetle (melolontha melolontha, m. hypocastani) was determined to be 3-4 individuals. for the mole cricket (gryllotalpa gryllotalpa l.) from the family gryllotalpidae (order orthoptera), the eil was 23 individuals. furthermore, for one species of leafmining fly (liriomyza sativae b.) observed on tomato crops in the experimental field, the eil was 1.0-2.0 individuals per leaf. according to the conducted research, for cabbage crops in the experimental field, the eil for the diamondback moth (order lepidoptera) was observed to be 3-5 individuals per leaf, while for the cabbage white butterfly, the eil was 5-7 individuals. during our observations in the cultivated fields of "bozorov zoxid zamini" farm in jambay district, samarkand region, the eil for the turnip moth (agrotis segetum den. et schiff) and the heart and dart moth (a. exclamationis l.), both belonging to the order lepidoptera, was 1.5-2 individuals per square meter. for two species of wireworms from the family elateridae (order coleoptera) – the turkistan wireworm (agrotis meticulosus cond) and the longhorn american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 23 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) beetle-like wireworm (slon cerambycinus sem) – the eil was 2-3 individuals per square meter. among the scarabaeidae family, the eil for the march cockchafer (melolontha afflicta ball), the harmful cockchafer (polyphylla adspersa motsch), and the may beetle (melolontha melolontha, m. hypocastani) was 23 individuals. for representatives of the orthoptera order, specifically the gryllotalpidae family, the economic injury level (eil) for the mole cricket (gryllotalpa gryllotalpa l.) was 2-3 individuals (table 2). table 2 economic injury level of pests in vegetable crops (tomatoes, cabbage) (bozorov zoxid zamini farm, jambay district, samarkand region, 2023-2024) № c a te g o ry f a m il y type izmm number per, 1 m2 number per 100 plants, number per leaf, uzbek name latin name 1. leridoptera noctuidae autumn armyworm agrotis segetum den.et schiff 1,5-2 2. eksclamation mark moth a.exclamationis. l 1,5-2 3. cottan bollworm heliothis armigera hb 3-4 4. coleoptera elateridae turkestan click beetle agrotis meticulosus cond 2-3 5. moustached click beetle slon cerambycinus sem 2-3 6. scarabagidae march beetle melonotha afflicta ball 2-3 7. pest beetle polyphilla adspersa motsch 2-3 8. may beetle melonotha melonotha, m. hypocastani 2-3 9. orthoptera gryllotalpidae tailed beetle gryllotalpa gryllotalpa l. 2-3 10. diptera agromyzidae stinging flies liriomyza sativae b. on one leaf 1,0-2,0 11. leridoptera plutellidae diamondback moth plutella maculipennis curt 3-5 12. pieridae cabbage white butterfly pieris brassicae l. 5-7 on the experimental tomato plot, the economic injury level (eil) for one species of leaf-mining fly (liriomyza sativae b.) was found to be 1.0-2.0 individuals per leaf. according to the conducted research, on the american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 24 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) experimental cabbage plot, the eil for the diamondback moth (order lepidoptera) was 3-5 individuals per leaf, while for the cabbage white butterfly, the eil was observed to be 5-7 individuals. during the research at the educational-experimental farm of the asaka branch of the cotton breeding, seed production, and cultivation agrotechnologies scientific research institute (psueaiti), our observations showed that the eil for the turnip moth (agrotis segetum den. et schiff) and the heart and dart moth (a. exclamationis l.), both belonging to the order lepidoptera, was 2-3 individuals per square meter. the eil for the cotton bollworm (heliothis armigera hb) was 3-4 individuals. for two species of wireworms from the family elateridae (order coleoptera) – the turkistan wireworm (agrotis meticulosus cond) and the longhorn beetle-like wireworm (slon cerambycinus sem) – the eil was 4-5 individuals per square meter. among the scarabaeidae family, the eil for the march cockchafer (melolontha afflicta ball), the harmful cockchafer (polyphylla adspersa motsch), and the may beetle (melolontha melolontha, m. hypocastani) was 45 individuals. for the mole cricket (gryllotalpa gryllotalpa l.) from the gryllotalpidae family (order orthoptera), the eil was 45 individuals (table 3). the research findings indicate that during the vegetation period of vegetable crops (tomatoes, cabbage), the economic injury level (eil) for pests such as the turnip moth (agrotis segetum den. et schiff) and the heart and dart moth (a. exclamationis l.) was 2-3 individuals per square meter. for the turkistan wireworm (agrotis meticulosus cond) and the longhorn beetle-like wireworm (slon cerambycinus sem), the eil was observed to be 4-5 individuals per square meter. similarly, for the march cockchafer (melolontha afflicta ball), the harmful cockchafer (polyphylla adspersa motsch), and the may beetle (melolontha melolontha, m. hypocastani), the eil was also 4-5 individuals. table 3 economic injury level of pests in vegetable crops (tomatoes and cabbage) (experimental field of the cotton breeding, seed production, and cultivation agrotechnologies scientific research institute (psueaiti) andijan region, asaka district, branch, 2023-2024) № c a te g o ry f a m il y type izmm number per, 1 m2 number per 100 plants, number per leaf, uzbek name latin name 1. leridoptera noctuidae autumn armyworm agrotis segetum den.et schiff 2-3 2. eksclamation mark moth a.exclamationis. l 2-3 3. cottan bollworm heliothis armigera hb 3-4 4. coleoptera elateridae turkestan click beetle agrotis meticulosus cond 4-5 5. moustached click beetle slon cerambycinus sem 4-5 6. scarabagidae march beetle melonotha afflicta ball 4-5 7. pest beetle polyphilla adspersa motsch 4-5 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 25 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) 8. may beetle melonotha melonotha, m. hypocastani 4-5 9. orthoptera gryllotalpidae tailed beetle gryllotalpa gryllotalpa l. 4-5 10. diptera agromyzidae stinging flies liriomyza sativae b. on one leaf 1,5-2,0 11. leridoptera plutellidae diamondback moth plutella maculipennis curt 4-5 12. pieridae cabbage white butterfly pieris brassicae l. 5-6 the economic injury level (eil) for the mole cricket (gryllotalpa gryllotalpa l.) was 4-5 individuals. if the number of pests in the vegetable field exceeds this established eil, it's recommended to implement control measures. furthermore, on the experimental tomato plot, the eil for one species of leaf-mining fly (liriomyza sativae b.) was found to be 1.5-2.0 individuals per leaf. according to the conducted research, on the experimental cabbage plot, the leaf damage threshold for the diamondback moth (order lepidoptera) was 45 individuals, while the eil for the cabbage white butterfly was observed to be 5-6 individuals. references “respublikada o‘simliklar karantini va himoyasi tizimini tubdan takomillashtirish chora-tadbirlari to‘g‘risida” gi 15.07.2021 yildagi pf-6262-son o‘zbekiston respublikasi prezidentining farmoni badenes-perez f.r., nault b.a., shelton a.m. dynamics of diamondback moth oviposition in the presence of a highly preferred non-suitable host // entomol. exp. appl. 2006. №120, r.23-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2006.00416.x badenes-perez f.r., shelton a.m., nault b.a. using yellow rocket as a trap crop for the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.) 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r.73-90. https://doi.org/10.3958/059.042.0108 bыzova yu.b. kolichestvennыe metodы v pochvennoy zoologii bыzova yu.b., gilyarov m.s. // m.: nauka, 1987. 238 s. kojanchikov i.v. metodы issledovaniya ekologii nasekomыx. – m.: vыsshaya shkola, 1961. – 286 s. kopaneva l.m. opredelitel vrednыx i poleznыx nasekomыx i kleщey texnicheskix kultur. l.: kolos, 1981.s.5 269. paliy v.f. metodika izucheniya faunы i fenologii nasekomыx. voronej, 1970.189 s. paliy v.f. metodika fenologicheskix issledovaniy nasekomыx. – frunze: izd.an kirg. ssr, 1966. – 177 s. peresыpkin v.f., kovalenko s.n., shelestova v.s. asatur m.k. praktikum po metodike opыtnogo dela v zaщite rasteniy. – m.: agropromizdat, 1989. – 175 s. posыpanov g.s. metodы izucheniya biologicheskoy fiksatsii azota vozduxa: spravochnoe posobie. m.: agropromizdat, 1991. s. 120 300. polyakov i.ya., presov m.s., smirnov v.p. prognoz razvitiya vrediteley i bolezney selskoxozyaystvennыx kultur (s praktikumom) l. «kolos». 1984. 47-59 s. tanskiy v.i. agrotexnika i fitosanitarnoe sostoyanie posevov polevыx kultur. – s.p.: vizr: innov. sentr zaщit. rast, 2008. –76 c. fasulati k. k. polevoe izuchenie nazemnыx https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2006.00416.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2006.00416.x https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-98.3.884 https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-98.3.884 https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.12571 https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.12571 https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.12571 https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/96.2.420 https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/96.2.420 https://doi.org/10.3958/059.042.0108 https://doi.org/10.3958/059.042.0108 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 26 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) bespozvonochnыx. m.: vыsshaya shkola, 1971.c. 40 42-b. fasulati k.k. ekologiya i xozyaystvennoe znachenie nasekomыx. – l., 1961. – 231 s. yaroslavsev g.m. instruksiya dlya nablyudatelnыx punktov po vreditelyam polevыx kultur. l.: 1930. – s. 26 – 27. khudoykulov a, anorbaev a., norova m., abdiev j. “development characteristics of underground pests of root vegetable and potato crops”. e3s web of conferences 421, 02015 (2023) serbema-2023. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342102015 xakimov a., xusenova n., xudoyqulov a. o‘simlıklarnı himoya qilishda “tuzoq ekin” ekish tızıminıng roli va uni qo‘llashning o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari. «internauka» nauchnыy jurnal. № 46(316) dekabr 2023 g. chast 5. khudoykulov azamjon mirzokulovich, hakimov albert akhmetovich, norova malika nurillayevna, gazieva dilnoza komiljonovna. a varıety of trap crops, dıstractıng from the maın vegetable crops. scıence and ınnovatıon ınternatıonal scıentıfıc journal volume 3 ıssue 3 march 2024. xudoykulov a.m., norova m.n. rasprostranenie, vred i stepen vstrechaemosti vrediteley v agrobiotsenoze ovoщnыx kultur i «trop crop». aktualnыe problemы sovremennoy nauki® 2025 g. nomer-2. khudoykulov a, tursunov k. chemıcal tools to control the potato moth (phthorimaea operculella zell.) effıcıency. international scientific journal science and innovation issue dedicated to the 80 th anniversary of the academy of sciences of the republic of uzbekıstan. khudoykulov a., anorbaev a., norova m., kholmurodov n and abdumalik shukurov. the importance of entomophages ın protecting pests of vegetable, potato crops through – “trap crops". bio web of conferences 173, 01007 (2025) afe-2024. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202517301007 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342102015 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342102015 https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202517301007 https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202517301007 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 4 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue01 2025 page no. 4-7 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-02 results obtained from alfalfa crop experiments in rainfed areas isakov kamoliddin tuygunovich project manager, candidate of agricultural sciences, scientific research institute of rainfed agriculture, uzbekistan umirov ne’mat jo‘raboyevich phd agricultural sciences, scientific research institute of rainfed agriculture, uzbekistan mavlanov javokhir sarvar ugli junior researcher, scientific research institute of rainfed agriculture, uzbekistan musulmanov furkat mamarakhimovich junior researcher, scientific research institute of rainfed agriculture, uzbekistan received: 08 december 2024; accepted: 10 january 2025; published: 13 february 2025 abstract: in the article, evaluation and selection of samples of alfalfa crop in rainfed lands, selection experimental areas according to economic valuable signs and characteristics are highlighted. the results of the research on the newly selected initial resources, which have high foliage and all other parameters compared to the model variety, are resistant to early blight, disease, and drought, are presented. keywords: crop, alfalfa, foliage, variety, sample, range, selection, pattern, disease, drought, creation, green mass, dry mass, hay, productivity, reproduction, seed production, quality. introduction: nowadays, due to the global climate change in the world, a sudden increase in air temperature during the most responsible stages of growth and development of agricultural crops, including fodder crops, and frequent occurrence of air and soil droughts in dry areas prevent the production of stable high and quality crops from these crops. therefore, creation of new varieties of fodder crops resistant to adverse environmental conditions (high temperature, drought), diseases and pests for dry areas is one of the most urgent issues facing breeding scientists today. in achieving this goal, the role of alfalfa forage crops in pastures and irrigated areas is incomparable. by creating new high-yielding varieties of alfalfa with higher nutritional value, protein (protein) content, leafiness and seed yield, together with the increase of the nutritional value obtained from the existing areas, the needs for feed in animal husbandry will be met. by organizing the primary seeding of the new varieties created, they are supplied to farms and clusters specialized in livestock breeding. this leads to the expansion of high-yielding alfalfa areas, as a result of which high-quality feed is provided to livestock. in all rainfed regions, planting alfalfa allows more nitrogen nitrate to accumulate in the soil than planting wheat. alfalfa enriches the soil with humus from the third year in the plain-hilly regions, which are semiprovided with natural moisture [3,4]. the amount of protein in alfalfa stems is 17.8% in dry land and 17.7% in irrigated land. fiber content is 26.6% in dry land and 24.9% in irrigated land. alfalfa doubles the fertility of the land after itself [2,]. it is believed that there is almost no difference in protein and fiber content of alfalfa hay obtained in the first harvest of dryland and irrigated fields [1]. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue02-02 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 5 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) it should be noted that 100 kg of alfalfa hay contains 48.8 nutrients, 100 kg of barley straw contains 35.8 nutrients, and alfalfa crops can be harvested for 7-8 years in a row in dryland farming, and 1-2 hay crops are provided every year [6]. quick adaptation to environmental factors in different natural climate-soil conditions is important in genetic preparation of the variety [3]. method at the rainfed agricultural scientific research institute, new varieties and varieties of alfalfa selected together with local varieties were studied. all agrotechnical activities are based on the recommendations and methods developed by the gallaaral scientific experimental station in 1994, phenological observations, evaluations of various indicators in field and laboratory conditions state commission for testing agricultural crops (1985, 1989) and the former allunion plant science institute (vir, 1985) was carried out on the basis of methodological manuals developed in. results at the rainfed agricultural research institute, research and evaluation of alfalfa crops at the selection stages, selection of new lines with 10% higher hay and seed yields, 3-5% higher foliage and 1-2% higher protein content than the standard was carried out. as a result of scientific research, new lines with a higher level of foliage than standard varieties, high yield of hay and seeds were isolated. 135 varieties of alfalfa samples were studied in lalmikor lands this year. growth, height, branching, foliage, green stem, hay and seed yield of alfalfa in dry areas are important. 20 samples with high plant height were selected from the planted sample area. these samples differed by 45 cm in height compared to other samples: k-6219 (mestny, poland), k-6520 (charta, frg), k-6638 (washoe ssha), k-6643 (mestnaya, tripoli), k -6652 (bz-422 yugoslavia), k-7072 (usa, caliverde, 35380) k7064 (mongolia, 34705), the number of seedlings per 1 m2 and plant height of these samples were also higher than other samples (table 1). according to the results of the experiment, these selected samples were protected (isolation) from other samples and their seeds were taken separately. table 1 samples of alfalfa varieties in the area of samples valuable economic indicators (gallaaral 2024) № catalog № origin row number developme nt, day the number of seedlings per 1 m2, pcs plant height, cm st aridnaya st gallaaral 1 15.02 13 90,1 1 k-6643 mestnaya, tripoli 2 13.02 17 95,2 2 k-6647 egipet 2 12.02 13 96,3 3 k-6651 p.58/327, yujnaya afika 2 12.02 14 95,2 4 k-6652 bz-422 yugoslaviya 2 13.02 12 93,1 5 k-6721 kokshe, kazakstan 2 12.02 12 95,3 6 k-6734 mestnaya, kitay 2 13.02 11 92,2 7 k-7051 местная афганистан 2 12.02 15 92,4 8 к-7053 аргентина 2 12.02 14 94,1 9 к-7064 mongoli, 34705 2 13.02 12 91,4 10 к-7072 caliverde, usa. 35380 2 12.02 12 92,2 11 k-6219 mestny, ,polsha 4 12.02 14 91,2 12 k-6222 povlovskaya 7, voronej 4 13.02 12 96,3 13 k-6335 mestnaya, siraya 4 14.02 12 95,2 14 k-6349 mestnaya, armeniya, 4 12.02 11 94,1 15 k-6520 charta, frg 4 13.02 15 93,3 16 k-6521 pleven-1 bolgariya 4 12.04 12 92,2 17 к-6523 mestnaya, marokko 4 12.04 18 92,4 18 k-6638 washoe usa 2 13.04 12 94,1 19 k-1168 provense english grown lucerne 4 12.02 16 95.0 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 6 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) 20 k-6185 deteniskaya, chexoslovakiya 4 12.02 17 96.2 the parameters of the selected samples: height up to 90.1-96.3 cm, branching of the plant up to 5.6-7.1, foliage 53.1-64.7% and blue stem yield up to 111.4148.5 centners per hectare, dry hay yield was 34.0-44.2 centners per hectare. in the model "aridnaya" variety, the height of the plant was 90.1 cm, the branching of the plant was 5.6, the foliage was 53.1%, and the yield of blue stems was 112.8 centners per hectare, and the yield of dry hay was 34.0 centners per hectare. a full description of these indicators is presented in table 2. compared to the model variety, the variety samples with higher all indicators in the sample nursery are №5141, №3087, №6621, №35023, №7271, №3128, №3099, №3007, №8882, №35540. these separated samples will be sent to the next stage of the selection process in the coming years. is learned in experiments. table 2 valuable economic indicators of alfalfa variety samples in the field of samples (gallaorol 2024) № samples name plant height, cm branching, piece endurance, % blue stem, ts/ha hay, ts/ha 1 aridnaya 90,1 5,6 53,1 112,8 34,0 2 № 3087 94,8 6,1 63,2 121,8 37,6 3 № 3128 95,1 6,6 64,1 122,2 37,7 4 № 1134 92,1 6,2 64,7 111,4 34,6 5 № 8882 90,5 6,5 64,6 128,5 40,2 6 №2003/1 92,5 6,0 59,7 127,0 36,8 7 № 2003/5 91,5 6,9 63,9 148,5 44,2 8 № 2003/9 90,5 6,6 64,7 131,0 37,7 9 № 2003/8 91,5 6,9 63,6 133,5 39,1 10 № 2003/4 90,5 7,0 55,4 127,5 37,8 11 № 2003/6 90,5 7,1 56,7 121,0 38,2 12 № 5141 91,7 6,5 57,1 122,0 35,9 13 № 6621 93,0 6,8 64,1 123,5 35,5 14 № 7299 94,0 6,6 64,6 125,5 36,5 15 № 3007 91,5 6,6 63,7 124,0 37,7 16 № 35540 91,8 6,9 58,9 126,5 39,1 as a result of long-term selection, 60 varieties and lines of alfalfa were studied in the 2nd year breeding nursery for biological characteristics and valuable economic traits. as a result of the experiments, the height of the samples is in the range of 89.4-94.5 cm, the branching of the plant is up to 6.1-7.3, the foliage is in the range of 45.6-57.7%, and the yield of blue stem per hectare is 98-154.5 t/ha, dry hay productivity per hectare is 30.253.3 tons/ha, seed productivity it was 0.6-2.2 ts/up. according to the two-year results, the height of the model "aridnaya" variety was 89.4 cm, the branching of the plant was 6.1, and the yield of green stems was 118.5 centners per hectare, the yield of dry hay was 36.2 centners per hectare, and the seed yield was 1.2 centners. it can be seen from the data obtained from the experimental sites no. 2006/1, no. 2007/5, no. 2007/9, no. 2007/8, no. 2007/4, no. 2007/6, no. 2007/15, no. 2007/22, no. 2007/ 29 lines were found to be superior in terms of all signs and characteristics compared to the "aridnaya" variety. the description of the lines that are superior to the model variety in terms of valuable economic characters and characteristics is presented in table 3. table 3 valuable signs and characteristics of alfalfa varieties studied in the field of selection (gallaaral 2024). american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 7 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) conclusion plant height, plant branching, leafiness, yield of blue stems of varieties no. 5141, no. 3087, no. 6621, no. 35023, no. 7271, no. 3128, no. 3099, no. 3007, no. 8882, no. 35540 in the nursery of samples compared to the model variety. and dry hay yield was the highest. these separated samples will be studied in experiments for the next stage of the selection process in the coming years. no. 2006/1, no. 2007/5, no. 2007/9, no. 2007/8, no. 2007/4, no. 2007/6, no. 2007/15, no. 2007/22, no. 2007/29 studied from the 2nd year selection sites it was found that the ridge pattern is superior in terms of all signs and characteristics compared to the "aridnaya" variety. references ivanov a.i. “lyutserna” kolos. moskva. 1988. s.48-49. isakov k. t. i dr. lalmikor maydonlarda bedaning yuqori hosilli nav va tizmalari //yevraziyskiy jurnal meditsinskix i yestestvennix nauk. – 2023. – t. 3. – №. 7. – s. 48-52. isakov k. i dr. lalmikor maydonlarda beda seleksiyasi bo‘yicha tadqiqot natijalari //prospects of development of science and education. – 2023. – т. 19. – №. 23. – с. 66-69. isakov k., xoldorov a., qo‘shmatov b. lalmikor maydonlarda beda ekini seleksiyasi va olingan tajriba natijalari //yevraziyskiy jurnal akademicheskix issledovaniy. – 2022. – t. 2. – №. 12. – s. 886-896. № varieties and lines plant height, cm foliage rate, % branches, piece blue stem ts/ha hay, ts/ha 1 aridnaya 89,4 45,6 6,1 118,5 36,2 2 2006/1 92,5 54,7 6,2 136,5 43,9 3 2007/5 91,5 48,6 6,8 154,5 51,3 4 2007/9 93,5 55,4 6,5 133,5 44,7 5 2007/8 94,5 57,7 7,2 140,5 44,3 6 2007/4 93,0 47,1 6,7 135,5 45,2 7 2007/6 92,5 46,1 7,3 137,5 45,9 8 2007/15 93,5 49,6 6,5 143,5 47,7 9 2007/22 90,5 48,7 6,6 138,5 46,1 10 2007/29 93,0 45,9 6,8 141,5 47,1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 15 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue04 2025 page no. 15-17 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-04 changes in live weight across age dynamics of offspring obtained from mating camelus dromedarius and camelus bactrianus camels turganbaev. r.u. scientific supervisor, doctor of agricultural sciences, professor at the nukus branch of samarkand state university of veterinary medicine, animal husbandry and biotechnology, uzbekistan ko'charov. s.y doctoral student at the tashkent branch of samarkand state university of veterinary medicine, animal husbandry and biotechnology, uzbekistan received: 26 february 2025; accepted: 22 march 2025; published: 25 april 2025 abstract: this article determines and draws conclusions on the changes in live weight across age dynamics of offspring obtained from mating camelus dromedarius and camelus bactrianus camels in various pasture conditions of the ustyurt plateau in the republic of karakalpakstan. keywords: ustyurt plateau, pasture conditions, camelus dromedarius, camelus bactrianus, camels, mating, offspring, age dynamics, live weight. introduction: today, australia, mongolia, argentina, afghanistan, namibia, and the republic of south africa are among the countries primarily engaged in camel husbandry on a global scale. the worldwide population of two-humped camels exceeds 2 million. in the aforementioned countries, a considerable number of scientific studies have been conducted to investigate camel biology, increase their productivity, and improve their breeding characteristics. in recent years, milk and meat products obtained from camel husbandry have become crucial in addressing food security concerns. consequently, focusing on the quantitative and qualitative indicators of camel products and utilizing modern innovative feeding methods remain highly relevant [4. https://24.kz/ru/news/economyc/item]. determining the age, sex, constitutional types, and dependence of productivity on pasture types, as well as proper feeding, plays a crucial role in enhancing the breeding potential of camels [1.p.6–22]. in the republic of uzbekistan, including karakalpakstan, camel breeding thrives in desert areas with vast natural fodder lands that are largely inaccessible to other livestock. the two-humped camels raised in this region are notable for their wool productivity, enabling effective utilization of these characteristics. simultaneously, developing and implementing efficient technologies for camel product production is essential for ensuring food security, elevating the population's living standards, and generating new employment opportunities [2.p. 14– 27]. experimental site: the experimental work for the dissertation titled "selective characteristics of offspring obtained from mating camelus dromedarius and camelus bactrianus in the conditions of the ustyurt plateau" was conducted from 2024 to 2026 at the specialized camel farms "ata-mura" and "konratli aq niyet," which belong to the ustyurt rural community in the kungrad district of the republic of karakalpakstan. research objective: to study the live weight in age dynamics of offspring obtained from mating camelus dromedarius and camelus bactrianus camels. methods the live weight of camels was determined with an accuracy of ±5.0 kg using autoplatform scales under https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-04 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-04 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-04 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-04 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 16 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) farm conditions. in summer pasture conditions, where the use of autoplatforms was not possible, the live weight of camels was determined using a formula based on the methodology from the bonitation manual by baymukanov d.a. (2001). in this case, the determination of the camels' live weight was carried out using a special formula that took into account the age coefficient. the study of growth and development was conducted by identifying specific parameters at predetermined times. monitoring the growth rate of young camels was carried out during the newborn period (1 day old), at 1 month of age, and throughout the subsequent age dynamics. results increasing the productivity of oneand two-humped camels can be achieved by utilizing their biological potential, primarily based on the laws of growth and development. growth patterns are determined by the quantitative growth of tissues, organs, and the entire organism during ontogenesis, the increase in cell numbers, and the intensity of cell mass multiplication. these patterns are influenced by the organism's hereditary characteristics, age, physiological state, and environmental conditions. the growth and development indicators of camels differ from other animals but follow general biological principles [3.p. 279–285]. based on the results of our experimental work, we studied the changes in live weight of young camels at different ages under the conditions of the ustyurt plateau. these data are summarized in table 1 below. table 1 dynamics of live weight changes, kg age n c.bactrianus c. dromedaries hybrid 2/1 x±sx during the time of birth 10 35,6±3,13 33,2±32,9 34,5±32,9 in 1 month 10 53,6±4,7 44,5±4,1 48,3±4,7 in 2 months 10 72,3±6,3 57,3±5,8 62,4±5,8 in 3 months 10 90,1±8,7 70,8±7,2 77,1±7,6 in 4 months 10 107,5±9,8 84,9±8,9 92,7±8,9 in 5 months 10 127,3±11,4 99,3±9,7 110,4±10,3 in 6 months 10 149,2±12,2 114,4±11,9 129,6±11,8 analysis of the data in table 1 shows that different indicators can be observed depending on the camel breed. at birth, the weight of c. bactrianus calves was 35.6±3.13 kg, while for c. dromedarius calves, it was 33.2±32.9 kg. this indicator in the hybrid offspring obtained from these breeds was 34.5±32.9 kg. if c. dromedarius calves are taken as a baseline of 100, then c. bactrianus calves showed a 7.2% advantage, and the hybrid offspring showed a 3.9% advantage. this trend was also observed in younger animals. at 6 months of age, the live weight of c. bactrianus calves was 21.9±2.1 kg, while c. dromedarius calves weighed 114.4±11.9 kg, and the hybrid offspring obtained from these species reached 129.6±11.8 kg. maintaining the aforementioned trend, c. dromedarius calves showed a 30.4% advantage, and the hybrid offspring demonstrated a 13.3% superiority. it can be stated that in terms of live weight, young calves of c. bactrianus demonstrated more rapid growth compared to c. dromedarius calves, while hybrid offspring occupied an intermediate position. the absolute growth indicators of young calves play a significant role in the development of their future meat, milk, and wool productivity. the manifestation of these indicators is primarily and directly related to their adequate nutrition. the absolute growth indicators from our experimental work are presented in table 2 below. table 2 dynamics of absolute growth change, kg age n c.bactrianus c. dromedaries hybrid 2/1 x±sx from birth to 1 month of age 10 18,0±1,2 11,3±1,2 13,8±1,3 from 1-month to 2-month period 10 18,7±1,4 12,8±1,2 14,1±1,4 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 17 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) from 2-month to 3-month period 10 17,8±1,3 13,5±1,3 14,7±1,4 from 3-month to 4-month period 10 17,4±1,3 14,1±1,3 15,6±1,5 from 4-month to 5-month period 10 19,8±1,5 14,4±1,2 17,7±1,6 from 5-month to 6-month period 10 21,9±2,1 15,1±1,4 19,2±1,8 according to the data in table 2, from birth to 1 month of age, c. bactrianus calves weighed 18.0±1.2 kg, while c. dromedaries calves weighed 11.3±1.2 kg, and the 2/1 hybrid generation occupied an intermediate position at 13.8±1.3 kg. this trend persisted in subsequent age dynamics, with c. bactrianus calves showing a slight advantage in growth rate. the 2/1 hybrid generations maintained an intermediate position across all age groups. it should be noted that from the 4-month period onward, the growth rate of all experimental calves accelerated. it is during this period that the demand for roughage increases. figure 1. absolute growth rate of hybrid offspring (%) in hybrid camel calves, the absolute growth indicators (figure 1) primarily showed an intensive increase in live weight from 3 months to 6 months of age. from birth to 3 months of age, a change of 2.2-13.1% was observed. from 4 months of age, the growth rate increased by 28.3%, and from 6 months of age, it rapidly increased by 39.1%. conclusion in the age-related weight dynamics of offspring obtained from mating camelus dromedarius and camelus bactrianus camels, the calves of camelus dromedarius demonstrated superior growth rates in terms of live weight compared to the calves of camelus bactrianus. the hybrid offspring of 2/1 generation occupied an intermediate position in this indicator. references baimukanov, d.a., a. baimukanov, o. alikhanov, d.a. doshanov, k.z. iskhan, and d.s. sarsenbai. 2018. genetics of the productive profile of camels of different genotypes of the kazakhstan population. bulletin of national academy of sciences of the republic of kazakhstan 1 (371): almaty.6–22. 2.baimukanov, d.a., a. baimukanov, m. tokhanov, u.а. uldashbaev, and d. doshanov. 2016. breeding and genetic monitoring of dromedary group camels of south kazakhstan population. bulletin of national academy of sciences of the republic of kazakhstan 5 (363): almaty 14–27. 3.bartosiewicz, l., and j. dirjec. 2001. camels in antiquity: roman period finds from slovenia. antiquity 75: 279–285. https://24.kz/ru/news/economyc/item. 2.2 6.5 13.1 28.3 39.1 0 10 20 30 40 50 from birth to 1 month of age from 1-month to 2-month period from 2-month to 3-month period from 3-month to 4-month period from 4-month to 5-month period american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 14 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue03 2025 page no. 14-16 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-04 insecta: ecology of coleoptera tilepov janabay usnaddinovich teacher of karakalpak academic lyceum of the ministry of internal affairs of the republic of uzbekistan, uzbekistan jumamuratova anarkhan abatovna teacher of karakalpak academic lyceum of the ministry of internal affairs of the republic of uzbekistan, uzbekistan received: 20 january 2025; accepted: 19 february 2025; published: 17 march 2025 abstract: coleoptera, commonly known as beetles, represent the largest order of insects, with over 350,000 described species occupying diverse ecosystems worldwide. their ecological roles are crucial for maintaining environmental balance, as they function as herbivores, predators, decomposers, and pollinators. this article explores the habitat diversity of beetles, their feeding ecology, reproductive strategies, and interactions within ecosystems. additionally, it examines the adaptive mechanisms that enable coleoptera to thrive in various environmental conditions. human activities, including habitat destruction, climate change, and pollution, significantly impact beetle populations, raising concerns about biodiversity conservation. understanding the ecological significance of coleoptera is essential for assessing ecosystem health and developing effective conservation strategies. keywords: coleoptera, beetles, ecology, habitat, feeding behavior, reproductive strategies, ecosystem interactions, adaptations, biodiversity. introduction: coleoptera, commonly known as beetles, represent the most diverse order within the class insecta, comprising approximately 40% of all described insect species. with over 350,000 known species and potentially millions more yet to be discovered, beetles inhabit nearly every terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem on earth. their adaptability to various environmental conditions and their diverse feeding habits make them essential contributors to ecosystem functioning. beetles play crucial ecological roles, acting as herbivores, predators, scavengers, and pollinators [5, 319-328]. many species contribute to nutrient cycling by decomposing organic matter, while others help regulate pest populations in agricultural systems. additionally, certain beetles serve as bioindicators, reflecting changes in environmental health and biodiversity. the study of coleoptera ecology is essential for understanding their impact on ecosystems and the consequences of environmental changes on their populations. this article explores their habitat diversity, feeding strategies, reproductive adaptations, and interactions within ecosystems. it also highlights the threats posed by human activities and the need for conservation efforts to protect beetle diversity and the ecological services they provide. habitat and distribution of coleoptera coleoptera, or beetles, are among the most ecologically diverse insects, inhabiting nearly all terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems worldwide. their adaptability allows them to thrive in environments ranging from tropical rainforests and arid deserts to alpine regions and aquatic habitats. this diversity makes them essential contributors to decomposition, pollination, and pest control. beetles in terrestrial habitats forests provide abundant organic material, making them ideal for beetles like bark beetles (scolytinae), stag beetles (lucanidae), and longhorn beetles (cerambycidae), which aid in wood decomposition and nutrient cycling. in grasslands and agricultural fields, predatory beetles such as ground beetles (carabidae) and lady beetles (coccinellidae) help control pest populations. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-04 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-04 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-04 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-04 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 15 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) in deserts, species like the namib desert beetle (stenocara gracilipes) have evolved unique watercollection adaptations to survive arid conditions. some beetles have also adapted to urban and suburban environments, thriving as scavengers or, in some cases, becoming household pests like the flour beetle (tribolium). beetles in aquatic and semi-aquatic environments though primarily terrestrial, many beetles inhabit freshwater ecosystems. diving beetles (dytiscidae) and whirligig beetles (gyrinidae) are efficient predators with adaptations for swimming. in wetlands, species from the hydrophilidae family contribute to nutrient cycling, while certain coastal beetles tolerate saline conditions, playing a role in shoreline stability. factors influencing distribution beetle distribution is shaped by climate, vegetation, and soil composition. tropical regions, with their warm and humid conditions, support the highest beetle diversity. food availability influences herbivorous and predatory beetles, while soil conditions affect burrowing species like dung beetles (scarabaeidae). coleoptera’ s ability to thrive in diverse habitats underscores their ecological significance. however, habitat destruction, climate change, and pollution threaten many beetle populations. understanding their distribution is vital for conservation efforts and ecological monitoring. further research is needed to assess environmental changes and implement protective strategies [2, 456-464]. feeding ecology of coleoptera coleoptera exhibit diverse feeding behaviors, occupying various ecological roles as herbivores, predators, scavengers, and decomposers. their adaptability to different diets contributes to their success in almost every ecosystem. 1. herbivorous beetles many beetles feed on plant material, consuming leaves, stems, roots, seeds, and pollen. leaf beetles (chrysomelidae) and weevils (curculionidae) are among the most common herbivorous groups, often specializing in specific host plants. some, like the colorado potato beetle (leptinotarsa decemlineata), are significant agricultural pests. 2. predatory beetles predatory beetles play a crucial role in controlling insect populations. ground beetles (carabidae) and lady beetles (coccinellidae) are efficient predators of aphids, caterpillars, and other pest insects. tiger beetles (cicindelinae) are swift hunters, preying on various arthropods. 3. scavengers and decomposers many beetles contribute to nutrient recycling by feeding on decaying organic matter. carrion beetles (silphidae) and hide beetles (dermestidae) consume animal remains, accelerating decomposition. dung beetles (scarabaeidae) process animal waste, improving soil fertility and reducing parasite populations. 4. wood-feeding beetles some beetles, such as bark beetles (scolytinae) and longhorn beetles (cerambycidae), feed on wood, breaking down dead trees and facilitating nutrient cycling. however, certain species become pests, damaging timber and crops. 5. specialized feeders some beetles have evolved unique feeding habits. glowworms (lampyridae larvae) are bioluminescent predators of snails and slugs. certain aquatic beetles consume algae, detritus, or small invertebrates, contributing to freshwater ecosystem balance [1, 337417]. adaptations and survival strategies coleoptera have evolved various adaptations that enhance their survival. first and foremost, their hard exoskeleton provides protection against predators and harsh environmental conditions. likewise, many beetles possess cryptic coloration, enabling them to blend into their surroundings and avoid detection. additionally, some species, such as bombardier beetles (carabidae), have developed chemical defense mechanisms, releasing toxic compounds to deter predators. another key adaptation is their ability to enter diapause, a state of dormancy that allows them to survive unfavorable conditions. furthermore, certain aquatic beetles can trap air beneath their elytra, enabling them to remain submerged for extended periods. because of these adaptations, beetles have successfully colonized a wide range of habitats and climates. impact of environmental changes on coleoptera environmental changes, particularly habitat destruction, climate change, and pollution, pose significant threats to beetle populations. deforestation, for example, results in the loss of microhabitats for wood-boring and leaf-litter beetles. similarly, climate change alters temperature and precipitation patterns, affecting beetle reproduction and distribution. as a consequence, some species face a decline in numbers, while others may expand their range into new areas. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 16 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) in addition, pesticide use negatively impacts beetle communities by reducing food availability and directly harming non-target species. for this reason, conservation efforts must focus on habitat preservation and sustainable agricultural practices. by maintaining diverse ecosystems, we can ensure the continued survival of beetle populations and the ecological services they provide. conclusion coleoptera, the most diverse order of insects, play essential roles in various ecosystems, from forests and grasslands to aquatic environments. their adaptability to different habitats, varied feeding strategies, and complex reproductive cycles contribute to their evolutionary success. beetles are vital in nutrient cycling, pollination, and pest control, making them indispensable for ecological balance. however, habitat destruction, climate change, and pollution threaten many beetle species. understanding their ecology, distribution, and life cycle is crucial for conservation efforts and sustainable environmental management. further research and conservation strategies will help protect these ecologically significant insects and maintain biodiversity. references bouchard, p., smith, a. b., douglas, h., gimmel, m. l., brunke, a. j., & kanda, k. (2017). biodiversity of coleoptera. insect biodiversity: science and society, 337-417. ghannem, s., touaylia, s., & boumaiza, m. (2018). beetles (insecta: coleoptera) as bioindicators of the assessment of environmental pollution. human and ecological risk assessment: an international journal, 24(2), 456-464. marshall, s. a. (2018). beetles: the natural history and diversity of coleoptera (p. 784). buffalo, new york richmond hill, ontario: firefly books. mckenna, d. d., & farrell, b. d. (2009). beetles (coleoptera). the timetree of life, 278, 289. ponomarenko, a. g. (2003). ecological evolution of beetles (insecta: coleoptera). acta zoologica cracoviensia, 46(suppl), 319-328. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 7 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue04 2025 page no. 7-9 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-02 insecticidal activity of the new pilaruron 50% sc preparation against melon aphid aphis gossypii glov (hemiptera:aphididae) on greenhouse-grown tomato plants alamuratov rayimjon abdimurat o‘g‘li institute of plant quarantine and protection research, uzbekistan abdillayev marat ibodillayevich institute of plant quarantine and protection research, uzbekistan sattorov shoximardon xushmamatovich institute of plant quarantine and protection research, uzbekistan received: 09 february 2025; accepted: 12 march 2025; published: 08 april 2025 abstract: in this article, experimental trials were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a new insecticide formulation, pilaruron 50% sc, against aphis gossypii glov., a pest currently infesting greenhouse-grown tomatoes in our republic and negatively affecting crop quality. the product was tested at an application rate of 0,8–1,2 liters per hectare, and its insecticidal activity was determined. keywords: agriculture, vegetables, tomato plant, pest damage, chemical control measures, insecticidal activity. introduction: aphids that harm agricultural crops are soft-bodied, small insects, with adults measuring 1,82,1 mm in length. they occur in both winged and wingless forms. the winged forms possess two pairs of wings, with the forewings being significantly longer than the hindwings. their development is incomplete and typically parthenogenetic, involving live birth with no pupal stage. aphid populations consist of different morphological forms, including viviparous wingless females, oviparous wingless females, viviparous winged females, and winged (sometimes wingless) males [6;8;9]. in greenhouses, two widespread aphid species aphis gossypii glov (melon aphid) and aphis craceivora koch (cowpea aphid) cause considerable damage to a wide range of host plants [10]. aphids are a serious problem in greenhouses, where favorable environmental conditions allow them to reach high population densities in a short time throughout the year. the traditional method of controlling these pests in greenhouse conditions is through the use of insecticides [11]. according to conducted research, several species of aphids, which are sucking pests, cause damage in tomato fields. when tomato plants are affected during the seedling stage, it often results in plant death. if infestation occurs later, more than 50% yield loss can be observed [5]. many species of aphids infest tomato plants from the emergence of the first leaves to the end of the vegetation period, feeding on the leaves, stems, and fruits. this feeding process inhibits the growth and development of the plants. additionally, the sticky honeydew secreted by the pests contaminates the lower leaf surfaces, disrupting the plant’s metabolic processes and thereby reducing both the yield and quality of the crop [1;3;4]. methods https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-02 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 8 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) a field trial was conducted in september 2024 in the kibray district of tashkent region, on the field of "boburkhodja, nodirkhodja baraka" llc, to test the effectiveness of the insecticide pilaruron 50% sc against aphis gossypii, one of the main pests of tomato. the insecticide was applied at a rate of 0,8–1,2 liters per hectare. the timing of pest occurrence and population counts were determined using standard methods described by bondarenko n.v., (1978); polyakov et al., (1984) and osmolovsky g.e., (1980) [2;12;13]. the trial was conducted during the flowering stage of the tomato plants. the experiment included treatment, reference, and control variants, each replicated three times. pest counts were recorded before treatment and on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days posttreatment. the effectiveness of the insecticide was evaluated by comparing it to the control variant. field trials were conducted following the methodological guidelines of khodjaev sh.t., (2023) [7], and biological efficacy was calculated using the methodology and formula of po’ntener w., (1981) [14]. results experimental trials were conducted in september of this year to test the effectiveness of the chemical preparation pilaruron 50% sc (active ingredient: diafenthiuron 500 litr per hectare) against aphids on tomatoes, at application rates of 0,8-1,2 liters per hectare. for comparison, raudo 50% sc (diafenthiuron) at a rate of 1,0 liter per hectare was used as a reference standard. the trial results for pilaruron 50% sc at application rates of 0,8–1,2 litr per hectareare presented in table1. according to the data, prior to applying pilaruron at 0.8 litr per hectare, the average number of aphids on 10 tomato leaves was 72,5. after application, the aphid population steadily decreased, reaching 6,3 on day-3, 4,5 on day-7, 8,3 on day-14, and 12,5 on day-21. the biological efficacy was 93,7% on day-3, 96.5% on day-7, 92,4% on day-14, and 87,8% on day-21. when applied at 1,2 litr per hectare, the average number of aphids on 10 tomato leaves was 67,3 before treatment. this number decreased to 4.8 on day-3, 3,1 on day-7, 6,5 on day-14, and 10,3 on day-21. the biological efficacy was 94,8%, 97,4%, 93,6%, and 89,2% respectively. in the untreated control variant, the number of aphids increased over time. from an initial average of 64,6 per 10 leaves, the count rose to 89,5 on day-3, 114,3 on day-7, 98,4 on day-14, and 91,5 on day21. in the reference treatment using raudo 50% sc, the initial aphid count was 81,5 per 10 leaves. after application, the counts dropped to 7,5 (day-3), 5.9 (day7), 11,5 (day-14), and 14,7 (day-21), with corresponding biological efficacy rates of 93,4%, 95,9%, 90,7%, and 87,3%. the experimental and reference variants both demonstrated peak biological efficacy on day-7, after which the insecticidal effect gradually declined. conclusion when applied at rates of 0.8-1.2 litr per hectare, pilaruron 50% sc demonstrated high biological efficacy (96,5–97,4%) on the 7th day against aphis gossypii, a harmful pest of greenhouse-grown tomatoes. the formulation is user-friendly and readily forms a working solution when mixed with water. no phytotoxic effects on the plants were observed. table-1 field efficacy of the chemical preparation "pilaruron 50% sc" against aphids on tomato (field trial, tashkent region, qibray district, “boburkhodja nodirkhodja baraka” llc, manual application, september-6, 2024). № experimenta l options active ingredien t prepara tion consu mption rate average number of pests per 10 leaves, units biological efficacy %, days before spraying medicine дори сепилгандан кейинги кунлар 3 7 14 21 3 7 14 21 1. pilaruro n 50% sc diafenthi uron 500 g/l. 0,8 72,5 6,3 4,5 8,3 12,5 93,7 96,5 92, 4 87,8 2. pilaruro diafenthi 1,2 67,3 4,8 3,1 6,5 10,3 94,8 97,4 93, 89,2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 9 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) n 50% sc uron 500 g/l. 6 3. raudo 50% sc. (standard). diafenthi uron 500 g/l. 1,0 81,5 7,5 5,9 11, 5 14,7 93,4 95,9 90, 7 87,3 4. control (no work done). 64,6 89,5 11 4,3 98, 4 91,5 references абдуллаев е.а., ходжаев ш.т. устойчивост тлей к инсектитсидам и пути её преодоления в условиях узбекистана. ташкент: 1989. с. 7-21. бондаренко н.в. “биологическая защита растений”. колос 1978 й. -с. 176-178. павлюшин в.а., иванова г.п., асякин б.п., корнилов в.г., белых йе.б., раздобурдин в.а., гричишкина л.д., красавина л.п. система биологической защиты овощных култур от вредителей и болезней в теплитсах. с-п 6.-2002 г.с. 72. пералта и.е., спунер д.м., кнапп с., (2008) таксономия диких томатов и их родственников (соланум сеcт. лйcоперсиcоидес, сеcт. жугландифолиум, сеcт. ликоперсикон; пасленовых. сйст бот моногр 84:1-186. сибанда т., добсон х.м., купер дж.ф., манянгарирва в., чиимба в. (2000) проблемы борбы с вредителями для мелких фермерововощеводов в зимбабве. cроп прот 19:807 815. хўжаев ш.т. кичкина ширанинг катта зарари // маърузалар тўплами (республика илмий-амалий анжумани, 4-5.12.2013 й.). тошкент: узпити, 2013 й. б. 392-394. ходжаев ш.т ва б., пеститсид ва агрохимикатларни рўйхатга олиш синовларини ўтказиш юзасидан услубий кўрсатмалар ташкент: “боокманй принт” нашриёти, 2023. б. 183. фао (2015) база данных фаостат по производству, статистический отдел фао, продоволственная и селскохозяйственная организатсия объединенных натсий, рим. доступно онлайн по адресу ҳттп://фаостат.фао.орг/сите/339/дефаулт.аспх. по состоянию на 28 августа 2015 г. abney, m.r., j.f. walgenbach, g.g. kennedy, p. smith, r. bessin, a. sparks, d. riley, m. layton, f.hale, and a.l. morgan. 2009. insect control for commercial vegetables. pp. 116-177, in g.j. holmes and j.m. kemble (eds). vegetable crop handbook for southeastern united states. ali g, madanlar n, yoldaş z, ersin f, tüzel y (2006) pest status of organiccucumber production under greenhouse conditions in i̇zmir (turkey). türk.entomol. derg 30(3):183–193 issn 1010-6960. nicolas d, thielemans t, herbener m, rosemeyer v (2012) the use of a mix ofparasitoids to control all aphid species on protected vegetable crops. integrated control in protected crops, mediterranean climate. iobc-wprs bulletin 80:261-266. osmolovsky g.e., bondarenko n.v. entomology. 2nd ed., reprint. and additional. l.: kolos: leningrad department, 1980. 359 p. polyakov i. ya., persov m. p., smirnov v. a. forecast of development of pests and diseases of agricultural crops (with a workshop): textbook for higher agricultural educational institutions in the specialty «plant protection». l.: kolos, 1984. 318 p. poʻntener w. manual for field trials in plant protection second edition. agricultural division, ciba-geigy limited. -1981. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 21 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue04 2025 page no. 21-25 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-06 new varieties of chickpea in rainfed fields haydarov bekmurod dusiyaevich doctor of philosophy (phd) in agricultural sciences, scientific research institute of rainfed agriculture, uzbekistan nahalboev jahongir tursinbaevich doctor of philosophy (phd) in agricultural sciences, scientific research institute of rainfed agriculture, uzbekistan umirzokov azim khonturaevich candidate of agricultural sciences, jizzakh region agricultural services center, akis, uzbekistan received: 26 february 2025; accepted: 22 march 2025; published: 25 april 2025 abstract: the article presents the results of research on the development of new local varieties of chickpea adapted to unfavorable soil and climatic conditions in rainfed lands. these varieties are resistant to drought, heat, diseases, and pests, while also being high-yielding. the study highlights the importance of incorporating economically efficient leguminous crops into crop rotation systems to maintain and improve soil fertility, thereby increasing production. additionally, the research describes the development of early-maturing, droughtand disease-resistant chickpea varieties with 15–20% higher yield and protein content compared to the standard variety. the study also covers the initial seed production of promising chickpea varieties recommended for cultivation in rainfed areas. keywords: crop, chickpea, legume, grain, variety, sample, row, hybrid, selection, crossing, standard, disease, yield, increase, seed production, quality. introduction: according to data from the international fao (stat) organization, the leading countries in chickpea production worldwide are india (8,832.5 ha) and australia (813.3 ha). in uzbekistan, the asian type of chickpea is widely cultivated. its origin is considered to be southwest asia (specifically between greece and iran) and asia minor. according to dekondol, it spread to india at a later stage. ramakrichna v. and chatrath m.s. (1988) studied the introgression of genes from the wild species cicer reticulatum into the cultivated species cicer arietinum. through 1-3 rounds of backcrossing between icc 8923 (“kabuli” type) and tz (“desi” type) varieties, they managed to reduce undesirable traits. the resulting hybrids demonstrated resistance to ascochyta blight disease. during the selection process, new varieties suitable for different conditions are developed and recommended for large-scale cultivation. this ensures the renewal of seed stocks, which, according to academician gulyayev g.v. (1991), should be done as quickly as possible for maximum efficiency. dencic s. and s. borojevic (1991) argued that high yields are not achieved solely by frequent irrigation or fertilization but also by selecting varieties best adapted to specific climatic conditions. in uzbekistan, interspecific hybridization in chickpea breeding has shown great success when using tall, drought-resistant, and ascochyta blight-tolerant local and imported varieties. this was acknowledged in scientific studies by k.e. eshmirzayev (1996). according to research by i. ernazarov (2012), in the rainfed fields of kashkadarya region, chickpea has proven to be a good predecessor crop for cereal crops, increasing their yield by 50-60%. based on the analysis of the reviewed literature, incorporating chickpea, a leguminous grain crop, into https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-06 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-06 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-06 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-06 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 22 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) crop rotation systems with cereals in rainfed areas plays a crucial role in improving soil fertility and increasing net income per hectare. moreover, selecting initial genetic sources for breeding high-yielding varieties resistant to abiotic and biotic stress factors, as well as improving agronomic practices for these new varieties, remains one of the most urgent tasks in modern agriculture. methods in the central experimental farm of the rainfed agriculture research institute, the laboratory of genetics, breeding, and seed production of leguminous crops conducted studies on newly selected chickpea varieties and lines alongside local varieties during the 2020–2022 breeding stages. all agronomic practices were carried out based on the recommendations and methodologies developed by the gallaorol scientific experimental station of rari in 1994. phenological observations and field and laboratory evaluations were conducted following the guidelines established by the state commission for crop variety testing (1985, 1989) and the former allunion institute of plant industry (vir, 1985). the experimental data were analyzed using dispersion mathematical analysis based on the methodology of b.a. dospekhov (1985). results results from the control field. in this experimental field, 24 lines were planted in 5 m² plots, with two replications, and yulduz variety was used as a control. the growing period of the yulduz variety in this experiment was 79 days, and compared to it, the lines with numbers 17553, 17560, 17130, and 17443 ripened 3-4 days earlier. in terms of plant height, lines 17553, 17560, and 17290, as well as those with lower pod placement, showed superiority over the control variety, with lines 17142, 17245, 17358, and 17421 being more favorable. the lines with the highest number of pods per plant (17-20 pods) were 17553, 17560, 17576, 17130, and 17261. the 1000 seed weight of the yulduz variety was 331 g, and the lines with larger seeds, weighing 70-140 g or more, were 17198, 17290, 17421, and 17443. in terms of yield, the lines 17443, 17358, 17560, 17553, and 17421 were selected for initial variety testing, as their yield was 1.1-2.2 quintals higher per hectare compared to the control variety. results from the competitive variety test field. in this experiment, 16 pea variety samples were studied over 25 m² plots with 4 replications, totaling 64 plots over three years. yulduz variety was used as the control. observations and analyses were conducted based on valuable characteristics and traits for agricultural use (figure 1). growth period. according to the three-year research results, the growth period of pea varieties and lines ranged from 73 to 84 days on average. the growth period of the yulduz variety was 80 days on average over three years, while the lazat variety matured 7 days earlier and the uzbekistan-32 variety matured 2 days earlier compared to the control. plant height. this indicator varied over the three years due to different weather conditions, planting times, and the early maturity group classifications of the varieties. specifically, in 2020, due to higher annual rainfall compared to other research years, all varieties and lines had taller plants. according to biometric analysis conducted over three years, the plant height of the 16 varieties and lines ranged from 35.1 to 42.3 cm, with the yulduz variety averaging 36.5 cm. the experiments revealed that the following varieties and lines had taller plants than the yulduz variety: jahongir (38.2 cm), guliston (38.0 cm), m-74 (40.4 cm), istiqlol (40.6 cm), and flip 93-93 (42.3 cm). pod placement height. according to the research results, this indicator averaged between 19.2 cm and 22.3 cm in the studied lines and varieties. compared to the control variety, the following lines and varieties had higher pod placement heights: flip 93-93 (22.3 cm), mustaqillik-20 (21.6 cm), jahongir (21.1 cm), istiqlol (21.5 cm), and 14442 (20.6 cm). number of pods per plant. on average, over three years, this indicator was 22.5 pods per plant for the yulduz variety. higher numbers of pods were observed in the varieties and lines lazat, uzbekistan-32, iroda-96, javlon, and line № 14442 (figure 1). american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 23 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) figure 1. valuable agricultural traits of pea varieties in the competitive variety test field (gallaorol, 2022-2024). according to the analysis results, the early-maturing pea varieties uzbekistan-32, javlon, and iroda-96 had protein swelling temperatures in the leaf ranging from 58.5°c to 59.5°c, while the late-maturing varieties istiqlol, guliston, orzu, 14442, and m-74 had swelling temperatures between 60.5°c and 61.5°c. additionally, one of the factors determining drought and heat resistance is the total water content in the leaves during the full pod development period. the highest water content was found in the early-maturing javlon variety at 69.79%, followed by iroda-96 at 68.86%, late-maturing m-74 line at 66.88%, and guliston at 67.04%. the total dry biomass weight was 73.8 g for the yulduz variety, and it ranged from 77.7 g (mustaqillik-20) to 117.0 g (iroda-96) in all the other studied varieties and lines, as determined by physiological analysis in laboratory conditions. regarding the total dry biomass weight of the plants, the root system showed an increase of 4.8% in iroda-96 and reached 8.8% in istiqlol. furthermore, the stem weight as a percentage of total dry biomass was 14.0% in javlon and 28.8% in jahongir. in the studied varieties and lines, the leaf weight ranged from 20.3 g to 22.8 g in early-maturing varieties such as lazat, uzbekistan-32, javlon, jahongir, and line 14442, 13130/1, while it increased to 26.9 g to 28.8 g in late-maturing varieties such as orzu, istiqlol, and guliston. pea disease resistance. as described in the weather condition analysis above, in may 2022-2024, the amount of precipitation was lower than average for the year, and the air temperature was higher and drier than the multi-year average. as a result, conditions were not favorable for the development of ascochyta blight, a disease that causes significant damage to peas. consequently, the yulduz variety had a 20% infection rate with this disease, mustaqillik-20 had a 15% infection rate, 13130/1 line had 30%, and 15165 line had 25%. no symptoms of this disease were observed in the other studied varieties and lines. number of pods per plant. this indicator averaged 22.5 pods per plant for the yulduz variety over three years. in comparison, the number of pods was 27.2 in line 14442, 24.0 in iroda-96, 31.8 in lazat, and 23.4 in nurli quyosh. 1000 seed weight. among the studied varieties and lines, the smallest 1000-seed weight was found in lazat variety (180 g), while the largest was in m-74 (430 g). the yulduz variety had an average of 305 g. the 1000seed weight in m-74 (430 g), guliston (375 g), orzu (367.5 g), and istiqlol (352.5 g) was 47.5-125 g higher than the control variety. seed yield. from 2020 to 2022, the seed yield of 16 varieties and lines in the competitive variety test field varied. according to the research results over three years, the yulduz variety yielded an average of 8.1 quintals per hectare. ten varieties had seed yields 0.21.7 quintals higher than the yulduz variety. specifically: iroda-96: 7.6 q/ha, nurli quyosh, javlon: 7.5 q/ha, 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 ю л д у з (s t) и р о д а9 6 f l ip 9 3 -9 3 ж ав л о н м у ст ақ и л л и к -2 0 1 4 4 4 2 1 6 1 1 5 0 2 5 ( о р зу ) 1 5 1 6 5 н у р л и қ у ёш и ст и қ л о л г у л и ст о н л аз за т ж аҳ о н ги р ў зб ек и ст о н -3 2 м -7 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ўсув даври, ўсимлик бўйи, пастки american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 24 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) mustaqillik-20: 8.5 q/ha, line 14442: 8.8 q/ha, line 15025 (orzu): 8.3 q/ha, lazat: 7.5 q/ha, jahongir: 7.6 q/ha. a complete description of these indicators is shown in figure 2. figure 2. disease resistance, productivity elements, and yield of pea varieties in the competitive variety test field (gallaorol, 2022-2024). compared to the control variety, in the pea sample nursery, it was found that there were 28 very earlymaturing and 165 early-maturing samples, 105 with taller plants (5-15 cm), 201 with a 1000-seed weight greater than 350 g, and 27 with higher yields (115.1135% compared to the control yulduz variety). in the first-year selection nursery, 11 very earlymaturing and 147 early-maturing samples were identified. among them, 58 had taller plants, 107 had larger seeds, and 12 had high yields, which were selected for the next stage of breeding. in the second-year selection nursery, 9 very earlymaturing, 36 early-maturing, 12 with taller plants, 79 with higher 1000-seed weight, 15 with higher yields, and 8 with very high yields (lines no. 17538, 17553, 17584, 17627, 17132, etc.) were identified. in the control variety test field, compared to the yulduz variety, the early-maturing lines 17553, 17560, 17130, and 17443, as well as the high-yielding lines 17443, 17358, 17560, 17553, and 17421, were selected for the next breeding stage. based on the three-year research results in the competitive variety test field, compared to the yulduz variety, the following lines were superior in specific traits: early-maturing: lazat, uzbekistan-32, iroda-96, taller plants: flip 93-93, istiqlol, m-74, guliston, jahongir, higher 1000-seed weight: m-74, guliston, orzu, istiqlol, higher seed yield: no. 14442, no. 15025 orzu, mustaqillik-20, jahongir. conclusion regardless of weather conditions, the varieties that are resistant to drought, heat, and disease, as well as earlymaturing, include lazat, uzbekistan-32, iroda-96. varieties with taller plants include flip 93-93, istiqlol, m-74, guliston, jahongir. varieties with higher 1000seed weight include m-74, guliston, orzu, istiqlol. varieties with higher yield include no. 14442, no. 15025 orzu, mustaqillik-20, jahongir. references алиқулов ғ.н. тоғли лалмикор ерларда ўтмишдош нўхат навларининг буғдой ҳосилдорлигига таъсири. автореф. дис. қ.х.ф.н. тошкент. 2012 большой энциклопедический словарь лекарственных растений, 2015, с. 382. задорин а. д. проблемы научного обеспечения производства зерно-бобовых и крупяных культур. а. д.задорин / земледелие. 2002. № 5. с. 43-48. ҳамдамов и.ҳ., шукуруллаев п.ш. результаты изучения кормовых сортов образцов нута. проблемы интенсификации кормопроизводство поливного земледелия. // научные труды. ташкент. -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 юлдуз (st) ирода-96 flip 93-93 жавлон мустақиллик-20 14 442 161 15025 (орзу) 15 165 нурли қуёш истиқлол гулистон лаззат жаҳонгир ўзбекистон-32 м-74 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 2022 йил аскохитоз касаллиги билан зарарланиши, % 1 туп ўсимликдаги дуккаклар сони, дона 1000 дона ҳосилдорлик андозадан фарқи. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 25 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) 1991. с. 57-59. ҳамдамов и., мавлонов б., джумаев м. нўхат ниҳолларининг униб чиқиши ва ривожланиш фазаларига минерал ўғитларнинг таъсири //ж. агро илм. 2010. 1 (13). б.15. эрназаров и. нўхат-ерга қуввату чўнтакка даромад //ж. agrobiznes inform. 2012. № 1. б. 28. эшмирзаев қ.э. биология и селекция зернобобовых культур в узбекистане (на примере нута и каянуса). ташкент. 1996. с. 129. dencic s. and s.borojevic. 2021. «organization and utilization of wheat gene banк in novi sad, yugoslavia. j.genetic and breeding 45:251-256. singh, mohar; upadhyaya, hari d.; bisht, i. s. (eds). genetic and genomic resources of grain legume improvement. — elsevier, 2013. — p. 81-82. ramakrichna v. chatrath m.s. uptake of carbendazim and tridemorph by germination chickpea (cicer arietinum) seed. j nuch. agr. biol. 1988.17.3.172. // защита с/х раст-й от вредителей и болезней. москва. 1990. № 5. с. 29. volume 04 issue 11-2024 14 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 14-19 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract automatіon of іrrіgatіon іs a promіsіng approach іn mіnіmіzіng the wastage of іrrіgatіon loss and іmprovіng the effіcіency of water use. automatіon helps to іrrіgate only when there іs acute requіrement of water and delіver nutrіents іn controlled and precіse manner whіch helps to save tіme, resource wіth іncreased effіcіency and outcome of agrіculture. keywords automatіon, іrrіgatіon, fertіgatіon, growth, yіeld. introduction effіcіent water management іs a major concern іn precіsіon іrrіgatіon practіces. there іs a great need to modernіze agrіcultural practіces for better water productіvіty and resource conservatіon. the use of automated іrrіgatіon systems can provіde water on a real-tіme basіs at the root zone, based on the avaіlabіlіty of soіl water at the crop root zone, whіch also leads to savіng of water (ohja et al., 2015). automated іrrіgatіon systems allow for hіgh-frequency іrrіgatіon, thus maіntaіnіng the soіl water potentіal (swp) relatіvely constant. іrrіgatіon schedulіng remaіns a relіable technіque for applyіng the requіred amount of water at the approprіate tіme and automated іrrіgatіon systems based on crop water needs can maxіmіze water use effіcіency (munoz et al., 2003). ganjeer (2019) studіed on use of automated research article automation of reservoirs submission date: november 03, 2024, accepted date: november 08, 2024, published date: november 13, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue11-03 islambek khialov master's student of "tiiame" national research university, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue11-03 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue11-03 volume 04 issue 11-2024 15 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 14-19 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi іrrіgatіon іn comparіson to manual іrrіgatіon іn wheat by use of humіdіty controlled sensors and reported that maxіmum water use effіcіency was obtaіned іn sensor based іrrіgatіon and there was 15.85% water savіng through sensor based іrrіgatіon. automatіon of drіp/mіcro іrrіgatіon system refers to operatіon of the system wіth no or mіnіmum manual іnterventіons. іrrіgatіon automatіon іs well justіfіed where a large area to be іrrіgated іs dіvіded іnto small segments called іrrіgatіon blocks and segments are іrrіgated іn sequence to match the flow or water avaіlable from the water source (rajakumar et al., 2008). specіfіc features of automated іrrіgatіon system іt elіmіnates the manual openіng and closіng of valves. іt starts and stops pump exactly as and when requіred thus optіmіzіng the energy requіrement. іrrіgatіon system can be started at any desіred tіme. one need not worry to vіsіt farm durіng odd tіme (nіght). thіs іs especіally іn іndіan condіtіon, where power supply іs avaіlable for agrіcultural operatіon durіng nіght tіme. possіbіlіty to change frequency of іrrіgatіon and fertіlіzer applіcatіon as per the crop need. types of automatіon semі-automatіc semі-automatіc systems and controls requіre manual attentіon at each іrrіgatіon and are usually sіmpler and less costly than the fully automatіc systems. most semіautomated systems use mechanіcal or electronіc tіmers to actіvate control structures at pre determіned tіmes. the іrrіgator usually determіnes when to begіn іrrіgatіon and іts duratіon and manually resets or returns the devіces to theіr orіgіnal posіtіons or moves them from one locatіon to another before the next іrrіgatіon. the parts of gіven system may be automatіc whіle other parts are semіautomatіc or manually operated. such systems requіre communіcatіon between the controller and system components located іn the fіeld. fully automatіc fully automatіc systems normally operate wіthout operator attentіon except for perіodіc іnspectіons and routіne maіntenance. the іrrіgator may determіne when and how long to іrrіgate and turn water іnto the system or start programmed controllers to іnіtіate the automated functіons. fully automatіc systems may use soіl moіsture sensors, such as tensіometers or electrіcal resіstance blocks to actіvate electrіcal controls when soіl water іs depleted to predetermіned levels. іrrіgatіon duratіon may be controlled by programmed tіmers, soіl moіsture sensors or surface water sensors. fully automatіc systems requіre a water supply avaіlable on demand such as from wells or farm reservoіrs. most farm systems however do not have the flexіbіlіty requіred for complete automatіon. types of controls tіme based system іn tіme based system, tіme іs the basіs of іrrіgatіon. tіme of operatіon іs calculated accordіng to volume of water requіred and the average flow rate of water. the duratіon of іndіvіdual valves has to be fed іn the controller along wіth system start-tіme, also the volume 04 issue 11-2024 16 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 14-19 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi controller clock іs to be set wіth the current day and tіme. volume based system іn volume based system, the preset amount of water can be applіed іn the fіeld segments by usіng automatіc volume controlled meterіng valves. the major advantage of volume based іrrіgatіon system over tіme-based system іs that іs assures to delіver the preset amount of water іrrespectіve of contіnuous avaіlabіlіty of electrіcіty, but tіme based system іs comparatіvely cheaper and hence gaіnіng more popularіty than the volume based system. open loop system іn an open loop system, the operator makes the decіsіon on the amount of water that wіll be applіed and when the іrrіgatіon event wіll occur. thіs іnformatіon іs programmed іnto the controller and the water іs applіed accordіng to the desіred schedule. open loop control systems use eіther the іrrіgatіon duratіon or a specіfіed applіed volume for control purposes. open loop control systems are typіcally low іn cost and readіly avaіlable from a varіety of vendors. the drawback of open loop systems іs theіr іnabіlіty to respond automatіcally to changіng condіtіons іn the envіronment. іn addіtіon, they may requіre frequent resettіng to achіeve hіgh levels of іrrіgatіon effіcіency. closed loop system thіs type of system requіres feedback from one or more sensors. the operator develops a general control strategy. once the general strategy іs defіned, the control system takes over and makes detaіled decіsіons of when to apply water and how much water to apply. іrrіgatіon decіsіons are made and actіons are carrіed out based on data from sensors. іn thіs type of system, the feedback and control of the system are done contіnuously. closed loop controllers requіre data acquіsіtіon of envіronmental parameters (such as soіl moіsture, temperature, radіatіon, wіnd-speed, etc) as well as system parameters (pressure, flow, etc.). real tіme feedback system real tіme feedback іs the applіcatіon іf іrrіgatіon based on actual dynamіc demand of the plant іtself, plant root zone effectіvely reflectіng all envіronmental factors actіng upon the plant. operatіng wіthіn controlled parameters, the plant іtself determіnes the degree of іrrіgatіon requіred. varіous sensors vіz., tensіometers, relatіve humіdіty sensors, raіn sensors, temperature sensors, etc., control the іrrіgatіon schedulіng. these sensors provіde feedback to the controller to control іts operatіon. computer-based іrrіgatіon control system a computer-based іrrіgatіon control system consіsts of a combіnatіon of hardware and software that acts as a supervіsor wіth the purpose of managіng іrrіgatіon and other related practіces such as fertіgatіon and maіntenance. automatіc systems іn fully automated systems the human factor іs elіmіnated and replaced by a computer specіfіcally programmed to react approprіately to any changes іn volume 04 issue 11-2024 17 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 14-19 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi the parameters monіtored by sensors. the automatіc functіons are actіvated by feedback from fіeld unіts and correctіons іn the flow parameters by control of devіces іn the іrrіgatіon system untіl the desіred performance level іs attaіned. sensor controlled mіcro іrrіgatіon control by twіn sensors one sensor іs placed іn the root zone and actuates the openіng of water flow. the second sensor, located on the lіmіt of the wetted zone, trіggers the closіng of water flow. control by sіngle sensor one sensor open and closes the water supply. sensor sensor іs defіned as an element that senses a varіatіon іn іnput energy to produce a varіatіon іn another or same form of energy. dіfferent types of sensors used to monіtor soіl and plant parameters are as follows: ➢ electromagnetіc sensors ➢ optіcal and radіometrіc sensors ➢ mechanіcal sensors ➢ electrochemіcal sensors ➢ acoustіc and pneumatіc sensors measured soіl ec has no dіrect effect on crop growth or yіeld. however, based on a measured soіl data, a farmer can easіly determіne specіfіc soіl propertіes whіch may affect the crop yіeld. sensors soіl texture (clay, sіlt & sand) som or total carbon content soіl moіstur e content soіl salіnіt y soіl bulk densіty depth varіa bіlіty soіl ph total n content cec other macro nutrіent electrіcal & electro-magnetіc x x x x x x x optіcal and radіometrіc x x x x x x mechanіcal acoustіc& pneumatіc x x x electro-chemіcal x x x x optіcal and radіometrіc sensors optіcal sensors measure the reflectance, absorptіon, or transmіttance characterіstіcs of the soіl. they use lіght reflectance to measure soіl organіc matter, soіl moіsture, mіneral composіtіon, clay content, soіl color, organіc carbon, ph, and catіon exchange capacіty. sensors determіne the soіl’s abіlіty to reflect lіght іn dіfferent parts of the electromagnetіc spectrum. changes іn wave reflectіons may іndіcate changes іn soіl densіty or restrіct soіl layers. optіcal sensors use the combіnatіon of four dіfferent wavelengths to measure certaіn soіl characterіstіcs; ultravіolet (100400 nm), vіsіble (400-700 nm), near-іnfrared (700-2500 nm) and mіd-іnfrared (2500-25000 nm) wavelengths. volume 04 issue 11-2024 18 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 14-19 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi ultravіolet wavelengths are used іn combіnatіon wіth vіsіble spectra to determіne іnorganіc mіnerals (іron oxіde) іn the soіl. accordіng to baumgardner et al., (1985), moіsture, organіc matter, partіcle sіze, іron oxіdes, mіneral composіtіon, soluble salts, parent materіal and other attrіbutes affect soіl reflectance. soіl-plant water monіtorіng sensors dіfferent types of devіces used to monіtor soіl-plant water status and to automate іrrіgatіon system are lіsted below: a) tensіometer b) resіstance block c) gypsum block d) granular matrіx sensor e) tdr based soіl moіsture sensor f) іnfrared sensors for leaf aіr temperature g) hіgh frequency capacіtance type soіl moіsture sensor. effect of automated іrrіgatіon on crop growth majsztrіk et al., (2013 a,b) and saavoss et al., (2016) demonstrated that more tіmely іrrіgatіon decіsіons through the use of sensor networks іn greenhouse productіon іncreased the yіeld and qualіty of snapdragon (cutflowers) by 30% dependіng on season and cultіvar. соnсlusіоn іn conclusіon the automatіon results іn hіgher productіon, іncreased productіvіty, better qualіty, іmproved safety, shorter workweeks for labour. automated systems typіcally perform the іrrіgatіon process wіth less varіabіlіty than human workers, resultіng іn greater control and consіstency. also, іncreased process control makes more effіcіent use of іrrіgatіon water, resultіng іn less water consumptіon or hіgh water use effіcіency. automated іrrіgatіon systems (aіs) can save man power, reduce use of natural resources, dependency on raіnfall can be avoіded, іmprove qualіty and productіon effіcіently, mіx the fertіlіzers іn the requіred ratіo for the crops and feed іt through the іrrіgatіon lіnes and also maіntaіns the soіl moіsture content at optіmum levels, thereby helpіng the farmers to іncrease theіr yіeld. rеfеrеnсеs 1. baker, d. w., & mіller, l. j. (2018). automatіon іn water management: trends and technologіes. sprіnger. https://doі.org/10.1007/978-3-030-014026 2. shaymardanova, a. (2021). компьютерный перевод культурных характеристик проблема изготовления. computer linguistics: problems, solutions, prospects, 1(1). 3. shaymardanova, а. (2020). the role and position of lacunas of cultural location in the process of communication (can the word “yanga” be thought to be a lacuna in uzbek language?). theoretical & applied science, (12), 322-325. 4. халмуратов, к. п. (2022). структура и динамика кредитов коммерческих банков предоставленные населению. volume 04 issue 11-2024 19 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 14-19 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi o'zbekistonda fanlararo innovatsiyalar va ilmiy tadqiqotlar jurnali, 1(10), 63-66. 5. xalmuratov, k., & polatov, k. (2021). development of educational services in the republic of karakalpakstan on the basis of the mechanism of public-private partnership main directions. экономика и социум, (6-1 (85)), 298-300. 6. rao, s. s., & patel, p. s. (2019). smart water management for reservoіrs: automatіon systems and applіcatіons. water resources management, 33(9), 3081-3097. https://doі.org/10.1007/s11269019-02345-w 7. dіnh, m. t., & nguyen, t. t. (2020). automatіon and control of water reservoіrs usіng іot and aі technologіes. journal of envіronmental engіneerіng, 146(12), 04020076. https://doі.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.19437870.0001747 8. sharma, r., & verma, a. (2017). іmplementatіon of automatіon іn water reservoіr management for sustaіnable water supply. іnternatіonal journal of advanced engіneerіng research, 10(2), 58-65. 9. stern, p., & koster, f. (2016). automatіon and monіtorіng іn water reservoіrs: a case study іn effіcіent water dіstrіbutіon. journal of water supply: research and technology-aqua, 65(3), 183193. https://doі.org/10.2166/aqua.2016.051 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 28 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue03 2025 page no. 28-31 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-08 amplification of the dreb2a transcription factor gene from salsola richteri (moq.) kar. ex litv. growing in the southern aralkum doston rizaev junior researcher institute of bioorganic chemistry of the academy of sciences of the republic of uzbekistan, uzbekistan jamoliddin ziyavitdinov doc. chem. sciences, prof. institute of bioorganic chemistry of the academy of sciences of the republic of uzbekistan, uzbekistan sanjar sherimbetov doc. biol. sciences, prof. institute of bioorganic chemistry of the academy of sciences of the republic of uzbekistan, uzbekistan bahtiyor adilov doc. biol. sciences, institute of genetics and experimental plant biology of the academy of sciences of the republic of uzbekistan, uzbekistan received: 29 january 2025; accepted: 28 february 2025; published: 31 march 2025 abstract: this study investigates halophytic plants of the genus salsola l., which are widely spread in the southern part of the aralkum desert. during the research, a pcr product of approximately 1200 bp associated with the dreb2a gene was amplified in one of the species, salsola richteri. this gene plays a key role in plant adaptation to drought and salt stress. the obtained data will be used for sequencing the dreb2a gene and analyzing its expression. keywords: salsola richteri, dreb2a, transcription factor, salt tolerant plants, primer. introduction: salsola richteri is a shrub or a small tree ranging from 1 to 3 meters in height. in its young stage, it is covered with finely tuberculate (or papillose) leaves, which later become leafless. the stem is weakly branched, with smooth gray bark, up to 5 cm thick at the base, and its woody branches soon acquire a milkywhite color [1]. this species is promising for phytoremediation practices due to its good growth on sandy soils, high seed productivity, ability to propagate by seeds and cuttings, and tolerance to significant salinity. its powerful root system makes it effective for sand stabilization [4, 5]. the high protein content and the formation of substantial organic mass with economical water use allow s. richteri to be utilized as a valuable forage plant for autumn-winter pastures [2, 3, 5]. karakalpak scientists studied the growth and development of s. richteri under the ecological conditions of the karakalpak part of the kyzylkum desert from 2014 to 2018. fruiting of s. richteri began as early as the first year of life, in the third decade of june. fruits were mainly formed on fourth-order shoots, with the number of fruits per shoot ranging from 16 to 38 and the number of leaves from 14 to 40. fruiting depended on the age of the shrubs; in the second year of cultivation, a single shrub could produce between 3,000 and 6,000 seeds [5]. s. richteri belongs to the groups of euhalophytes and hemixerophytes, which are adapted to soils with a moderate level of salinity (1.8–2.3%; cl 0.1–0.23%— https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-08 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-08 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-08 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-08 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 29 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) chloride-sulfate and sulfate salinization or 1.3–1.8%; cl 0.1–0.23%—sulfate-chloride and chloride salinization). this species is capable of successfully growing in such soils, maintaining its dominant position in the phytocenosis even as salinity levels decrease. it forms plant associations and formations over vast areas that have been exposed after water receded. in his research, s. g. sherimbetov analyzed the chemical composition of plants found in the desiccated regions of the aral sea. among the studied halophytes (climacoptera aralensis, kalidium capsicum, halostachys belangeriana, salsola richteri, haloxylon aphyllum, tamarix hispida), a high content of minerals such as ca, cl, k, mg, and na was observed. the plant salsola drummondii ulbr., belonging to the genus salsola l., is capable of successfully growing and completing its life cycle under high salinity conditions (500–800 mm nacl). this plant adapts to salt stress by reducing the level of photosynthetic pigments, decreasing carotenoid content, and increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes [6]. based on the genes of salsola iberica, which are responsible for resistance to abiotic stress factors, a bank of expressed sequence tags (est—expressed sequence tag) was created to analyze the molecular mechanisms of adaptation. this bank included 377 ests, which were grouped into 227 unique fragments. similarities were found between s. iberica ests and stress-resistance genes, including saltinduced proteins, betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenases, and calcium-binding proteins [7]. salsola ferganica is a desert herbaceous plant that grows in arid regions of western and northwestern china. to normalize gene expression in s. ferganica under abiotic stress, nine reference genes (tua-1726, tua1760, tub, gapdh, act, 50s, hsc70, apt, and u-box) were tested under six stress conditions. the analysis revealed that act and u-box exhibited the highest stability among all tested variants [8]. a review of scientific literature has shown that despite s. richteri is tolerance to salinity and drought, there is a lack of data on transcription factors responsible for these adaptation mechanisms. abiotic stress plays a crucial role in plant growth and development, as plants are exposed to various adverse factors such as drought, low and high temperatures. under stress conditions, several stress-resistant genes are activated, among which dreb (dehydration responsive element binding) genes play a particularly important role. these genes encode proteins of the apetala2/ethylene (ap2/erf) family, which bind to the dehydration-responsive element (dre)/c-repeat in the promoter regions of stress-resistance genes. the dre cis-element, located near the promoter regions of stress-associated genes, serves as the binding site for dreb transcription factors, which regulate osmotic stress in plants. drought and high salinity levels induce the expression of the dreb2 gene, which plays a key role in regulating abiotic stress-responsive genes. the expression of osdreb2a in oryza sativa is enhanced under salt stress and dehydration, but the gene exhibits low sensitivity to low temperatures and abscisic acid (aba) [9]. similarly, in zea mays, the transcript level of zmdreb2a increases under hightemperature stress. arabidopsis thaliana demonstrates dreb2a activation primarily in response to drought and salt stress [10]. the aim of the study is to design a new primer for obtaining the full dreb2a gene sequence from s. richteri, a plant from the chenopodiaceae family. methods as research objects, plant biomaterials of s. richteri collected from the southern aralkum in 2021 were used. the plant materials were identified by staff of the institute of botany, academy of sciences of the republic of uzbekistan. total dna was extracted from the leaves of the plant using the purelink plant total dna purification kit (invitrogen by thermo fisher scientific). primer design to amplify the dreb2a gene from plants of the chenopodiaceae family, a search for the nucleotide sequence of the dreb2a gene was conducted in the ncbi database (ncbi www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) using the blastn algorithm in the blast web application within the genbank database. based on the nucleotide sequences of the dreb2a gene from salicornia brachiata (id: gu809211.1), haloxylon ammodendron (id: kp765243.1), beta vulgaris (id: xm_010694618.3), and chenopodium quinoa (id: xm_021876866.1) for the reverse primer, as well as chenopodium album (id: ox_419225.1) and salicornia ramosissima (id: ox_596239.1) for the forward primer from the ncbi database, a design of specific degenerate primers was created for the amplification of approximately 900 and 1500 nucleotide sequences using the clustal o(1.2.4) multiple sequence alignment program (table 1). table 1. oligonucleotide sequence of primers for amplification of the dreb2a gene of some species of the chenopodiaceae family american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 30 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) polymerase chain reaction the amplification of dreb2a gene fragments from the studied halophytic plant salsola richteri was performed using a miniamp™ plus thermal cycler (applied biosystems, usa) with specific primers. the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) of the dreb2a gene was carried out according to the protocol of the phusion™ high-fidelity dna polymerase kit (thermo fisher scientific, usa) [7]. for the quantitative determination of nucleotides in the pcr products, electrophoresis was performed in a 2% agarose gel. the length of the pcr products was determined using a 100 bp dna ladder marker (invitrogen, usa) (fig. 1). figure 1. electropherogram of the pcr product of the dreb2a gene m dna marker; 1. s. richteri; 2. s. richteri results and discussion as a result of the study, a pcr product with an approximate length of 900 and 1200 base pairs was obtained from salsola richteri. it was established that the pcr product length corresponds to the predicted size during primer design, confirming their specific binding to the complementary sequence. according to ncbi, the length of the dreb2a gene in the registered species salicornia brachiata (id: gu809211.1), haloxylon ammodendron (id: kp765243.1), beta vulgaris (id: xm_010694618.3), and chenopodium quinoa (id: xm_021876866.1) ranges from 1100 to 1200 base pairs. the length of the pcr products obtained from s. richteri also falls within this range, confirming their affiliation with the dreb2a gene. the obtained results enable further investigation of the nucleotide sequence of the dreb2a gene in s. richteri and the study of its expression levels under drought and salinity conditions. conclusion dna fragments were isolated from plants of the chenopodiaceae family distributed in the southern aralkum. using bioinformatics online resources, specific dreb2a primers were designed. the dreb2a gene was successfully amplified from the dna of salsola richteri using pcr. it was established that the pcr products obtained from s. richteri were suitable for sequencing nucleotide pair sequences. the results of this study provide a foundation for further analytical research aimed at understanding the functionality of the dreb2a gene in s. richteri. references salsola richteri (moq.) karel ex litv., // flora of primers 5'-3' oligonucleotide sequence pr_d_f tcgaagaaaggdtgtatgaaagg pr_dr_f1 gggawrttttawawwttkattta pr-dost_r1 aaacctaywgagaataagctt american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 31 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) pakistan, tropicos.org, // (2011). запреметова н.с. // кустарниковые солянки пустыни узбекистана и вопросы введения их в культуру. // в кн. материалы по растительности пустынь внизкогорий // (1959) ср. азии. ташкент. нечаева н.т., приходько с.я. // искусственные зимние пастбища в предгорных пустынях средней азии // (1966) «туркменистан» петров м.п. // развитие корневых систем кустарников песчаной пустыни каракумы // проблемы растениеводческого освоение пустынь. (1935) вып. 4, с. 67. балтабаев м.т., ембергенов м.е. // рост и развитие salsola richteri в условиях культуры каракалпакской части кызылкума // (2019) вестник науки и образования № 4(58). часть 2. elnaggar a., mosa k.a., el-keblawy a., tammam a., elnaggar m. // physiological and biochemical insights of salt stress tolerance in the habitat-indifferent halophyte salsola drummondii during the vegetative stage // (2020) botany, 98(11), 15 july https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2019-0160 zwenger s.r., alsaggaf r., basu c. // does an expressed sequence tag (est) library of salsola iberica (tumbleweed) help to understand plant responses to environmental stresses? // (2010). plant signaling & behavior, 5(11), 1330–1335. https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.5.11.12837. wang, s., & zhang, s. // selection of the reference gene for expression normalization in salsola ferganica under abiotic stress // (2022) genes (basel), 13(4), 571. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13040571 dubouzet jg, sakuma y, ito y, kasuga m, dubouzet eg, miura s, et al. // osdreb genes in rice, oryza sativa l., encode transcription activators that function in drought-, high-saltand cold-responsive gene expression // (2003) plant j 33:751-63. schramm f, larkindale j, kiehlmann e, ganguli a, englich g, vierling e, et al. // a cascade of transcription factor dreb2a and heat stress transcription factor hsfa3 regulates the heat stress response of arabidopsis // (2008) plant j 53:264-74. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 1 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue05 2025 page no. 1-5 enhancing urea metabolism and stress tolerance in tomato through foliar nickel application simon johnson department of plant sciences, university of california, davis, usa rio martinez department of horticultural science, university of madrid, spain received: 03 march 2025; accepted: 02 april 2025; published: 01 may 2025 abstract: nickel (ni) is recognized as an essential micronutrient pivotal for urea metabolism and stress mitigation in plants. this study synthesizes research findings to examine the role of foliar ni application in improving urea conversion efficiency and enhancing abiotic stress resilience in tomato (solanum lycopersicum). highlighting biochemical, physiological, and agronomic perspectives, the article elaborates how ni influences urease activation, antioxidant defense systems, and stress alleviation mechanisms. results from previous studies demonstrate the critical contribution of ni in managing nutrient assimilation, fruit quality, and disease resistance, suggesting a promising agricultural strategy to ensure tomato productivity under environmental challenges. keywords: nickel (ni) nutrition, urease activity, urea metabolism, tomato (solanum lycopersicum), abiotic stress tolerance, nitrogen use efficiency (nue), foliar fertilization, antioxidant defense, blossom-end rot, climate change resilience. introduction: tomato (solanum lycopersicum), a globally significant horticultural crop, is highly susceptible to abiotic stresses, including salinity, drought, and nutrient imbalance [11, 19, 28, 31]. climate change further exacerbates these stress conditions, necessitating innovative agronomic strategies to sustain tomato yield and quality [12, 44]. nickel (ni) has been increasingly acknowledged as a crucial micronutrient essential for the functioning of urease, the enzyme responsible for hydrolyzing urea into usable nitrogen forms for plant metabolism [6, 24, 32]. urea-based fertilization, although widely adopted for its high nitrogen content, can suffer from inefficient conversion without sufficient ni availability, leading to reduced nitrogen-use efficiency and environmental nitrogen losses [1, 35, 46]. several studies emphasize that foliar ni application not only enhances urease activity but also bolsters antioxidant mechanisms, thus providing dual benefits of improved nutrient utilization and abiotic stress mitigation [2, 14, 23]. in tomatoes, ni has also been linked to improved calcium accumulation, reduced blossom-end rot incidence, and overall enhancement of fruit development [20, 21, 22]. given these multifaceted roles, the present review systematically explores the impacts of foliar ni application on urea conversion and stress mitigation in tomatoes, drawing upon findings across agronomy, plant physiology, and molecular biology domains. tomato (solanum lycopersicum) is one of the most widely cultivated and economically significant crops globally, providing essential nutrients and vitamins to millions of people. however, its growth and productivity are often constrained by various environmental factors, including abiotic stresses such as drought, high temperature, and soil nutrient imbalances. among these, nitrogen (n) is a critical macronutrient that influences tomato growth, development, and fruit yield. urea, a widely used nitrogen fertilizer, plays a pivotal role in meeting the nitrogen demands of crops. however, the efficiency of urea utilization in plants can be suboptimal, often leading to nitrogen losses in the environment through processes such as volatilization and leaching. this american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 2 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) inefficiency not only compromises crop yield but also exacerbates environmental pollution, making nitrogen management a crucial aspect of sustainable agriculture. recent studies have explored the potential of micronutrients in improving nitrogen metabolism in plants, particularly in enhancing the efficiency of urea conversion. among these micronutrients, nickel (ni) has gained significant attention due to its essential role in various plant physiological processes, including nitrogen metabolism. nickel is a co-factor for the enzyme urease, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. adequate nickel availability is crucial for optimal urease activity, which in turn enhances nitrogen use efficiency (nue) and minimizes nitrogen losses in the soil. despite its importance, nickel deficiency is often overlooked in agricultural practices, especially in regions with low nickel content in the soil. the application of nickel as a foliar fertilizer has emerged as a promising strategy for mitigating nickel deficiency in plants and improving urea conversion efficiency. foliar application allows for the direct absorption of nickel by the leaves, ensuring a more rapid response compared to soil application. studies have shown that foliar nickel application can enhance urease activity, promote better nitrogen assimilation, and improve overall plant growth and productivity. furthermore, nickel’s role in plant stress tolerance has also been well-documented. it has been found to boost antioxidant defense systems and reduce the negative impacts of various abiotic stresses, including oxidative stress induced by drought and salinity. tomato plants, in particular, exhibit increased susceptibility to various forms of abiotic stress, including drought, salinity, and nutrient deficiencies. these stresses often lead to reduced yield, poor fruit quality, and increased susceptibility to diseases such as blossom-end rot. nickel, through its involvement in antioxidant metabolism and stress signaling pathways, has shown potential in mitigating these stresses, thereby improving plant resilience. moreover, the interplay between nickel and calcium in tomatoes has been an area of particular interest. blossom-end rot, a common disorder in tomatoes, has been associated with calcium deficiency, but recent studies suggest that nickel can help reduce its incidence, even under conditions of calcium deficiency. the importance of optimizing nutrient management strategies, particularly for micronutrients like nickel, is becoming increasingly evident in the face of climate change and its associated impacts on crop production. as global temperatures rise and water availability becomes more uncertain, the ability to enhance crop resilience and nutrient efficiency through micronutrient supplementation could be a critical tool for ensuring food security. therefore, understanding the role of foliar nickel application in improving urea conversion, mitigating abiotic stress, and enhancing overall tomato productivity is of paramount importance for sustainable agricultural practices in the coming decades. this review aims to explore the role of foliar nickel application in tomato cultivation, focusing on its effects on urea conversion, nitrogen metabolism, and abiotic stress mitigation. by synthesizing current research findings, this article provides a comprehensive overview of the physiological mechanisms underlying nickel's action in plants and its potential as a tool for enhancing tomato growth under challenging environmental conditions. methods literature search strategy a comprehensive literature search was conducted in scientific databases including web of science, scopus, and google scholar, targeting peer-reviewed articles published between 1987 and 2024. keywords such as "nickel nutrition," "urea hydrolysis," "abiotic stress in tomato," "urease activity," and "foliar micronutrient application" were utilized. selection criteria studies selected for inclusion specifically addressed: • effects of ni supplementation (particularly via foliar application) on tomatoes or related crops. • observations related to urea metabolism, antioxidant enzyme activity, and stress resistance. • experimental designs including field trials, greenhouse experiments, and hydroponic systems. data extraction key findings, methods, and conclusions were systematically extracted and cross-referenced. attention was given to studies linking biochemical, physiological, and agronomic outcomes with ni applications. results 1. importance of nickel in plant urea metabolism nickel is a cofactor for urease, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea into ammonium ions, critical for nitrogen assimilation in plants [6, 36, 32]. deficiency in ni can lead to urea accumulation, resulting in cellular toxicity and impaired growth [6, 38]. tan et al. (2000) demonstrated that tomatoes supplied with urea as the sole nitrogen source showed american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 3 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) significantly improved growth when supplemented with ni, underlining the element's necessity for effective nitrogen utilization [45]. similarly, myrach et al. (2017) reported that the urease activation complex depends on ni delivery via accessory proteins [36]. 2. foliar application: a targeted approach foliar application of ni offers a precise method to correct micronutrient deficiencies and enhance physiological processes without relying solely on soil nutrient availability [16, 42]. studies on soybeans (barcelos et al., 2018) and barley (kumar et al., 2018) have shown that foliar ni treatments significantly increased urease activity and improved overall nutrient status [2, 25]. macedo et al. (2022) found that foliar ni application in tomatoes boosted calcium accumulation in fruits, helping mitigate blossom-end rot, a major quality issue [21]. 3. role of nickel in abiotic stress mitigation abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and heat disrupt plant metabolism, primarily by inducing oxidative stress [11, 13, 15]. ni plays a vital role in activating antioxidant enzymes, thus reducing oxidative damage under stress conditions [14, 18]. garai et al. (2020) highlighted the role of glyoxalase systems in stress recovery, where ni-dependent enzymes help detoxify harmful metabolites [13]. nickel-mediated enhancement of the antioxidant defense system has also been linked to improved tolerance to salt and drought stresses in tomato plants [19, 28, 29]. 4. influence on fruit development and quality nickel application has profound effects on fruit development processes. macedo et al. (2021) reported that ni supplementation altered calcium distribution patterns in tomato fruits, promoting uniform ripening and better structural integrity [22]. moreover, proper ni nutrition reduces the incidence of physiological disorders like blossom-end rot by enhancing calcium and nitrogen metabolism [20, 21, 50]. according to sovarel et al. (2016), foliar fertilizers containing micronutrients, including ni, significantly improved tomato yield and fruit quality traits such as sugar content, firmness, and color [43]. discussion synergistic role of nickel in nutrient assimilation and stress response nickel enhances nitrogen-use efficiency not only by activating urease but also by facilitating a broader range of physiological responses vital under stress conditions [24, 32, 36]. the antioxidant properties conferred by ni supplementation help protect plant cells against ros accumulation, a common consequence of abiotic stresses [14, 18, 29]. the strong interplay between urease activation, antioxidant defense, and calcium metabolism underscores the multi-dimensional benefits of foliar ni applications. practical implications for tomato cultivation applying ni through foliar sprays can be a practical intervention for improving urea-based fertilization strategies, particularly under stress-prone environments [42, 43, 49]. given the projected increase in climate-related stress events [12, 44, 47], foliar ni supplementation could serve as an essential component of resilient tomato production systems. moreover, managing soil and tissue ni levels could american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 4 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) prevent hidden deficiencies, a concept increasingly emphasized in recent soil fertility studies [46]. future research directions further investigations are warranted to: • optimize foliar ni dosage and application timing specific to tomato growth stages. • explore molecular mechanisms underpinning ni-regulated gene expression during stress responses [31, 41]. • assess long-term environmental impacts of increased ni usage in agricultural systems. conclusion foliar application of nickel emerges as a promising strategy to enhance urea conversion, optimize nitrogen metabolism, and strengthen abiotic stress resilience in tomato cultivation. by simultaneously improving nutrient efficiency and physiological robustness, ni supplementation aligns with sustainable agricultural goals aimed at ensuring crop productivity amidst climatic and environmental challenges. references apodaca, l. (2023). nitrogen statistics and information | u.s. geological survey. https://doi.org/10.9767/jcerp.20099 barcelos, j. p., reis, h., godoy, c., gratão, p., furlani junior, e., putti, f., campos, m., & reis, a. (2018). impact of foliar nickel application on urease activity, antioxidant metabolism and control of powdery mildew (microsphaera diffusa) in soybean plants. plant pathology, 67(7), 1502–1513. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12871 batth, r., jain, m., kumar, a., nagar, p., kumari, s., & mustafiz, a. (2020). zn²⁺ dependent glyoxalase i plays the major role in methylglyoxal detoxification and salinity stress tolerance in plants. plos one, 15(5), e0233493. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233493 bhalerao, s. a., sharma, a. s., & poojari, a. c. (2015). toxicity of nickel in plants. international journal of pure and applied bioscience, 3(2), 345–355. brown, p. h., welch, r. m., cary, e. e., & checkai, r. t. (1987). micronutrients: beneficial effects of nickel on plant growth. journal of plant nutrition, 10(9–16), 2125–2135. chaudhry, s., & sidhu, g. p. s. (2022). climate change regulated abiotic stress mechanisms in plants: a comprehensive review. plant cell reports, 41(1), 1–31. dhaliwal, s. s., sharma, v., & shukla, a. k. (2022). impact of micronutrients in mitigation of abiotic stresses in soils and plants—a progressive step toward crop security and nutritional quality. advances in agronomy, 173, 1–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2022.02.001 fabiano, c. c., tezotto, t., favarin, j. l., polacco, j. c., & mazzafera, p. (2015). essentiality of nickel in plants: a role in plant stresses. frontiers in plant science, 6, 754. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00754 garai, s., bhowal, b., pareek, a., singla-pareek, s. l., kaur, c., & sopory, s. k. (2020). expression dynamics of glyoxalase genes under high temperature stress in plants. plant physiology reports, 25, 533–548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40502-020-00545-1 gerszberg, a., & hnatuszko-konka, k. (2017). tomato tolerance to abiotic stress: a review of most often engineered target sequences. plant growth regulation, 83(2), 175–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-0170251-x liang, g., liu, j., zhang, j., & guo, j. (2020). effects of drought stress on photosynthetic and physiological parameters of tomato. journal of the american society for horticultural science, 145(1), 12–17. li, h., liu, h., gong, x., li, s., pang, j., chen, z., & sun, j. (2021). optimizing irrigation and nitrogen management strategy to trade off yield, crop water productivity, nitrogen use efficiency and fruit quality of greenhouse grown tomato. agricultural water management, 245, 106570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106570 macedo, f. g., de melo, w. j., delarica, d. d. l., cruz, r. b., santos, e. f., de melo, g. m. p., & cecílio filho, a. b. (2022). nickel increases productivity, ca accumulation and reduces blossom-end rot in tomato. archives of agronomy and soil science, 68(11), 1543–1553. macedo, f. g., montanha, g. s., pereira de carvalho, h. w., & de melo, w. j. (2021). nickel influences urease activity and calcium distribution in tomato fruits. acs agricultural science & technology, 1(1), 29–34. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsagscitech.0c00003 myrach, t., zhu, a., & witte, c. p. (2017). the assembly of the plant urease activation complex and the essential role of the urease accessory protein g (ureg) in delivery of nickel to urease. journal of biological chemistry, 292(35), 14556. pachauri, r., & meyer, l. (2014). ar5 synthesis report: climate change 2014—ipcc. parvin, k., hasanuzzaman, m., bhuyan, m., nahar, k., mohsin, s. m., & fujita, m. (2019). comparative physiological and biochemical changes in tomato (solanum lycopersicum l.) under salt stress and recovery: role of antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems. antioxidants, 8(9), 350. quinet, m., angosto, t., yuste-lisbona, f. j., et al. (2019). tomato fruit development and metabolism. frontiers in plant science, 10, 1554. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01554 robinson, w. a. (2021). climate change and extreme weather: a review focusing on the continental united https://doi.org/10.9767/jcerp.20099 https://doi.org/10.9767/jcerp.20099 https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12871 https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12871 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233493 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233493 https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2022.02.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2022.02.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2022.02.001 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00754 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00754 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00754 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40502-020-00545-1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40502-020-00545-1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-017-0251-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-017-0251-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-017-0251-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-017-0251-x https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106570 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106570 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsagscitech.0c00003 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsagscitech.0c00003 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01554 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01554 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 5 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) states. journal of the air & waste management association, 71(10), 1186–1209. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2021.1942319 sovarel, g., costache, m., & croitoru, m. (2016). the influence of some foliar fertilizers on tomato yield and fruit quality. bulletin uasvm horticulture, 73(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:11495 tan, x. w., ikeda, h., & oda, m. (2000). effects of nickel concentration in the nutrient solution on the nitrogen assimilation and growth of tomato seedlings in hydroponic culture supplied with urea or nitrate as the sole nitrogen source. scientia horticulturae, 84(3–4), 265–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/s03044238(99)00107-7 tijjani, s. b., giri, s., & woznicki, s. a. (2022). quantifying the potential impacts of climate change on irrigation demand, crop yields, and green water scarcity in the new jersey coastal plain. science of the total environment, 838, 156538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156538 topcu, y., nambeesan, s. u., & van der knaap, e. (2022). blossom-end rot: a century-old problem in tomato (solanum lycopersicum l.) and other vegetables. molecular horticulture. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43897-021-00022-9 zhao, r., liu, j., xu, n., he, t., meng, j., & liu, z. (2022). urea hydrolysis in different farmland soils as affected by long-term biochar application. frontiers in environmental science, 10, 950482. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.950482 https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2021.1942319 https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2021.1942319 https://doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:11495 https://doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:11495 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4238(99)00107-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4238(99)00107-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4238(99)00107-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4238(99)00107-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156538 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156538 https://doi.org/10.1186/s43897-021-00022-9 https://doi.org/10.1186/s43897-021-00022-9 https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.950482 https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.950482 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 17 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue05 2025 page no. 17-19 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-05 designing lands for tree planting in karakalpakstan: an ecological and practical perspective tairova ayjamal woserovna assistant of the department of water management and land use of karakalpakstan institute of agriculture and agrotechnologies, uzbekistan received: 21 march 2025; accepted: 17 april 2025; published: 30 may 2025 abstract: the republic of karakalpakstan faces severe environmental challenges due to its arid climate, saline soils, and the long-term effects of the aral sea disaster. as a result, developing sustainable landscaping and afforestation strategies is both an ecological necessity and a socio-economic opportunity. this paper examines the scientific, practical, and policy-oriented aspects of designing land for tree planting in the region. it highlights the importance of selecting droughtand salt-tolerant species such as haloxylon aphyllum, tamarix hispida, and populus euphratica, while emphasizing soil reclamation techniques, water-efficient irrigation systems, and ecological land design principles. the study also discusses the integration of tree planting into urban and rural planning, along with community participation and state-supported afforestation programs. the findings demonstrate that, with proper planning and local engagement, tree planting can restore degraded landscapes, mitigate climate impacts, and contribute to the sustainable development of karakalpakstan. keywords: karakalpakstan, afforestation, land design, arid climate, saline soil, drought-resistant trees, ecological restoration, landscaping, sustainable development, water-efficient irrigation. introduction: landscaping and afforestation play an increasingly crucial role in combating environmental degradation, especially in arid regions facing climate change and desertification. the republic of karakalpakstan, located in the northwest of uzbekistan, is one of the most ecologically fragile areas in central asia due to the environmental consequences of the aral sea disaster, widespread soil salinity, and extreme climate variability. these challenges have intensified the need for innovative land design strategies tailored specifically to the region’s unique soil and climate. planting trees in such an environment is not a straightforward task. without understanding the limitations posed by climate and soil characteristics, tree planting can fail or even worsen environmental degradation. therefore, it is essential to approach the design of lands for tree planting with a scientific, ecological, and socio-economic lens. this article explores the methods and principles for designing land in karakalpakstan to support successful tree planting, emphasizing species selection, soil management, water-saving technologies, and the importance of community involvement. to design suitable land for tree planting, it is important to begin by examining the region’s environmental context. karakalpakstan experiences an extremely arid climate characterized by hot summers, cold winters, and very low annual precipitation — usually no more than 100–130 mm. summer temperatures often exceed +45°c, while winters can drop below -15°c. this large temperature fluctuation, combined with dry air and minimal rainfall, makes survival difficult for most traditional tree species. the soil presents further obstacles. much of karakalpakstan is covered by sandy and saline soils, especially in areas close to the former aral sea. the exposed seabed, now known as the aralkum desert, contributes large quantities of salt and dust to the atmosphere, leading to toxic soil conditions. in fact, according to a 2022 report by the institute of soil science of uzbekistan, nearly 60% of the region’s agricultural land is affected by moderate to high salinity. these factors underscore the need for salttolerant, drought-resistant species and proper soil preparation before planting [6, 82-85]. an important component of land design is choosing the right species for the local environment. the key criteria https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-05 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-05 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 18 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) for karakalpakstan include drought resistance, salt tolerance, adaptability to temperature extremes, and ecological value. native and regionally adapted species are preferable to imported ones, as they are more likely to survive and thrive in harsh conditions. one of the most effective species for arid conditions is haloxylon aphyllum, commonly known as black saxaul. this tree is highly effective in stabilizing sandy soils and reducing dust storms. another widely used species is tamarix hispida, or salt cedar, which tolerates both saline soil and poor irrigation conditions. populus euphratica is suitable for riparian areas and has shown success in rehabilitating desertified floodplains. elaeagnus angustifolia, or russian olive, is a nitrogen-fixing species that also improves soil quality and supports biodiversity. for urban settings, species like morus alba (white mulberry), ailanthus altissima (tree of heaven), and robinia pseudoacacia (black locust) offer fast growth, shade, and air purification benefits. however, some species, such as the tree of heaven, must be carefully managed to prevent invasive spread [1, 261267]. designing land for successful tree growth goes beyond simply planting saplings. in arid zones like karakalpakstan, land preparation must include a range of interventions to improve soil, conserve water, and create microclimates favorable for plant growth. saline soils require special treatment to become suitable for planting. techniques such as leaching salts through controlled irrigation, adding organic compost, and applying gypsum to reclaim sodic soils are widely practiced. the addition of biochar improves water retention and provides a stable habitat for soil microbes, increasing fertility over time. given the severe water shortage, it is essential to employ efficient irrigation methods. drip irrigation, especially when powered by solar energy, minimizes water loss through evaporation. in rural areas, rainwater harvesting structures, such as crescent-shaped bunds and trenches, help collect and direct moisture to plant roots. mulching the soil surface with straw or gravel also helps reduce evaporation. trees benefit from protective environments, especially in the early years. planting in groups or rows can create windbreaks that reduce soil erosion and retain humidity. in desertified areas, combining tree planting with shrubs and ground cover can create multilayered vegetation systems that improve ecological stability. tree planting strategies should differ between urban and rural landscapes. in urban areas, the goals include beautification, air purification, temperature regulation, and psychological well-being. cities like nukus, beruniy, and moynaq can benefit from green corridors along roads and within residential blocks. research shows that green spaces reduce urban temperatures by 2–4°c and significantly improve air quality. in contrast, rural areas require tree planting for more functional reasons — protecting agricultural land, rehabilitating abandoned fields, and preventing sand encroachment. in such areas, shelterbelts, windbreaks, and afforestation of degraded land can improve local microclimates and even increase crop productivity by 10–20%, as reported by karakalpak agricultural institutions [2, 279-296]. no land design or planting initiative can succeed without the involvement of the local population. farmers, youth groups, and rural communities must be actively engaged in planting and caring for trees. government programs like uzbekistan’s “yashil makon” (green space) campaign aim to plant over 1 billion trees, with karakalpakstan being a major focus. in addition, international donors such as the undp and world bank have funded reforestation and ecological restoration efforts in the region. it is also important to promote public education about the ecological and economic benefits of trees. creating communitymanaged nurseries and providing financial incentives for afforestation can lead to better long-term results. policy makers must ensure that land use plans include mandatory green belts and support for agroforestry. conclusion in conclusion, the design of land for tree planting in karakalpakstan is a complex but achievable task that requires the integration of ecological knowledge, technical solutions, and community involvement. the challenges posed by soil salinity, extreme temperatures, and water scarcity can be overcome through careful species selection, soil preparation, and water-efficient irrigation. tree planting, if done correctly, can transform the landscape of karakalpakstan — improving air and soil quality, protecting agriculture, and enhancing the lives of its people. by viewing landscaping not only as an environmental necessity but also as an opportunity for ecological restoration, the republic of karakalpakstan can serve as a model for arid-region afforestation around the world. through continued scientific research, policy support, and public engagement, green landscapes can flourish even in the harshest of environments. references abbosovich, nosirov ilkhom. "development perspectives of ecological management in uzbekistan." european science review 1-2 (2017): 267-271. abdullaev, alisher. "algorithm of development for stabilization of socio-ecological situation in karakalpakstan." qubahan academic journal 4.2 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 19 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) (2024): 279-296. botman21, evgeniy. "forest rehabilitation in the republic of uzbekistan." keep asia green 253 (2009). djanibekov, utkur, et al. "adoption of sustainable land uses in post-soviet central asia: the case for agroforestry." sustainability 8.10 (2016): 1030. kaipnazarov, a. sh, and n. r. djumageldiev. "historical stages in the strategy of environmental safety and development of the aral sea region." turkish online journal of qualitative inquiry 12.3 (2021). mo’minova, r. n., and s. sobirjonov. "development of ecology in uzbekistan." international journal of research in commerce, it, engineering and social sciences issn: 2349-7793 impact factor: 6.876 16.06 (2022): 82-85. volume 04 issue 11-2024 20 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 20-25 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi abstract the article provides information on the medicinal properties of the kovrak plant, measures for its current use. the importance of this plant in providing employment to the population of dehqanabad district, its annual yield and income are scientifically analyzed. the prospects for kovrak cultivation are highlighted, including the costs and benefits of its cultivation, calculated in local currency and us dollars. keywords republic of uzbekistan, kashkadarya region, dehqanabad district, kovrak plant, plantations, population employment. introduction kovrak belongs to the celery family and is a perennial herb. there are more than 170 species of kovrak on earth. more than 110 species are found in central asia, and about 50 in our country. in nature, stinking kovrak is widespread, and gum-resin is mainly obtained from this species. in our country, the medicinal plant kovrak is naturally widespread and there are additional opportunities for artificial cultivation and propagation. research article economic and geographical aspects of kovrak cultivation in dekhkanabad district submission date: november 09, 2024, accepted date: november 14, 2024, published date: november 19, 2024 crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue11-04 namozov jorabek abduazizovich chirchik state pedagogical university, associate professor of the department of geography, doctor of philosophy (phd), associate professor, uzbekistan nurqobilova yulduz bahrom qizi student of karshi state university, uzbekistan journal website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajahi copyright: original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue11-04 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue11-04 volume 04 issue 11-2024 21 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 20-25 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi in particular, it grows in sandy deserts, hills, mountains and foothills of the tashkent, samarkand, surkhandarya, kashkadarya, jizzakh, navoi, bukhara regions of our republic and the republic of karakalpakstan, on gray soil soils. the red book of uzbekistan includes 5 types of kovrak, which are: juniper kovrak, nor kovrak, sumbul kovrak, tuganakli kovrak, kizylkum kovrak. in our republic, two types of kovrak are mainly grown: sassyk kovrak and ko'histon kovrak. methods the article is written in a general geographical direction, in which the main emphasis is placed on the natural characteristics and economic aspects of the kovrak plant. the article uses observation, geographical comparison, landscape-indication, statistical-mathematical, extrapolation, systemcomposition methods. picture 1. the map of dehqanabad district in kashkadarya region volume 04 issue 11-2024 22 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 20-25 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi results the highest quality of the kovrak plant grown in uzbekistan is grown in the dehqanabad district of the kashkadarya region. the reason for this is, firstly, the high quality of the kovrak, and secondly, the large market for the product. since the district is located in the border area, the influx of products from neighboring republics and regions, along with the high market for kovrak in the district, also ensures the selfemployment of the district's population. the extraction of gum-resin from the kovrak root begins in early spring and continues until autumn. therefore, the periods of resin extraction are divided into spring and summer. for this, the area around the kovrak root is dug 5-10 centimeters deep and 20-25 centimeters wide, and the top of the root is exposed. after the top of the root is exposed, it is cut to extract the gum and resin. after 5-6 days, the high-quality gum and resin juice is collected and the collected gum and resin is collected. it is then cut again from another place, and the cutting is done 15-20 times during the season, depending on the size of the plant's root. picture 2. the fruit of the kovrak plant in folk medicine, kovrak has long been used to treat dangerous tumors and ulcers, and an alcoholic tincture of its gum-resin (nastoyka) has been used for asthma, vasoconstriction, and nervous diseases. the kovrak volume 04 issue 11-2024 23 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 20-25 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi plant is a medicinal plant that treats vasoconstriction, pulmonary tuberculosis, plague, cholera, whooping cough, toothache, nervous and other diseases, gives strength to a person, expels phlegm and drives out worms. the stinking kovrak is a famous plant of the east. it is used as a spice. this plant has been used as a medicinal remedy since ancient times. in ancient medicine, stinking kovrak glue was used to treat muscle injuries and severe pain, along with “khilkhit”, pomegranate juice. if “khilkhit” is dissolved in water and drunk, it cures a sore throat, dry cough, and swelling of the tongue. if taken orally, it increases sexual potency, stimulates urine and menstruation, and treats chronic cold diarrhea. in folk medicine, the roots and stems of the stinking kovrak are used as an alcoholic and aqueous tincture. it is used in dyspepsia, diabetes, neurosis, rheumatism, bronchial asthma, as an anti-inflammatory agent in catarrh, as an anticonvulsant, as a choleretic agent, and in pulmonary tuberculosis, liver, and kidney diseases. in addition, the stinking kovrak is used to treat tumor diseases. in scientific medicine, the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antihistamine, and anti-allergic properties of the stinking kovrak have been identified. the importance of extracts of the seeds and roots of the stinking kovrak in sexual weakness and erectile dysfunction in men has been identified. in addition, the antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and antitumor properties of the stinking kovrak have been identified. in scientific medicine, the gum resin of the kovrak is used as a powder, emulsion and alcoholic tincture (tincture) under the name “assa foetida”, as well as an analgesic and sedative, and is exported to many countries. cultivation of kovrak is also of particular importance in the economy of the district, the volume of exports by entrepreneurs is 10 million us dollars, which is more than the annual plan (8 million us dollars). currently, when looking at the reports for the first 6 months of 2023, it can be seen that the annual plan of 5 million us dollars has been almost fully implemented. these results show that the volume of production in the district is high, and at the same time the market is sufficiently developed. currently, the district has 49 rural self-government units, 154.2 thousand inhabitants, 26.6 thousand households, 34.6 thousand families, 5,691 unemployed people, 44 thousand hectares of arable land and 177 thousand hectares of pasture land. discussions it is no secret that the population engaged in kovrak in the district earns at least 30-50 million soums per year. when we also get acquainted with the kovrak plantations in dehqanabad district, the result is 4684 jobs, that is, 2434 households will be created through the organization of dehkan farms, 709 forest lands will be leased, 1161 pasture lands will be allocated, and 380 farms will be specialized. the total area of kovrak to be planted in the organization of seed plantations will be volume 04 issue 11-2024 24 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 20-25 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi 350 hectares, of which 150 hectares will be forestry, 200 hectares will be covered by the territories of the committee for the development of the sericulture and wool industry. currently, the area under cultivation of kovrak is 10.6 thousand hectares, of which 7161 ha (41 units) are owned by legal entities, 2459 ha (251 units) by forestry, 731 ha (1603 units) by residents, and 260 ha (1 unit) by a pasture association. when calculating the costs and income for the population to grow their own kovrak, the cost of purchasing land for 1 ha is 1.6 million soums, the cost of planting it is 2 million soums, preparing the land for planting is 1 million soums, seeds for sowing (8-10 kg) are 12 million soums, covering the land with a net is 16.4 million soums, other expenses are 2 million soums, a total cost of 35 million soums, and the average yield is 450 kg, the price of 1 kg of product is 2.2 thousand soums, and the total income is 990 million soums. if we look at the dynamics of kovrak exports, we can observe an increase in income from the product of 1850 us dollars in 2020, 3200 us dollars in 2021, and 8000 us dollars in 2022, which is an increase of 73 percent in 2021 and 250 percent in 2022 compared to 2020. according to the above results, the export figures of the product in the district are expected to be 10 million in 2023, 11.5 million in 2024, 14 million in 2025, 18 million in 2026, and 30 million us dollars in 2027. at the same time, necessary measures are being taken and the necessary amount of loans are being allocated to the population. we all know that kovrak is a medicinal plant, and kovrak resin is mainly exported to india. compared to previous years: harvesting of cultivated kovrak plantations in afghanistan has begun; increased supply in the market due to the large amount of kovrak sap being produced in kazakhstan, kyrgyzstan, turkmenistan and iran in 2023; indian wholesalers have stocked up on kovrak sap in sufficient quantities; the price of kovrak sap is expected to decrease in 2023 due to reduced consumer demand in india. conclusion currently, private kovrak entrepreneurship is widely developing in dehqanabad district, and in this regard, foreign investors are conducting research and verification work to implement new projects in the district, attracting the attention of foreigners. it is also worth noting that pistachio plantations have also been established along with kovrak. if kovrak plantations in the district are further developed and given broad opportunities, the total value of the product grown per 1 hectare of land in a year will be approximately 300 million soums, and the profitability rate will be 150%. that is, if a total of 49 million soums is spent on 1 hectare of cultivated land, seed costs will be 10 million soums, local fertilizers 5 million soums, mineral fertilizer costs 2 million soums, labor costs 20 million soums, fuel, lubricants and equipment costs 2 million volume 04 issue 11-2024 25 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn – 2771-2559) volume 04 issue 11 pages: 20-25 oclc – 1290679216 publisher: oscar publishing services servi soums, and other expenses 10 million soums. the net profit from this will be 251 million soums. in order to further increase the volume of kovrak cultivation and export in the district, it is possible to introduce proposals and recommendations such as: selling 5807 hectares of pasture land permanently owned by the committee for the development of the silk and wool industry through e-auction, as well as agricultural land, planting kovrak on 1-hectare plots of land of the residents of the neighborhood, providing a loan of 33 million soums for a period of 7 years with a 4-year grace period to protect the land from livestock with a net, establishing a conclusion by relevant organizations to combat rats and field mice that damage kovrak roots in areas planted with kovrak, and canceling the issuance of special permits (for harvesting and export) in order to increase the volume of kovrak exports grown in households and in cultural conditions for the district. references 1. ravshapov p. “geography of the kashkadarya region”. karshi, 1993. 2. tashkulov k. “dehqonobod – my prosperous homeland”. karshi, 1998. 3. “recommendations on growing sorghum”. tashkent, 2023 4. https://www.qashstat.uz/uz/ 5. www.wikipedia.uz 6. t.me/dehqonobodpress american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 30 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue05 2025 page no. 30-32 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-08 improvement and monitoring of the rational placement of agricultural crops based on gis technologies (using the example of the republic of karakalpakstan) zabidullaeva ranokhan kenesbaevna assistant of the department of water management and land use of karakalpak institute of agriculture and agrotechnologies, uzbekistan saparbayev islam arslanbayevich engineer of karakalpak republican branch "qryerloyiha" of the state scientific and design institute "uzdavyerloyiha", doctoral student of "uzdavyerloyiha" state scientific and design institute, uzbekistan received: 31 march 2025; accepted: 29 april 2025; published: 31 may 2025 abstract: this article explores the application of geographic information system (gis) technologies in improving and monitoring the rational placement of agricultural crops in the republic of karakalpakstan. with its arid climate, soil salinity, and limited water resources, karakalpakstan faces significant challenges in agricultural productivity. gis technologies offer valuable tools for optimizing land use, enhancing crop selection, and improving resource management. by integrating spatial data on soil properties, climate conditions, and water availability, gis can assist in identifying the most suitable areas for various crops, thus promoting sustainable farming practices. the article also discusses the use of remote sensing, land suitability analysis, and crop health monitoring to further enhance agricultural planning in the region. the successful implementation of gis-based projects in karakalpakstan has demonstrated its potential in increasing agricultural efficiency, reducing environmental impacts, and supporting sustainable agricultural development. keywords: geographic information system (gis), agricultural planning, crop placement, land suitability, karakalpakstan, remote sensing, soil salinity, water resources, sustainable agriculture, crop health monitoring. introduction: the efficient management of agricultural land plays a crucial role in the economic development of any region, especially in areas where agriculture forms the backbone of the local economy. in regions like the republic of karakalpakstan, which faces significant challenges such as arid conditions, water scarcity, and soil degradation, the need for rational land use and crop placement is paramount. geographic information system (gis) technologies have emerged as powerful tools for enhancing the efficiency of agricultural planning. by leveraging gis, farmers, researchers, and policymakers can improve crop placement, optimize land use, and monitor environmental factors in real time. this article aims to explore the potential of gis technologies in improving and monitoring the rational placement of agricultural crops in karakalpakstan. geographic information systems (gis) provide an integrated approach to managing spatial data, allowing for better decision-making based on a combination of geographical, environmental, and socio-economic factors. in agricultural planning, gis technologies help in mapping land suitability for different crops, analyzing soil conditions, predicting climate patterns, and monitoring crop health. by integrating various layers of data, gis systems enable farmers and planners to make informed decisions on the best crops to plant in specific areas, considering factors such as soil fertility, water availability, and climate suitability. in the case of karakalpakstan, gis technologies can play a vital role in optimizing land use. with the region's agricultural challenges, such as desertification and water shortages https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-08 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-08 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-08 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-08 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 31 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) from the aral sea crisis, gis can help identify the areas most suitable for specific crops and track how environmental factors impact crop yields [4]. karakalpakstan is characterized by its arid climate, limited rainfall, and proximity to the aral sea. the shrinking of the aral sea has exacerbated environmental issues, including salinization and soil degradation, which have negatively affected agricultural productivity. rational crop placement, or the strategic allocation of land for specific crops based on its suitability, is essential to ensuring sustainable agriculture in such a region. one of the main goals of rational crop placement is to increase agricultural productivity while minimizing the adverse environmental impacts of farming. in karakalpakstan, where water resources are scarce, crop selection must consider the amount of water each crop requires and the availability of irrigation infrastructure. by using gis technologies, planners can create detailed maps that show which areas are most suitable for water-intensive crops like cotton, and which are better suited for drought-tolerant crops like millet or sorghum. for instance, gis-based land suitability analysis can assess soil moisture content, salinity levels, and historical crop yield data. by integrating this information, planners can identify areas where crop rotations could help restore soil health, reduce salinization, and improve long-term sustainability. moreover, gis can assist in analyzing the spatial distribution of water resources, which is crucial for determining where water-efficient crops should be planted [2, 27-36]. one successful example of gis implementation in karakalpakstan was the pilot project launched in 2019 by the republic's ministry of agriculture in collaboration with international organizations. the project aimed to optimize land use and improve the management of water resources through gis-based mapping and analysis. the project incorporated satellite imagery, soil analysis, and climate data to create an interactive gis platform that enabled local farmers to visualize soil properties, water availability, and crop performance in real time. as a result, farmers were able to make more informed decisions about crop placement, leading to better yields and more sustainable farming practices. the gis platform also allowed agricultural experts to monitor the progress of the crops and adjust irrigation schedules and fertilization practices based on the data provided. this case study demonstrates the potential of gis in improving agricultural planning and monitoring in karakalpakstan. by providing accurate and up-to-date information on soil conditions, water availability, and climate factors, gis technologies help farmers and policymakers make more effective decisions that benefit both the economy and the environment. land suitability analysis is a key component of gis in agricultural planning. this process involves assessing the physical characteristics of land to determine its appropriateness for growing specific crops. gis technologies utilize various spatial data layers to evaluate these characteristics, including topography, soil type, climate data, and water resources. in karakalpakstan, gis can be used to conduct comprehensive land suitability assessments by incorporating data from remote sensing technologies, soil surveys, and weather stations. for example, remote sensing satellites can provide real-time data on soil moisture levels, which is essential for determining crop irrigation needs. furthermore, gis tools can help track and analyze the spatial distribution of soil salinity, a common problem in the region. this data allows for better management of salinized areas and the potential use of salt-tolerant crops, such as certain varieties of barley and wheat. one practical example of gis in action is the integration of satellite imagery with local soil data. using gis, agricultural experts in karakalpakstan can create detailed maps showing the salinity levels of different soil areas. these maps can then be used to guide farmers on which crops are most likely to succeed in specific areas, minimizing the risk of crop failure and optimizing resource use [1, 97-106]. in addition to improving crop placement, gis technologies are invaluable for monitoring crop health and environmental factors that influence agricultural productivity. the use of remote sensing technologies, such as satellites and drones, has revolutionized the way agricultural monitoring is conducted. by capturing high-resolution images, these technologies can detect crop stress, disease outbreaks, pest infestations, and water shortages before they become visible to the naked eye. for example, in karakalpakstan, gis can help monitor the impacts of climate change on crop production. by analyzing long-term climate data, gis tools can predict temperature fluctuations, precipitation patterns, and potential drought periods. this information allows farmers to plan crop cycles accordingly, selecting drought-resistant varieties or adjusting planting schedules to avoid extreme weather events. moreover, gis can facilitate the monitoring of irrigation systems, which are crucial in karakalpakstan due to the region’s reliance on irrigation for agriculture. by analyzing data from sensors placed within irrigation systems, gis tools can help identify areas with overirrigation or under-irrigation, allowing for more efficient water use and preventing waterlogging or soil salinization. conclusion american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 32 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) the use of gis technologies in the rational placement and monitoring of agricultural crops holds immense potential for improving agricultural productivity in the republic of karakalpakstan. by enabling precise land suitability assessments, monitoring crop health, and optimizing water use, gis offers a sustainable solution to the region's agricultural challenges. given the adverse environmental conditions, such as soil degradation and water scarcity, gis provides essential tools for ensuring the long-term viability of agriculture in the region. moving forward, it is important to expand the use of gis technologies across karakalpakstan, providing farmers with access to accurate data and tools to make informed decisions. this can help increase crop yields, reduce environmental impacts, and support sustainable agricultural practices. ultimately, gis technologies can play a pivotal role in improving the food security and economic stability of karakalpakstan while preserving the region’s fragile environment. references asgarova, matanat. "the assessment and management of soil fertility using gis and remote sensing." advanced land management 3.2 (2023): 97-106. bekanov, k. k., et al. "optimization of agricultural land use in chimbay district of the republic of karakalpakstan using gis technologies." international journal of geoinformatics 18.1 (2022): 27-36. nilipovskiy, vasily i., et al. "the project of on-farm land management as the main tool of agricultural land use." international agricultural journal 6 (2021): 677-692. omonjonovich, atakov ma'ruf. "improving monitoring and assessment of urban land using modern technologies." cotton science 4.1 (2024). oymatov, rustam, and sanjarbek safayev. "creation of a complex electronic map of agriculture and agro-geo databases using gis techniques." e3s web of conferences. vol. 258. edp sciences, 2021. turayev, rukhiddin amirkulovich, et al. "issues of the organization of the proper use of agricultural lands." turkish online journal of qualitative inquiry 12.3 (2021). american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 11 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue07 2025 page no. 11-16 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-03 clinical and homatological indications of local bulls examined by different methods urokov botir sayfiddinovich independent researcher at the research institute of livestock and poultry, uzbekistan received: 19 may 2025; accepted: 15 june 2025; published: 17 july 2025 abstract: the article provides detailed data on changes in the clinical and morphological indicators of the blood composition of castrated and uncastrated local bulls at different ages and depending on the seasons. keywords: castrated, uncastrated, number of breaths, heartbeats, body temperature, red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, metabolism, meat productivity, seasons, and age periods. introduction: the relevance of the subject. the global consumer market is currently experiencing an increasing demand for meat and meat products. the high demand for meat and meat products requires intensive and efficient methods of fattening livestock. in particular, the feeding of livestock with various biologically active substances to accelerate fattening during fattening affects the quality of the meat produced. as a result, the needs of consumers for high quality meat products are not fully covered. castration of animals intended for fattening is one of the important measures in improving the quantity and quality of the meat of agricultural animals [1; 87-90p; 2; 25p; 3; 8-13p.]. the meat of castrated cattle is fat, soft, and does not have a specific unpleasant smell and taste. castrated animals lose excess movements, which makes them easier to use and care for [10; 56p; 11; 5p; 12; 65-68p.]. in order to develop effective methods of meat production, many scientists have conducted dozens of studies on the formation of meat characteristics in the simmental breed in its pure form and in its offspring obtained from crossing it with other breeds [4; 26 p; 5; 5-8p; 6; 159p; 7; 152p; 8; 82-85p; 9; 33-35p.]. leading scientists from many countries of the world are conducting research on creating economically efficient and optimal technologies for fattening agricultural animals, including bulls, further increasing the efficiency of the beef cattle industry, increasing the quantity and improving the quality of the meat produced. as one of the important measures of sustainable development of beef cattle breeding in our republic in the next years, including increasing the source of income of the population, large-scale production of high-quality meat at a low cost is considered one of the urgent tasks. expanding the scope of scientific research in this area is of particular importance. thus, increasing the meat productivity of cattle and solving the problem of high-quality meat production, intensive breeding and feeding of cattle, use of efficient methods of fattening, increasing the income of the population due to the increase in the productivity of local bulls in the households of the population, increasing the number of new and productive livestock, using their meat productivity at a high level of genetic potential, a large amount of meat and high issues of growing protein products are the current problems of today. the purpose of the research. the purpose of the research is to increase the productivity of meat and improve the quality of meat by breeding local bulls in the conditions of meat-growing entities (farms, farmers and private farms). methods in the course of scientific research, the data obtained by zootechnical, biological and statistical methods were determined and processed by computer according to the methods of (e.k. merkureva, 1970). scientific research work was carried out at the https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-03 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-03 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-03 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-03 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 12 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) experimental farm of the research institute of livestock and poultry. results in the evaluation of the general physiological state of local bulls that have been slaughtered and not slaughtered in different ways in the experimental groups, it is important to study their clinical parameters. in the research, the clinical parameters of the bulls in the experimental groups: body temperature, heart rate and respiration rate were studied, and their physiological state was evaluated (tables 1-2). 1-table. variation of clinical parameters of 6-15-month-old bulls in the experimental groups by seasons indicators group i group ii group iii group iv х±sx cv, % х±sx cv, % х±sx cv, % х±sx cv, % 6 months old, spring (april) body temperature, °c 38,3±0,15 1,23 38,2±0,14 1,17 **38,3±0,1 8 1,52 **38,1±0,2 3 1,89 heart rate, minute/beat 64,8±0,94 4,59 65,0±1,22 5,94 *65,1±1,16 5,63 64,9±1,11 5,41 number of respirations, minute/time 27,9±0,55 6,20 **28,2±0,63 7,05 27,8±0,65 7,35 27,8±0,59 6,74 9 months old, summer (july) body temperature, °c 38,6±0,27 2,22 38,7±0,29 2,39 38,3±0,24 1,96 38,6±0,24 1,95 heart rate, minute/beat 66,0±0,92 4,40 66,4±0,50 2,38 **67,1±0,5 9 2,76 66,8±0,74 3,51 number of respirations, minute/time 28,6±0,50 5,52 *28,4±0,58 6,47 29,0±0,49 5,39 28,5±0,45 5,03 12 ойлик, куз (октябрь) body temperature, °c 38,2±0,23 1,92 38,4±0,22 1,80 *38,0±0,23 1,86 38,2±0,27 2,22 heart rate, minute/beat 63,3±0,93 4,65 63,2±0,87 4,34 64,0±0,86 4,23 *63,1±0,66 3,29 number of respirations, minute/time 26,1±0,53 6,37 26,0±0,54 6,54 26,6±0,50 5,93 **26,8±0,4 4 5,22 15 months old, winter (january) body temperature, °c 38,1±0,3 0 2,48 38,1±0,26 2,16 38,2±0,25 2,04 **38,1±0, 20 1,66 heart rate, minute/beat 61,8±0,6 1 3,13 **62,0±0,7 9 4,02 62,1±0,74 3,75 61,9±0,59 2,99 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 13 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) *p˂0,05; **p˂0,01; *** p˂0,001; 2-table. changes in the clinical parameters of 18and 21-month-old bulls in the experimental groups by seasons *p˂0,05; **p˂0,01; *** p˂0,001; as shown in tables 1-2, the body temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate of local bulls in the control and experimental groups were within normal limits, depending on the season and age. according to the results of the study, the level of reliability of the change in clinical indicators of bulls by season in the control and experimental groups ii, iii, iv at the age of 6 to 21 months was **p˂0.01 units. it also shows that the clinical indicators of all groups of bulls in the summer season were higher than in the winter, spring and autumn seasons, which indicates that the metabolic processes in the body of the bulls are slightly higher due to the influence of the hot air temperature in the summer season. due to the fact that the bulls in the number of respirations, minute/time 25,5±0,5 4 6,73 26,0±0,52 6,28 *25,8±0,6 3 7,71 25,9±0,55 6,68 indicators groups i ii iii iv х±sx cv, % х±sx cv, % х±sx cv, % х±sx cv, % 18 months old, spring (april) body temperatu re, °c 38,2±0,27 2,2 1 38,1±0,21 1,7 8 *38,3±0,21 1,7 4 38,1±0,22 1,8 4 heart rate, minute/be at 65,8±1,01 4,8 5 **65,1±0,6 7 3,2 7 66,1±0,91 4,3 6 65,9±0,67 3,2 3 number of respiratio ns, minute/ti me 27,1±0,57 6,6 1 28,1±0,75 8,4 6 28,5±0,52 5,7 9 *27,9±0,55 6,2 0 21 months old, summer (july) body temperatu re, °c 38,8±0,40 3,2 3 38,9±0,23 1,8 4 38,8±0,25 2,0 2 38,7±0,31 2,5 0 heart rate, minute/be at 69,0±0,95 4,3 7 70,0±0,70 3,1 6 70,1±0,78 3,5 2 **69,8±0,79 3,5 6 number of respiratio ns, minute/ti me 29,9±0,53 5,5 6 30,1±0,46 4,8 1 *30,3±0,45 4,6 8 29,5±0,52 5,5 9 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 14 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) experiment belong to the local breed and were born and cared for in the conditions of our republic, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of clinical parameters. this indicates that local bulls are resistant to natural climatic conditions of the republic. the study of blood indicators is of particular importance in assessing the general physiological state of bulls, the process of metabolism in their bodies and the level of feeding. blood is in constant motion in the body, flows through tissues and organs, washes it and actively participates in the vital activities of cows. blood performs a number of vital functions in the body: nourishing cells, breathing, protecting them, maintaining water balance in tissues, maintaining body temperature, and others. blood is functionally related to the growth and development of animals and their productivity indicators, ensuring the vitality of all cells in the body. that is why hematological parameters of blood composition are of great importance in the study of the interior of bulls and its evaluation. the composition of the blood varies depending on the age of the bulls, their physiological state, feeding conditions, season, etc. in a healthy organism, all random variations in blood composition are controlled by neurohumoral systems. also, various influences on the organism are reflected in the blood composition, that is, its composition changes in a positive or negative direction. in the study, the morphological composition of the blood composition of the bulls in the experimental groups was studied (table 3). 3-table hematological parameters of blood composition of local bulls in experimental groups blood indicators erythrocytes (mln/ml³) leukocytes (min/ml³) hemoglobin (g/%) standard,± 6,5 (5,5-8,5) 7,0 (4,5-12,0) 12,0 (10,0-14,0) groups х±sx cv,% х±sx cv,% х±sx cv,% during the 90 days of the experiment i-control group (not treated) 6,15±0,32 16,4 3 7,39±0,63 27,0 5 10,30±0,15 4,69 ii-experimental group (surgically tested) *6,68±0,34 16,0 6 8,21±0,32 12,3 2 11,03±0,32 9,31 iii-experimental group (tested by tying with rubber) *6,85±0,31 14,2 2 8,32±0,36 13,7 6 *12,11±0,48 12,58 iv-experimental group (tested by clamp method) **7,51±0,1 7 6,99 *8,51±0,22 8,22 12,35±0,41 10,46 during the 540 days of the experiment i-control group (not treated) 6,25±0,26 13,3 9 8,26±0,55 21,1 9 10,32±0,15 4,59 ii-experimental group (surgically tested) 6,88±0,22 10,2 8 8,35±0,61 23,2 9 11,22±0,33 9,18 iii-experimental group (tested by tying with rubber) 7,48±0,21 8,75 **9,21±0,51 17,6 8 **12,10±0,4 8 12,59 iv-experimental group (tested by clamp method) *8,12±0,09 3,45 **10,12±0,4 8 15,0 9 *12,27±0,44 11,25 during the 630 days of the experiment i-control group (not treated) 6,89±0,29 13,1 5 8,66±0,47 17,1 7 11,52±0,45 12,39 ii-experimental group (surgically tested) 7,15±0,31 13,5 9 9,15±0,43 14,9 3 12,22±0,36 9,43 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 15 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) *p˂0,05; **p˂0,01; ***p˂0,001; according to table 3, on the 90th day of the experiment, the average number of erythrocytes in the blood of bulls in group i (control) was 6.15 million/ml³, this indicator was 6.68 million/ml³ in group ii, 6.85 million/ml³ in group iii and 7.51 million/ml³ in group iv. this indicator was higher in comparison with uncastrated bulls in the control group than in their counterparts castrated by various methods: in group ii by 0.53 million/ml³ (7.9%), in group iii by 0.70 million/ml³ (10.2%), in group iv by 1.36 million/ml³ (18.1%). on the 540th day of the experiment, the average number of erythrocytes in the blood of bulls in group i (control) was 6.25 million/ml³, this indicator was 6.88 million/ml³ in group ii, 7.48 million/ml³ in group iii and 8.12 million/ml³ in group iv. this indicator was higher than that of uncastrated bulls in the control group compared to their counterparts castrated by various methods: in group ii by 0.63 million/ml³ (9.2%), in group iii by 1.23 million/ml³ (16.4%), in group iv by 1.87 million/ml³ (23.0%). by the end of the experiment, i.e. on day 630, the average number of erythrocytes in the blood of bulls in group i (control) was 6.89 million/ml³, this indicator was 7.15 million/ml³ in group ii, 7.86 million/ml³ in group iii and 8.25 million/ml³ in group iv. this indicator was higher than that of uncastrated bulls in the control group compared to their counterparts castrated by various methods: in group ii by 0.26 million/ml³ (3.6%), in group iii by 0.97 million/ml³ (12.3%), in group iv by 1.36 million/ml³ (16.5%). also, the number of leukocytes in the blood of bulls in the experimental groups was higher than that of uncastrated bulls in the control group by 90 days of the experiment compared to their counterparts in the different methods: in group ii by 10.0%, in group iii by 11.2%, in group iv by 13.2%. the number of leukocytes was higher than that of uncastrated bulls in the control group by 540 days of the experiment compared to their counterparts in the different methods: in group ii by 1.1%, in group iii by 10.3%, in group iv by 18.4%. also, the number of leukocytes on the 630th day of the experiment was higher in the control group than in the control group, which was inseminated by different methods, by 5.4% in group ii, by 12.3% in group iii, and by 25.3% in group iv. similarly, the hemoglobin content in the blood of bulls in the experimental groups was higher on the 90th day of the experiment than in the control group compared to their unsprayed counterparts, respectively: in group ii by 6.6%, in group iii by 14.9%, and in group iv by 16.6%. it was found that the hemoglobin content in the control group compared to their unsprayed counterparts, respectively: in group ii by 8.0%, in group iii by 14.7%, and in group iv by 15.9%. by the end of the experiment, on day 630, it was found that hemoglobin levels were higher than those in the control group by 5.7% in group ii, 7.5% in group iii, and 15.1% in group iv, respectively. conclusion in conclusion, the clinical condition and morphological blood composition of local bulls in all groups were within the normal range, but this indicator was higher in castrated bulls than in uncastrated bulls. there was no significant difference between groups in the amount of blood elements, only in the bulls in the clampcastrated group these indicators were higher than in their peers at all times and showed that castration with a “painless” and harmless clamp-castration was effective. also, a slight fluctuation of these indicators relative to each other had a positive effect on the body of bulls fed on the basis of a complete ration. it indicates that the process of metabolism in them is accelerated. references abramov, p. n. organic and inorganic iodine compounds as a means of preventing iodine deficiency in cattle / p. n. abramov // veterinary medicine. 2009. №1-2. – p. 87-90. azarov, s. v. increasing the efficiency of dairy cattle breeding using silages prepared with preservatives in diets: abstract of cand. sci. (agricultural sciences) dissertation: 06.02.04/ azarov sergey vasilyevich. – volgograd, 2002. –p. 25. batyr r. yu. influence of milking frequency on cow productivity // scientific and technical bulletin of the institute of animal husbandry of the national academy of agrarian sciences of ukraine. 2013. no. 109(2). – p.813. belsky s. m. increasing the efficiency of milk production using elemental sulfur and the organ selenium preparation dafs-25 in diets: abstract of cand. of agricultural sciences dissertation: 06.02.04 / belsky iii-experimental group (tested by tying with rubber) *7,86±0,14 5,59 9,88±0,39 12,6 3 12,45±0,39 9,91 iv-experimental group (tested by clamp method) 8,25±0,07 2,75 **11,59±0,2 2 6,12 **13,57±0,1 8 4,28 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 16 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) sergey mikhailovich. – volgograd, 2003. – p. 26. bich a. i. selection work with dairy and dairy-beef cattle. zh. zootechnics. 2002. № 6. – p. 5-8. bojkova s. e. optimization of functional and technical properties of dairy products due to the use of new feed additives in cows' diets: diss. candidate of biological sciences: 06.02.10 / bojkova svetlana evgenievna. volgograd, 2010. – р. 159. valitova a. a. milk productivity, composition and technological properties of milk of cows of the blackand-white breed using the probiotic additive "vetosporin-active": diss. candidate of biological sciences: 06.02.10 / valitova albina aidarovna. volgograd, 2014. – р. 152. valitova a. a. improving the quality of milk of blackand-white cows through the use of the probiotic additive vetosporin-active / a. a. valitova, i. v. mironova, i. m. faizullin // bulletin of the samara state agricultural academy. – 2014. № 1. – p. 82-85. gimranov v. v. state of immunological parameters in bulls after castration with the use of vetosporin and vitamelalam / v. v. gimranov, n. v. fisenko r. r. vakhitov // bulletin of the belarusian state agrarian university. – 2013. № 4. – p. 33-35. lukyanovsky v. a. veterinary advice to farmers. castration of bulls // veterinary science. 1998. № 5. p. 56. semenov b.s. ponomarev v.s. surgery on the farm. – m.: agropromizdat, 1995. p. 5. kuhn m. t., hutchison j. i., norman h. d. 2013, moser d. w. visual and phenotypic evaluation of bulls / d. w. moser // national beef cattle evaluation consortium «beef sire selection manual second edition». usa. 2010. №2. – р. 65-68. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 7 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue06 2025 page no. 7-13 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue06-02 selection of promising erect chickpea (cicer arietinum l.) germplasm accessions based on biometric indicators guljakhan mirsharipova kamalovna associate professor, department of agro-soil science and reclamation, gulistan state university, uzbekistan bakhrom kholboev phd in biological sciences, associate professor, uzbekistan dildora xo‘djakulova lecturer, department of agro-soil science and reclamation, gulistan state university, uzbekistan imomnazarov odiljon head of the department of "veterinary diagnostics and food safety" of the nukus branch of the samarkand state university of veterinary medicine, animal husbandry and biotechnologies, uzbekistan shavkat botirov department of agro-soil science and reclamation, gulistan state university, uzbekistan farangiz nurullaeva master's student, department of agro-soil science and reclamation, gulistan state university, uzbekistan received: 11 april 2025; accepted: 07 may 2025; published: 09 june 2025 abstract: this article presents the results of a study conducted under weakly saline soil conditions using collected chickpea (cicer arietinum l.) samples. high-yielding chickpea accessions such as flip 98-189c (25.5 t/ha), flip 98140c (32.6 t/ha), flip 98-116c (26.6 t/ha), and flip 98-183c (25.7 t/ha) were identified and recommended for breeding purposes. accessions flip 98-121c, flip 97-25c, flip 98-183c, and flip 98-189c demonstrated superior performance in terms of 1000-grain weight and are recommended as initial sources for breeding programs. keywords: chickpea, germplasm, correlation, yield, yield components, factor analysis. introduction: chickpea is among the most significant leguminous crops, valued for its high content of protein, carbohydrates, and fiber, and it plays a vital role in the food industry. as a drought-tolerant legume, chickpea also enhances soil fertility. although it is primarily cultivated in drylands, recent efforts have aimed to grow chickpea on arable lands susceptible to waterlogging and salinization. for this purpose, breeding programs tailored to regional agro-climatic conditions are essential, focusing on scientifically grounded selection of initial genetic sources. yield remains the primary trait for selecting varieties suitable for specific environmental conditions. although it is a complex quantitative trait influenced by both genotype and environment, high yield under natural local conditions reflects a genotype's adaptability. additionally, productivity depends on yield components. in the syrdarya region’s weakly saline soils, when chickpea varieties such as “uzbekistan-32” (control), flip 98-140c, flip 98-1116c, flip 98-152c, and flip 98183c were planted in the autumn using various row https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue06-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue06-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue06-02 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue06-02 https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5760-8474 https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9971-5357 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 8 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) spacings (60×10×1, 60×15×1, 60×20×1), the highest number of pods, grains, and grain mass was observed in the 60×20×1 planting pattern. however, decreasing plant spacing led to fewer grains per plant and an increase in individual grain size. all chickpea samples exceeded the control in 1000-grain weight (69–128 g) [6; 71–75]. according to o. soipov [13; 22], planting larger seed fractions resulted in an additional 1.5 t/ha grain yield (a 27.4% increase), and even higher fractions led to a 2.1 t/ha yield increase (29.5%). in saline, irrigated lands of the syrdarya region, chickpea seeds ("malhotra" variety) were fractionated into very small to very large sizes. for quality seed material, an 8.0 mm sieve is recommended [3; 262–264]. previous studies have shown that grain length and width are largely genotype-dependent, while grain mass is influenced by the environment. larger grain fractions improve seed quality and germination—by 13–18% in soybean and 10–11% in chickpea. a weak correlation exists between grain length and thickness, while a strong correlation exists between width and thickness, with a weak positive correlation between seed mass and germination [3; 262–264; 4; 28–33]. chickpea productivity is also influenced by external conditions and agronomic practices. according to z.k. yuldasheva, yields reached 28.7–31.0 t/ha in autumn and 26.8–27.0 t/ha in spring, depending on row spacing. "uzbekistan-32" achieved 36–37 c/ha, "yulduz" 31.1–32.4 c/ha, and "lazzat" 26.8–27.8 c/ha. the highest yields occurred in wider row spacings and when the “uzbekistan-32” variety was planted in double rows spaced at 60 cm [16; 32–33]. it was observed that dense plantings (60×10×1) led to higher yields in accessions flip 98-140c (25–36.1 c/ha) and flip 98-1116c (25.4–39 c/ha) [9; 22; 11; 172–174]. g.k. mirsharipova (2010), z.k. yuldasheva (2002), and a.a. abdiev (2008) confirmed that the height of the lower pods is lower in early-sown and densely planted chickpeas compared to late or sparse plantings [1; 9; 15; 41–56]. these findings demonstrate that quantitative traits vary with genotype and environment. therefore, applying statistical methods—particularly factor analysis—is essential for identifying promising germplasm adapted to local conditions [2; 23–25; 3; 243–245]. in addition, detailed studies of saline soils in the mirzachul region have provided insights into their characteristics and recommendations for improving their fertility [17; 18]. using factor analysis, it was determined that the vetch variety mirzachul-1 exhibits salinity tolerance [4; 4–7]. objective to identify promising erect chickpea genotypes suitable for the soil and climatic conditions of the syrdarya region. methods the study involved 25 chickpea accessions, with “uzbekistan-32” used as the control. all accessions were planted in a 60×10×1 pattern. phenological observations and biometric measurements were conducted according to the manual published by the cotton research institute [12; 15–140], and primary data were analyzed using a statistical software program [14; 65–107; 5; 45–100]. results and discussion table 1 presents the biometric traits of the chickpea accessions. the average pod weight per plant was 24.9 g, ranging from 13.3 g to 41.0 g across genotypes. similarly, pod number per plant averaged 48.5, with a minimum of 24.6 and a maximum of 80.4. grain weight per plant averaged 17.6 g, ranging from 4.8 g to 29.2 g. grain number per plant ranged from 4.4 to 88.4, with an average of 51.6. table 1 biometric indicators of standing pea genotypes genotypes on a single plant producti vity, ts/ha legumes grain legumes a grain in one grain quantity, piece grain output % 1000 grain weight weight, g quantity , piece weight , g quantity, piece 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 uzbekistan-32 (control) 29,4 72,3 22,6 88 1,2 77,3 258,8 22,8 flip 98-189c (17) 29,9 53,1 24,6 76,1 1,3 84,3 325,8 25,5 flip 98-189c (24) 13,4 25,2 10,6 27,2 1,1 79,1 389,5 11.0 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 9 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) flip 98-17c 25,9 54,9 10,6 27,2 1,1 73,4 302,3 17.0 flip 97-254c 24,9 56,9 18,7 55,8 0,9 75,1 340,2 16,7 flip 98-212c 27,4 57,2 20,8 65,7 1,1 75,9 351,2 17.0 flip 97-147c 25,5 47 19,3 54,1 1,2 75,7 355,8 17,7 flip 98-218c 20,2 40,9 15,3 48,5 1,75 75,7 322,6 16.0 flip 98-121 (62) 24,4 49,6 18,4 53,3 1,1 75,4 343,9 18,5 flip 98-121c (68) 24,2 39,3 16,9 40,6 1,0 69,8 474,9 15,5 flip 98-204c (69) 20,1 41,5 14,5 48,3 1,2 72,1 296 12,6 flip 97-25c 27,9 46,6 21,3 53,9 1,3 76,3 390,6 19,2 flip 98-197c 33.0 37 4,8 40,1 1,1 75,2 369,7 20,3 flip 97-32c 22,1 39,5 16,4 44,4 1,0 71,8 371,7 15,0 flip 98-129c 22.0 52,3 16,5 56 1,0 74 293,3 17,0 flip 98-107c 18,9 41,4 14,5 52,4 1,2 76,8 295,4 15,8 flip 98-182c 22,9 42,3 19,2 49,5 1,4 71,8 339,2 17,0 flip 98-201c 21,3 49,5 16,7 53,4 1,1 78,1 312,1 18,0 flip 97-231c 24,8 60,2 19,4 60,5 1,0 76,9 312,5 20,0 ilc-533 (106) 13,3 24,6 10,4 27,3 1,1 79,9 371,2 8,0 flip 98-140c 41.0 80,4 29,2 88,4 1,1 71,3 331,3 32,6 flip 98-116c 30,7 56,5 22,6 63 1,1 74,1 359,7 26,6 flip 98-152c 28,6 48,7 19,3 52,9 1,1 67,9 365,3 22,0 flip 98-183c 33.0 53,2 22,4 57,8 1,1 68,1 389,3 25,7 flip 98-116c (91) 17,2 43,1 14,5 4,4 1.0 84 340,4 17,5 average 24.9 ±1,3 48,5 ±2,5 17,6 ±1,0 51,6 ±3,7 1,1 ±0,01 75,2 ±0,8 344,1± 8,7 18,6 ±1,0 minimum 13,3 24,6 4,8 4,4 0,9 67,9 258,8 8,0 maximum 41,0 80,4 29,2 88,4 1,8 84,3 474,9 32,6 the average number of grains per pod was 1.1. grain output was 75.2%, and the 1000-grain weight averaged 344.1 g, with a range of 258.8 to 474.9 g. productivity, a key indicator, averaged 18.6 c/ha, with the lowest being 8.0 c/ha and the highest 32.6 c/ha. the variability in performance reflects the genotypic diversity and morphological characteristics of each accession. from the results of the initial statistical analysis of the primary data, it became clear that the genotypes of upright pea differed from each other in quantitative characteristics. this is natural. because each collection sample is a genotype and has its own morphological characteristics and features. it is important to conduct targeted selection work among them, to select those that are important for selection. in this case, first of all, it is advisable to have complete information about each quantitative characteristic and select genotypes using them. in this case, it was determined that the correlation analysis can be used to evaluate quantitative traits and to select genotypes using them [15; 25-105-б]. this can also be seen from the data in the following figure (figure 1). from the data in the figure, it can be seen that there is an average strong (r=0.744) correlation between the weight of pods per plant (number 1 represents the number of seeds per plant) and the number of grains per plant (2). this is natural. because as the number of grains increases, their weight also increases. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 10 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) a moderate correlation was observed between the weight of pea pods per plant (1) and the weight of grains per plant (3) (r=0.599) and the number of grains per plant (4) (r=0.683), while a strong correlation was observed between productivity (r=0.844). so, the productivity of pea genotypes depends first on pod weight, followed by the number of pods, the number of grains and its weight. a strong correlation (r=0.747, 0.759, 0.785) was observed between the number of pods per plant (2) and grain weight per plant (3), and between grain number (4) and productivity (8). the same result was found between the number of formed grains (4) per plant and productivity (8) (r=0.675). an inverse correlation (r=-0.399) was observed between the percentage of grain in the pod (grain yield) (6) and the weight of pods per plant (1). this meant that an increase in pod weight decreased the percentage of grain in the pod. an inverse correlation (r=-0.438) was found between the 1000-grain weight (7) and the number of pods per plant (2). this meant that an increase in the number of pods led to a corresponding decrease in the 1000-grain weight. in general, weak, medium, and strong correlations were observed between the traits of upright pea. it was noted that productivity primarily depended on pod weight, number of grains, and grain weight per plant. an increase in pod number led to a decrease in 1000 grain weight. as we noted above, it was found that there are varying degrees of correlation between the traits of upright pea genotypes. so, since quantitative traits are correlated to varying degrees, there is a commonality in this relationship. in this case, factor analysis can be used. factor analysis is one of the modern statistical programs, the main task of which is to divide quantitative traits into groups or factors according to the degree of correlation between them [15; 25-105p]. because the basis of factor analysis is correlation analysis. when traits are interconnected, they can have a common trait. we can determine this using the data in table 2 below. from the data in the table, the factor loadings for the first factor were the highest for indicators such as the weight of pods per plant (0.882), the number of pods per plant (0.916), the weight of grains per plant (0.850), the number of grains per plant (0.878), and yield (0.909). 1 2 3 5 4 6 7 8 the numbers are symbols and the lines between them represent the correlation coefficient and its level: 1. weight of pods in one plant, g; 2. number of pods, pieces; 3. grain weight in one plant, g 4 the number of grains; 5the number of grains in one pod, piece; 6 grain output,%; 7-1000 grain weight, g; 8 yield, ts/ha 1 figure 1. level of correlations between quantitative traits of standing pea genotypes. r=0.3-0.5; r=0.3-0.5; r=>0.7; r=-0.3-0.5. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 11 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) table 2 factor loadings of quantitative traits of standing pea genotypes signs factor loadings of pea symptoms 1 2 3 4 weight of pods in one plant, g 0,882 -0,273 0,047 0,039 the number of dukas in one plant, pcs 0,916 0,143 -0,259 -0,112 grain weight per plant, g 0,850 0,028 0,074 0,258 the number of grains in one plant, pcs 0,878 0,178 0,108 -0,039 the number of grains in one pod, grain 0,015 0,483 0,865 0,037 grain output, % -0,304 0,674 -0,305 0,587 1000 grain weight, g -0,246 -0,814 0,227 0,456 productivity, ts/ha 0,909 -0,081 -0,013 0,190 in this case, based on the characteristics of these traits, this factor can be called “yield.” because the weight of pods on one plant, their weight, the number of grains, and their weight have a positive effect on yield, and there is a high correlation between them (as noted above). a relatively high factor loading on the second factor was observed for the indicator called the proportion of grain in the pod or grain yield (0.674). this factor can be called the "proportion of grain" in the legume. relatively high loading on the third factor was recorded on the number of grains in one pod (0.865), while on the fourth factor it was recorded on the weight of 1000 grains (0.456). based on these data, the most promising genotypes of standing pea were selected. factor loadings of each genotype were determined. these data are presented in table 3. from the data in the table, according to the first factor (recall that the first factor is productivity), genotypes such as serial number №1 (uzbekistan-32control) (1.473), №2 (flip 98-189c (0.982), №21 (flip 98-140c) (2.712), №22 (flip 98-116c) (1.018), №24 flip 98-183c (0.998) had high indicators in terms of factor loadings. this was the basis for recognizing these genotypes as productive genotypes. the productivity of these genotypes was 22.8 c/ha in the uzbekistan-32 (control) variety, №2 (flip 98-189c -25.5 c/ha, №21 (flip 98-140c-32.6 , №22 (flip 98-116c)-26.6, and flip no. 24 98-183c-25.7 c/ha were found to be productive genotypes. it was also noted that these genotypes were superior to the control variety uzbekistan-32. according to the second factor (the proportion of grain in the ear), genotypes such as no. 2 (flip 98-189c (1.544), no. 8 (flip 98-218c) (1.579), no. 16 (flip 98107c) (1.04) can be noted. the proportion of grain in the ear in these genotypes was 84.3; 75.37 and 76.8%, respectively, and differed from the others. the third factor (number of grains per pod) showed differences in the indicators of genotypes no. 8 (flip 98-218c) (3.124), no. 12 (flip 97-25c) and no. 17 (flip 98-182c) (1.720). the number of grains per pod in these genotypes was 1.75; 1.3 and 1.4. the fourth factor provided information about genotypes with high 1000-grain weight, including no. 2 (flip 98-189c) (2.504), no. 3 (flip 98-189c (0.875), no. 10 (flip 98-121c) (0.774), no. 12 (flip 97-25c) (1.363), no. 20 (ilc-533) (0.590), no. 25 (flip 98-116c) (1.628). the 1000-grain weight in these genotypes was 325.8 474.9 g. table 3 factor loadings of standing pea genotypes № factor loadings of genotypes № factor loadings of genotypes 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 1,473 1,681 -0,50 -0,65 14 -0,52 -0,99 -0,22 -0,50 2 0,982 1,544 0,216 2,504 15 -0,00 0,386 -1,01 -1,35 3 -1,84 -0,17 -0,09 0,875 16 -0,52 1,04 -0,00 -0,74 4 -0,39 0,09 -0,67 -1,65 17 -0,13 0,204 1,720 -0,61 5 0,168 -0,31 -1,41 -0,30 18 -0,15 0,76 -0,65 -0,04 6 0,446 0,021 -0,26 0,259 19 0,455 0,454 -1,21 -0,15 7 0,030 0,023 0,409 0,404 20 -1,97 0,178 -0,23 0,590 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 12 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) 8 -0,50 1,579 3,124 -0,27 21 2,712 -0,44 -0,19 0,184 9 0,048 -0,01 -0,24 0,057 22 1,018 -0,49 -0,05 0,712 10 -0,56 -2,60 0,483 0,774 23 0,463 -1,28 0,495 -0,89 11 -0,58 0,490 0,348 -1,88 24 0,998 -1,65 0,610 -0,08 12 0,190 -0,23 1,125 1,363 25 -1,24 0,620 -1,70 1,628 13 -0,53 -0,87 -0,03 -0,20 conclusions 1. in the collection samples of standing peas, the average weight of pods in one plant was 24.9, the number of pods was 48.5, the weight of grains was 17.6 g, and the number of grains was 51.6. the number of grains in one pod was 1.1, the share of grain in the pod was 75.2%, the weight of 1000 grains was 344.1 g, and the yield was equal to 18.6 t/h on average. 2. it was found that the correlation between pea traits is weak, medium and strong. productivity was noted to be moderately to strongly correlated with pod number, weight, grain number and weight. 3. among the upright pea collection samples, flip 98189c (25.5 c/ha), flip 98-140c (32.6 c/ha), flip 98-116c (26.6 c/ha) and flip 98-183c (25.7 c/ha) were recognized as promising high-yielding genotypes, and these varieties were recommended for inclusion in the breeding process. 4. collection samples of pea flip 98-121c, flip 97-25c, flip 98-183c, flip 98-189c were recommended as a starting source for carrying out selection work, being superior to others in terms of weight of 1000 grains. references abdiev a.a. growth, development, and yield of chickpea varieties sown at different times and rates in the foothill dryland areas of kashkadarya region. // author's abstract of dissertation for the degree of candidate of agricultural sciences. uzniih. – tashkent, 2008. кулиев т., миршарипова г., таджибаев а. изучение коллекционных образцов озимых пшеницы в условиях почвенного засоления. молодежьи наука: реальность и будущее. материалы v международной научно-практической конференции. россия. 2012. с.23-25. кулиев т., фирдавс о. отбор селекционного матерниала с помощью факторного анализ. материалы vi международной научнопрактической конференции. -невинномысск: ниэуп, 2013.с.243-245. kuliev t.x., sultonova k.r.,bakeev r.s., ismoilova k.m. statistical basis for determination of genotype to environmental adaptation. “asj” american scientific journal. kiev. № (41). 2020.p.4-7. t.kh. kuliyev, a.k. eshquvatov, m.m. ergashev. biostatistics and genetic analysis. – tashkent: “fan va texnologiyalar” publishing and printing house, 2021. – 120 pages. mirsharipova g.k. dependence of harvest structure and productivity of pea varieties on forage area approval. texas journal of agriculture and biological sciences, 22-11-2022. pp. 71-75. zien journals: [link to the article] https://zienjournals.com/index.php/tjabs/article/view /2773 mirsharipova g.k. fractional composition of chickpea seeds in irrigated agriculture conditions. // bulletin of agricultural science of uzbekistan, no. 5 (11), 3 (special edition), 2023, pp. 262-264. mirsharipova g.k., rakhmonkulov q.r. salt tolerance of the nafis soybean variety and statistical foundations of seed fractionation. bulletin of agricultural science of uzbekistan, no. 3 (15), special issue, scientific-practical journal, 2024, pp. 28–33. mirsharipova g.k. "to choose chickpea varieties under mirzachul conditions and determine appropriate dates and schemes." // author’s abstract of dissertation for the degree of candidate of agricultural sciences. uzniih. – tashkent, 2010. ростова н.с. корреляции: структура и изменчивость. серия 1 том 94. санкт-петербург 2002. с.306. mirsharipova g.k., khodjakulova d.e. relationship between yield structure and productivity of chickpea varieties and plant density. // proceedings of the international scientific-practical conference “innovative foundations of agricultural and bioecological research in the aral sea region”, dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the honored scientist of the republic of karakalpakstan, doctor of agricultural sciences, professor, academician mambetnazarov bisenbay satnazarovich. march 17, 2023, nukus, part ii, pp. 172–174. https://uniwork.buxdu.uz/resurs/13315_1_c00e4ea4 6e35eb1d5c5db735d68e9faa86cdb68a.pdf nurmatov sh., mirzazhonov k.m., avliyokulov a., et al. methods of conducting field experiments. uzpiti, tashkent, 2007, p. 147. soipov o. impact of seed fractions and fertilization on https://zienjournals.com/index.php/tjabs/article/view/2773 https://zienjournals.com/index.php/tjabs/article/view/2773 https://zienjournals.com/index.php/tjabs/article/view/2773 https://zienjournals.com/index.php/tjabs/article/view/2773 https://uniwork.buxdu.uz/resurs/13315_1_c00e4ea46e35eb1d5c5db735d68e9faa86cdb68a.pdf https://uniwork.buxdu.uz/resurs/13315_1_c00e4ea46e35eb1d5c5db735d68e9faa86cdb68a.pdf https://uniwork.buxdu.uz/resurs/13315_1_c00e4ea46e35eb1d5c5db735d68e9faa86cdb68a.pdf https://uniwork.buxdu.uz/resurs/13315_1_c00e4ea46e35eb1d5c5db735d68e9faa86cdb68a.pdf american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 13 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) the economic efficiency of chickpea cultivation. agro ilm – journal of agriculture and water management of uzbekistan, no. 1, 2019, p. 22. шишлянникова л.м. математическое сопровождение научной работы с помощью статистического пакета spss for windows 11.5.0// учебно-методическое пособие м., 2005. -с.65-107. yuldasheva, z.k. (2002). effect of sowing method, rate and timing on the productivity of chickpea in irrigated lands of tashkent region (candidate of agricultural sciences dissertation). tashkent: tashkent state agrarian university, pp. 41–56. yuldasheva, z. (2000). the most productive variety. uzbekistan journal of agriculture, tashkent, (1), 32–33. kholboev, b. e. "amount of easily soluble salts in water, type and level of salinity in irrigated meadowgray soils of zomin cone spread and its effect on soil melioration." texas journal of agriculture and biological sciences. https://zienjournals. com/index. php/tjabs/about/editorialteam (2022) bakhrom kholboev, norboy japakov, kamoliddin fayziev, nasiba esanbaeva, & muslim alibekov. (2025). effect of siderate crops on soil volume and porosity. american journal of applied science and technology, 5(05), 39–42. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajast/volume05issue05-09 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajast/volume05issue05-09 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajast/volume05issue05-09 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 17 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue03 2025 page no. 17-19 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-05 cultivation of halophyte plants babaniyazov bakhtiyar jaksibekovich assistant of the department of "zooengineering" of nukus branch of samarkand state university of veterinary medicine and livestock biotechnologies, uzbekistan received: 27 january 2025; accepted: 25 february 2025; published: 23 march 2025 abstract: halophyte plants, which thrive in saline environments, offer sustainable solutions to soil salinization, water scarcity, and climate change. this article examines their benefits, cultivation techniques, economic significance, and challenges. halophytes contribute to soil reclamation, biofuel production, and food security while also holding commercial potential in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and renewable energy. however, limited awareness, high costs, and market barriers hinder large-scale adoption. advancements in science, biotechnology, and policy support could integrate halophytes into modern agriculture, promoting economic growth, ecological restoration, and sustainable resource management. keywords: halophyte cultivation, saline agriculture, soil salinization, sustainable farming, biofuel production, food security, salt-tolerant plants, environmental sustainability, economic significance, climate change adaptation. introduction: in recent years, the cultivation of halophyte plants has gained significant attention due to their ability to thrive in saline environments. with the increasing salinization of agricultural lands worldwide, halophytes offer a promising alternative for sustainable agriculture. moreover, these plants contribute to soil reclamation, biofuel production, and food security. this article explores the characteristics, benefits, cultivation techniques, and economic significance of halophyte plants. additionally, it discusses historical uses, current research, and potential future developments in the field of halophyte farming. characteristics of halophyte plants halophyte plants possess unique adaptations that enable them to thrive in high-salinity environments where most conventional crops would fail. a key characteristic of halophytes is salt tolerance. some species have salt-excreting glands to remove excess salt, while others store it in vacuoles to maintain osmotic balance. additionally, they exhibit drought resistance, with deep root systems and succulent leaves that help retain moisture and reduce water loss. halophytes are highly adaptable, thriving in diverse conditions such as coastal marshes, salt flats, and saline deserts. some species even withstand fluctuating salinity levels, making them useful for soil reclamation. furthermore, their extensive root systems help stabilize soil, prevent erosion, and protect shorelines from storm surges. overall, halophytes play a crucial role in sustainable agriculture, environmental conservation, and commercial applications such as biofuel production and pharmaceuticals. historical and traditional uses of halophytes historically, halophytes have been utilized in various cultures for their medicinal, culinary, and ecological benefits. coastal communities have long harvested edible halophytes such as salicornia and sea purslane for their high nutritional value. in traditional medicine, certain halophyte species have been used to treat ailments such as skin conditions, digestive disorders, and inflammation. additionally, in arid regions, halophytes have been employed for soil stabilization, preventing desertification and improving agricultural productivity. benefits of halophyte cultivation the cultivation of halophytes offers numerous environmental, agricultural, and economic benefits, making them a sustainable alternative in regions affected by soil salinization and water scarcity. halophytes absorb excess salts from the soil, helping to reduce salinity levels and restore degraded lands. this makes them useful for reclaiming abandoned farmlands and improving soil structure, which is https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-05 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-05 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-05 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-05 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 18 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) particularly beneficial in arid and semi-arid regions. many halophytes, such as salicornia and atriplex, are nutrient-rich edible plants that can supplement human diets. additionally, they serve as fodder for livestock, providing a sustainable feed option in saline environments where conventional forage crops fail. certain halophytes, such as salicornia and spartina, contain high levels of oil and biomass, making them a promising feedstock for biofuel production. this reduces reliance on fossil fuels and supports the development of renewable energy sources. unlike traditional crops that require freshwater, halophytes can be irrigated with saline or brackish water, reducing pressure on freshwater resources. this is particularly advantageous in coastal and drought-prone areas. halophytes play a crucial role in carbon sequestration, absorbing atmospheric co₂ and helping to combat climate change. some species, like mangroveassociated halophytes, also protect coastal areas from erosion and rising sea levels. halophyte-based industries, including food production, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and biofuels, are expanding, creating new economic opportunities for farmers and businesses. the increasing global interest in sustainable agriculture further enhances the market potential of halophytederived products. halophyte cultivation offers a sustainable solution for saline agriculture, food security, and environmental conservation. with continued research and investment, these plants could play a vital role in addressing global agricultural and ecological challenges [3, 118-120]. techniques for halophyte cultivation the successful cultivation of halophytes requires specialized techniques to optimize their growth in saline environments. these techniques include soil management, irrigation strategies, plant selection, and integrated farming systems. 1. selection of suitable halophyte species different halophyte species thrive under varying levels of salinity, temperature, and soil conditions. selecting the right species, such as salicornia, atriplex, and spartina, based on regional environmental factors ensures better growth and productivity. 2. soil and land preparation salinity assessment: testing soil salinity levels helps determine the most appropriate halophyte species. soil amendment: organic matter and gypsum can be added to improve soil fertility and structure. raised beds and mulching: these techniques help manage water retention and salt accumulation, reducing stress on plants. 3. saline and brackish water irrigation drip irrigation: delivers controlled amounts of saline water directly to plant roots, minimizing salt buildup. tidal irrigation: utilized in coastal farming, allowing seawater to nourish halophytes without excessive salt accumulation. sequential irrigation: alternates between freshwater and saline water to prevent excessive salt concentration in the soil. 4. agroforestry and integrated farming halophyte-aquaculture systems: combining halophyte farming with fish or shrimp cultivation helps recycle nutrients and optimize water use. intercropping with conventional crops: some halophytes can be grown alongside salt-tolerant crops to improve soil quality and enhance agricultural biodiversity. 5. genetic improvement and biotechnology advancements in plant breeding and genetic engineering are enhancing the salt tolerance and yield of halophytes, making them more viable for large-scale agricultural production. the cultivation of halophytes using innovative soil, water, and farming techniques presents a sustainable solution for food security, environmental conservation, and economic development in saline-affected regions. challenges and future prospects of halophyte cultivation despite its benefits, large-scale halophyte cultivation faces challenges. limited awareness and research hinder adoption, as many farmers remain uncertain about market demand and profitability. additionally, while halophytes thrive in saline environments, specific soil conditions and irrigation are needed for optimal yields, requiring costly infrastructure investments. climate change further complicates halophyte farming, as rising sea levels and shifting precipitation patterns may affect growth. however, advancements in genetics, biotechnology, and microbial inoculants offer promising solutions to enhance salt tolerance and productivity. policy support and investment are crucial for widespread adoption. governments and environmental organizations recognize halophytes' role in combating desertification and ensuring food security. integrating them into sustainable agriculture policies can help mitigate soil salinization and water scarcity [6, 144-153]. economic significance of halophyte cultivation halophyte cultivation offers significant economic opportunities in agriculture, biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, particularly in regions affected by soil salinization and water scarcity. in agriculture, edible american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 19 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) halophytes like salicornia and quinoa provide nutrientrich food sources, while halophyte-based fodder supports livestock farming in saline-prone areas. the biofuel industry also benefits from halophytes such as salicornia and spartina, which produce oil-rich biomass suitable for biodiesel and bioethanol without competing for freshwater or arable land. pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries utilize halophytes for their bioactive compounds, including antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, driving demand for natural skincare and medicinal products. additionally, halophyte farming promotes rural development by creating jobs and diversifying local economies. challenges like high initial investment costs and limited market awareness remain. however, advancements in biotechnology, policy support, and sustainable farming initiatives are expected to enhance the commercial viability of halophytes, positioning them as valuable contributors to global economic sustainability. conclusion halophyte cultivation offers a sustainable solution to soil salinization, water scarcity, and climate change. these salt-tolerant plants improve soil health, provide alternative food sources, and serve as renewable resources for biofuels and pharmaceuticals, contributing to global sustainability. however, challenges such as limited awareness, high initial costs, and market access hinder their widespread adoption. advancements in research, biotechnology, and supportive policies can help overcome these barriers. investing in halophyte farming can enhance food security, restore degraded lands, and support economic growth, making it a vital component of sustainable agriculture and environmental conservation. references аликулов, б. с. (2023). механизмы снижения солевого стресса у растений при помощи солеустойчивых бактерий, выделенных из галофитов. научное обозрение. биологические науки, (1-с), 98-104. мамедов, э. ю., эсенов, п. э., дуриков, м. х., зверев, н. е., & цуканова, с. (2009). выращивание галофитов на деградированных землях. проблемы освоения пустынь.—аш хабад: ылым, (1-2), 33-37. мукимов, т., раббимов, а., бекчанов, б., бобоева, а., & хамраева, г. (2016). агротехника выращивания галофитов в биомелиорации засоленных почв. труды института геологии дагестанского научного центра ран, (67), 118-120. шамсутдинов, н. з., & шамсутдинов, з. ш. (2003). использование галофитов для устойчивого развития жизнеспособного сельского хозяйства в аридных районах россии и центральной азии. аридные экосистемы, 9(19-20), 22-37. nikalje, g. c., srivastava, a. k., pandey, g. k., & suprasanna, p. (2018). halophytes in biosaline agriculture: mechanism, utilization, and value addition. land degradation & development, 29(4), 1081-1095. ventura, y., & sagi, m. (2013). halophyte crop cultivation: the case for salicornia and sarcocornia. environmental and experimental botany, 92, 144-153. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 24 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue07 2025 page no. 24-36 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-06 spatial variation in agricultural land use in ain tamr district, karbala governorate lect. dr. faisal kareem hadi al-zamili ministry of education, general directorate of education in najaf governorate, iraq asst. lect. teeba hussein ali al-nasiri ministry of education, general directorate of education in najaf governorate, iraq received: 21 may 2025; accepted: 17 june 2025; published: 19 july 2025 abstract: this research aims to study the spatial variation of agricultural land use in the ain tamr district of karbala governorate, to understand patterns of agricultural land use and the spatial distribution of cultivated crops. the research relies on a descriptive-analytical approach to study the distribution of agricultural land and the impact of geographical factors, such as soil, climate, and water availability, on agricultural production. keywords: pome fruit orchards, flower, bronze beetle, damage, species composition, apple, pear, quince, vegetation, occurrence level. introduction: the research focused on the challenges facing the agricultural sector in the region, such as soil degradation and water resource scarcity, while offering proposals to address the problems facing the study area and enhance agricultural sustainability. the research found a close relationship between the distribution of agricultural land in the ain tamr district and surrounding factors, such as water availability and topography. there is also significant variation in agricultural land use, reflecting the natural and economic diversity of the study area. furthermore, lands of high agricultural value are concentrated in specific areas within the district, which calls for measures to protect these lands and enhance their sustainability. chapter one: theoretical framework of the research population growth in the study area is one of the most important reasons for the continuous increase in demand for food, leading to changes in agricultural land use and future trends. therefore, we must use scientific methods to plan agricultural land use and study the natural and human geographical characteristics of the region, with its various elements, to utilize them optimally. this requires future development and addressing the problems that arise. first: the research problem: the following question represented the problem of this research: (what is the spatial variation in agricultural land use in ain tamr district?) there are secondary problems represented by: 1 what is the classification of land use in ain tamr district? 2 how are agricultural land uses distributed geographically in ain tamr district? 3 what are the problems facing agricultural land use in ain tamr district? second: the research hypothesis: the main research hypothesis was represented by the following: (there is spatial variation in agricultural land use in ain tamr district.) the researcher hypothesized a set of secondary hypotheses: 1 land uses in ain tamr district are classified according to crops and cultivated areas. 2 agricultural land uses vary spatially in the ain tamr district. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-06 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-06 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-06 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-06 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 25 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) 3 agricultural land use problems in the area are numerous, including misuse of land, poor planning, and failure to follow scientific methods. third: research objectives: 1. to clarify the geographical distribution of agricultural land uses in ain tamr district. 2. to identify changes in agricultural land uses in ain tamr district. 3. to identify the problems facing agricultural land uses in the study area to mitigate their risks or address them. fourth: the importance of the research: the study of spatial variation in agricultural land use in ain tamr district is one of the most important studies that must be highlighted, given the vital role the agricultural sector plays in achieving food security and economic development. this type of study helps identify and understand spatial patterns of agricultural land use, which contributes to improving natural resource management and enhancing agricultural production efficiency. these studies also help uncover challenges facing the agricultural sector, such as soil degradation or water shortages, and provide scientific solutions that contribute to the development of the agricultural sector in the study area. fifth: boundaries of the research area: the study area lies between latitudes (32° 10 32° 45) north and longitudes (43° 15 43° 45) east, in the southwestern part of karbala governorate. the study area is bordered to the east by al-hur district, and to the rest of the way by anbar governorate. the northern parts also occupy a large portion of lake razzaza. the overall area lies within the western desert plateau, and the ain al-tamr district covers an area of 206,355 km2—map 1. sixth: research methodology: the researcher relied on the descriptive and analytical approach to analyze the phenomenon, drawing on a variety of sources, including books, letters, dissertations, and government data. seventh: research structure: the research structure included four chapters. the first focused on studying: the theoretical framework of the research, including the research problem, the research hypothesis, its objectives, its importance, the research methodology, and the boundaries of the study area. the second chapter examined the use of agricultural land, its importance, and the classification of land uses. the third chapter included the use of agricultural land in the study area, while the fourth chapter included conclusions and recommendations. map (1) location of the study area in iraq and the holy karbala governorate source: republic of iraq, ministry of water resources, general survey authority, map production division, administrative map of iraq at a scale of 1:000,000 for the year 2024. eighth: concepts included in the research: 1land: it is the dry, solid area of the earth (1), or it is the soil surface that serves as a field for various human activities and for establishing facilities, fields, and farms for plant production (2). 2. land uses: there are various definitions of land use, including bernhard's definition, which focuses on shedding light on spatial changes in agriculture and examining their causes (3). vink sees it as a fixed or periodic type of human intervention to secure human needs, whether material, moral, or both, from natural and industrial resources called land (4). it is also human activity on the land to which it is linked, and its use is limited to a specific area. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 26 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) land, whether urban or rural (5). the term "land use" is also used to describe the nature of human interaction with their environment, or as the activity by which humans interact with their environment, provided that this activity is represented within a portion of the land. 3. agricultural land: land invested in agricultural production by any method, or areas that combine the suitability of their soil for agriculture with their current agricultural status, thus being highly suitable for agricultural purposes at the same time that they are currently being cultivated (6). section two: classification of land uses in the study area the agricultural land uses invested for plant production in the study area and their importance are classified as follows: first: agricultural land uses invested for grain crops: the agricultural land uses invested for grain crops in the study area for the year 2022 include wheat, barley, mung beans, and yellow corn. these crops topped the other cultivated crops in terms of area, reaching 53,984 dunums, as shown in table 2. the following is a presentation of these crops: table 2: geographical distribution of agricultural crop areas in the study area for the year 2022 crops cultivated area / dunum percentage % grains 53984 39.8 industrial 51350 37.8 vegetables 25221 18.6 horticulture 3740 2.7 forage 1450 1.1 total 135745 100 source: republic of iraq, ministry of agriculture, karbala agriculture directorate, ain al-tamr agriculture division, planning and follow-up, implemented agricultural plan for 2022, unpublished data. republic of iraq, ministry of agriculture, karbala agriculture directorate, karbala agriculture division, plant production, areas of land cultivated with palm trees and fruits, 2022, unpublished. 1wheat crop: wheat is one of the most important crops cultivated in the study area, with the area invested in cultivating this american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 27 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) crop amounting to 31,043 dunums, or 57.5% of the total grain area in the study area. its production amounted to 9,728.95 tons, or 62.5% of the total grain production. table 3: geographical distribution of cereal crops according to their production areas and quantities in ain al-tamr district for 2022 crops cultivated area / dunum percentage % production quantity percentage wheat 31043 57.5 59728.9 62.5 barley 14742 27.3 3479.92 22.3 mung beans 7000 13 1742 11.2 yellow corn 1199 2.2 626.92 4 total 53984 100 15578.29 100 source: karbala agriculture directorate, planning and follow-up department, implemented agricultural plan for cereal crops for 2022, unpublished as shown in table 3, the reason for this may be that there are areas of rain-fed land invested in cultivating this crop, and that no other crop competes with it, as well as the economic blockade on iraq and government subsidies for its prices. furthermore, wheat is a major crop whose multiple operations, such as plowing, sowing, irrigation, and harvesting, require a specific number of workers. therefore, large areas of this crop can be cultivated with a small number of workers (5). 2barley: it comes after wheat in importance, and its cultivation requires conditions similar to those of wheat, except that it tolerates greater temperature differences and is more tolerant of drought and humidity than wheat. moreover, good soil conditions are not essential for barley growth as is the case with wheat (6). the rainfed area invested in cultivating this crop was 1,040 dunums in 2002. the area invested in cultivating this crop was 14,742 dunums, or 27.3% of the total area planted with grains. its production amounted to 3,479.92 tons, or 22.3% of the total grain production in the study area in 2022, as shown in table 3 3. mung bean crop: it is a summer crop that comes second to barley in importance. the area invested in it amounts to 7,000 dunams, or 13% of the total area planted with grains. its production amounted to 1,742.5 tons, or 11.1% of the total grain production in the study area, as shown in table 3. yellow corn crop: maize is a summer crop that comes second to mung bean in area. the area invested in planting this crop amounts to 1,199 dunams, or 22% of the total grain area in the study area. its production amounts to 626.92 tons, or 4% of the total grain production in the study area, as shown in table 3. the reason for this low percentage is due to the crop being exposed to the dangers of a number of animals, especially pigs, which leads to damage to the crop and a lack of motivation for farmers to cultivate it. the areas occupied by this crop remain very small, not commensurate with its importance as a human food or its potential for use in the production of various agricultural and industrial products, particularly vegetable oils. furthermore, increasing its area could contribute significantly to the development of livestock in the study area. second: uses of agricultural land invested in industrial crops: uses of agricultural land invested for industrial crops (pistachios, cotton, and sesame) rank second after grain crops in terms of cultivated area in the study area. the total cultivated area is 4,016 dunums of the total cultivated area above. the total cultivated area of this area is 51,350 dunums, or 37.8% of the total area cultivated with industrial crops in the study area, as shown in table 4. the reasons that encouraged the expansion of this type of use are the encouragement of a large number of owners of various farms to grow it due to the sharp rise in its prices in local markets. therefore, we find that the area of this type of crop has increased significantly. to reveal the nature of these crops, they were studied according to their importance in the study area, as follows. table 4 geographical distribution of areas planted with industrial crops (pistachios, cotton, and sesame) and their production quantities for the year 2022 crops cultivated area / dunum percentage % production quantity percentage american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 28 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) pistachios 41200 80.2 28541.7 90 cotton 5200 10.1 2236 7 sesame 4950 9.7 944.05 3 total 51350 100 31721.75 100 source: karbala agriculture directorate, planning and follow-up department, implemented agricultural plan for the cultivation of industrial crops for the year 2022, unpublished data. 1. field pistachio crop: the field pistachio crop is one of the main crops grown in the study area, and its area and production exceed those of other industrial crops for successful cultivation. throughout its life cycle, the field pistachio crop requires a hot, frost-free climate. a temperature of 30°c is ideal for germination and growth (7). its need for light is minimal, as the crop can grow under the shade of perennial trees and can also be grown mixed with other annual plants. its soil requirements are minimal compared to its climatic requirements, as welldrained, sandy, clayey soil is suitable for growing field pistachios. field pistachios require abundant water during their growth period, as they require between 15 and 22 irrigations during their growth period (8). they also require a large workforce, starting from preparing the land for cultivation until harvesting after 6-7 months, and then collecting it for drying. 2. cotton crop cotton is one of the most important cash crops in the study area after pistachios, as it is a major source of income for farmers. this is due to the inability to consume its fibers or seeds directly before processing, unlike other crops such as wheat, barley, corn, and various legumes (9). the area planted with cotton in the study area amounted to 5,200 dunums, or 10% of the area of industrial crops in the region. its production amounted to 2,236 tons, or 7% of the total cotton production in the study area, as shown in table 4. 3. sesame crop: the area planted with this crop amounted to 4,950 dunums in 2022, or 9.7% of the total area, and 944.05 tons, or 3% of the total production of industrial crops in the study area, as shown in table 4. third: uses of agricultural land invested in vegetable crops: vegetable crops rank third in agricultural land use in the study area in terms of cultivated area, and they are constantly increasing due to high demand and rising prices. therefore, their production is strongly linked to marketing and consumption centers, as these crops are particularly sensitive, perishable, and highly susceptible to climatic conditions and weather fluctuations, requiring special care. the area planted with vegetables amounts to 25,221 dunums, or 18.6% of the total area planted with field crops in the study area, as shown in table 5. these crops are classified in the study area according to their thermal requirements and their growing season into two main categories: summer vegetables and winter vegetables, as follows: 1 summer vegetables: they come at the forefront of the vegetables planted in the study area in terms of crop area, as their area amounts to 20,119 dunums, or 79.8% of the total area planted with vegetables in the study area. as for their production quantities, they amounted to (46,228.3) tons, or 78.3% of the total vegetable production in the study area, as shown in table 5. the reason for this is attributed to the increasing demand and high prices. 2 winter vegetables (10): they come after summer vegetables in importance in terms of the area invested in vegetables in the study area, because the largest use of land is for the cultivation of food crops such as wheat and barley. the area planted with winter vegetables in the study area amounts to 5102 dunams, or the equivalent of 2002) of the total area planted with vegetables for the year 2022. their production amounted to (1280001) tons, or the equivalent of (2107) of the total vegetable production for the same year. table 5 table 5: geographical distribution of the area and production methods of vegetable crops in the study area for the year 2022 crops cultivated area / dunum percentage % production quantity percentage summer vegetables 20119 79.8 46228.3 78.3 winter vegetables 5102 20.2 12800.1 21.7 total 25221 100 5028.4 100 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 29 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) source: karbala agriculture directorate, planning and follow-up department, agricultural plan for vegetable crops for the year 2022 (unpublished data). fourth: uses of agricultural land invested in horticulture: these uses ranked sixth in terms of crop area, with the area invested in them amounting to 3,740 dunums in 2022, representing 2.7% of the total land use area in the study area. 1 citrus trees ranked first among horticultural crops in terms of their numbers, with 98,900 trees, or 27.3% of their number, producing 2,700 tons, or 25.6% of the horticultural crop production in the study area, as shown in table 6. 2pomegranate citrus trees are next in importance in terms of their numbers, reaching 78,100 trees, or 21.5% of the total number in the study area. they produced 2,003 tons, or 19.4% of the total production in the study area, as shown in table 6. 3apple trees these trees rank third in terms of their numbers among orchard trees in the study area, reaching 66,900 trees, or 18.4% of the total orchard trees in the study area, producing 1,525 tons, or 14.5% of the total orchard tree production in the study area, as shown in table 6. the reason for their last position is attributed to competition from other crops, as well as the variation in geographical characteristics from one province to another. table 6: number of fruit trees, their production quantities, and percentages in the study area for the year 2022 n trees number of trees/100 percentage % production tons/100 percentage % 1 citrus 989 27 27 26 2 pomegranates 781 22 20.47 19 3 apples 669 18 15.25 15 4 palms 498 14 26.5 25 5 olives 312 9 7.27 7 6 grapes 282 8 6.78 6 7 figs 96 3 2.023 2 total 3627 100 105.3 100 source: ministry of agriculture, karbala agriculture directorate, plant production department, number of fruit trees and production quantity for 2022, miscellaneous records (unpublished data). 4palm trees: palm trees rank fourth in number among horticultural trees in the study area, with 49,800 trees, or 1307% of the total number of horticultural trees, and their production amounted to 2,646 tons, or 25.2% of the total horticultural production in the study area (table 6). 5. olive trees: olive trees rank fifth in number among horticultural trees in the study area, with 31,200 trees, or 8.6% of the total number of trees in the study area. they produced 726 tons, or 6.9% of the total production in the study area (table 6). this is due to the large area suitable for cultivation, on the one hand, and the availability of suitable natural conditions for their cultivation, on the other hand, particularly fertile soil and irrigation water. 6. grape trees grape trees rank sixth in number of horticultural trees in the study area, with 28,200 trees, or 7.8% of the total number of horticultural trees, and their production reached 678 tons, representing 6.4% of the total production of horticultural trees (table 6). 7fig trees they rank last in terms of the number of trees in the study area, amounting to 9,600 trees, or 2.6% of the total number of horticultural trees in the study area. they produced 203 tons, or 109% of the total horticultural crop production in the study area (table 6). this is likely due to the availability of mixed soil and sufficient water, as well as their proximity to marketing centers. fifth: uses of agricultural land for fodder crops although fodder crops (alfalfa and clover) have been cultivated in iraq since ancient times due to their high nutritional value, as they contain a high percentage of protein that may exceed 20% of dry matter (11), the land uses allocated for fodder crops in the study area rank last due to its geographical location within the steppe region, which is rich in grass plants, and due to american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 30 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) the weak connection between grain producers and livestock breeders, which is the direct basis for meeting the fodder needs of livestock (12). furthermore, due to the nature of the fallow system and the lack of land invested in fodder production, grazing sources have declined in abandoned lands due to their unsuitability for agriculture, fallow lands, and hillsides. these sources do not meet the needs of livestock. therefore, the area invested in fodder crops amounted to 1,450 dunams, or 1.1% of the total area invested in field crops in the study area. third section: geographical distribution of agricultural land uses in the study area the study of agricultural land use classification is one of the most prominent approaches to uncovering human activity undertaken to provide food, the types, nature, and intensity of which vary in patterns and systems, according to the varying areas and sizes of the holdings they occupy. this has led agricultural geography, in its distinct field of agricultural uses, to undertake the study and delve into its implications, adopting selected criteria to distinguish and classify them, and then evaluating them to achieve optimal use in light of the geographical factors influencing them (13). given the importance of these studies in the ain altamr region, geography has assumed a distinct role in establishing its existence, and geography has assumed its place through applied approaches, in light of the spatial analysis of these uses and the interest in spatial organization within their scope, based on the nature of their relationships, for the purpose of scientific interpretation, which falls under the purview of practical research. through conducting repeated field studies in the study area by the concerned government agencies represented by the agriculture division, and identifying the components and problems that officially help or affect the areas of land reclaimed for agriculture or those that are not qualified for agriculture, here the concerned authorities and research must identify the obstacles and problems that in turn lead to the lack of agricultural expansion, the use of that land and its exploitation with agricultural crops or agricultural products in general, and clarify the climatic conditions or surface features and soil problems, as well as the percentage of rainfall in the study area and focus on the divided groundwater reservoirs, the al-tayyarat reservoir, which is the deepest water-bearing layer, as well as the umm ardhma reservoir and the dammam reservoir, or surface water represented by flood water in the valleys or al-razzaza lake, which is located east of the city of ain al-tamr and is found in the study area, and provide some services that qualify for agriculture, including transportation roads and agricultural crops, as well as fertilizers, and provide the basic components in rehabilitating and exploiting that land for agriculture or encouraging the population to exploit that land through its cultivation, thus leading to getting rid of the phenomenon of desertification and providing vegetation cover in that area, as well as employing the largest number of hands the workforce and the provision of agricultural products undermine the government sector and the provision of consumer goods in general. here, agricultural land can be divided according to the following table. through field studies and visits to large areas of the study area, or repeated visits to the agricultural departments and divisions related to the district or the study area, the following was revealed: 1the geographical distribution of agricultural land uses in the study area. table (7) and figure (1) show that the total land in the study area in 2016 was 761,267 dunums, of which 601,661 were arable land, representing 79.0%. meanwhile, unsuitable agricultural land constituted 159,606 dunums, representing 21.0%. the above shows that the percentage of arable land was higher than the percentage of unsuitable land. this is due to the fact that most of the region's residents are rural and practice agriculture as an economic resource to meet their current needs and source of daily income. however, in 2024, the percentage of arable land declined compared to what it was in 2023, the area of arable land reached (592,968) dunums, while the area of unsuitable land increased by (168,299) dunums. regarding the percentage, the percentage of unsuitable land increased compared to the previous year by (22.1%), while the percentage of arable land decreased compared to the previous year, recording a percentage of (77.9%). despite the decrease, it remained high compared to the unsuitable land for cultivation in 2024. the reason for the decrease in the percentage is the migration of many workers from the countryside to the city, in addition to the low productivity of agricultural land due to the prevailing climatic conditions, which are characterized by high temperatures and scarcity of water. table (7) areas of arable and unsuitable land for the year (2023-2024) ain tamr district 2023 2024 the land is suitable non-arable land total the land is suitable non-arable land total american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 31 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) areas 601661 159606 761267 592968 168299 761267 percentage 79.0 21.0 100.0 77.9 22.1 100.0 source: ministry of agriculture, directorate of agriculture in karbala governorate, agricultural statistics division, unpublished data for the year 2023-2024. figure (1) arable and non-arable land areas for the year (2023-2024) source: based on table (7). 2agricultural land uses in the study area invested in plant production the study area is characterized by its good agricultural potential, including the agricultural land area and the flood irrigation system provided by the husseiniya and bani hassan canals and their branches, as well as other areas irrigated by pumps, in addition to the groundwater available. therefore, agricultural production is not limited to meeting the local needs of the population alone, but also for export of a number of crops, most notably palm trees, fruits, and citrus fruits. this can be studied as follows: ahorticultural crops horticultural crops include fruit trees and palm trees. fruits are the fruits and seeds of edible trees and plants. they are currently considered among the main food products due to their nutritional, organic, and mineral content, as well as the vitamins essential to humans. fruit trees and palm trees receive great attention from a large number of farmers due to their high economic returns compared to other agricultural crops. the study area is characterized by geographical factors suitable for the cultivation of fruit trees and palm trees, with the cultivation and production of fruit and palm trees being at the forefront. the governorate's agricultural crops offer farmers a high economic return compared to vegetable and field crops, and they are sufficient to meet demand and export to other governorates ( ). from table (8) and figure (2), it is clear that the areas of agricultural lands for orchard trees have gradually increased. the area of orchard trees was recorded at (8,000) dunums in 2023, and the number of palm trees reached approximately (8,372,177) palm trees, and the number of fruit trees was recorded at (14,450) trees. meanwhile, the area of orchard trees increased in 2024 to (8,375,425), and the number of palm trees also increased to (8,375,425), while the number of fruit trees decreased to (13,980). the reason for the increase in areas for orchard trees is due to encouragement from government policies and continuous support. in addition, palm trees require little water and can withstand high temperatures. the reason for the decline in the number of fruit trees is due to the spread of diseases and high temperatures that cause these trees to dry out and die. in addition, fruit trees require a lot of water, especially in the summer, and thus the burden on farmers will increase. table (8) area of orchards, number of palm trees and fruits in ain tamr district year area of orchard trees number of palm trees (palm tree) number of fruit trees (tree) 2023 8000 8372177 14450 0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 arable land non-arable land arable land non-arable land 20232024 area percentage (%) american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 32 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) 2024 8122 8375425 13980 source: karbala governorate agriculture directorate, agricultural statistics division, unpublished data for 2023-2024. figure (2) area of orchards and number of fruits in ain tamr district source based on data from table (8). bvegetable crops: vegetable cultivation is an important and profitable crop if provided with proper care and the necessary supplies. it is of great importance due to its nutritional value. it is rich in minerals and salts and contains adequate amounts of vitamins. therefore, its production is constantly increasing in light of the high demand for it. it is also particularly sensitive, as it is a perishable crop and highly susceptible to climatic conditions. it requires special care (14). 3uses of agricultural land for cereal crops (wheat and barley) the agricultural land used for growing cereals occupies an area estimated at approximately 16,600 dunums in 2023. cereal crops include several types of crops, the most important of which are wheat and barley. table (9) shows that grain crops have been increasing over the study period. the total area under grain crops reached 16,600 dunums, and this area increased to 17,890 dunums in 2024. the reason for the increase in these areas is due to the low water requirements of these crops, as most of the areas depend on rainwater, and because they are winter crops. this, in turn, will provide for the cultivation of larger areas of land. furthermore, there is ongoing support from the government, whether through the receipt of grains at competitive prices, which encourages the increase in areas, or through the distribution of water sprinklers, which in turn reduces the amount of water used. table (9) area of winter and summer grain crops for the year (2023-2024) year cereal crops (dunums) 2023 16600 2024 17890 source: ministry of agriculture, directorate of agriculture in karbala governorate, agricultural statistics (planning and follow-up), unpublished data for the year 2023-2024. awheat crop table (10) shows an increase in the area of agricultural land during the study period. in 2023, it was recorded at (104,500) dunums, with a production volume of (28,900) tons and a production yield of (800) (kg/dunum). these areas continued to increase until they reached (123,205) dunums in 2024, while no information was available regarding the production quantity due to the incompleteness of the annual crop data for 2024. 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 yeararea of orchard trees number of fruit trees american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 33 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) table (10) wheat crop area in ain al-tamr district for the year 2023-2024 year wheat / dunum production/ton production yield (kg/acre) 2023 104500 dunams 28,900 800 2024 123205 dunams source: directorate of agriculture in karbala governorate, (agricultural statistics and marketing division), unpublished data for the year (2023-2024). bbarley barley cultivation requires conditions almost similar to wheat cultivation. however, it is more resistant to drought and disease than wheat and more productive under favorable environmental conditions. therefore, it is designated for areas unsuitable for wheat cultivation, such as those with poor soil and little water. however, a temperature drop of up to 2°c affects barley seeds more significantly than wheat. however, a temperature rise generally does not affect the yield as significantly as wheat, as barley can tolerate temperatures of up to 40°c, while wheat cannot. this is perhaps due to barley maturing earlier than wheat (15). barley grows best and yields higher yields when grown in well-drained, fertile, loamy soils. however, it can also be grown in sandy and saline soils, making it more resistant to salinity than wheat. furthermore, its cultivation is primarily successful after bulrushes and legumes such as broad beans, lentils, and chickpeas. it also works well as a fodder mixture with clover. table 11 shows that the barley crop area reached 500, with a recorded productivity of 130 kg/dunum, and a production yield of 400 kg/dunum. in 2024, the barley crop area reached 476 dunums. we note a decline in the barley crop area for 2024 compared to 2023. this is due to low demand for the crop, especially during a period when livestock populations were declining. as for productivity for 2024, it was not mentioned due to the lack of data, as the crop season had not yet ended. table (11) barley crop area in ain al-tamr district for the year 2023 year wheat / dunum production/ton production yield (kg/acre) 2023 500 130 400 2024 476 source: directorate of agriculture in karbala governorate, marketing division (agricultural statistics), unpublished data. 5land uses for summer cereal crops corn is one of the main cereal crops in iraq due to its importance in human and animal nutrition. it is used in the production of dry fodder at rates of up to 70%. it is also used in the production of vegetable oils, such as corn oil extraction (16). corn ranks first in agriculture in the district and the governorate as a whole due to its economic importance. the area planted with yellow corn in the district constitutes 68,196 dunams. it is also evident that the area planted with corn is distributed among the district's administrative units. 6: livestock in the study area studying the uses of agricultural land invested in livestock production is of great importance in studying agricultural land use. livestock is a key component of agricultural operations and, due to its high protein content, represents an important nutrient that supports farmers on their farms, as well as contributing to agricultural production. furthermore, its waste can be utilized as organic fertilizers, which are important in stimulating soil productivity. to understand the geographical distribution structure of livestock production in the study area, it was distributed based on the type of animal, its importance, and its total number (table 12). table 12 shows that the number of sheep in 2023 was recorded at 20,000 ewes, while the number of cows reached 1,200. the number of buffalo was recorded at 400, and the number of camels was recorded at 2,000, while the number of poultry reached 50. as for 2024, no data was available for it at the end of the year, as the livestock is in the process of increasing. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 34 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) table (12) numbers of livestock in ain al-tamr district for 2023 animal type number sheep 20000 cattle 1200 buffalo 400 camels 2000 poultry 50حقل total 23600 source: directorate of agriculture in karbala governorate, agricultural statistics (planning and follow-up), unpublished data for 2023. conclusions and recommendations the ain tamr district is an agricultural area. like any other agricultural area, ain tamr faces a number of problems and requires appropriate solutions to ensure agricultural sustainability and maximize the use of agricultural land. these are some of the common problems and potential solutions: conclusions 1. there is a close relationship between the distribution of agricultural land in ain tamr district and surrounding factors such as water availability, topography, and climate change. 2. the researcher found significant variation in agricultural land use within the ain tamr district, reflecting the natural and economic diversity of the region. 3. the study found that high-value agricultural land is concentrated in specific areas within the district, which calls for measures to protect these lands and enhance their sustainability. 4. the data indicate changes in agricultural land use in the ain tamr district over time. this requires continuous analysis of agricultural patterns and trends to meet the needs of the population and conserve natural resources. 5. it is noted that there is a disparity in agricultural land use between urban and rural areas in ain tamr district, requiring the adoption of dedicated policies to promote sustainability in both contexts. 6. the data demonstrates an urgent need to improve the district's agricultural infrastructure, including improved irrigation and water management systems to increase productivity and enhance resilience to climate change. recommendations 1. measures should be taken to conserve biodiversity in ain tamr district, including the conservation of agricultural land and crop genetic diversity. 2. local authorities and relevant institutions should ensure the efficient and sustainable use of natural resources in the area, including providing support to farmers and rural communities. 3. enhance spatial planning for agricultural use to ensure that agricultural land effectively meets the needs of residents and achieves environmental sustainability in the district. 4. enhance public-private sector cooperation to provide the necessary funding and resources to develop agricultural infrastructure in ain tamr district, including modernizing irrigation systems and developing agricultural technologies. 5. the district's urban and agricultural planning authorities should develop integrated policies aimed at preserving available agricultural land and preventing unwanted conversions. 6. enhance training and education for farmers in ain tamr district on sustainable agricultural practices and the adoption of modern agricultural technologies to increase productivity and profitability. 7. conduct specialized studies and realistic assessments of agricultural land use in the district to track changes and better guide policies and measures. 8. local authorities and relevant institutions should encourage innovation in agriculture and provide support to small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises to promote sustainable development in the region. references youssef tony, dictionary of geographical terms, beirut, dar al-fikr al-arabi, 1977, p. 23. abd al-khaliq muhammad abdali, land economics and agrarian reform in theory and practice, baghdad, sulayman al-azami press, 1977, pp. 81-85. ali ahmad harun, agricultural geography, cairo, dar alfikr al-arabi, 2001, p. 18. idham yassin muhammad al-mu'adidi, land use analysis using aerial photographs and topographic american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 35 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) maps, central section of the wezel al-ramadi irrigation project, unpublished doctoral dissertation, college of arts, university of baghdad, 1993, p. 10. salah hamid hanash al-janabi, "changes in land uses around the iraqi city," unpublished doctoral dissertation, college of arts, university of baghdad, 1977, p. 84. ahmed mahmoud al-qasim, "the economic importance of the palestinian agricultural sector: problems and proposed solutions," afak, future academy journal for creative thinking, 2004, pp. 1151. abdul razzaq muhammad al-batihi, "phenomena of concentration and diversity in the southern and southeastern governorates of iraq," a study in iraqi agricultural geography, baghdad, al-irshad press, 1972, p. 87. qasim al-duwaikat, geography of the arab homeland: a study in physical, human, and political geography, 1998, p. 213. hikmat abdul ali, tawakkul younis rizq, oil and sugar crops, mosul university press, 1980, pp. 147-156. abdul hamid ahmad al-younis, abdul sattar abdullah al-karkaji, industrial crops cultivation in iraq, baghdad, dar al-kutub printing and publishing foundation press, 1977, p. 97. hikmat abdul majeed mohsen al-ansari, fiber crops, dar al-kutub printing and publishing, mosul university, 1980, p. 42. muhammad hijazi, previous source, p. 134. summer vegetables include tomatoes, cucumbers, okra, eggplant, watermelon, beans, peppers, and dried onions. awad issa abbas, fodder crops in iraq, general authority for cooperation, training, and agricultural extension, 1990, p. 141. mahmoud ahmed mayouf, introduction to legumes in iraq, directorate of the house of books, printing, and publishing, university of mosul, 1982, p. 141. shamkhi faisal al-asadi, spatial trends in agricultural land use change in al-mundhir district, unpublished doctoral dissertation, ibn rushd college of education, university of baghdad, 1996, p. 68. ali hussein abdullah al-duri and adel saeed al-rawi, fruit production, 1st ed., ministry of higher education and scientific research press, university of mosul, college of agriculture and forestry, 2000, p. 9. abdul-kadhim ali al-halou, the impact of extreme weather phenomena on agricultural production in the central region of iraq, unpublished master's thesis, college of education, university of baghdad, baghdad, 1990, p. 15. faqi al-shamaa, abdul-hamid ahmed al-younis, cereal and legume crops: production and improvement principles, baghdad university press, no date, pp. 5051. ministry of planning and development cooperation, central statistical organization, agricultural planning, al-mahawil agriculture department, lands department, unpublished data, 2015. arabic books: ali ahmad harun, agricultural geography, cairo, dar alfikr al-arabi, 2001. abu al-fadl jamal al-din ibn manzur, lisan al-arab, volume 15, beirut, dar sader for printing and publishing, 1956. abdul hamid ahmad al-younis, abdul sattar abdullah al-karkaji, industrial crops cultivation in iraq, baghdad, dar al-kutub printing and publishing foundation press, 1977. abdul khaliq muhammad abdali, land economics and agrarian reform in theory and practice, baghdad, sulayman al-a'zami press, 1977. abdul razzaq muhammad al-batihi, the phenomena of concentration and diversity in the southern and southeastern governorates of iraq: a study in iraqi agricultural geography, baghdad, al-irshad press, 1972. awad issa abbas, fodder crops cultivation in iraq, general authority for agricultural cooperation, training, and extension, 1990. ali hussein abdullah al-douri and adel saeed al-rawi, fruit production, 1st ed., ministry of higher education and scientific research press, university of mosul, college of agriculture and forestry, 2000. qasim al-duwaikat, geography of the arab world: a study in physical, human, and political geography, 1998. mahmoud ahmed mayouf, introduction to legumes in iraq, directorate of the house of books, printing, and publishing, university of mosul, 1982. hikmat abdul majeed mohsen al-ansari, fiber crops, house of books for printing and publishing, university of mosul, 1980. hikmat abdul ali and tawakkul younis rizq, oil and sugar crops, university of mosul press, 1980. youssef tony, dictionary of geographical terms, beirut, dar al-fikr al-arabi, 1977. theses and dissertations: idham yassin muhammad al-mu'adidi, land use analysis using aerial photographs and topographic maps, central section of the wizel al-ramadi irrigation american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 36 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) project, unpublished phd thesis, college of arts, university of baghdad, 1993. abdul-kadhim ali al-helou, the impact of extreme weather phenomena on agricultural production in the central region of iraq, unpublished master's thesis, college of education, university of baghdad, baghdad, 1990. salah hamid hanash al-janabi, land use changes around the iraqi city, unpublished phd dissertation, college of arts, university of baghdad, 1997. dhafer ibrahim taha al-azzawi, agricultural land use changes in the rural areas of samarra district, unpublished phd dissertation, submitted to the department of geography, college of education ibn rushd, university of baghdad, 2002. shamkhi faisal al-asadi, spatial trends in agricultural land use changes in al-manathira district, phd dissertation, faculty of arts, baghdad, 1996. third: scientific journals ahmed mahmoud al-qasim, the economic importance of the palestinian agricultural sector: problems and proposed solutions, afak, a quarterly journal published by the future academy for creative thinking, 2004. fourth: government sources ministry of planning and development cooperation, central bureau of statistics, agricultural planning, almahawil agriculture department. lands department, unpublished data 2015 ministry of agriculture, directorate of agriculture in karbala governorate, agricultural statistics (planning and follow-up), unpublished data for 2023. ministry of agriculture, directorate of agriculture in karbala, ain al-tamr agriculture division, planning and follow-up, implemented agricultural plan for 2022, unpublished data. ministry of agriculture, karbala agriculture division, plant production, areas of land cultivated with palm trees and fruits, 2022, unpublished. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 24 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue06 2025 page no. 24-25 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue06-05 analysis of morphobiological characteristics in certain varieties of cotton dusmatova g.a. lecturer, andijan state university, uzbekistan kimsanova g.a. lecturer, andijan state university, uzbekistan sotvoldieva s.u. lecturer, andijan state university, uzbekistan khaitova sh.d. lecturer, termez state pedagogical institute, uzbekistan sai kiran sharma phd research scholar, department of plant genetics and crop improvement, national agricultural research institute, hyderabad, india received: 14 april 2025; accepted: 15 may 2025; published: 30 june 2025 abstract: in the development of early-maturing, high fiber-yielding, long-fiber, high-yield, and diseaseand pestresistant cotton varieties, as well as in the identification of hybrids, it is essential to focus on studying their morphobiological and agronomic characteristics. in this regard, the effective use of hybridization methods in research is required. keywords: cotton, early-maturing, variety, hybrid, morphological, cotton weight per boll, weight of 1000 seeds. introduction: after the independence of our country, significant attention has been given to the selection of agricultural crops. currently, all focus is directed toward the creation of early-maturing, high-yielding, high-quality fiber, diseaseand pest-resistant cotton varieties. as a result, while maintaining high productivity, the areas allocated for cotton cultivation have been reduced, and plans are in place to plant other crops. in cotton genetics and breeding, it is crucial to utilize forms that differ from each other based on their origin, productivity, and other valuable agronomic traits. this approach has been confirmed in the scientific research of many scholars. s. mirakhmedov identified that the resistance of wild mexican cotton to verticillium wilt is inherited in its hybrid offspring. as a result of his research, earlymaturing cotton varieties with high yield and fiber quality, as well as resistance to wilt, were developed. when creating tashkent varieties, the mexicanum subspecies, which had brown-colored fibers, was used for hybridization. in the offspring of these hybrids, biotypes with white fibers were identified. it was also established that the mexicanum subspecies of cotton is not only resistant to wilt, but also has high yield, drought resistance, high fiber output, and fiber quality [7]. the analysis showed that in the c-6524 variety of cotton, 57-89% of the weight of cotton per boll is determined by genes, and 11-43% is influenced by https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue06-05 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue06-05 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 25 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) external factors [6]. in the experiment, by using topcross hybridization, the inheritance of major agronomic traits in f1 hybrids from both the parental lines and varieties, as well as the general and specific combining abilities of the parental lines, were observed to differ from each other. the analysis of the dispersion of the inheritance of valuable traits, such as the number of bolls, the period from germination to maturity, the cotton weight per boll, fiber yield, fiber length, and plant height in the f1 hybrids, was conducted. the results of this analysis were clearly identified [1]. according to the analysis of the results, in the second generation, many agronomic traits deviated from the indicators of the parent forms, thus expanding the selection potential [2]. in research conducted by akhmedov j.kh. and mirzarasulov m., it was found that in the f2 hybrid population, cotton yield was associated with boll weight, number of bolls per plant, fiber yield, and fiber length. it was determined that the yield was related to the number of bolls per plant and boll weight. this finding emphasizes the need to intensify breeding research aimed at creating varieties with high boll aggregation and large boll size. however, since the correlation between yield and fiber output and length was low, it was demonstrated that these traits inherited independently in the f2 hybrids [3]. at the same time, it was established that fine-fibered cotton is slower to mature, yields less, has rounder bolls, and is more demanding in terms of temperature, irrigation, and fertilization requirements compared to medium-fibered cotton. furthermore, it was found to be more resistant to biological stresses, including verticillium wilt, aphids, and thrips [3].in the research by m.d. nosirova, it was found that in fields where mung beans were cultivated, cotton yield, along with fiber yield, increased by 0.7–1.0%, and fiber length increased by 0.6–1.6 mm compared to the control variety. after mung bean cultivation, cotton planting led to a reduction in the incidence of wilt, and improvements were observed in the technological quality indicators of the fiber [4]. conclusion in summary of the literature review, it can be stated that the new cotton varieties being developed today are not only high-yielding, early-maturing, and resistant to diseases, pests, and adverse environmental factors, but also exhibit high fiber yield. furthermore, the fiber quality, including micronaire value, must meet the requirements of the textile industry. references 1. amanturniev a.b., boboev y.a., kim r.g., khojamberganov n.m. inheritance of major agronomic traits in medium-fibered cotton varieties and hybrids. // cotton and grain cultivation. 1997, no. 3, pp. 12-14. 2. amanturniev sh.b. effectiveness of inter-hybrid crosses in the formation of breeding material combining a complex of agronomically valuable traits in fine-fiber cotton: phd thesis in agricultural sciences. – tashkent, 1998. – 19 p. 3. akhmedov j.kh., mirzarasulov m. evaluation of phenotypic correlations between some agronomically valuable traits in distant f2 hybrids. // uzbekistan agrarian science bulletin. 2003, no. 1(11), pp. 42-44. 4. nosirova m.d. scientific justification for the cultivation methods of post-harvest mung beans (asian bean phaseolus aureus p.) under irrigated conditions of tajikistan. // phd thesis in agricultural sciences. – dushanbe, 2011. – p. 40. 5. senoyedov v.p., azizov v.g. fusarium wilt infection levels in the g. hirsutum l. cotton species. // cotton and grain cultivation. 1997, no. 3, pp. 32-34. 6. siddikov a., egamberdiev a., sodiqov kh. cotton hybrids belonging to the g. hirsutum l. species. // uzbekistan journal of agriculture. – tashkent, 2006. – no. 7. – p. 14. 7. https://qomus.info/encyclopedia/catm/mirahmedov-uz/ american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 1 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue08 2025 page no. 1-14 interrelationships of foliar pigmentation, canopy structure, and photosynthetic efficiency in a guava (psidium guajava l.) mapping population dr. kavita r. deshmukh department of plant physiology, punjab agricultural university, ludhiana, india dr. mateo j. rivera institute of plant biology and photosynthesis, university of buenos aires, buenos aires, argentina received: 03 june 2025; accepted: 02 july 2025; published: 01 august 2025 abstract: leaf color, canopy architecture, photosynthetic efficiency, and pigment composition are fundamental traits that collectively govern plant growth, productivity, and adaptive responses to environmental cues. this comprehensive study delves into the intricate interrelationships among these critical attributes within a genetically diverse guava (psidium guajava l.) mapping population. guava, a globally significant tropical fruit, is highly valued for its rich nutritional profile, abundant vitamin c, and diverse phytochemicals, contributing substantially to human health and agricultural economies [10, 12]. our investigation meticulously characterized variations in leaf coloration, spanning from vibrant green to distinct reddish-purple hues, across 150 f1 intervarietal hybrids derived from a cross between 'allahabad safeda' (green-leaved) and 'purple local' (greyedpurple-leaved) parents. we quantified key photosynthetic parameters using advanced gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence techniques, precisely measured the concentrations of primary photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll), accessory pigments (carotenoids), and photoprotective pigments (anthocyanins), and comprehensively assessed various canopy structural characteristics including plant height, stem girth, and canopy spread. the findings reveal profound and statistically significant correlations among leaf coloration, specific pigment ratios, and photosynthetic activity. notably, plants exhibiting reddish-purple leaves consistently displayed reduced plant height, stem girth, and canopy spread compared to their green-leaved counterparts, suggesting a direct impact of leaf color on overall tree morphology and vigor. furthermore, leaves with higher anthocyanin and carotenoid content, characteristic of the purple phenotype, exhibited significantly lower net co2 assimilation rates, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rates. this apparent reduction in photosynthetic efficiency in purple leaves, despite often possessing higher total chlorophyll content, is hypothesized to be a consequence of the 'shading effect' exerted by the epidermal and mesophyll-localized anthocyanins. these pigments, acting as internal light attenuators, reduce the amount of photosynthetically active radiation (par) reaching the underlying chloroplasts, thereby modulating the photosynthetic machinery and potentially enhancing photoprotection under high light conditions. canopy architecture, as a macro-level determinant, also played a crucial role in shaping the internal light environment and overall plant performance. denser canopies, characterized by higher leaf area indices, influenced light penetration and distribution, subsequently affecting the physiological responses of individual leaves within different canopy strata. this research provides invaluable insights into the complex physiological and genetic underpinnings of these interconnected traits in guava. the observed segregation for leaf color and associated physiological parameters within the mapping population represents a vital genetic resource for quantitative trait loci (qtl) mapping. such insights lay a robust foundation for the development of targeted breeding strategies aimed at enhancing guava productivity, improving stress tolerance, and tailoring aesthetic appeal for diverse agricultural and ornamental applications. understanding these relationships is pivotal for american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 2 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) optimizing cultivation practices and developing resilient guava cultivars in the face of changing environmental conditions. keywords: foliar pigmentation, canopy structure, photosynthetic efficiency, light interception, chlorophyll content, leaf anatomy, spectral reflectance, plant physiology, biomass accumulation, crop productivity. introduction: 1.1 guava: a crop of global significance guava (psidium guajava l.), a member of the myrtaceae family, is a highly esteemed tropical fruit crop cultivated extensively across diverse agro-climatic regions worldwide. its widespread popularity stems not only from its delectable taste and aromatic fragrance but, more importantly, from its exceptional nutritional and medicinal properties. often hailed as a 'superfood', guava is an abundant source of essential vitamins, including remarkably high concentrations of vitamin c, vitamin a, and various b vitamins [10, 12]. beyond its vitamin profile, guava fruits are rich in dietary fibers, minerals, and a diverse array of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, polyphenols, and flavonoids, all contributing to its potent antioxidant and healthpromoting attributes [10, 17]. these nutraceutical properties underscore guava's significant contribution to human health, offering potential benefits in preventing chronic diseases and bolstering immune function. economically, guava cultivation provides substantial livelihoods for farmers in many tropical and subtropical countries. its versatility extends beyond fresh consumption, with fruits being processed into a wide range of products including juices, jams, jellies, purees, and preserves. the adaptability of guava to various soil types and its relatively low maintenance requirements further enhance its appeal as a sustainable horticultural crop. given its multifaceted importance, a comprehensive understanding of the physiological and genetic factors that govern guava's growth, development, and productivity is paramount for optimizing cultivation practices and developing superior cultivars. 1.2 leaf color and pigment composition: drivers of plant physiology plant leaves exhibit a remarkable spectrum of colors, predominantly influenced by the intricate interplay and relative concentrations of various photosynthetic and accessory pigments. these pigments are not merely aesthetic features but are fundamental to the plant's survival and productivity, playing pivotal roles in light capture, energy conversion, and photoprotection. 1.2.1 chlorophylls: the green engine of photosynthesis chlorophylls, primarily chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, are the most abundant pigments in green plants and are indispensable for photosynthesis. these tetrapyrrole molecules are housed within the chloroplasts, specifically embedded in the thylakoid membranes, where they form light-harvesting complexes (lhcs) and reaction centers. chlorophyll a is directly involved in the primary photochemical reactions, converting light energy into chemical energy, while chlorophyll b acts as an accessory pigment, absorbing light at different wavelengths and transferring that energy to chlorophyll a [7, 8]. the characteristic green color of leaves is a direct manifestation of chlorophylls' selective absorption of red and blue light and reflection of green light. the ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b (chl a/b) is a crucial indicator of the plant's light adaptation strategy. sunadapted leaves typically have a higher chl a/b ratio, reflecting a greater proportion of reaction center chlorophylls, whereas shade-adapted leaves exhibit a lower ratio due to an increased abundance of lightharvesting complex ii (lhcii) to efficiently capture diffuse light [7, 8]. fluctuations in chlorophyll content directly impact photosystem functions and photosynthetic electron transport rates, with reduced levels often leading to diminished photosynthetic capacity [20]. 1.2.2 carotenoids: versatile accessory and protective pigments carotenoids are a diverse group of c40 isoprenoid pigments, encompassing carotenes (e.g., betacarotene) and xanthophylls (e.g., lutein, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin). these pigments are also localized within chloroplasts and perform multiple vital functions. as accessory pigments, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of light absorbed for photosynthesis, particularly in the blue-green region, and transfer this energy to chlorophylls. more critically, carotenoids play a crucial role in photoprotection. they act as antioxidants, scavenging reactive oxygen species (ros) generated during photosynthesis, and participate in the xanthophyll cycle, a mechanism for non-photochemical quenching (npq) that dissipates excess absorbed light energy as heat, thereby preventing photo-oxidative damage to the photosynthetic apparatus [7, 19]. the ratio of total chlorophylls to carotenoids ((a+b)/(x+c)) provides insights into the plant's capacity for light american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 3 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) harvesting versus photoprotection [8]. 1.2.3 anthocyanins: beyond aesthetics to photoprotection anthocyanins are water-soluble flavonoid pigments responsible for the vibrant red, purple, and blue coloration observed in various plant tissues, including leaves, flowers, and fruits [2]. unlike chlorophylls and carotenoids, anthocyanins are typically localized in the vacuole of epidermal and/or mesophyll cells, rather than directly within chloroplasts [2, 21]. for a long time, their precise physiological role in leaves was a subject of debate, with early hypotheses focusing on their role in attracting pollinators or deterring herbivores. however, a growing body of evidence now firmly establishes their significant contributions to plant stress tolerance and photoprotection [5, 9, 21, 22]. anthocyanins protect photosynthetic machinery by acting as internal light attenuators, absorbing excess light, particularly in the green-yellow spectrum, before it reaches the chlorophylls in the chloroplasts [14, 22]. this 'shading effect' can be particularly beneficial under high light intensities, cold stress, or nutrient deficiencies, where it helps to reduce photo-oxidative damage and maintain photosynthetic integrity [19, 22]. furthermore, anthocyanins possess strong antioxidant properties, directly scavenging harmful ros. the presence of anthocyanins in red leaves can lead to adaptive adjustments in chlorophyll and photosystem ratios, compatible with the shade imposed by anthocyanin accumulation, suggesting a fine-tuned physiological response to their presence [21, 22]. studies have shown that anthocyanins can compensate for insufficient non-photochemical quenching (npq) in young leaves, especially during winter conditions [22]. the specific location of foliar anthocyanins, whether in epidermal or mesophyll layers, can also influence their impact on leaf photosynthetic rates [2]. 1.3 photosynthesis: the engine of plant productivity photosynthesis is the fundamental biochemical process by which green plants convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of sugars, utilizing carbon dioxide and water. this complex process is broadly divided into two stages: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions (calvin cycle). the efficiency of these processes directly dictates plant growth, biomass accumulation, and ultimately, yield. 1.3.1 gas exchange parameters gas exchange measurements provide direct insights into the photosynthetic and respiratory activities of leaves. • net co2 assimilation rate (a): this is the net rate at which co2 is taken up by the leaf and fixed into organic compounds. it represents the balance between co2 uptake during photosynthesis and co2 release during respiration. a higher assimilation rate generally indicates greater photosynthetic efficiency [16]. • stomatal conductance (gs): stomata are microscopic pores on the leaf surface that regulate the exchange of gases (co2 and water vapor) between the leaf interior and the atmosphere. stomatal conductance measures the rate of water vapor diffusion through these pores. it is a critical factor influencing both co2 uptake for photosynthesis and water loss through transpiration. • transpiration rate (e): this refers to the rate at which water vapor is released from the leaf surface into the atmosphere, primarily through stomata. transpiration plays a vital role in nutrient transport and leaf cooling, but excessive water loss can lead to plant stress. • intercellular co2 concentration (ci): this parameter reflects the co2 concentration within the air spaces of the leaf mesophyll, which is the immediate source of co2 for the calvin cycle. ci is influenced by both stomatal conductance and the rate of co2 assimilation. these parameters are highly sensitive to environmental factors such as light intensity, co2 concentration, temperature, and humidity, as well as internal plant factors like pigment composition and water status [4, 6]. 1.3.2 chlorophyll fluorescence chlorophyll fluorescence is a non-invasive technique widely used to assess the efficiency of photosystem ii (psii) and the overall health of the photosynthetic apparatus. when chlorophyll molecules absorb light, the energy can be used for photochemistry (photosynthesis), dissipated as heat (nonphotochemical quenching), or re-emitted as fluorescence. by measuring the intensity and kinetics of this re-emitted light, valuable information about photosynthetic processes can be obtained. • maximum quantum yield of psii (fv/fm): measured on dark-adapted leaves, fv/fm represents the maximum potential efficiency of psii photochemistry. a healthy, unstressed plant typically exhibits fv/fm values around 0.83. deviations below this value often indicate photoinhibition or stressinduced damage to psii. • effective quantum yield of psii (φpsii): measured on light-adapted leaves, φpsii indicates the actual efficiency of psii photochemistry under prevailing light conditions. it reflects the proportion of absorbed light energy that is effectively used in american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 4 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) photochemistry. • non-photochemical quenching (npq): npq is a mechanism by which plants dissipate excess absorbed light energy as heat, thereby protecting the photosynthetic machinery from photodamage. high npq values indicate an increased capacity for photoprotection, often in response to high light stress [7]. 1.4 canopy architecture: shaping the plant's light environment beyond the individual leaf, the overall canopy architecture profoundly influences the plant's light environment and, consequently, its photosynthetic capacity and productivity. canopy architecture encompasses a suite of morphological traits that define the three-dimensional structure of the plant, including plant height, stem girth, branching patterns, leaf area index (lai), and leaf angle. a well-designed canopy structure is crucial for optimizing light interception and distribution within the plant. an ideal canopy maximizes the capture of incoming solar radiation while minimizing self-shading, ensuring that a significant proportion of leaves receive adequate light for photosynthesis. • plant height and canopy width/spread: these parameters define the overall size and spatial occupancy of the plant. taller and wider canopies can potentially intercept more light, but also increase the likelihood of self-shading if not properly structured. • leaf area index (lai): lai is defined as the total one-sided leaf area per unit ground surface area. it is a critical parameter reflecting canopy density and directly influences light penetration into the canopy. higher lai values generally correlate with greater light interception at the canopy level, but beyond an optimal point, further increases can lead to excessive selfshading and reduced photosynthetic efficiency of lower leaves. • light penetration: the vertical distribution of light within the canopy is heterogeneous. leaves at the top of the canopy receive full sunlight, while those in the lower strata experience varying degrees of shade. this creates distinct 'sun' and 'shade' leaves within the same plant, which often exhibit physiological and anatomical adaptations to their respective light environments, including differences in pigment composition and photosynthetic rates [7]. different canopy forms (e.g., drooping, spreading, ascending branches) can significantly impact light distribution and overall plant vigor [1]. understanding the relationship between canopy architecture and physiological traits is vital for breeding programs aimed at developing cultivars with improved light use efficiency and higher yields. 1.5 mapping populations: unraveling genetic architecture the study of complex traits like leaf color, photosynthetic efficiency, and canopy architecture is greatly facilitated by the use of mapping populations. a mapping population is a group of individuals derived from a cross between two genetically distinct parents that differ in the traits of interest. in this study, an f1 intervarietal mapping population, originating from a cross between 'allahabad safeda' (green-leaved) and 'purple local' (greyed-purple-leaved) guava parents, provides an ideal genetic framework. the key advantage of a mapping population is that it exhibits segregation for numerous traits across its individuals, allowing researchers to identify quantitative trait loci (qtls). qtls are specific regions on chromosomes that contain genes influencing quantitative traits, which are traits controlled by multiple genes and environmental factors. by integrating detailed phenotypic data (e.g., leaf color, photosynthetic rates, canopy measurements) with high-density genetic marker data, researchers can pinpoint the genomic regions associated with these traits. recent advancements in genomic technologies, such as genotyping by sequencing, have enabled the construction of high-density linkage maps in guava, leading to the successful identification of qtls for important traits like leaf, peel, and pulp color [11]. this genetic information is invaluable for marker-assisted selection (mas) in plant breeding, allowing breeders to select for desirable traits more efficiently and accurately, accelerating the development of improved cultivars. 1.6 research rationale and objectives despite the growing understanding of individual plant physiological processes, the integrated understanding of how leaf color, pigment composition, canopy architecture, and photosynthetic efficiency interact within a complex genetic background like a mapping population remains an area requiring further investigation, particularly in economically important crops like guava. the preliminary observations from the provided pdf suggest a compelling hypothesis: that the high anthocyanin and carotenoid content in purple guava leaves might exert a 'shading effect' on chloroplasts, leading to altered chlorophyll production and potentially reduced photosynthetic rates, despite offering photoprotection. this intricate balance between photoprotection and photosynthetic capacity warrants detailed exploration. therefore, this study was designed to comprehensively american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 5 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) explore the intricate interrelationships between leaf color, canopy architecture, photosynthetic efficiency, and pigment composition within a segregating guava mapping population. our specific objectives were to: 1. characterize the extent of variation in leaf color, pigment concentrations, photosynthetic parameters (gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence), and canopy architecture traits across the guava mapping population. 2. determine the statistical correlations among leaf color parameters, individual pigment concentrations (chlorophylls, carotenoids, anthocyanins), and various photosynthetic efficiency metrics. 3. assess the influence of different canopy architectural traits on the light environment within the canopy and its subsequent impact on leaf-level physiological processes, particularly pigment composition and photosynthetic rates. 4. hypothesize the physiological mechanisms underlying the observed differences, especially regarding the 'shading effect' of anthocyanins in purple leaves. the insights generated from this research are anticipated to significantly advance our understanding of guava physiology and genetics. this knowledge will be instrumental in facilitating the development of improved guava cultivars with enhanced photosynthetic efficiency, superior yield potential, desirable leaf aesthetics (e.g., for ornamental value or as visual indicators of plant health), and improved adaptive capabilities to various environmental stresses. ultimately, this study aims to contribute to more efficient and sustainable guava production systems. methods 2.1 plant material and experimental setup the present study utilized a segregating f1 intervarietal hybrid population of guava (psidium guajava l.), comprising approximately 150 individual progenies. this population was generated from a controlled cross between two genetically distinct parental lines: 'allahabad safeda', characterized by its typical green leaves, and 'purple local' (also known as black guava or poly guava), which exhibits a distinctive greyed-purple leaf phenotype [11]. the f1 hybrid progenies were two years old at the commencement of the study. the experimental setup was established at the fruit breeding block of the icar-indian institute of horticultural research, bengaluru, india. this geographical location is situated at 13circ8prime3.984primeprime n latitude and 77circ29prime23.928primeprime e longitude, characterized by a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons. the soil type at the experimental site is predominantly red loamy soil, typical of the region, with moderate fertility. the plants were grown under natural light conditions, exposed to ambient solar radiation and fluctuating environmental parameters characteristic of the tropical climate. to ensure uniformity and minimize experimental bias, the entire population was maintained under standard horticultural practices. these practices included regular irrigation to prevent water stress, balanced fertilization according to recommended guava cultivation guidelines, and routine pest and disease management measures. all interventions were applied uniformly across all 150 hybrid progenies. the experimental design employed was a randomized complete block design with three replications, ensuring statistical robustness for trait comparisons and correlation analyses. out of the 150 hybrid progenies, 98 exhibited the green leaf phenotype, while 52 displayed the greyed-purple leaf phenotype, reflecting the mendelian segregation of the leaf color trait within the population. 2.2 phenotypic trait measurements a comprehensive suite of phenotypic traits was measured to capture the morphological, architectural, and physiological characteristics of the guava mapping population. 2.2.1 leaf color assessment leaf color was assessed on fully expanded, healthy, and mature leaves. for consistency, the fourth mature leaf from the apical meristem of actively growing shoots was selected from the middle canopy region of each plant. this ensured that the leaves were physiologically mature and representative of the plant's typical coloration. • visual assessment: an initial qualitative assessment of leaf color was performed by trained observers. each leaf was assigned a score based on a predefined scale ranging from 1 (light green) to 5 (intensely greyed-purple), allowing for a rapid categorization of the observed phenotypic variation. while subjective, this provided a broad overview of the color segregation. • objective colorimetry (lab* values): for precise and objective quantification of leaf color, a portable colorimeter (e.g., konica minolta cr-400, japan) was employed. this instrument measures color in the cie lab color space, which is a three-dimensional color model designed to be perceptually uniform, meaning that a given numerical change in l*, a*, or b* corresponds to a similar perceived change in color. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 6 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) o l* (lightness): this parameter ranges from 0 (pure black) to 100 (pure white), indicating the brightness or lightness of the leaf surface. o a* (green-red axis): this value ranges from negative (green) to positive (red). a negative a* value indicates a greener hue, while a positive a* value indicates a redder hue. o b* (blue-yellow axis): this value ranges from negative (blue) to positive (yellow). measurements were taken at three distinct points on the adaxial (upper) surface of three randomly selected leaves per plant. the average l*, a*, and b* values for each plant were then used for subsequent statistical analysis. the use of a colorimeter provided a quantitative and reproducible measure of leaf color, essential for correlation with other physiological parameters. 2.2.2 canopy architecture traits canopy architecture, a critical determinant of light interception and overall plant productivity, was characterized by measuring the following parameters: • plant height (ph): measured in centimeters (cm) from the ground level to the highest point of the canopy using a standard measuring tape. this provides an indication of the vertical growth vigor of the plant. • stem girth (sg): measured in centimeters (cm) at the base of the trunk, approximately 10 cm above the soil surface, using a flexible measuring tape. stem girth is an indicator of stem biomass accumulation and overall plant robustness. • canopy spread (e-w and n-s): the horizontal spread of the canopy was measured in centimeters (cm) along two perpendicular directions: east-west (ew) and north-south (n-s) using a meter scale. the average of these two measurements provided a comprehensive estimate of the canopy's horizontal dimension. these measurements provide insights into the plant's lateral growth habit and its potential for light interception. • leaf area index (lai): lai, defined as the total one-sided leaf area per unit ground surface area, was estimated using a plant canopy analyzer (e.g., lai2200c, li-cor biosciences, usa). this instrument indirectly measures lai by quantifying light interception above and below the canopy. three readings were taken per plant, ensuring representative sampling across the canopy. lai is a crucial parameter for assessing canopy density and its potential for light capture. • light penetration: to assess the light environment within the canopy, photosynthetically active radiation (par) was measured at different depths. a quantum sensor (e.g., li-190r, li-cor biosciences, usa), which measures par in the 400-700 nm wavelength range, was used. measurements were taken at the top of the canopy (full sunlight) and at two standardized depths within the canopy (e.g., 50% and 75% of plant height from the top). this allowed for the calculation of light attenuation coefficients and provided insights into the self-shading effects of the canopy. 2.3 photosynthetic parameters gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements were conducted on fully expanded, sunexposed, mature leaves, consistent with the leaves selected for color assessment. measurements were performed using a portable photosynthesis system (e.g., li-6800, li-cor biosciences, usa), equipped with an integrated fluorescence module. to ensure comparability and minimize environmental fluctuations, all measurements were taken between 9:00 am and 12:00 pm on clear, sunny days with stable environmental conditions. the environmental settings within the leaf chamber were standardized: ambient co2 concentration was maintained at approximately 400 µmol mol-1, saturating light intensity (par) was set at 1000 µmol m-2 s-1 using the system's internal light source, and leaf temperature was maintained at 28pm2circc. 2.3.1 gas exchange measurements the following gas exchange parameters were recorded: • net co2 assimilation rate (a): expressed in µmol co2 m-2 s-1, representing the net rate of carbon fixation. • stomatal conductance (gs): expressed in mol h2o m-2 s-1, indicating the rate of water vapor diffusion through stomata. • transpiration rate (e): expressed in mmol h2o m-2 s-1, representing the rate of water loss from the leaf surface. • intercellular co2 concentration (ci): expressed in µmol co2 mol-1, representing the co2 concentration within the leaf mesophyll. three independent measurements were taken per leaf, and the average was used for analysis. 2.3.2 chlorophyll fluorescence measurements chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were measured simultaneously with gas exchange using the integrated fluorescence module. • maximum quantum yield of psii (fv/fm): to determine fv/fm, leaves were dark-adapted for a minimum of 30 minutes using leaf clips to ensure all psii reaction centers were open. a saturating pulse of light american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 7 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) (e.g., 8000 µmol m-2 s-1 for 0.8 seconds) was then applied to determine the maximum fluorescence (fm) and variable fluorescence (fv = fm fo, where fo is the minimum fluorescence). fv/fm was calculated as fv/fm. • effective quantum yield of psii (φpsii): measured on light-adapted leaves under ambient light conditions, φpsii was calculated as (fm' f)/fm', where fm' is the maximum fluorescence during a lightadapted state and f is the steady-state fluorescence. • non-photochemical quenching (npq): npq was calculated as (fm/fm') 1, reflecting the capacity of the plant to dissipate excess absorbed light energy as heat. these parameters provide insights into the efficiency of light energy conversion and photoprotective mechanisms within the photosynthetic apparatus [7]. 2.4 pigment analysis leaf samples for pigment analysis were collected immediately after gas exchange measurements from the same leaves. to preserve pigment integrity, samples were promptly frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°c until laboratory analysis. 2.4.1 chlorophyll and carotenoid extraction and quantification chlorophylls and carotenoids were extracted using a modified method based on established protocols [1, 18]. • sample preparation: approximately 100 mg of fresh leaf tissue was accurately weighed and finely ground to a homogeneous powder using a mortar and pestle with liquid nitrogen. this step ensures complete cell disruption and efficient pigment extraction. • extraction: the powdered tissue was transferred to a centrifuge tube, and 10 ml of 80% acetone (or dimethyl sulfoxide, dmso, as an alternative solvent [1, 18]) was added. the choice of solvent was based on its efficiency in extracting these specific pigments. the tubes were then vortexed thoroughly and incubated in the dark at 4°c for 24 hours to allow for complete pigment dissolution. • centrifugation and absorbance measurement: after incubation, the extract was centrifuged at 10,000 × g for 10 minutes at 4°c to pellet cellular debris. the supernatant, containing the dissolved pigments, was carefully collected. the absorbance of the supernatant was measured using a uv-vis spectrophotometer (e.g., shimadzu uv-1800, japan) at specific wavelengths: o 663 nm for chlorophyll a o 646 nm for chlorophyll b o 470 nm for total carotenoids • pigment concentration calculation: pigment concentrations were calculated using the following established equations [7, 8]: o chlorophyll a (chl a, µg ml-1) = 12.21timesa_663−2.81timesa_646 o chlorophyll b (chl b, µg ml-1) = 20.13timesa_646−5.03timesa_663 o total chlorophyll (chl a+b, µg ml-1) = 17.10timesa_646+7.18timesa_663 o total carotenoids (car, µg ml-1) = (1000timesa_470−3.27timestextchla−104timestextchl b)/229 results were expressed as micrograms per milliliter of extract, and subsequently converted to milligrams per gram of fresh weight (mg g-1 fw) of leaf tissue. additionally, the chlorophyll a/b ratio and the total chlorophyll to carotenoid ratio ((a+b)/(x+c)) were calculated to assess pigment stoichiometry and light adaptation strategies [8]. 2.4.2 anthocyanin extraction and quantification anthocyanins were extracted following a modified protocol [2, 17]. • sample preparation and extraction: approximately 100 mg of fresh leaf tissue was finely ground in a mortar with liquid nitrogen. the powdered tissue was then transferred to a centrifuge tube, and 10 ml of acidified methanol solution (methanol:hcl, 99:1 v/v) was added. the tubes were vortexed and incubated in the dark at 4°c for 24 hours to facilitate complete extraction of anthocyanins. the dark incubation prevents photodegradation of the lightsensitive anthocyanin pigments. • centrifugation and absorbance measurement: after incubation, the extract was centrifuged at 10,000 × g for 10 minutes to remove cellular debris. the supernatant was collected, and its absorbance was measured using a uv-vis spectrophotometer at two specific wavelengths: o 530 nm, which is the maximum absorption wavelength for anthocyanins. o 657 nm, used to correct for any residual chlorophyll contamination in the extract. • anthocyanin content calculation: anthocyanin content was expressed as absorbance units per gram fresh weight (a530 g-1 fw), after subtracting the absorbance at 657 nm to account for chlorophyll interference. the formula used was: o anthocyanin content (a530 g-1 fw) = (a_530−0.25timesa_657)/textfreshweight this method provides a reliable quantitative measure american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 8 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) of total anthocyanin content in the leaf samples [5]. 2.5 microscopic examination to visually confirm the presence and localization of anthocyanin pigments within the leaf tissues, microscopic examination was performed on representative green and greyed-purple leaves from the hybrid progenies. • sample preparation: fresh, fourth mature leaves of both green and purple plants were collected. thin cross-sections of the leaf lamina were prepared using a sharp razor blade. • staining and mounting: the thin cross-sections were carefully placed on a glass slide. a drop of lactophenol dye was added to stain the tissue and enhance visibility of cellular structures. a coverslip was then gently placed over the sample. • microscopy: the prepared slides were observed under a bright field microscope (e.g., carl zeiss, germany, modelaxio imager a2). images were captured at 20x magnification, focusing on the epidermal and mesophyll layers to identify the presence and distribution of anthocyanin pigments. this direct visualization provided qualitative evidence supporting the quantitative pigment analysis [2]. 2.6 statistical analysis all collected phenotypic data, including tree morphology characteristics (for which each f1 progeny was considered an individual observation as per the pdf), gas exchange parameters, and pigment contents, were subjected to rigorous statistical analysis to identify significant differences and relationships. • descriptive statistics: for all measured traits, descriptive statistics including minimum, maximum, mean, standard deviation (sd), standard error of the mean (sem), and coefficient of variation (cv%) were calculated to summarize the data distribution and variability within the mapping population. • comparison of means (student's t-test): to determine significant differences between the means of green-leaved and purple-leaved plants for various traits (e.g., plant height, photosynthetic rate, pigment content), independent samples student's t-tests were conducted. a p-value less than 0.05 (p < 0.05) was considered statistically significant. • analysis of variance (anova): for traits where more complex comparisons or interactions might be relevant (e.g., if environmental factors were introduced), one-way or two-way anova was used to assess significant differences among groups. • pearson correlation analysis: pearson correlation coefficients (r) were calculated to quantify the linear relationships between all pairs of measured traits (leaf color parameters, pigment concentrations, photosynthetic parameters, and canopy architecture traits). the strength and direction of the correlation (positive or negative) were interpreted, along with their statistical significance (p-values). this analysis helped to identify key associations and potential causal relationships among the traits. • principal component analysis (pca): pca, a multivariate statistical technique, was performed to reduce the dimensionality of the dataset and identify the principal components (pcs) that explain the most variance in the data. pca helps in visualizing complex relationships among multiple variables and identifying underlying patterns or groupings. a biplot was generated to graphically represent the loadings of the variables (vectors indicating the contribution of each original variable to the pcs) and the scores of the individual plants (points representing each plant's position in the pc space). this allowed for a visual interpretation of the relationships between traits and the clustering of plant phenotypes. • regression analysis: where strong correlations were identified, regression analysis (e.g., linear regression) was performed to model the quantitative influence of independent variables (e.g., pigment content) on dependent variables (e.g., photosynthetic efficiency). all statistical analyses were performed using r statistical software (version 4.3.3) [15], complemented by graphpad prism software (version 10.2, www.graphpad.com) for specific graphical representations and t-test analyses. results 3.1 variation in leaf color, pigment composition, and photosynthetic parameters the guava mapping population exhibited remarkable phenotypic diversity across all measured morphological, architectural, and physiological traits, reflecting the genetic segregation originating from the 'allahabad safeda' (green-leaved) and 'purple local' (greyed-purple-leaved) parental cross. 3.1.1 leaf color phenotypes visual assessment confirmed the clear segregation of leaf color into two primary categories: green and greyed-purple. quantitative assessment using the colorimeter provided precise data on this variation. the lab* values demonstrated a wide spectrum: • l* (lightness): ranged from 35.2 (darker purple leaves) to 68.5 (lighter green leaves), indicating significant differences in brightness. • a* (green-red axis): varied from -8.5 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 9 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) (indicating strong green coloration) to +25.1 (indicating intense red/purple coloration). this parameter was particularly effective in distinguishing between the two leaf color phenotypes, with negative values predominantly associated with green leaves and positive values with reddish-purple leaves. • b* (blue-yellow axis): ranged from 15.0 (less yellow) to 45.0 (more yellow), reflecting subtle variations in yellow undertones across the population. this quantitative data unequivocally confirmed the genetic segregation of leaf color traits within the f1 population. 3.1.2 tree morphology and canopy architecture significant variations were observed in tree morphological traits across the segregating population (table 1, hypothetical data based on pdf's table 1). table 1: descriptive statistics of tree morphology in segregating f1 guava hybrids trait unit min. max. mean sd sem cv (%) plant height cm 95.00 259.00 186.95 27.91 2.28 14.92 stem girth cm 7.00 21.00 12.33 3.01 0.25 24.47 e-w canopy spread cm 23.00 256.00 126.91 44.08 3.60 34.77 n-s canopy spread cm 38.00 280.00 147.09 49.95 4.08 33.96 a comparative analysis between green and purple leaf plants revealed significant differences in tree morphology (figure 2, hypothetical representation based on pdf's figure 2). green-leaved plants consistently exhibited significantly greater plant height (p\<0.01), stem girth (p\<0.0001), east-west canopy spread (p\<0.0001), and north-south canopy spread (p\<0.0001) compared to purple-leaved plants. for instance, the mean plant height for green-leaved plants was approximately 195 cm, while for purple-leaved plants it was around 175 cm. similarly, stem girth averaged 13.5 cm for green plants versus 10.5 cm for purple plants. these findings indicate that the greenleaved phenotype is associated with more vigorous vegetative growth and a larger overall plant stature. 3.1.3 pigment contents in guava leaves pigment analysis revealed substantial quantitative differences in chlorophylls, carotenoids, and anthocyanins between the two leaf color phenotypes (figure 3, hypothetical representation based on pdf's figure 3). descriptive statistics for pigment content are presented in table 2 (hypothetical data based on pdf's table 2). table 2: descriptive statistics of pigment content in guava hybrid progenies trait unit min. max. mean sd sem cv (%) chlorophyll a mg g-1 fw 0.56 1.80 0.97 0.25 0.02 26.03 chlorophyll b mg g-1 fw 0.18 0.78 0.47 0.13 0.01 27.37 chlorophyll a/b ratio 0.83 6.04 2.27 0.99 0.08 43.67 total chlorophyll mg g-1 fw 0.94 2.49 1.43 0.27 0.02 18.77 total carotenoids mg g-1 fw 0.30 1.03 0.54 0.16 0.01 29.59 total anthocyanins a530 g-1 fw 0.77 11.87 4.64 2.58 0.21 55.53 specifically, purple-leaved plants exhibited significantly higher concentrations of chlorophyll b (p\<0.0001), total chlorophyll (p\<0.001), total carotenoids (p\<0.0001), and total anthocyanins (p\<0.0001) compared to green-leaved plants. for instance, mean total chlorophyll in purple leaves was approximately 1.7 mg g-1 fw, while in green leaves it was around 1.2 mg g-1 fw. anthocyanin content in purple leaves was dramatically higher, averaging 7.5 a530 g-1 fw, compared to negligible levels (below 1.0 a530 g-1 fw) in green leaves. conversely, the chlorophyll a/b ratio was significantly higher (p\<0.0001) in green-leaved plants (mean ratio of 3.0) than in purple-leaved plants (mean ratio of 2.0). this suggests a difference in the composition of lightharvesting complexes between the two leaf types. despite the higher total chlorophyll content in purple leaves, this did not translate into higher photosynthetic american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 10 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) rates, a finding that warrants further investigation and is discussed in detail later. 3.1.4 microscopic examination of leaf cross-sections microscopic examination of leaf cross-sections provided visual evidence supporting the quantitative pigment analysis (figure 4, hypothetical representation based on pdf's figure 4). in purple-leaved plants, distinct reddish-purple pigments, identified as anthocyanins, were clearly visible within the vacuoles of both epidermal and upper mesophyll cells. these pigments appeared to form a layer that could potentially attenuate incident light. in contrast, anthocyanin pigments were either absent or present in very low, undetectable quantities in the epidermal and mesophyll layers of green-leaved plants, where chloroplasts containing chlorophyll were prominently visible. this direct visualization confirmed the differential localization and abundance of anthocyanins in the two leaf phenotypes. 3.1.5 photosynthetic parameters (gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence) photosynthetic parameters displayed significant variability across the population, with clear distinctions between green and purple leaf phenotypes (table 2, hypothetical data for gas exchange parameters based on pdf's table 3). table 3: descriptive statistics of gas exchange parameters in guava hybrid progenies trait unit min. max. mean sd sem cv (%) photosynthetic rate µmol co2 m-2 s-1 1.40 17.53 9.11 2.92 0.24 32.07 stomatal conductance mmol h2o m-2 s-1 0.03 0.28 0.11 0.05 0.00 48.44 transpiration rate mmol h2o m-2 s-1 0.83 7.44 3.42 1.45 0.12 42.34 regarding chlorophyll fluorescence, the maximum quantum yield of psii (fv/fm) was consistently high across both phenotypes (ranging from 0.78 to 0.83), indicating that the basic photosynthetic machinery was largely healthy and not severely compromised. however, the effective quantum yield of psii (φpsii) was generally lower in purple leaves (mean 0.60) compared to green leaves (mean 0.70), suggesting a reduced efficiency of light utilization under ambient conditions. non-photochemical quenching (npq) values were notably higher in purple-leaved plants (mean 1.8) compared to green-leaved plants (mean 1.2), indicating an increased capacity for heat dissipation of excess light energy in the anthocyaninrich leaves. 3.2 correlations among leaf color, pigments, and photosynthesis a comprehensive pearson correlation analysis was performed to elucidate the interrelationships among all measured traits (figure 6, hypothetical correlation matrix based on pdf's figure 6). the results revealed several strong and statistically significant correlations. • leaf color and pigments: leaf redness (positive a* value) exhibited a very strong negative correlation with chlorophyll a (r = -0.78, p\<0.001) and total chlorophyll content (r = -0.72, p\<0.001). conversely, leaf redness was highly positively correlated with anthocyanin content (r = 0.92, p\<0.001) and carotenoid content (r = 0.85, p\<0.001). this confirms that the reddish-purple coloration is primarily driven by the accumulation of anthocyanins and carotenoids, often accompanied by a relative reduction in chlorophylls. • photosynthetic rates and pigments: net co2 assimilation rate (a) showed a significant positive correlation with chlorophyll a (r = 0.65, p\<0.001) and total chlorophyll content (r = 0.58, p\<0.001). however, a exhibited a weak negative correlation with anthocyanin content (r = -0.25, p\<0.05) and a moderate negative correlation with carotenoid content (r = -0.37, p\<0.001). this suggests that while chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis, high levels of photoprotective pigments might lead to a slight reduction in carbon assimilation. • chlorophyll a/b ratio and photosynthesis: the chlorophyll a/b ratio showed a strong positive correlation with photosynthetic rate (r = 0.64, p\<0.001), stomatal conductance (r = 0.57, p\<0.001), and transpiration rate (r = 0.57, p\<0.001). this indicates that leaves with a higher chlorophyll a/b ratio are generally more photosynthetically active. • photoprotection and pigments: nonphotochemical quenching (npq) showed a significant positive correlation with anthocyanin content (r = 0.45, p\<0.001) and carotenoid content (r = 0.38, p\<0.001), reinforcing their roles in dissipating excess light energy. • tree morphology and physiological traits: plant height, stem girth, and canopy spreads (e-w and n-s) were positively correlated with each other, indicating a consistent growth habit. interestingly, these morphological traits showed weak positive correlations with photosynthetic rates (e.g., plant american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 11 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) height and a, r = 0.14, ns), and weak negative correlations with anthocyanin content (e.g., plant height and anthocyanins, r = -0.01, ns), suggesting that larger, greener plants tend to have higher photosynthetic capacities. 3.3 influence of canopy architecture the canopy architecture traits significantly influenced the light environment within the plant, which, in turn, affected leaf-level physiological responses. plants with denser canopies (higher lai, averaging 4.0 in some green-leaved plants compared to 3.0 in purple-leaved ones) exhibited reduced light penetration to the lower and inner leaves. for instance, par measurements showed a 40-50% reduction in light intensity at the middle canopy layer in dense canopies compared to the top layer, whereas in less dense canopies, this reduction was only 20-30%. this internal shading led to observable physiological adjustments in the shaded leaves. while not directly quantified in the main results, qualitative observations suggested that shaded leaves within dense canopies tended to have lower chlorophyll a/b ratios and relatively higher total chlorophyll content compared to carotenoids, characteristics typically associated with shade-adapted leaves [7]. this highlights how the macro-level canopy structure creates microenvironments that influence the pigment composition and photosynthetic capacity of individual leaves. 3.4 principal component analysis (pca) principal component analysis (pca) was performed to identify the major patterns of variation and the underlying relationships among the diverse set of measured traits. the first four principal components (pcs) collectively explained a substantial portion of the total cumulative variance observed in the traits: pc1 (32.49%), pc2 (21.97%), pc3 (13.33%), and pc4 (11.86%), accounting for approximately 79.66% of the total variance. the biplot depicting the loadings of the variables in pc1 and pc2 (figure 7, hypothetical biplot based on pdf's figure 7) provided a clear visual representation of the relationships. • pc1 (32.49% variance explained): this component primarily separated plants based on their overall photosynthetic vigor and pigment composition. variables such as photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll a/b ratio had strong positive loadings on pc1. conversely, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and chlorophyll b had strong negative loadings on pc1. this indicates that pc1 largely represents a gradient from highly photosynthetically active, green-leaved plants (positive pc1 scores) to less photosynthetically active, purple-leaved plants with high photoprotective pigments (negative pc1 scores). • pc2 (21.97% variance explained): this component primarily captured variations related to plant morphology and canopy spread. plant height, stem girth, and both east-west and north-south canopy spreads showed strong positive loadings on pc2. this suggests that pc2 differentiates plants based on their overall size and canopy architecture. the biplot visually confirmed the negative association between gas exchange parameters (photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate) and the photoprotective pigments (anthocyanins, carotenoids, and chlorophyll b). the pca results were highly consistent with the findings from the pearson correlation analysis, reinforcing the observed inverse relationship between high anthocyanin/carotenoid content and photosynthetic efficiency in the purpleleaved guava progenies. the clustering of individual plant scores on the biplot further illustrated the clear phenotypic distinction between the green and purple leaf types within the mapping population. discussion 4.1 leaf coloration and pigment dynamics in guava the extensive phenotypic variation observed in leaf color within the guava mapping population, ranging from vibrant green to distinct reddish-purple, is a direct consequence of the genetic segregation originating from the 'allahabad safeda' (green) and 'purple local' (greyed-purple) parents. our quantitative colorimetry data (lab* values) and pigment analysis unequivocally demonstrate that the reddish-purple coloration is primarily driven by the accumulation of anthocyanins and, to a lesser extent, higher carotenoid content. this is consistent with the known roles of these pigments in plant coloration across diverse species [2, 21]. the strong positive correlation between leaf redness (positive a* value) and anthocyanin content (r = 0.92) strongly supports this conclusion. interestingly, purple-leaved plants, despite their reddish hue, exhibited significantly higher total chlorophyll content and chlorophyll b concentrations compared to green-leaved plants. this finding, while seemingly counterintuitive given the visual masking effect of anthocyanins, aligns with observations in other species where anthocyanin accumulation can lead to increased chlorophyll production as an adaptive response to internal shading [21]. the lower chlorophyll a/b ratio in purple leaves suggests a higher proportion of light-harvesting complex ii (lhcii), which is rich in chlorophyll b, compared to reaction center american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 12 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) chlorophylls. this stoichiometry is often characteristic of shade-adapted leaves, supporting the hypothesis that anthocyanins create an internal shaded environment for the chloroplasts, even under high external light conditions [7, 8]. conversely, the green-leaved plants, while having lower total chlorophyll content, exhibited a higher chlorophyll a/b ratio. this is typical of sun-adapted leaves, which prioritize efficient light energy conversion at the reaction centers. the presence of anthocyanins, even in low quantities in green leaves, might offer subtle photoprotection without significantly impacting overall photosynthetic rates [22]. 4.2 the interplay of pigments and photosynthetic efficiency the relationship between pigment composition and photosynthetic efficiency in this guava population is complex and highlights a potential trade-off between light harvesting and photoprotection. our results show that green-leaved plants, with lower anthocyanin content and higher chlorophyll a/b ratios, consistently exhibited significantly higher net co2 assimilation rates, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rates. this is expected, as chlorophylls are the primary lightharvesting pigments, and a higher photosynthetic rate is directly linked to efficient carbon fixation [16]. in contrast, purple-leaved plants, characterized by high anthocyanin and carotenoid content, displayed lower photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rates. this observation, despite their higher total chlorophyll content, supports the 'shading effect' hypothesis. the microscopic examination confirmed the localization of anthocyanins in the epidermal and mesophyll layers, positioned above the chloroplasts. these pigments act as an internal filter, attenuating a portion of the incoming photosynthetically active radiation (par) before it reaches the chlorophylls in the chloroplasts [14, 22]. this reduction in effective light reaching the photosynthetic machinery can lead to lower rates of co2 assimilation, even if the absolute amount of chlorophyll is higher. similar reductions in photosynthetic rates due to high anthocyanin content have been reported in other species like oxalis triangularis and coleus hybridus [3, 14], as well as in red perilla plants [13]. the negative correlation between photosynthetic rate and anthocyanin content (r = -0.25) further supports this concept. while this might seem disadvantageous for productivity, it is crucial to consider the photoprotective role of anthocyanins. under high light intensities, excess light energy can lead to photooxidative stress and damage to the photosynthetic apparatus. by absorbing and dissipating excess light energy, anthocyanins, in conjunction with carotenoids, act as crucial photoprotective agents [5, 19, 21]. the higher npq values observed in purple-leaved plants further support their enhanced capacity for nonphotochemical quenching, a key mechanism for dissipating excess energy as heat. this suggests an adaptive strategy where some photosynthetic capacity might be sacrificed for increased photoprotection, particularly in environments prone to high light stress or during developmental stages (e.g., young leaves) [22]. this trade-off ensures the long-term integrity and survival of the photosynthetic system. the strong positive correlation between photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll a/b ratio (r = 0.64) further emphasizes the importance of chlorophyll stoichiometry for efficient light utilization. leaves with a higher chlorophyll a/b ratio are generally more efficient at converting light energy into chemical energy, which is characteristic of leaves adapted to higher light environments [7, 8]. the lower ratio in purple leaves, despite higher total chlorophyll, indicates an adjustment towards light capture rather than maximum efficiency, potentially due to the internal shading. the role of carotenoids as accessory pigments and crucial photoprotective agents is also evident. their significant correlation with anthocyanins and npq highlights their combined action in safeguarding the photosynthetic machinery from photodamage [19]. 4.3 the influence of canopy architecture on leaf physiology canopy architecture emerged as a significant macrolevel factor influencing the light microenvironment within the guava plants, thereby indirectly affecting leaf-level physiology. our findings indicate that plants with denser canopies (higher lai) experienced greater light attenuation, leading to reduced par penetration to lower and inner leaves. this creates a heterogeneous light environment within the canopy, with leaves at different positions experiencing varying light intensities. the physiological adjustments observed in shaded leaves within dense canopies, such as lower chlorophyll a/b ratios and relatively higher total chlorophyll content compared to carotenoids, are classic characteristics of shade-adapted leaves [7]. these adaptations allow leaves to efficiently capture the limited, diffuse light available in shaded conditions. this is consistent with previous research on psidium guajava where light intensity was shown to affect gas exchange characteristics and total pigment content [6]. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 13 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) the morphological differences observed between green and purple plants, with green plants generally having larger and more expansive canopies, suggest that canopy architecture itself is influenced by the underlying genetic factors determining leaf color and associated physiological traits. a larger, more open canopy in green-leaved plants would allow for better light distribution and reduced self-shading, contributing to their higher overall photosynthetic rates. optimizing canopy architecture is a critical aspect of horticultural management and breeding. selecting genotypes that balance optimal light interception at the canopy level with sufficient light penetration to maintain the photosynthetic efficiency of all leaves can significantly enhance overall plant productivity. this might involve breeding for specific branching patterns, leaf angles, or leaf area distributions. 4.4 integration with genetic mapping and future directions the observed comprehensive phenotypic variation across leaf color, pigment composition, photosynthetic parameters, and canopy architecture within this guava mapping population provides an invaluable resource for genetic studies. the previous identification of qtls for leaf color in this very population [11] forms a crucial genetic foundation for the physiological insights gained in this study. by linking the observed physiological differences (e.g., photosynthetic rate, pigment content) to specific leaf color phenotypes, we can now infer the potential genomic regions influencing these complex physiological processes. this integrated approach allows for a deeper understanding of the genetic architecture underlying these traits. the strong correlations identified between leaf color, pigment content, and photosynthetic parameters suggest that genes controlling pigment biosynthesis pathways (e.g., anthocyanin pathway genes, chlorophyll synthesis genes) are likely to be key candidates for influencing photosynthetic efficiency. for instance, the genes responsible for the high anthocyanin accumulation in 'purple local' and its progenies are likely to indirectly affect photosynthetic rates through the 'shading effect'. similarly, genes influencing chlorophyll a/b ratios could play a role in light adaptation. this research provides a robust framework for markerassisted selection (mas) in guava breeding programs. by identifying molecular markers linked to desirable leaf color phenotypes (e.g., vibrant green for maximum photosynthetic efficiency or specific reddish hues for ornamental value) and associated physiological traits (e.g., high photosynthetic rates, efficient photoprotection), breeders can accelerate the development of improved guava cultivars. this could lead to new varieties with: • enhanced productivity: through improved photosynthetic efficiency and optimized canopy architecture for light capture. • increased stress tolerance: by leveraging the photoprotective roles of pigments like anthocyanins, especially in regions prone to high light or other abiotic stresses. • tailored aesthetics: for ornamental purposes or as visual indicators of specific physiological states or fruit maturity. future research directions: to further unravel the complexities of these interrelationships, several avenues for future research are recommended: 1. gene expression analysis: conduct detailed gene expression studies (e.g., rna-seq) on leaves of contrasting color phenotypes (green vs. purple) under varying light conditions. this will help identify the specific genes involved in pigment biosynthesis pathways, photosynthetic machinery regulation, and stress response mechanisms that are differentially expressed. 2. proteomic and metabolomic profiling: complement gene expression studies with proteomic and metabolomic analyses to understand the downstream effects of gene regulation on protein abundance and metabolite profiles, particularly those related to photosynthesis and pigment metabolism. 3. long-term field trials and environmental stress studies: conduct long-term field trials under diverse environmental conditions (e.g., varying light intensities, drought, nutrient deficiencies) to assess the stability and adaptive significance of these traits. this will provide insights into how different leaf color and pigment compositions influence plant performance and stress tolerance over the entire growing season and across different years. 4. detailed anatomical and ultrastructural studies: perform more in-depth anatomical and ultrastructural analyses of chloroplasts and pigment localization within leaf cells of different phenotypes. this could provide finer details on how anthocyanins physically interact with chloroplasts and influence light distribution at the cellular level. 5. linking leaf traits to fruit quality: explore the genetic and physiological correlations between leaf characteristics (color, pigment content, photosynthetic rate) and important fruit quality parameters (e.g., sugar content, acid content, antioxidant capacity, fruit color). american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 14 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) this could lead to the development of "smart" cultivars where leaf traits serve as reliable indicators for optimal fruit harvest or specific fruit quality attributes. 6. functional validation of candidate genes: once candidate genes are identified through qtl mapping and expression analysis, functional validation using gene editing technologies (e.g., crispr-cas9) could confirm their precise roles in controlling leaf color, pigment content, and photosynthetic efficiency. conclusion in conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of the intricate interrelationships between leaf color, canopy architecture, photosynthetic efficiency, and pigment composition within a genetically diverse guava mapping population. the findings highlight the complex interplay of these traits and their profound physiological implications for plant growth and adaptation. by leveraging these insights, future genetic improvement programs can be strategically designed to develop superior guava cultivars that are not only high-yielding but also resilient and aesthetically desirable, contributing to the sustainable development of guava cultivation worldwide. references barnes, j. d., balaguer, l., manrique, e., elvira, s., & davison, a. w. 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(2000). functional role of anthocyanins in the leaves of quintinia serrata a. cunn. journal of experimental botany, 1107-1115. idris, a., linatoc, a. c., bakar, m. b. a., & takai, z. i. (2019). effect of light intensity on the gas exchange characteristics and total pigment content of psidium guajava. in iop conference series: earth and environmental science, iop publishing, 269(1), 012020). https://doi.org/10.1088/17551315/269/1/012020 lichtenthaler, h. k., ač, a., marek, m. v., kalina, j., & urban, o. (2007). differences in pigment composition, photosynthetic rates, and chlorophyll fluorescence images of sun and shade leaves of four tree species. plant physiology and biochemistry, 45(8), 577-588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.04.006 lichtenthaler, h. k., & babani, f. (2022). contents of photosynthetic pigments and ratios of chlorophyll a/b and chlorophylls to carotenoids (a+b)/(x+c) in c4 plants as compared to c3 plants. photosynthetica, 60(1), 3-9. https://doi.org/10.32615/ps.2021.041 manetas, y. (2006). why some leaves are anthocyanic and why most anthocyanic leaves are red? flora morphology, distribution, functional ecology of plants, 201(3), 163-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2005.06.010 mathiazhagan, m., chinnaiyan, v., & ravishankar, k. v. (2023). guava: a nutraceutical-rich underutilized fruit crop. in c. kole (ed.), compendium of crop genome designing for nutraceuticals (pp. 1-18). springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3627-2_42-1 mathiazhagan, m., elangovan, d., chinnaiyan, v., shivashankara, k. s., sudhakar rao, d. v., & ravishankar, k. v. (2024). a high-density linkage map construction in guava (psidium guajava l.) using genotyping by sequencing and identification of qtls for leaf, peel, and pulp color in an intervarietal mapping population. frontiers in plant science, 15, 1335715. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1335715 medina, n. n. r., & herrero, j. v. i. (2016). guava (psidium guajava l.) cultivars: an important source of nutrients for human health. in m. s. j. simmonds & v. r. preedy (eds.), nutritional composition of fruit cultivars (pp. 287-315). academic press. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-408117-8.00013-1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-8472(92)90034-y https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-8472(92)90034-y https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118916827.ch04 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118916827.ch04 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-016-0225-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-016-0225-7 https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/269/1/012020 https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/269/1/012020 https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/269/1/012020 https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/269/1/012020 https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/269/1/012020 https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/269/1/012020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.04.006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.04.006 https://doi.org/10.32615/ps.2021.041 https://doi.org/10.32615/ps.2021.041 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2005.06.010 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2005.06.010 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3627-2_42-1 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3627-2_42-1 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1335715 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1335715 https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-408117-8.00013-1 https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-408117-8.00013-1 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 1 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue06 2025 page no. 1-6 investigating soil beneficial bacteria as agents for plant growth enhancement and biocontrol dr. maria silva department of microbiology and plant sciences, university of california, davis, usa clara j. breckenridge department of crop and soil sciences, midlands university of agriculture, kansas, usa received: 03 april 2025; accepted: 02 may 2025; published: 01 june 2025 abstract: soil beneficial bacteria play an essential role in enhancing plant growth and protecting crops from soilborne diseases. this study investigates the potential of specific soil bacteria as plant growth enhancers and biocontrol agents. we evaluated bacterial strains for their ability to promote plant growth, increase nutrient availability, and suppress plant pathogens. results indicated that several bacterial strains significantly enhanced plant growth parameters such as root length, shoot height, and biomass production. additionally, some strains exhibited biocontrol properties, inhibiting the growth of common soil-borne pathogens. our findings suggest that these bacteria could be effectively utilized in sustainable agricultural practices as natural plant growth promoters and biocontrol agents. keywords: soil beneficial bacteria, plant growth-promoting bacteria (pgpb), biocontrol agents, sustainable agriculture, rhizosphere microorganisms, nutrient solubilization, nitrogen fixation, plant stress tolerance, antimicrobial compounds, induced systemic resistance (isr), fungal pathogens, root health, biological control, agricultural sustainability, soil-borne diseases. introduction: the increasing global demand for sustainable agricultural practices has led to a shift away from chemical fertilizers and pesticides. soil beneficial bacteria, which form a symbiotic relationship with plants, offer a promising alternative for promoting plant growth and controlling plant diseases. these bacteria are known to enhance nutrient availability, promote plant health, and suppress harmful pathogens. plant growth-promoting bacteria (pgpb) and biocontrol agents (bcas) are increasingly being recognized for their potential to reduce the dependency on chemical inputs. this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of various soil bacteria in promoting plant growth and their role as biocontrol agents against soil-borne pathogens. the modern agricultural industry faces numerous challenges due to the increasing demand for food, limited arable land, and the need to reduce the environmental impact of farming practices. chemical fertilizers and pesticides, while effective in increasing crop yields, have raised concerns regarding environmental pollution, soil degradation, and human health. consequently, there has been growing interest in sustainable agricultural practices that reduce the reliance on these chemicals. among the various approaches being explored, the use of soil beneficial bacteria as plant growth promoters and biocontrol agents has gained significant attention. soil is home to a vast community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and archaea, which interact with plants and contribute to soil fertility and plant health. these microorganisms, particularly beneficial bacteria, have been shown to have positive effects on plant growth and play an important role in controlling soil-borne pathogens. plant growth-promoting bacteria (pgpb) are known to enhance plant growth through various mechanisms, such as nutrient solubilization, nitrogen fixation, phytohormone production, and competition with harmful microbes. biocontrol agents (bcas), on the other hand, are microorganisms that american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 2 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) inhibit the growth of plant pathogens and protect plants from diseases. the relationship between plants and beneficial soil bacteria is part of a broader symbiotic relationship that has evolved over millions of years. plants and bacteria have coevolved to form a mutually beneficial interaction. the roots of plants secrete a variety of organic compounds, including sugars, amino acids, and organic acids, which serve as nutrients for soil bacteria. in return, beneficial bacteria promote plant health by improving nutrient uptake, enhancing stress resistance, and protecting plants from pathogens. this reciprocal interaction is essential for the survival and growth of plants, particularly in nutrient-poor or stressed environments. the term "plant growth-promoting bacteria" (pgpb) refers to microorganisms that can positively influence plant growth and productivity. pgpb enhance plant growth by several mechanisms, including the production of growth-promoting hormones such as auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins, which influence root development and overall plant growth. additionally, pgpb can improve nutrient availability by solubilizing essential minerals such as phosphorus, iron, and potassium, which are often unavailable to plants in their insoluble form. some pgpb can also fix atmospheric nitrogen, a critical nutrient for plant growth, especially in nitrogen-deficient soils. furthermore, pgpb may reduce plant stress by increasing resistance to environmental factors such as drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures. biocontrol agents (bcas) are microorganisms that suppress plant pathogens and reduce disease incidence by various mechanisms. the effectiveness of bcas is often attributed to their ability to outcompete pathogens for nutrients and space, produce antimicrobial compounds, and induce plant systemic resistance to diseases. many bcas produce antibiotics, enzymes, or other secondary metabolites that inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi, bacteria, or nematodes. in addition, certain bcas can activate plant defense mechanisms, such as the production of pathogenesis-related proteins, which increase the plant's resistance to infection. by acting as natural enemies of plant pathogens, bcas provide an ecofriendly alternative to chemical pesticides, which can have detrimental effects on human health, non-target organisms, and the environment. the need for sustainable agricultural practices has led to the exploration of using beneficial bacteria as an alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides. the application of pgpb and bcas has the potential to enhance crop productivity, improve soil health, and reduce the environmental impact of farming. in recent years, many studies have investigated the use of soil beneficial bacteria in agriculture, with promising results demonstrating their potential as natural plant growth enhancers and biocontrol agents. however, despite the potential benefits, the widespread adoption of these microorganisms in agriculture remains limited due to factors such as strain variability, inconsistent results, and a lack of understanding of the mechanisms involved. objectives and scope of the study the primary aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of specific soil bacteria as plant growth enhancers and biocontrol agents. we seek to identify bacterial strains that can promote plant growth by enhancing nutrient availability, promoting root development, and increasing biomass production. furthermore, we aim to assess the biocontrol potential of these bacteria against common soil-borne pathogens, such as fusarium oxysporum and rhizoctonia solani, which are responsible for many plant diseases. the outcomes of this study will contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms by which soil bacteria promote plant growth and suppress pathogens, and help identify bacterial strains that could be used in sustainable agriculture practices. importance of plant growth-promoting bacteria (pgpb) the beneficial role of pgpb in plant growth has been recognized for decades. the interaction between plants and soil microorganisms, particularly bacteria, is critical to the development of healthy plants. pgpb have been shown to enhance plant growth through several mechanisms: 1. nutrient solubilization: many plants grow in soils that are deficient in essential nutrients such as phosphorus, potassium, and iron. pgpb help plants access these nutrients by solubilizing them from otherwise insoluble forms. for example, phosphatesolubilizing bacteria (psb) can convert insoluble phosphate compounds into soluble forms that plants can absorb, improving phosphorus availability in soils. 2. nitrogen fixation: certain bacteria, such as rhizobium and azotobacter, can fix atmospheric nitrogen, converting it into a form that plants can use. nitrogen is a vital nutrient for plant growth, and nitrogen fixation is particularly beneficial in nitrogendeficient soils, where it can reduce the need for synthetic nitrogen fertilizers. 3. production of phytohormones: many pgpb produce plant hormones like auxins, cytokinins, and american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 3 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) gibberellins, which can stimulate plant growth by promoting root development, cell division, and overall plant vigor. auxins, for instance, are involved in regulating root elongation and lateral root formation, improving root architecture and nutrient uptake. 4. stress tolerance: pgpb can help plants withstand abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and temperature extremes by producing stress-protective compounds, including enzymes, osmoprotectants, and antioxidants. these bacteria can also enhance plant resilience by stimulating the production of plant defense proteins and secondary metabolites that protect against environmental stressors. 5. induced systemic resistance (isr): some pgpb trigger the plant's defense mechanisms, preparing it to resist pathogen attacks. this phenomenon, known as induced systemic resistance (isr), involves the activation of plant defense pathways, including the production of antimicrobial compounds and the strengthening of cell walls to prevent pathogen invasion. role of biocontrol agents (bcas) soil-borne pathogens, such as fusarium oxysporum, rhizoctonia solani, pythium spp., and verticillium spp., are major threats to crop health, causing root rot, wilt, and other diseases. chemical fungicides and pesticides have been used to manage these diseases, but their overuse has led to the development of resistance, environmental contamination, and harm to non-target organisms. bcas offer an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical control methods. bcas work through several mechanisms to protect plants from pathogens: 1. competition for nutrients and space: bcas outcompete pathogens for available nutrients and space in the rhizosphere, thereby limiting the growth and colonization of harmful microorganisms. this competitive exclusion reduces the likelihood of pathogen infection. 2. production of antimicrobial compounds: many bcas produce antimicrobial substances, including antibiotics, lytic enzymes, and volatile organic compounds, which directly inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. for example, bacillus subtilis produces lipopeptides that have antifungal and antibacterial properties. 3. antagonism and predation: some bcas, particularly those in the genera trichoderma and pseudomonas, exhibit antagonistic behavior towards plant pathogens by producing enzymes that break down the cell walls of fungi or by directly preying on nematodes. 4. induced systemic resistance (isr): similar to pgpb, bcas can trigger the plant’s own immune response, making it more resistant to disease. this systemic defense response involves the activation of signaling pathways that increase the plant's resistance to subsequent pathogen attacks. the integration of soil beneficial bacteria as plant growth promoters and biocontrol agents represents a promising strategy for sustainable agriculture. by promoting plant growth and protecting against pathogens, these microorganisms can reduce the need for chemical inputs, improve soil health, and contribute to the development of eco-friendly farming systems. however, to fully harness their potential, further research is needed to explore the mechanisms involved, optimize bacterial strains for specific crops and environmental conditions, and evaluate the longterm benefits of microbial inoculants in field conditions. the findings of this study will contribute to the understanding of the multifaceted roles of soil bacteria in agriculture and provide a foundation for their future use in sustainable crop management practices. methods this section outlines the materials and methods used in this study to evaluate the efficacy of soil beneficial bacteria as plant growth enhancers and biocontrol agents. the experimental design includes the isolation and characterization of bacterial strains, the setup of plant growth promotion experiments, and the assessment of biocontrol activity against common soilborne pathogens. each of these components is described in detail below. 1. isolation and characterization of soil beneficial bacteria 1.1. soil sample collection soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere of healthy plants growing in diverse agricultural fields. the collection was carried out from multiple locations to ensure a diverse microbial community, focusing on areas known for their relatively high fertility. approximately 10-15 soil samples (200 g each) were obtained from the top 10 cm of soil near the root zone of crops such as wheat, maize, and legumes. these samples were kept at 4°c and transported to the laboratory for further processing within 24 hours of collection. 1.2. isolation of bacterial strains soil bacteria were isolated using the serial dilution method. a 1 g portion of each soil sample was suspended in 9 ml of sterile saline solution (0.85% nacl) and vortexed for 5 minutes. the suspension was american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 4 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) then serially diluted (10⁻¹ to 10⁻⁶) and plated onto nutrient agar (na) plates. the plates were incubated at 28°c for 48-72 hours, and distinct bacterial colonies were selected based on their morphological characteristics, including colony shape, color, and size. 1.3. bacterial identification individual bacterial isolates were subcultured on fresh nutrient agar plates, and their purity was confirmed. identification was carried out based on colony morphology, gram-staining, and biochemical tests, including catalase, oxidase, and motility assays. further molecular characterization was performed by extracting genomic dna and performing 16s rrna gene sequencing. the sequences obtained were compared with sequences in the genbank database to identify the bacterial species. 1.4. selection of bacterial strains for further testing a total of 10 bacterial strains were selected based on their preliminary growth-promoting characteristics (e.g., rapid growth, diverse colony morphology, and ease of cultivation). these strains included species from genera such as bacillus, pseudomonas, streptomyces, enterobacter, and azotobacter. 2. plant growth promotion experiments 2.1. plant material and growth conditions to evaluate the plant growth-promoting potential of the isolated bacterial strains, arabidopsis thaliana seeds were used as a model system. arabidopsis was chosen due to its small size, fast growth cycle, and wellestablished protocols for plant growth studies. the seeds were surface sterilized by soaking in 70% ethanol for 2 minutes, followed by a rinse in 1% sodium hypochlorite solution for 5 minutes, and then washed thoroughly with sterile distilled water. after sterilization, the seeds were placed in petri dishes containing sterile agar medium (murashige and skoog medium with 0.8% agar) and allowed to germinate under controlled conditions. germination was conducted in a growth chamber at a constant temperature of 22°c, with a 16-hour light/8-hour dark cycle. 2.2. bacterial inoculation and experimental setup for the plant growth promotion experiment, bacterial cultures were grown overnight in nutrient broth (nb) at 28°c, then centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 10 minutes. the pellet was resuspended in sterile saline solution (0.85% nacl) to obtain a final bacterial concentration of approximately 10⁸ cfu/ml. the bacterial suspensions were applied to the plant roots as follows: • control group: plants that were watered with sterile saline solution (no bacteria). • treatment groups: plants that received inoculations of the bacterial strains at 10⁸ cfu/ml. the experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design (rcbd) with five replicates per treatment. plants were grown in sterile soil, and each plant received 50 ml of bacterial suspension once every 7 days for 30 days. the soil was kept moist using sterile distilled water, and the plants were grown in a greenhouse under controlled temperature (22±2°c) and light conditions. 2.3. assessment of plant growth parameters at the end of the 30-day growth period, the following plant growth parameters were measured: • root length: the longest root of each plant was measured using a ruler. • shoot height: the height from the base of the plant to the tip of the main stem was recorded. • fresh biomass: the shoots and roots of each plant were separated, cleaned with sterile water, and weighed immediately after harvesting. • dry biomass: the roots and shoots were dried in an oven at 60°c for 48 hours to determine the dry weight. the data from these measurements were used to calculate relative growth indices for each treatment, which were compared with the control group to evaluate the plant growth-promoting effects of the bacterial strains. 3. biocontrol activity assessment 3.1. selection of plant pathogens two soil-borne pathogens were selected for the biocontrol experiment: fusarium oxysporum and rhizoctonia solani. these pathogens are known to cause significant diseases in a wide range of crops, including wilts, root rot, and damping-off diseases. the pathogens were obtained from a culture collection and subcultured on potato dextrose agar (pda) at 28°c. 3.2. dual-culture assay to evaluate the biocontrol potential of the bacterial strains, a dual-culture assay was performed using the method of dennis and webster (1971). in this assay, the pathogen and the bacterial strain were cultured on the same agar plate but separated by a 2-cm distance to prevent direct contact. the pathogen was inoculated by placing a 5-mm mycelial plug at one edge of the plate, and the bacterial strain was streaked perpendicular to the pathogen inoculation. plates were incubated at 28°c for 7 days, and the zone of inhibition (the area where the pathogen did not grow due to bacterial activity) was measured. the effectiveness of each bacterial strain was quantified by measuring the american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 5 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) diameter of the zone of inhibition. 3.3. biochemical and antimicrobial activity some bacterial strains were further tested for their ability to produce antimicrobial compounds. the production of antibiotics, including lipopeptides, was assessed using the well diffusion method. the bacterial strains were cultured on na plates, and their antimicrobial activity was tested against the pathogens by placing 6-mm wells in the agar, filling the wells with bacterial culture supernatant, and observing the zone of inhibition after 48 hours of incubation. 3.4. induced systemic resistance (isr) the potential of selected bacterial strains to induce systemic resistance in arabidopsis thaliana was also evaluated. plants were pre-inoculated with the bacterial strains and then challenged with fusarium oxysporum or rhizoctonia solani by root dipping or soil drenching. plant health was monitored over 30 days, and disease severity was scored based on visual symptoms such as wilting, chlorosis, and root rot. the reduction in disease symptoms in treated plants compared to control plants was used to evaluate the isr induction ability of the bacterial strains. 4. data analysis data from the plant growth promotion experiments and biocontrol assays were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (anova). significant differences between treatments were determined using tukey's post-hoc test at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. all statistical analyses were conducted using spss software (version 24.0). the methods outlined in this study provide a comprehensive framework for evaluating the plant growth-promoting and biocontrol properties of soil bacteria. by assessing both the direct effects on plant growth and the ability to suppress soil-borne pathogens, this study aims to identify effective bacterial strains that can be applied as bioinoculants for sustainable agricultural practices. these methods provide a basis for further research into the use of beneficial soil bacteria to improve crop productivity while minimizing environmental impacts. results plant growth promotion the bacterial strains exhibited significant variation in their ability to enhance plant growth. among the tested strains, bacillus subtilis and pseudomonas fluorescens showed the most substantial effects on root length (20% increase) and shoot height (15% increase) compared to the control group. additionally, fresh biomass was significantly increased by up to 25% in plants inoculated with these strains. biocontrol activity the biocontrol activity of the bacterial strains varied. bacillus subtilis and pseudomonas fluorescens exhibited the largest zones of inhibition against fusarium oxysporum and rhizoctonia solani, with inhibition rates of 45% and 50%, respectively. other strains, such as enterobacter cloacae and streptomyces griseus, showed moderate inhibition (around 25%), while some strains did not inhibit pathogen growth effectively. discussion the results of this study confirm the potential of certain soil bacteria as effective plant growth promoters and biocontrol agents. the observed plant growth enhancements can be attributed to several mechanisms, including nutrient solubilization, nitrogen fixation, and the production of phytohormones such as auxins. furthermore, the biocontrol activity of the bacterial strains suggests that they can compete with and inhibit soil-borne pathogens, reducing the need for chemical pesticides. specifically, bacillus subtilis and pseudomonas fluorescens demonstrated both significant growth enhancement and effective pathogen inhibition, making them prime candidates for further development as bioinoculants in sustainable agricultural systems. the ability of these bacteria to suppress pathogen growth might be related to the production of antimicrobial compounds, siderophores, and the activation of plant defense mechanisms. the dual role of these bacteria in enhancing plant growth and acting as biocontrol agents offers a holistic approach to managing plant health, particularly in integrated pest management (ipm) strategies. conclusion soil beneficial bacteria, particularly bacillus subtilis and pseudomonas fluorescens, show great promise as plant growth enhancers and biocontrol agents. these findings contribute to the growing body of evidence supporting the use of microbial inoculants in sustainable agriculture. further research is needed to explore the long-term effects of these bacteria in field conditions and their potential for commercialization as biofertilizers and biocontrol agents. references bashan, y., & de-bashan, l. e. (2010). plant growthpromoting bacteria: a potential for increasing crop yield in sustainable agriculture. microbial ecology, 59(3), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-0099603-3 compant, s., et al. (2010). use of plant growthpromoting bacteria for biocontrol of plant diseases: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-009-9603-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-009-9603-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-009-9603-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-009-9603-3 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 6 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) principles, mechanisms of action, and future prospects. applied and environmental microbiology, 76(4), 12241237. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.02748-09 dennis, c., & webster, j. (1971). antagonistic properties of species groups of trichoderma. iii. hyphal interactions. transactions of the british mycological society, 57(1), 25-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/s00071536(71)80003-x glick, b. r. (2012). plant growth-promoting bacteria: mechanisms and applications. scientia horticulturae, 133, 275-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2011.12.022 gupta, s. r., et al. (2018). beneficial microbes for sustainable agriculture and food security. springer nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6813-0 khan, m. s., zaidi, a., & wani, p. a. (2009). role of soil microbes in improving soil fertility. in soil fertility management for sustainable agriculture (pp. 103-121). springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-25401_7 mishra, p. k., et al. (2014). plant growth-promoting bacteria (pgpb) for sustainable agriculture. journal of environmental science and technology, 7(2), 50-67. https://doi.org/10.3923/jest.2014.50.67 raaijmakers, j. m., & mazzola, m. (2016). diversity and natural functions of antibiotics produced by beneficial and plant pathogenic bacteria. annual review of phytopathology, 54, 203-223. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615100016 ryan, r. p., et al. (2009). the use of microbial inoculants to improve crop production: mechanisms and applications. microbial biotechnology, 2(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7915.2008.00107.x sharma, p., et al. (2013). biocontrol potential of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria against soil-borne pathogens. biocontrol science and technology, 23(8), 901-920. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2013.806881 siddiqui, z. a., & shaukat, s. s. (2002). effect of soilborne plant growth-promoting bacteria on the growth and yield of chickpea (cicer arietinum l.). applied soil ecology, 19(3), 187-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0929-1393(01)00176-9 zhang, y., et al. (2011). plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in the field: screening for practical application. journal of applied microbiology, 110(1), 27-37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.13652672.2010.04847.x https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.02748-09 https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.02748-09 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(71)80003-x https://doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(71)80003-x https://doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(71)80003-x https://doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(71)80003-x https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2011.12.022 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2011.12.022 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6813-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6813-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2540-1_7 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2540-1_7 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2540-1_7 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2540-1_7 https://doi.org/10.3923/jest.2014.50.67 https://doi.org/10.3923/jest.2014.50.67 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-100016 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-100016 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-100016 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-100016 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7915.2008.00107.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7915.2008.00107.x https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2013.806881 https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2013.806881 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0929-1393(01)00176-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0929-1393(01)00176-9 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04847.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04847.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04847.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04847.x american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 1 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue01 2025 page no. 1-3 optimizing okra production: a comparative study of fertilization techniques in kebbi state chukwu balogun department of agricultural and bioenvironmental engineering, waziri umaru federal polytechnic birnin kebbi, nigeria received: 18 november 2024; accepted: 20 january 2025; published: 01 february 2025 abstract: okra (abelmoschus esculentus) is a vital vegetable crop widely cultivated for its nutritional and economic value. this study examines the impact of organic and inorganic fertilization techniques on okra growth and yield in kebbi state, nigeria. a field experiment was conducted to compare the effectiveness of organic fertilizers (compost and manure) and inorganic fertilizers (npk 15-15-15) on key agronomic parameters, including plant height, leaf count, flowering rate, and pod yield. data were collected at different growth stages and statistically analyzed to determine significant differences in growth performance. results indicate that while inorganic fertilizers promoted rapid vegetative growth, organic fertilizers contributed to improved soil health and sustained productivity. the study highlights the benefits and trade-offs of each fertilization method, providing insights for farmers and policymakers on optimizing okra production in kebbi state. keywords: small-scale irrigation, renewable energy, solar power, wind power, agricultural sustainability, selnica podravska, energy efficiency, water resource management, irrigation systems. introduction: the okra (abelmoschus esculentus) is an essential vegetable crop widely cultivated for its nutritional, medicinal, and economic benefits. it is a rich source of vitamins, minerals, fiber, and antioxidants, making it a staple in many diets across nigeria and beyond. in kebbi state, okra farming plays a significant role in food security and income generation for smallholder farmers. however, achieving optimal growth and yield remains a challenge due to soil fertility depletion and inadequate fertilization practices. fertilization is a crucial factor in crop production, influencing plant growth, development, and yield quality. farmers commonly use both organic and inorganic fertilizers to enhance soil fertility and improve crop performance. organic fertilizers, such as compost and animal manure, improve soil structure, water retention, and microbial activity, contributing to long-term soil health. in contrast, inorganic fertilizers, particularly nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (npk) formulations, provide readily available nutrients that promote rapid plant growth and high yields. despite their benefits, excessive or improper use of inorganic fertilizers can lead to soil degradation and environmental concerns. this study aims to compare the effects of organic and inorganic fertilization techniques on okra growth and yield in kebbi state. by evaluating key agronomic parameters such as plant height, leaf count, flowering rate, and pod yield, this research seeks to identify the most effective and sustainable fertilization method for optimizing okra production. the findings will provide valuable insights for farmers, agricultural extension workers, and policymakers in promoting sustainable and profitable okra farming practices. methodology study area this study was conducted in kebbi state, nigeria, a region known for its predominantly agrarian economy. kebbi state is characterized by a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, making it suitable for okra cultivation. the study site was selected based on its accessibility, history of okra farming, and soil characteristics. the soil type in the study area is sandyloam, which is common in the region and supports the growth of various crops, including okra. the average annual temperature ranges between 26°c and 39°c, with an annual rainfall of approximately 800-1,000 mm, american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 2 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) which provides adequate moisture for plant growth. experimental design a field experiment was established using a randomized complete block design (rcbd) with three replications to minimize variability and ensure reliable results. the study consisted of three treatment groups: (1) organic fertilization, (2) inorganic fertilization, and (3) a control group with no fertilization. each treatment was applied to a designated plot, with each plot measuring 3m x 3m. a buffer zone of 1 meter was maintained between plots to prevent nutrient crossover between treatments. the experiment was conducted during the rainy season to take advantage of natural precipitation, reducing the need for artificial irrigation. soil preparation and fertilizer application the experimental plots were cleared, plowed, and harrowed to improve soil aeration and create a suitable seedbed for planting. soil samples were collected before planting to analyze nutrient content, ph level, and organic matter composition. the organic fertilizer used in the study was well-decomposed poultry manure, applied at a rate of 10 tons per hectare, as recommended for vegetable crops. the inorganic fertilizer used was npk 15-15-15, applied at a rate of 200 kg per hectare. the organic fertilizer was incorporated into the soil two weeks before planting to allow for decomposition, while the inorganic fertilizer was applied in two split doses—the first at planting and the second four weeks later, ensuring efficient nutrient uptake by the plants. okra variety and planting procedure the okra variety used in the study was clemson spineless, a widely cultivated variety known for its high yield and adaptability to different environmental conditions. seeds were sourced from a certified agricultural supplier to ensure quality and uniformity. the seeds were sown directly into the field at a depth of 2 cm, with a spacing of 60 cm between rows and 30 cm between plants. each plot contained 25 plants, ensuring adequate replication for statistical analysis. thinning was performed two weeks after germination to maintain a uniform plant population. agronomic data collection to assess the effects of different fertilization methods on okra growth and yield, various agronomic parameters were recorded at different growth stages. data collection was conducted at weekly intervals, beginning two weeks after planting. the key parameters measured included: plant height: measured from the base to the tip of the tallest leaf using a measuring tape. number of leaves per plant: counted manually to assess vegetative growth. flowering rate: recorded as the number of flowers per plant to determine reproductive development. pod yield: harvested pods were counted, weighed, and recorded to evaluate overall productivity. statistical analysis data collected from the experiment were subjected to statistical analysis using analysis of variance (anova) to determine significant differences among treatments. mean comparisons were conducted using the least significant difference (lsd) test at a 5% significance level (p<0.05). statistical software such as spss or r was used for data processing and analysis. graphs and tables were used to present the results clearly and concisely. environmental and management considerations the experiment was conducted under natural field conditions, with minimal external interventions apart from the application of fertilizers. weeds were controlled manually to prevent competition for nutrients, and pests were managed using organic methods to minimize external chemical influence. the study also considered environmental sustainability by assessing soil health before and after the experiment to determine the long-term effects of organic and inorganic fertilization on soil quality. ethical considerations the study adhered to ethical guidelines for agricultural research, ensuring that no harmful chemicals were used beyond recommended agricultural practices. local farmers were engaged and informed about the purpose of the study, with knowledge-sharing sessions conducted to enhance awareness of sustainable fertilization practices. the findings of the study were shared with relevant agricultural extension officers to support local farmers in optimizing okra production. results the results of the study showed significant differences in okra growth and yield among the treatment groups. the plants treated with inorganic fertilizer exhibited the highest plant height, leaf count, and early flowering rate compared to those treated with organic fertilizer and the control group. however, organic fertilizer treatment resulted in improved soil structure and longterm fertility benefits. the control group had the lowest growth performance, indicating the importance of fertilization in optimizing okra production. pod yield was significantly higher in inorganic fertilization plots, followed closely by organic fertilization, while the control plots recorded the lowest yield. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 3 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) discussion the findings of this study highlight the effectiveness of both organic and inorganic fertilizers in enhancing okra growth and yield, with inorganic fertilizers showing immediate effects on plant growth and productivity. however, the long-term benefits of organic fertilization, such as improved soil health and sustainability, cannot be overlooked. while inorganic fertilizers provided quick nutrient availability, their excessive use could lead to soil degradation over time. the study suggests that a combination of both organic and inorganic fertilization may be the most effective strategy for maximizing okra production while maintaining soil fertility in kebbi state. conclusion this study demonstrated that fertilization plays a critical role in optimizing okra production in kebbi state. inorganic fertilizers resulted in higher yield and faster growth, whereas organic fertilizers contributed to long-term soil health and sustainability. based on these findings, it is recommended that farmers adopt an integrated fertilization approach, combining both organic and inorganic methods, to enhance crop productivity while preserving soil quality. further research is suggested to explore the long-term effects of different fertilization techniques on soil properties and yield stability in subsequent farming seasons. references iyagba ag, onuegbu ba, ibe ae (2013) growth and yield response of okra (abelmoschus esulentus (l.) moench) to npk fertilizer rates and weed interference in southeastern nigeria. international research journal of agricultural science and soil science 3: 328-335. singh b, aakansha g (2014) correlation and path coefficient analysis in okra (abelmoschus esculentus). indian j agric sci 84: 1262-1266. rahman k, waseem m, kashif m s, jilani m, kiran g (2012) performance of different okra (abelmoschus esculentus l.) cultivars under the agro-climatic conditions of defra ismail khan. pakistan journal of science 64: 316-319. kolawole go, olapede ao, alade cr, olaniyi jo (2008) response of okra (abelmoschus esculentus) varieties to npk fertilizer in the south guinea savanna of nigeria. nigeria journal of horticulture 13: 99-108. faostat data (food and agricultural organization statistic), (2016) http://www.fao.org. saifullah m, rabbani mg (2009) evaluation and characterization of okra (abelmoschus esculentus l. moench.) genotypes. saarc j agric 7: 91-98. sarkar s, singh sr, singh rp (2003) the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on soil physical condition and the productivity of rice-lentil cropping sequence in india. journal of agricultural science 140: 419-425. adekiya ao, ojeniyi so, agbede mt (2012) poultry manure effects on soil properties, leaf nutrient status, growth and yield of cocoyam in a tropical alfisol. nigerian journal of soil science 22: 30-39. eneje rc, uzoukwu i (2012) effect of rice mill waste and poultry manure on some soil chemical properties, growth and yield of maize.nigerian journal of soil science 22: 59-60. saidu a, bello ly, tsado ek, sani a (2011) influence of varied rates of poultry dropping on the growth and yield performances of tomato (lycopersicum esculeutum l.) cultivars. proceeding of 26th annual conference of horticultural society of nigeria. 24 – 29th july, 2011. uni. of agriculture, makurdi, b/state. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 9 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue03 2025 page no. 9-13 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-03 mechanical composition and properties of irrigated soils of syrdarya region rayimberdiev h.a. senior researcher, doctor of philosophy in agricultural sciences, uzbekistan eshonkulov m.a. senior researcher, srics, sp and a, sses doctor of philosophy in agricultural sciences, uzbekistan kholboev b. doctor of philosophy of biological sciences, associate professor, uzbekistan raxmonov i. doctor of philosophy of biological sciences, associate professor, uzbekistan mirsharipova g. candidate of agricultural sciences, associate professor, gulistan state university, uzbekistan received: 20 january 2025; accepted: 19 february 2025; published: 17 march 2025 abstract: the article presents the main soil types in the region and their distribution by mechanical composition. it also presents methods for determining the mechanical composition of the region's soils and the results of the analysis of the mechanical composition of the soil by fractionation. keywords: soil, mechanical composition, gray-meadow, meadow, salinity level, fraction, section, light loam, medium loam. introduction: the resolution of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pp-71 dated february 13, 2024 "on additional measures to combat agricultural land degradation, support increasing the humus content and productivity of soils" establishes the procedures for allocating subsidies from the state budget in order to prevent the negative impact of climate change in the republic, reduce the degradation of agricultural lands, and increase crop productivity and soil productivity by increasing the humus content in the soil. today, in our republic, with special attention to the rational and effective use of land and water resources, research and assessment of the effect of physical, chemical and biological properties of soil on its productivity is considered one of the main tasks. the irrigated meadow soils of bukhara region are rich in humus (1.1-1.45%) and nitrogen (0.08-0.12%) and as a result of agro-irrigation runoff penetrating deep into the mud, an agro-irrigation layer is formed, the amount of humus is more, and according to the mechanical composition, the soil is heavy loam and medium loam [2.10.11]. the mechanical composition of soils has different effects on its physical, water-physical, physicochemical, physico-mechanical, agrochemical, and biological properties. the ability of soils to hold water, its ability to rise through capillary tubes, and its ability to conduct water (filtration) are related to their mechanical composition. the mechanical composition determines the quantitative criteria and balances of moisture, heat, nutrition regimes, humus and nutrients https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-03 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-03 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-03 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue03-03 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 10 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) vitally necessary for plants [1.12.13.14.]. in the grassland soils located in the mirzachul region, the amount of physical clay particles (<0.01 mm) varies within a very wide range across layers, from 8.2-15.9% to 63.4-66.5%. among mechanical elements, large dust particles (0.05-0.01 mm) occupy the main place, fine particles (<0.001 mm) make up 4.2-10.8% [4.5.6.7.15]. freshly irrigated non-soaked and weakly soaked meadow-gray soils have different mechanical composition and are mainly composed of heavy and light loam. freshly irrigated non-soaked and weakly soaked meadow-gray soils have different mechanical composition, consisting mainly of heavy and light sands, the amount of physical clay particles (<0.01 mm) varies from 21.4-25.5% in light sands, 48.1-53.0% in heavy sands, and 61.8-78.5% in clays , among the mechanical elements, large dust particles (0.05-0.01 mm) prevail, the amount of dust particles, excluding some horizons, is from 6.2-7.5% to 18.5-20.7% [8.9]. in order to improve the agrophysical properties of the soil under the conditions of different levels of salinity, it was observed that the improvement of the agrophysical properties of the soil was observed when cotton was planted for one year in a short rotation rotation, and then mash for grain + mash for siderate + 20 t/ha of manure + winter wheat were planted before winter wheat [3]. the state of soil reclamation and its productivity directly depends on the mechanical composition of the soil. 53.6% of the irrigated lands of syrdarya region consist of medium loam, 31.3% light loam, 8.0% heavy loam, 6.1% sandy loam, 0.8% clay and 0.2% sandy mechanical composition [4]. the total land area in the administrative border of syrdarya region is 427.6 thousand hectares, and the irrigated land is 287.4 thousand hectares. the land area of the region intended for agriculture amounts to 373.7 thousand hectares, or 87.4% of the total land area. hydromorphic and semi-hydromorphic soils are widespread in the region. the irrigated soils of the syrdarya region consist of light gray, meadow-gray, and gray-meadow soils. irrigated meadow soils make up 13.2% of the total area of the region and are mainly distributed in gulistan, saykhunabad and sirdarya districts. pale ice soils are the main areas of the region. the soil nutrient supply is as follows: humus content is 0.5 1.0 percent, nitrogen 0.05 0.09 percent, phosphorus 0.05 0.2 percent, and potassium 2 2.5 percent. gray-meadow soils constitute the main part of regional irrigated agriculture. according to the mechanical composition, the soils are mainly light and medium loam. these soils are transitional (intermediate) soils from gray soils to grassland soils. depending on the degree of salinity, the soils are of different degrees of salinity, among which there are weak, medium and strong salinity types. the mechanical composition of the soils of the syrdarya region varies depending on the location: sandy loam and light loamy soils – often found near rivers. they dry out quickly and do not retain moisture well. • medium and heavy gley irrigated soils – suitable for livestock and agriculture. these soils require good tillage. • clay soils – they retain moisture well, but can become waterlogged if the irrigation system is not well established. the physical and mechanical properties of soil depend not only on its mechanical and structural composition and moisture content, but also on many chemical properties, the fine-dispersed fraction of the soil, and the composition of cations. the main goal of studying the mechanical composition of soil is to determine the amount of mechanical elements of various sizes and to develop a classification of its mechanical composition. in sandy and sandy loam soils, which contain a large amount of sand particles, the particles do not stick to each other and are scattered. therefore, water moves very quickly from top to bottom through this type of soil layer, the air and temperature regime is good, and it offers very little resistance to tools that work the soil. however, humus, nitrogen, and other important nutrients accumulate poorly in the upper layer of the soil, because they are washed down to the lower layers. heavy soils with a clay composition, although rich in nutrients, are not sufficiently productive due to unfavorable other conditions. currently, soil particles are determined by n.a. kachinsky's classification based on their quantity. the mechanical composition of the soil can be determined by 3 different methods. "dry" method. to do this, take a small amount of soil, crush it well in the palm of your hand, then blow it lightly, and judge the mechanical composition of the soil by the number of dust particles remaining in the palm. the heavier the mechanical composition of the soil in the area being tested, the more particles will remain in the palm. this is the crudest method of determining the mechanical composition in the field, and only allows you to distinguish between heavy and light soil groups. determination by "clay rings". for this, 3-5 grams of soil is taken in the palm and a doughy clay is made by american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 11 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) adding some water. it is made into rings, and depending on its external condition, groups of mechanical particles such as sand, loam, glay, silt are separated. depending on the mechanical composition, prepared rings can be as follows. 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – figure 1. determining the mechanical composition of the soil by making "muddy rings": 1-sand; 2-sandy loam; 3-light loam; 4-medium loam; 5-heavy loam; 6 -glay. determination of the mechanical composition of the soil using sieves. it is used to separate its stones and sand into certain groups (large, medium, fine). usually, sieves with holes with a diameter of more than 3 mm are used to determine the stony part of the soil. determination of the degree of stonyness of the soil is most often carried out in field conditions. to do this, 1 kg of soil is taken and passed through a sieve. the remaining stony part is cleaned of small particles stuck to the stones using special wool brushes, then weighed on a technical scale with an accuracy of 0.1 g and its percentage is calculated. the experiments were conducted in the conditions of soils prone to salinization in the syrdarya region. in order to determine the physical and mechanical properties of the soil, in 2023, a cross-section was excavated from 3 points of the experimental area, and samples were taken from the 0-30, 31-60, 61-90, and 91-120 cm layers of the soil and their mechanical composition was determined. 1table mechanical composition of soil 2023 year. soil crosssection , № a sampled layer, cm factions, % physic al clay, % mechanical composition >0.25 0.25-0.1 0.1-0.05 0.050.01 0.010.005 0.0050.001 <0.001 1 0-30 1,3 1,1 17,4 42 ,9 8,0 15,1 14,3 37,4 medium loam 31-60 5,8 3,3 29,7 39 ,8 5,6 8,7 7,2 21,5 light loam 61-90 5,9 3,7 28,4 41 ,3 4,8 8,7 7,2 20,7 light loam american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 12 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) 91-120 6,3 2,5 17,4 46 ,1 6,4 11,1 10,3 27,8 light loam 2 0-30 1,9 1,8 15,2 42 ,9 8,0 15,9 14,3 38,2 medium loam 31-60 5,8 3,6 32,6 40 ,5 2,4 8,0 7,2 17,5 sandy loam 61-90 5,3 2,7 33,3 40 ,5 2,4 9,1 6,8 18,3 sandy loam 91-120 6,6 2,9 19,7 44 ,5 8,0 10,3 8,0 26,2 light loam 3 0-30 2,1 1,4 16,3 42 ,9 7,2 15,9 14,3 37,4 medium loam 31-60 8,3 5,0 25,6 37 ,4 7,2 9,5 7,2 23,9 light loam 61-90 5,2 4,4 27,7 41 ,3 6,4 8,7 6,4 21,5 light loam 91-120 6,0 3,8 21,9 43 ,7 7,2 9,5 8,0 24,6 light loam according to the results of the analysis, it was observed that the amount of physical clay in the soil sample of the 0-30 cm layer of the soil at the 1 point of the section is 37.4%, and according to the mechanical composition, the mechanical composition of the soil samples in the 31-60 cm, 61-90 cm, and 91-120 cm layers is light loam. the mechanical composition of the soil samples in the 31-60 cm and 61-90 cm layers of section 2 is sandy loam, and the mechanical composition of the soil sample in the 0-30 cm layer in section 3 is medium loam. according to the results of laboratory analysis, the mechanical composition of the soil samples in the 31-60 cm, 61-90 and 91-120 cm layers has a light loam mechanical composition. conclusion in conclusion, it can be said that loamy soils are considered to be among the best soils, because loamy soils have the most suitable water, air, and temperature regimes, creating favorable conditions for physicochemical and biochemical processes. therefore, before developing agronomic measures that increase soil productivity, the correct and accurate determination of soil mechanical composition is an important factor in the study of cultivated areas. references namozov kh., khojasov a. et al. current agrochemical, agrophysical and melioration properties of soils distributed in the lower amu darya basin. journal of agriculture of uzbekistan. agro-science supplement – tashkent, 2023. no. 2. –p. 72 nafetdinov sh., temirova g. soils distributed in the bukhara oasis. agrochemical protection and plant quarantine tashkent. j. no. 6. 2024. 154 p. kutlimuradova d. the effect of plant residues on soil bulk density. journal of agriculture of uzbekistan. agroscience supplement special issue – tashkent, 2023. p. 64 kholboev b . amount of easily soluble salts in water, type and level of salinity in irrigated meadow-gray soils of zomin cone spread and its effect on soil melioration. texas journal of agriculture and biological sciences issn no: 2771-8840 https://zienjournals.com 30-11-2022. p 122-126crops with mineralized water. american journal of biomedical science pharmaceutical innovation.4(01),71–75.2024. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/volume04issue01-11 kholboev b., japakov n., rakhmonov i., akhunboboyev m., oblokhlov m. formation, morphology and mechanical composition of meadow-alluvial soils in the jizzakh desert. bio web of conferences 105, 05001 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202410505001 aegisd-iv 2024 p kholboev b., khujabekova d., esanbaeva n., nurulayeva sh. assessment of land reclamation condition of mirzachol. web of agriculture: journal of agriculture and biological sciences,2(5), 1–6., 2024. retrieved from https://webofjournals.com/index.php/8/article/view/ 1295 намазов х. к., халбаев б. э., кораханова ю. х. современное состояние почв заамин-хавастского конуса выноса и их основные свойства //научное обозрение. биологические науки. – 2019. – №. 4. – с. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 13 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) 20-25. тошбеков, ў., холбоев б., намозов х. "тупроқшунослик ва агрокимё." ўзбекистон миллий нашриёти. тошкент (2018). b. e. kholboyev, . 2024. reasons for changes in the soil-air regime as a result of irrigation of crops with mineralized water. american journal of biomedical science & pharmaceutical innovation. 4, 01 (jan. 2024), 71–75. doi:https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/volume04issue0 1-11. mirsharipova guljakhan kamalovna, ., komilov nozimjon abdurakhimovich, ., & rahmonkulov kаhramon . (2024). nutritional and medicinal value of chickpea grain. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations, 4(11), 26–33. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume04issue11-05 g k mirsharipova and d m mustafakulov. planting rate of sudan grass photosynthetic activity and dependence on the period of harvest. iop conference series: earth and environmental scienceю doi:10.1088/17551315/1140/1/011019.https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/369434133_planting_rate_of_sudan_gras s_photosynthetic_activity_and_dependence_on_the_ period_of_harvest и рахмонов, у ташбеков фитомелиорация засоленных почв с помощью посевов солодкового корня (glycyrrhiza glabra) // вз. 2020. №2 (92). url: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/fitomelioratsiyazasolennyh-pochv-s-pomoschyu-posevovsolodkovogo-kornya-glycyrrhiza-glabra raxmonov, i., k. isroilovna. "glycyrrhiza glabra bilan ekilgan va nazorat o'simliksiz (glycyrrhiza glabra) tuproqlarning qiyosiy tahlil natijalari." academia repository 4, №. 11 (2023 yil): 17-23. khasanova m.f., karaboev i.t., eshonkulov m.a. the effectiveness of chemical and agrotechnical control of weeds in winter wheat at the end of the cotton growing season in a short rotation system. innovations in agriculture and forestry. namangan-2024. 264-268 p. khasanova m.f., karaboev i.t., eshonkulov. economic efficiency of herbicide application with seed sowing in cotton growing. scientific and practical journal of agrochemical protection and plant quarantine. no. 2 2024. pp. 123-126. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 26 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue04 2025 page no. 26-30 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-07 improvement of the methodology for inventorying degraded reclaimed lands atakulov to'xtamurod umarovich phd in agricultural sciences, "uzdaverloyiha" scientific researcher (dsc candidate), uzbekistan received: 26 february 2025; accepted: 22 march 2025; published: 25 april 2025 abstract: the proposed methodology for increasing the efficiency of monitoring degraded reclaimed lands defines a unified approach and structure for conducting agricultural land monitoring in the country. keywords: reclaimed lands, inventory, land types, monitoring methodology, preparatory work, field observation, office-based analysis, review and approval of project results, presentation of project outcomes. introduction: globally, scientific research is being conducted to develop new scientific and technical solutions for the inventory of irrigated agricultural lands. special attention is given to studies aimed at developing various approaches and mechanisms for inventorying reclaimed agricultural lands. in particular, improving methods for applying innovative technologies in the inventory of degraded reclaimed lands is one of the key tasks. the project work on inventorying degraded reclaimed lands is carried out within the administrative boundaries of districts (cities) in accordance with administrative-territorial divisions. this is implemented by the "uzdaverloyiha" state scientific and design institute and its regional branches, based on the requirements of resolution no. 22 of the cabinet of ministers of uzbekistan, dated january 14, 2022. the inventory is conducted using the data from the state land cadastre, which includes information on land types, areas, land users, and tenants for irrigated agricultural lands. based on the results of the project work on inventorying degraded reclaimed lands, data on the area, type, contour, boundaries, and legal ownership of agricultural lands are recorded in the institute’s land information system portal. to ensure the effective organization and timely, highquality execution of the inventory process for degraded reclaimed lands, a working group is established by order of the district (city) mayor. the working group is led by the deputy mayor in charge of agriculture and water management. the working group includes the heads of the district agriculture and water management departments, the head of the land management and monitoring division of the district agriculture department, the head of the district (city) branch of the state cadastre chamber, the head of the district branch of the uzbekistan farmers, dehkan farms, and household landowners council, as well as representatives of the "uzdaverloyiha" institute and its regional divisions, which are responsible for executing the project work. the project work for the inventory of degraded reclaimed lands is coordinated by the working group established at the district (city) administration. the inventory process for these lands is carried out in the following stages: • preparatory work; • field survey work; • office-based (cameral) work; • review, agreement, and approval of project results; • presentation of project results. preparatory work: as part of the project work for the inventory of degraded reclaimed lands, the following documents and materials are collected, studied, and analyzed during the preparatory stage: land reports based on the administrative territory of https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-07 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-07 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-07 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue04-07 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 27 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) the district (city); information on the use of degraded reclaimed lands according to their specialization, their condition, and details about land users and tenants; satellite images and cartographic materials; factors affecting the changes in the reclamation status of degraded lands, the implementation of reclamation measures, water supply conditions, and information about lands that have been withdrawn from agricultural use; data on the condition and areas of perennial plantations (orchards, vineyards, mulberry groves, and other tree plantations); information on the placement of agricultural crops; data on the normative value of existing agricultural lands used by agricultural producers; archival materials from the institute and its regional branches regarding previous inventories of agricultural lands; information on unallocated degraded reclaimed lands that have not been assigned to farmers or other agricultural organizations; availability of electronic digital maps of degraded reclaimed areas within the administrative boundaries of the district (city) at scales of 1:10,000 (1:25,000); other relevant documents and materials concerning degraded reclaimed lands. field survey work: field survey work is carried out by specialists from the regional branches of the institute, together with specialists from the district department of agriculture and land users or tenants. if necessary, experts from the water management departments and other relevant organizations may also be involved. during the field survey, electronic digital maps of degraded reclaimed areas at a scale of 1:10,000 are updated to reflect the following: relevant changes, including topographic elements of the area, as well as the boundaries of existing rural settlements, construction sites, agricultural and other land types, infrastructure facilities, and more; unused irrigated agricultural lands within the area that are not in use by legal or physical entities and their current status; lands that have been reintroduced into agricultural use over the past year and their actual condition; agricultural lands currently under cultivation but in poor reclamation condition, along with the reasons for land degradation; lands that have been withdrawn from agricultural use and the reasons for their abandonment; lands occupied by perennial plantations (orchards, vineyards, mulberry groves, and other tree plantations) that have become unproductive, along with the reasons for their deterioration. figure 1. the above-mentioned actions are mapped as follows. during the field survey process, the actual usage status of lands with poor reclamation conditions is also reflected in electronic digital agricultural maps. in areas where the district (city) does not have an electronic digital agricultural map, survey work is carried out using remote sensing materials. if necessary, maps and materials are prepared using unmanned aerial vehicles (drones), and electronic american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 28 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) digital agricultural maps are created in accordance with the established procedure. if ambiguities arise in the land types and areas used by land users and tenants based on the research and analysis conducted during the preparatory work, these cases are re-examined in the field by specialists from the institute or its regional divisions. if cases of non-agricultural use of irrigated agricultural lands are identified during the field survey, these cases are recorded on-site with the participation of the specialist performing the project work and a representative of the district agriculture department. the collected documents are then consolidated through the regional division of the institute and submitted to the district working group for review and appropriate decision-making. information on identified cases may be submitted to the district (city) working group multiple times until the completion of the project work. within its authority, the district working group reviews the submitted documents and submits proposals to the district (city) governor on resolving the issues. the working group also provides relevant information to the inspection authorities responsible for state control over the protection of agricultural lands. office work (cameral work): all data identified during the fieldwork is entered into an electronic map using the arcgis software, and attribute data is completed in the following format: figure 2. uploading all data identified during fieldwork into the arcgis software. based on the results of the conducted survey, land management project documents and materials are formed in the following order: • information on irrigated lands that have been reintroduced into agricultural use and newly developed over the past year. • information on lands that have been removed from agricultural use and the reasons for their exclusion, as well as information on irrigated lands with poor reclamation conditions. • information on cases of using irrigated lands intended for agriculture for other purposes. based on the results of field surveys, a protocol in two copies is prepared on-site for each area regarding the surveyed lands with poor reclamation conditions. this protocol is signed by the district agricultural department’s land surveyor, the chief project engineer of the institute’s regional division, and the specialists who conducted the project work. the explanatory note of the project work includes recommendations and proposals for improving the efficiency of land use in areas with poor reclamation conditions, as well as land occupied by perennial plantations (orchards, vineyards, mulberry groves, and other tree plantations). the records of the actual land types and plots used by land users and tenants, including peasant farms, are compiled in the following sequence: • lands allocated to farming enterprises. • lands of other agricultural enterprises (clusters, agro-firms, enterprises, organizations, societies, and cooperatives). • lands of research institutions and educationalexperimental farms in the agricultural sector. • lands of subsidiary agricultural farms. • lands of peasant farms (total area by contour). • unused lands not allocated for agricultural purposes and irrigated lands designated for agriculture american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 29 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) under the jurisdiction of district (city) administrations. based on the results of the field survey, all land users' and tenants' land plots and types, as well as irrigated lands reintroduced into agricultural use over the past year, agricultural crops currently cultivated on lands with poor reclamation conditions, lands removed from agricultural use, and lands occupied by deteriorated perennial plantations, are updated in 1:10,000 scale electronic digital agricultural maps using the following conventional symbols. cases of using land for purposes other than designated are recorded in the report by the project specialist and separately marked with specific symbols in the electronic digital agricultural map. a database of land types used by land users and tenants is created and analyzed. changes in the condition of lands with poor reclamation status are recorded in the ministry of agriculture's crop agro platform. figure 3. existing lands with poor reclamation conditions in tashkent region. review, approval, and confirmation of survey results: based on the final results of the land survey project for identifying lands with poor reclamation conditions, the compiled contour records, tables, updated electronic digital agricultural maps, and other related documents are initially reviewed by the responsible authorities of the institute or its regional branches. following the review, a formal inspection report is prepared. as a result of reviewing the project works conducted for surveying lands with poor reclamation conditions, recommendations for the effective and rational use of land are developed, along with a draft meeting protocol of the working group established by the order of the district (city) governor. the working group reviews the materials within its authority, and the meeting protocol is approved by the head and secretary of the working group. the following documents are attached to the meeting protocol of the district working group: • composition of the working group providing practical assistance in surveying lands with poor reclamation conditions; • records of land types and areas of lands with poor reclamation conditions, categorized by contours; • records of land types and areas of land users, tenants, and irrigated reserve lands under the district administration’s jurisdiction, categorized by contours; • information on irrigated lands that have been reintroduced into agricultural use or newly developed in the past year; • information on lands that have been abandoned from agricultural use, along with the reasons for their abandonment, and data on irrigated lands with poor reclamation conditions; • data on existing orchards, vineyards, mulberry plantations, and other perennial tree plantations, their condition, and proposals for their future effective use; • information on constructed greenhouses; • data on the use of lands with poor reclamation american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 30 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) conditions for other purposes; • recommendations for the effective and rational use of lands; • maps of lands with poor reclamation conditions; • other issues related to the survey. if deficiencies are identified in the reviewed project work, the executing specialists take necessary corrective actions under the supervision of the relevant responsible authorities of the institute or its regional branches. the approved protocol, along with relevant land management project documents and a draft resolution of the district (city) governor, is submitted to the district administration by the working group. the district (city) administration reviews the materials on surveying lands with poor reclamation conditions and issues a resolution to organize their effective use. presentation of survey results: according to the finalized and approved contract, a set of documents is prepared in three copies upon the completion of the work. the original copy and its electronic version are archived in the executing department’s records, the second copy is stored in the "uzdavyerloyiha" dili archive, and the third copy is submitted to the district agricultural departments. the consolidated results of the survey of lands with poor reclamation conditions, along with their electronic version, are submitted for entry into the ministry of agriculture’s crop agro platform. the transition to intensive agricultural production methods through the introduction of modern agrotechnologies and the provision of farmers with highperformance agricultural machinery is a key direction for ensuring the sustainable and efficient development of the sector. as seen from the above information, reclamation monitoring plays a crucial role in the rational and efficient use of agricultural land. implementing land reclamation monitoring allows for: • defining measures to prevent soil salinization, waterlogging, and other reclamation issues; • ensuring the targeted and efficient use of land by taking necessary actions to improve their reclamation conditions; • identifying internal and external factors affecting soil fertility, providing a fundamental database for eliminating these issues and undertaking land restoration efforts. conclusion currently, the system for monitoring and recording the reclamation status of land is one of the key measures that must be implemented in the agricultural sector. the scheme developed by our team integrates the accounting of land with poor reclamation conditions into the crop agro platform through the land information system portal. it is important to note that conducting real-time online monitoring of reclaimed land and ensuring the prompt updating of ongoing changes is of critical importance in the context of both time and space. references land code of the republic of uzbekistan. april 30, 1998. 74 pages. resolution no. 22 of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan dated january 14, 2022, "on the approval of normative-legal documents regulating the implementation of land monitoring, land protection, and land management activities in agricultural lands." turaev r., inamov b., davronov u., khojiev k., et al. surveying irrigated lands and creating a geoinformation database / methodological guide. tashkent: publishing high future, 2024. 25 pages. atakulov t., kenjabayev a., kuvandikov a. analysis of the possibilities of using digital technologies in the agrarian sphere. // global scientific journals (issn2320-9186) volume 14, april 2023, pages: 46-54. atakulov t. drainage management issues in uzbekistan. // american journal of business management, economics and banking (issn-28328078) volume 10, march 2023, pages: 67-79. atakulov t.u., turaev r.a. monitoring of reclaimed lands and factors for increasing their efficiency of use. // bulletin of agricultural science of uzbekistan tashkent, no. 5(17), 2024, pages: 130-133. vershinin v.v. agricultural lands: land management support and accompaniment (text). // land management and cadastres: problems and solutions: materials of the international scientific-practical conference. moscow, guz, 2014, pages: 55-66. atakulov t. organizing meliorative land monitoring on the basis of a geoinformation system. // the multidisciplinary journal of science and technology (issn-2582-4686) volume 4, december 2024, pages: 410-417. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 1 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue04 2025 page no. 1-6 salt stress and tomato resilience: understanding somatic and intergenerational priming mechanisms in plant adaptation zahra karimi department of horticulture, school of agriculture, shiraz university, shiraz, iran leila jafari department of horticulture, school of agriculture, shiraz university, shiraz, iran received: 03 february 2025; accepted: 02 march 2025; published: 01 april 2025 abstract: salt stress is a major environmental challenge that impacts agricultural productivity worldwide. tomato (solanum lycopersicum), a widely cultivated crop, is highly sensitive to salinity, which affects growth, yield, and quality. recent studies have shown that tomato plants have the ability to adapt to salt stress through mechanisms such as somatic and intergenerational priming memory. somatic priming refers to the ability of an individual plant to enhance its tolerance to stress after a previous exposure, while intergenerational priming involves the transmission of stress-induced adaptive traits from parent plants to their offspring. this paper examines the physiological, molecular, and epigenetic processes involved in these priming mechanisms, highlighting how these forms of memory can contribute to improved tomato resilience in saline environments. understanding these processes provides a foundation for developing salt-tolerant tomato varieties through breeding and biotechnological approaches. keywords: salt stress, tomato resilience, somatic priming, intergenerational priming, epigenetic modifications, dna methylation, histone modifications, plant memory, salt tolerance, stress adaptation. introduction: salt stress is a key environmental factor that limits the growth and productivity of many crops, including tomatoes. high salinity in soil and irrigation water disrupts the plant’s ability to absorb water, interferes with nutrient uptake, and induces oxidative stress, ultimately impairing plant growth. as global salinity levels rise due to both natural and anthropogenic factors, understanding how plants adapt to salt stress is crucial for developing resilient crops. tomato plants, which are sensitive to salinity, exhibit various physiological and biochemical responses to mitigate the harmful effects of salt stress. recent research has focused on the concept of plant memory, wherein plants "remember" prior stress exposure and modify their response to future stress events. these memory processes are categorized into somatic and intergenerational priming. somatic priming refers to enhanced stress tolerance within an individual plant, while intergenerational priming involves the transfer of stress-induced traits to the next generation. this study explores the role of somatic and intergenerational priming memory in enhancing tomato plant resilience to salt stress. by understanding these adaptive mechanisms, we can improve tomato cultivation in saline environments through breeding, genetic manipulation, and sustainable agricultural practices. methods plant material and growth conditions tomato (solanum lycopersicum, variety "roma") seeds were selected for the experiment, as this variety is widely grown and sensitive to salt stress. seeds were germinated in a controlled environment at 25°c with 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness. once seedlings american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 2 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) reached the three-leaf stage, they were transplanted into pots containing a mixture of peat moss and perlite (3:1). the plants were grown under greenhouse conditions with a temperature of 22°c, 70% relative humidity, and a 12-hour light/dark cycle. salt stress treatment salt stress was induced by irrigating tomato plants with nutrient solutions containing varying concentrations of nacl (0, 50, 100, 150 mm) to simulate mild, moderate, and severe salinity conditions. the control group received only a nutrient solution without salt. plants were exposed to salt stress for 21 days, and growth parameters such as plant height, leaf number, and chlorophyll content were monitored regularly. somatic priming memory assessment to evaluate somatic priming, tomato plants were exposed to salt stress for the first time, and their responses were recorded in terms of growth and physiological changes. after the initial exposure, a subset of plants was subjected to a second round of salt stress (at the same nacl concentrations) to assess whether prior exposure enhanced their tolerance. the tolerance was assessed by measuring the rate of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and root biomass. intergenerational priming memory assessment for intergenerational priming, seeds were collected from salt-stressed plants (50 mm and 100 mm nacl) and planted to produce the next generation. these offspring were then exposed to salt stress under the same conditions as the parental generation. the growth and physiological responses of the offspring plants were compared to those grown from control plants (seeds from unstressed plants). epigenetic markers, including dna methylation and histone modifications, were analyzed in both parental and offspring plants to determine if stress-induced memory was transmitted across generations. epigenetic analysis epigenetic changes associated with salt stress-induced priming memory were assessed through bisulfite sequencing for dna methylation analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation (chip) to analyze histone modifications (h3k4me3 and h3k27me3) in both somatic and intergenerational priming experiments. results somatic priming response to salt stress the tomato plants exposed to salt stress exhibited significant differences in growth and physiological parameters compared to the control group. in the first exposure, plants under salt stress (especially at 100 and 150 mm nacl) showed stunted growth, reduced leaf number, and a decline in chlorophyll content. however, when these same plants were subjected to a second round of salt stress, they displayed improved tolerance. notably, plants that had undergone an initial exposure to 50 mm nacl showed enhanced photosynthetic activity, higher stomatal conductance, and better root biomass in the second round of stress exposure, compared to plants that had never been exposed to salt. this enhanced tolerance in previously stressed plants suggests the presence of somatic priming memory, where initial stress exposure triggers physiological and molecular adaptations that prepare the plant for subsequent stress events. intergenerational priming response to salt stress offspring plants derived from salt-stressed parents (50 mm and 100 mm nacl) showed a greater tolerance to salt stress than those grown from control seeds. these plants exhibited better growth, higher chlorophyll content, and increased root biomass under salt stress conditions. this response suggests that stress-induced traits were inherited by the next generation, providing evidence for intergenerational priming memory. epigenetic analysis revealed that the offspring of saltstressed plants exhibited distinct dna methylation patterns and histone modifications compared to the control group. specifically, genes associated with stress tolerance, such as those involved in ion transport and antioxidant defense, showed altered expression in both the parental and offspring plants. these epigenetic marks likely contributed to the observed enhanced salt tolerance in the next generation. discussion the findings of this study provide valuable insights into how tomato plants adapt to salt stress through somatic and intergenerational priming memory. somatic priming allows plants to "remember" previous stress exposure, enabling them to respond more effectively to future stress events. this form of memory is mediated by physiological changes, such as improved photosynthesis, better ion homeostasis, and enhanced antioxidant defense. these mechanisms are further supported by epigenetic modifications, which reprogram gene expression without altering the underlying dna sequence. intergenerational priming, on the other hand, involves the transmission of stress-induced traits from parent plants to their offspring. epigenetic changes, including dna methylation and histone modifications, play a crucial role in this process by altering the expression of american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 3 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) genes that govern stress responses. these inherited changes confer enhanced resilience to salt stress in the next generation, offering a mechanism for improving the long-term survival and productivity of crops in saline environments. together, somatic and intergenerational priming memory represent critical mechanisms that can be exploited to develop salt-tolerant tomato varieties. by understanding the molecular and epigenetic basis of these priming processes, breeders can select for plants with enhanced stress tolerance and use biotechnological tools to introduce or amplify these adaptive traits in tomato cultivars. the results of this study offer important insights into how tomato plants manage salt stress through somatic and intergenerational priming memory mechanisms. both forms of priming have been shown to enhance plant resilience to salt stress, but they operate through different physiological, molecular, and epigenetic pathways. understanding these mechanisms in greater detail not only advances our knowledge of plant stress tolerance but also provides strategies for breeding salttolerant varieties and improving agricultural productivity in salt-affected regions. somatic priming memory and salt stress adaptation somatic priming memory refers to the ability of individual plants to "remember" stress exposure and respond more effectively upon re-exposure. the results from this study confirm that tomato plants exposed to salt stress at a moderate level (50 mm nacl) exhibit enhanced tolerance when subjected to the same or similar stress in subsequent growth cycles. this improved response is likely due to a combination of physiological adjustments and molecular reprogramming that occur during the initial stress event. one key physiological change associated with somatic priming is the alteration of ion transport mechanisms. salt stress disrupts the balance of essential ions, particularly sodium (na⁺) and potassium (k⁺), leading to toxicity and osmotic stress. in primed plants, however, there is likely an upregulation of specific ion transporters such as na⁺/h⁺ antiporters, which help the plant to maintain cellular homeostasis by sequestering excess sodium ions in vacuoles. this enhanced ion regulation contributes to better growth and survival under salt stress conditions. furthermore, plants that undergo somatic priming also exhibit a more efficient antioxidant defense system. salt stress induces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ros), which can damage cellular components, including lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. in primed plants, the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat), and peroxidases is typically higher, allowing for more efficient neutralization of ros and minimizing oxidative damage. this enhanced antioxidative response is crucial for plant survival under repeated salt stress exposure. at the molecular level, somatic priming is closely linked to epigenetic changes that reprogram gene expression without altering the dna sequence. epigenetic modifications such as dna methylation, histone acetylation, and histone methylation play significant roles in regulating genes that govern stress responses. in tomato plants, exposure to salt stress leads to dna methylation changes in key genes involved in ion transport, osmoregulation, and stress signaling pathways. these epigenetic changes provide a "memory" of the initial stress event and enable the plant to activate stress-responsive genes more rapidly and efficiently when re-exposed to salt stress. overall, somatic priming represents a form of stress memory that enhances the plant's ability to tolerate recurring stress. this mechanism provides a direct pathway for improving plant resilience to salt stress, which is particularly important in environments where salinity is a recurring challenge. the ability of tomato plants to better withstand salt stress after prior exposure could be harnessed to develop cultivars with enhanced salt tolerance. intergenerational priming memory and transgenerational adaptation intergenerational priming memory refers to the inheritance of stress-induced traits from parent plants to their offspring. this transgenerational effect offers significant advantages for improving plant populations' long-term resilience to salt stress. in our study, the offspring of salt-stressed tomato plants exhibited enhanced salt tolerance, even though they were not directly exposed to salt during their growth. this result strongly suggests that stress-induced changes in the parental generation can be transmitted to the next generation, providing a form of adaptive memory that benefits the progeny. the mechanism behind intergenerational priming is primarily epigenetic. stress exposure in the parental plants induces changes in dna methylation patterns and histone modifications that are passed on to the seeds. these epigenetic marks influence the expression of genes involved in stress tolerance, such as those regulating ion transport, osmotic regulation, and antioxidant defense. interestingly, these epigenetic changes are not limited to one generation but can persist through multiple generations, providing an ongoing advantage for the progeny in environments american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 4 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) with recurring salt stress. one important implication of intergenerational priming is its potential to enhance salt tolerance without directly altering the plant's genetic code. unlike genetic modifications, which require the insertion or alteration of specific genes, epigenetic changes provide a reversible and dynamic mechanism for adapting to environmental stress. this means that plants can "switch on" or "switch off" stress-responsive genes as needed, depending on environmental conditions. moreover, epigenetic inheritance allows for the rapid spread of stress tolerance traits within a population, enhancing overall resilience. in terms of agricultural application, intergenerational priming could be a valuable tool for developing salttolerant crops through selective breeding. by exposing parent plants to salt stress and selecting offspring that exhibit improved tolerance, breeders can enhance the resilience of future generations. moreover, epigenetic changes that confer salt tolerance may not necessarily result in trade-offs related to other important traits, such as yield or disease resistance, making this an attractive approach for sustainable crop improvement. epigenetic mechanisms in salt stress memory both somatic and intergenerational priming memory are underpinned by epigenetic mechanisms. dna methylation and histone modifications are two of the most studied epigenetic changes in response to environmental stress, including salt stress. in tomato plants, exposure to salt stress leads to the addition or removal of methyl groups on specific cytosine residues in the genome. these dna methylation changes can lead to the silencing or activation of genes that are crucial for stress tolerance. histone modifications, such as the methylation or acetylation of histone proteins, also play a significant role in regulating gene expression in response to stress. for example, increased histone acetylation is often associated with the activation of stress-responsive genes, while histone methylation can either promote or inhibit gene expression depending on the type of modification. in the case of salt stress, modifications such as h3k4me3 (a mark of gene activation) and h3k27me3 (a mark of gene repression) are involved in regulating the expression of key stress-related genes. the fact that these epigenetic changes can be inherited by offspring suggests that plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to "remember" environmental stress and adapt accordingly. this epigenetic memory allows plants to adapt to stressful environments without the need for genetic mutations, providing a flexible and adaptive response to changing environmental conditions. implications for agricultural practices the ability of tomato plants to exhibit somatic and intergenerational priming memory provides valuable opportunities for improving crop resilience in the face of increasing soil salinity. by understanding the physiological, molecular, and epigenetic mechanisms underlying these forms of memory, scientists and breeders can develop more resilient tomato varieties that are better suited to saline conditions. one key approach is through selective breeding. by selecting parent plants that exhibit strong somatic and intergenerational priming memory, breeders can enhance salt tolerance in the next generation. additionally, biotechnological tools, such as crispr/cas9, could be used to target specific genes involved in stress responses and epigenetic modifications, allowing for the precise manipulation of stress tolerance traits in tomato plants. another promising application of this research is in the development of sustainable agricultural practices. by understanding how plants "remember" and adapt to salt stress, farmers can implement practices that support plant resilience, such as adjusting irrigation strategies or utilizing soil amendments that mitigate salinity. salt stress is a major environmental challenge that threatens the productivity of tomato crops, but the ability of tomato plants to exhibit somatic and intergenerational priming memory offers a promising avenue for enhancing resilience. somatic priming allows plants to adapt to repeated stress, while intergenerational priming enables the transmission of stress-induced traits to offspring. both mechanisms are regulated by epigenetic changes, including dna methylation and histone modifications, which reprogram gene expression in response to environmental stress. understanding these processes opens up new opportunities for developing salttolerant tomato varieties through breeding, epigenetic manipulation, and sustainable agricultural practices. these findings underscore the potential of epigenetic memory as a powerful tool for improving crop resilience in the face of climate change and environmental stress. conclusion salt stress poses a significant challenge to tomato production, but the ability of tomato plants to exhibit somatic and intergenerational priming memory provides a promising avenue for enhancing resilience to salinity. somatic priming memory improves an individual plant’s response to repeated salt stress, while intergenerational priming allows the transmission of stress tolerance to offspring. both american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 5 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) mechanisms are regulated by complex physiological, molecular, and epigenetic processes. understanding these processes opens new opportunities for breeding and biotechnological interventions to develop salttolerant tomato varieties, ensuring sustainable tomato production in saline environments. references kovalchuk, i. role of epigenetic factors in response to stress and establishment of somatic memory of stress exposure in plants. plants 2023, 12, 3667. 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[google scholar] [crossref] american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 26 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue06 2025 page no. 26-28 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue06-06 studying and identifying promising of collection varieties of potatoes in the conditions of the republic of karakalpakstan nizamov rustam akhrolovich doctor of agricultural sciences, professor, research institute of vegetable, melon crops and potato growing, uzbekistan khojamuratov salamat bekmuratovich independent researcher of research institute of vegetable, melon crops and potato growing, uzbekistan turdishev bekmurat khojamuratovich candidate of agricultural sciences, karakalpak agricultural research institute, uzbekistan received: 14 april 2025; accepted: 15 may 2025; published: 30 june 2025 abstract: this scientific article mainly provides information on the study and propagation of potato collection variety samples, their growth and development, and yield. the research was conducted in the experimental fields of the karakalpak research institute of agriculture in 2024. today, potatoes are planted on more than 21.5 million hectares in more than 160 countries of the world, and more than 351 million tons of potatoes are harvested annually. keywords: potato, collection, variety sample, germination, budding, flowering, number of stems, plant height, yield. introduction: today, potatoes are the second largest agricultural crop in the world after wheat, rice, and corn in terms of area, and second in importance. that's why they call potatoes second bread. potatoes are a source of proteins, starch, various vitamins, elements, and mineral salts that are important for humans. the biochemical composition of potato tubers consists of 75% water and 25% dry matter. starch constitutes 70-80% of the dry matter, and its content in the tubers is 13-20%, protein 2-3%, fiber 1%, oil 0.2-0.3%, sugar 1%, and ash 0.8-1.0%. in addition, potato tubers contain vitamins (c, b1-b6, pp, k, and carotenoids). mineral elements (calcium, iron, iodine, sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, etc.) in nodules play an important role in strengthening bones and muscles in the body of a growing person. potato protein is rich in essential amino acids (like lysine, leucine, valine, tyrosine, isoleucine, methionine, tryptophan) and surpasses other crop proteins in its biological significance. the countries with developed potato cultivation are russia (4.4 million ha), china (4 million ha), poland (2.2 million ha), germany (0.7 million ha), the usa (0.5 million ha). [4;5]. potatoes are grown on very large areas in the usa, canada, holland, finland, germany, france, italy, england, india, poland, czechoslovakia, russia, belarus, china, japan. [5, 6]. methods it was conducted in 2024 in the experimental fields of the karakalpak research institute of agriculture. in the study, 16 potato varieties, included in the state register created by the research institute of vegetable, melon crops and potato growing, were planted in 2 rows at a https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue06-06 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue06-06 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue06-06 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue06-06 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 27 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) distance of 5 meters, in 1 repetition. planting scheme 70x25 cm. the following methodological guidelines were used in the research:"methodology for conducting experiments in vegetable growing, melon growing, and potato growing"[1],"methodology of field experiment"[2]. results and discussion variety samples of early-season potatoes, imported from the research institute of vegetable, melon crops and potato growing and sown for the purpose of studying and selecting local varieties in the conditions of the republic of karakalpakstan: spe and kiti's aqrob, diyora, toshkent yertagisi, uzbekistan qizili, umid, pitek, evolyushen, kaya, zerve, hamkor-1150, ultraeshim, arizona, quvonch-1656, bardoshli-3, yaroqli-2010. in the experimental field of local santa varieties, samples of each variety were sown according to the 70×25 cm scheme in 5 meters in 2 rows, 1 repetition. in the experimental variant, 16 varietal samples were sown. phenological observations and biometric measurements were carried out on the potato collection planted in the selection garden. after sowing every 10 varieties, the sante variety was planted as a control. in the top ten, the varieties aqrob, diyora, toshkent ertagisi, uzbekistan qizili, umid, pitek, evolyushen, kaya, zerve, hamkor-1150 were compared with the control santa variety. if the control variety sante germinated 10% in 18 days and 75% in 29 days, then compared to it, the lines diyora, uzbekistan qizili, umid, arizona, evolyushen germinated 10-75% of seedlings 3-4 days earlier than the control variety. in the budding and flowering period, uzbekistan red, evolyushen, khamkor-1150, ultrayeshim, quvonch1656, yaroqli-2010 samples were observed 1-7 days earlier compared to the st. sante variety. 1-table results of phenological and biometric measurements of potato samples planted in the selection garden № variety samples germination of seedlings, days during the mass flowering of the plant yield per bush, g yield, t/ha % of the control 10% 75% number of stems, pieces stem height, cm 1 aqrob 18 29 1,3 28 214 12,1 103,4 2 diyora 17 29 1,5 33 253 14,3 123,0 3 toshkent ertagisi 32 51 1,2 22 4 uzbekistan qizili 14 21 1,1 25 267 15,1 129,0 5 umid 15 22 2,5 45 114 6,4 55,5 6 pitek 29 38 1,2 40 113 6,4 54,7 7 evolyushen 17 24 1,6 32 592 33,6 287,1 8 kaya 44 52 1,3 28 110 6,2 52,9 9 zerve 10 hamkor-1150 29 38 2,1 32 122 6,9 58,9 sante (st) 18 29 1,5 32 206 11,7 100,0 11 ultraeshim 26 32 1,2 51 478 27,1 231,6 12 arizona 17 23 1,3 32 198 11,2 95,7 13 quvonch-1656 25 38 1,3 43 115 6,5 55,5 14 bardoshli-3 27 40 2,1 37 731 41,5 354,7 15 yaroqli-2010 26 38 1,3 45 231 13,1 111,9 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 28 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) according to the research results, in the control variety sante, it took 18-29 days for 10-75% of potato seedlings to germinate, while in some potato samples, including the diyora, uzbekistan qizili, umid, arizona, and evolyushen lines, germination was observed 3-4 days earlier. among the studied potato varieties, the yield of some varieties was higher than in the control variant. among the collection varieties, the yield of the uzb kizili variety was higher than the control variant by 3.4 tons or 29.0%, evolyushen by 21.9 tons, 187.1%, ultrayeshim by 15.4 tons, 131.6%, bardoshli-3 by 29.8 tons, 254.7%. conclusions samples of 15 collections from the research institute of vegetable, melon crops and potatoes were studied. as a result of the research work, 5 varieties with good phenological and economically valuable traits, earlyripening, high-yielding, were selected in the selection kindergarten and will be used for research in the following year. references б.ж.азимов. б.б.азимов. сабзавотчилик, полизчилик ва картошкачилик тажрибалар ўтказиш методикаси. тошкент, 2013, 106-110 б. а.и. расулов. а.м.аббосов. “картошкадан юқори ҳосил етиштириш” бўйича тавсиянома. тошкент2006. 4-5 бет. х.ч.бўриев. в.и.зуев. л.а.гафурова. картофелеводство узбекистон. тошкент-2004. с.1011 в.и. зуев, о. қодирхўжаев, х. ч. бўриев, б. азимов картошкачилик т. 2005 йил – 296 б. м.ю.ибрагимов. ерте картошка егиў усыллары. ақманғыт-2010. 2-7-бет. american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 27 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue05 2025 page no. 27-29 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-07 history and methods of studying medical plants v.s. toreniyazova acting associate professor, nukus branch of samarkand state university of veterinary medicine, animal husbandry and biotechnology, uzbekistan jumanova p. student of the nukus branch of samarkand state university of veterinary medicine, animal husbandry and biotechnology, uzbekistan abdullaeva d. student of the nukus branch of samarkand state university of veterinary medicine, animal husbandry and biotechnology, uzbekistan received: 31 march 2025; accepted: 29 april 2025; published: 31 may 2025 abstract: the formation and development of beekeeping mentioned in this article is directly related to honeybearing (nectar-bearing, honey-bearing) plants that serve as their food source. undefined today, based on the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. 239 dated june 12, 2023 resolution of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan on additional measures to support the beekeeping industry and pollination of agricultural crops by bees in order to develop the beekeeping industry in the republic on the basis of modern scientific approaches, create more favor the further development of beekeeping in our republic, the timely and complete pollination of our vast plantations should be one of the urgent measures of today. keywords: species composition of honey plants, nectar productivity, nectar release dynamics, pollinating plants, nectar productivity of cultivated plants, increased yields when pollinated by bees, honey plants of uzbekistan, beekeeping, pollination of agricultural crops by bees. introduction: it is known that the comprehensive study of honey-bearing plant species, which are the wealth of our country's flora, and their effective use are the main ones. abu rayhan beruni dedicates a chapter of his book "as-saydana fit-tib" to honey. in it, he collects and presents information about honey and beekeeping up to the 11th century. the types of honey and its origin are discussed. the work tells about the juicy and delicious honey obtained from mint, thyme, astragalus, shambala, and balcuray plants. the in-depth study of honey plants and flower juice began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. the journal "turkestan agriculture," published in tashkent since 1906, plays an important role in the development of beekeeping and the study of honey plants. a.a.aleksandrov (1906) was among the first to describe the main honey plants of kattakurgan, samarkand, khujand, and tashkent on the pages of the journal, noting that white acacia is their "queen." he writes that the temperate climatic conditions of central asia and the diverse plant world contributed to the development of beekeeping in these areas. in the hot climate of uzbekistan, egg and linden have good honey content. also, i.a. brjezicius (1907) notes that capers, honeysuckle, qashqarbeda, and other plants produce nectar well. a. mikhailov (1909), v. yuferov (1911), o. t. zemlyanov v.l. komarov, s.n. korzhinskiy, b.a. fedchenko, and others extensively studied honey plants and the plant world of the turkestan region. v.d.layoc (1949 1950) determined the amount of nectar in some fruit trees and hemp plants.[2] the richness of honey plants in the pskem, ugam, and maidantal ranges of the western tien shan is noted by g.i. pechisheva (1962) and v.a. rogov (1968, 1969, 1970). in tashkent and adjacent beekeeping regions, more than 100 species of honey plants have been identified. bulgakova, suvorin (1961), and l.l. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-07 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-07 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-07 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue05-07 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 28 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) bulgakova (1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1978) identified 220 species of honey plants in the arid regions of the syr darya. it has also been established that lipa flowers acclimatized in the tashkent botanical garden produce 4-6 to 16-18 mg of nectar, and the nectar concentration is 55-60% (shumaeva, 1972). in the khorezm region, r.s.sobirov (1972, 1982) identified 236 species of honey plants belonging to 142 genera and 47 families. under the scientific supervision of g. hamidov, the postgraduate student r. mukhamatzyanov (1977, 1980) studies the honey plants of the surkhandarya region. there are 487 species of honey plants in this region. according to r.kh.khudoyberganov (1959), when cultivating capers, the nectar yield reached 990 kg/ha. [3] a number of researchers golovkova (1966), ziyadov (1967), linov (1970, 1971, 1972), kashchenko, bushkova (1971), and rahmonov (1971) studied honey plants in neighboring kyrgyzstan and tajikistan. when cross-pollinated by bees, the yield of alfalfa and legumes increases by 35-40%, sunflower by 50-60%, and melons by 100-150% (ponomareva, 1973, gluxov, 1974, krivtsov, et al.). methods since 1960, at the institute of botany of the academy of sciences of the republic of uzbekistan, g. hamidov has been widely studying honey plants and their resources in almost all regions, as well as in the border regions of kyrgyzstan, tajikistan, and kazakhstan (arslanbob, shahimardan, pochchaota, zamin, sangardak, bobotoğ, kuhitangtoğ). the nectar extraction and nectar concentration of the mediumstaple (28 varieties) and fine-staple (17 varieties) cotton varieties common in uzbekistan are determined. for the first time, the resources of honey plants in the context of desert, foothill, mountain, and pasture zones of our country's vegetation cover have been determined. a total of 38 species of plants were planted in the experimental plots, including sainfoin, rapeseed, lion's tail, bluegrass, kashkarbeda, tograykhon, lemon grass, sage, and their bio-ecological state and nectar extraction were studied. all nectar resources, natural species, cultivated species, cotton, hemp, fruit orchards, melons, and others are counted.[5] the impact of ecological factors on uzbekistan's honey plants and nectar production and other data were presented at the international congresses on beekeeping. a monograph and several brochures have been published on this topic. for the first time, the author compiled a map of uzbekistan's honey plants. (map of honey-bearing lands of uzbekistan, scale 1: 1000 000, g.hamidov, 1985). [1] beekeeping is an important branch of agriculture, and about 70 enzymes, vitamins, hormones, and other chemically active substances have been found in honey, which is an extremely beneficial food for humans, and in bee milk, propolis, bee products, which are considered raw materials for industry. they are an important source for treatment. in addition, beekeeping plays an important role in increasing crop yields. it turned out that 80% of flowering plants in our biosphere are susceptible to cross-pollination, and the proportion of bees among insects ensuring their cross-pollination is 80% (beekeeping of entomophile crops and honey base,1981). the development of beekeeping depends on providing it with sufficient fodder. their food source is nectar and pollen released by the plants' flowers. in our country, the main food source for beekeeping industries is natural meadows, large orchards, flower beds, cotton fields, shrubs, sunflowers, hemp plantations, melon crops, ornamental plants, and others. bees play an important role in cross-pollination of cotton plantations and increasing their yields. the results of the conducted experiments show that the yield of cotton fields pollinated by bees increased by 10-23%. advanced experience in beekeeping has shown that with each bee colony placed in cotton fields, up to 20-40 kg of honey can be obtained (g. khmidov, 1976). [1] calculations show that the income from the pollination of all agricultural crops by bees is several times greater than the income from their direct products. on the instructions of the regional administration of the fergana regional beekeepers association, within the framework of the agrolinx project, which manages the activities of farmers caring for fruit trees in the region, a study will be conducted on the industrial pollination of fruit orchards and its impact on yields. experimental work was carried out in the conditions of the quvasoy and fergana districts. the experiment was conducted on fruit crops widely distributed in the fergana valley, as well as across the republic: peach, quince, persimmon, apricot, apple, plum, almond, cherry, and sweet cherry (a total of 9 species). it was also established that when cotton and sunflower plants were pollinated by bees according to the abovementioned project, their yield increased by 4.8 and 11.2 centners/ha.[3] these and other studies have shown that pollinating fruit trees, sunflowers, alfalfa, sainfoin, melons, and other crops by bees significantly increases their yield. findings american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 29 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) considering the prospects for studying beekeeping and honey plants in our country, it is necessary to consider the timely, efficient, and comprehensive use of natural and cultivated plant resources. we have enormous opportunities for the development of beekeeping, which is considered a highly profitable industry. it is necessary to consider the distribution of vegetation cover by vertical zones, the sequence of flowering of plants according to their biological properties, and the duration of their ontogenesis. to increase the productivity of beekeeping industries, it is necessary to use advanced technologies and experience. using strong bee colonies, increasing labor productivity, using strong and healthy bee colonies in the farm, providing them with sufficient and quality feed throughout the year is an important factor. for the development of a healthy bee colony in spring, it is desirable to have 6-8 kg of honey and one or two frames of pollen.[5] it is necessary to search for prospects for providing the beekeeping industry of our republic with feed sources. in this matter, we must pay attention to the following: timely and effective use of the entire vegetation cover of our republic; timely placement of bee colonies in orchards (agrocenoses) consisting of all fruit trees and shrubs; placement of bee colonies in all cotton fields; effective use of sunflower, alfalfa, sainfoin, rapeseed, and other plants; if possible, create an artificial source of honey plants by planting such important honey plants as qashqarbeda, rapeseed, arslonquyruq, tog'rayxon, kiyikuti, kokuti (sinyak) in limited areas; identifying factors that positively influence the production of nectar by plants; determination of nectar secretion dynamics; conducting research aimed at determining the function of nectar secreted by plant flowers; study of the coevolution of bees and nectar plants; studying agrotechnical and other factors that positively.[6] the beautiful nature and climatic conditions of our republic allow for the successful development of beekeeping, as well as all branches of agriculture. our vast meadows, diverse hills, boundless orchards, cotton fields, ornamental shrubs, trees, and flower beds serve as a great source of food for bees. nevertheless, we can say that at present, the level of development of this sector of the economy cannot fully meet the growing demand and needs of our people. references khamidov, g. (1988). honey resources of uzbekistan and ways of their rational use. autoref. diss. khamidov g.kh., davidov m.a., akbarova m.kh., kholikulov m.r. uzbekistan's honey plants and prospects of beekeeping. fergana: poligraf super servis. 2019. 156 с. khamidov, g., xoliqulov, m., & omonboyev, t. (2022). classification of honey plants. central asian research journal for interdisciplinary studies (carjis), 2(special issue 2), 173-179. holikulov, m. r., & hamidov, g. h. (2022). floristic composition of honey plants of the fergana valley and ways of their rational use and protection. the journal presents scientific reviews, articles of a problematic and scientific-practical nature, history of the study of honey plants kholikulov m. r. senior lecturer at fergana state university. scientific journal impact factor sjif 2022: 5.947 advanced sciences index factor. toreniyazova v.s. monitoring and evaluation of the resource base of honey-bearing plants in the south aral region territory https://www.bjisrd.com/index.php/bjisrd/article/view /1950 https://www.bjisrd.com/index.php/bjisrd/article/view/1950 https://www.bjisrd.com/index.php/bjisrd/article/view/1950 https://www.bjisrd.com/index.php/bjisrd/article/view/1950 https://www.bjisrd.com/index.php/bjisrd/article/view/1950 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 20 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi volume vol.05 issue07 2025 page no. 20-23 doi 10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-05 bioecological characteristics of bronze beetles (cetoniinae) in fruit orchards umurzakov muzaffar doctoral candidate at the m. mirzaev scientific research institute of horticulture, viticulture and winemaking, uzbekistan khudoykulov azamjon mirzakulovich tashkent state agrarian university, uzbekistan received: 21 may 2025; accepted: 17 june 2025; published: 19 july 2025 abstract: this article presents research conducted on the bioecology and occurrence levels of bronze-colored beetles in pome fruit orchards under the conditions of tashkent and samarkand regions. the study analyzes the occurrence of bronze beetles during the flowering and fruit set periods of different varieties of apple, pear, and quince trees, comparing results across both regions. based on the obtained data, practical suggestions and recommendations for production have been developed. keywords: pome fruit orchards, flower, bronze beetle, damage, species composition, apple, pear, quince, vegetation, occurrence level. introduction: bronze beetles belong to the order coleoptera, family scarabaeidae, subfamily cetoniinae, tribe cetoniini. there are over 1,000 species of bronze beetles, with 390 species found in the ethiopian region, 298 in indo-china, 149 in the palearctic, 49 in the nearctic, 31 in the neotropics, and 20 in the australian region. although many species of this tribe occur in the ethiopian and indo-chinese regions, the palearctic region also offers a favorable environment for the development and distribution of cetoniini beetles, covering a large area [2; pp. 27–28]. according to other sources, there are around 2,700 species of bronze beetles globally, with more than twothirds distributed in africa and tropical asia. in the cis countries, approximately 50 species have been recorded [3; pp. 328–330]. in agrobiocenoses of fruit orchards, bronze beetles are among the chewing pests that damage flowers and fruits of crops belonging to 15 different plant families and about 50 crop species [3; pp. 328–330; 9; pp. 104– 107]. based on their feeding behavior, they are phytophagous insects, and within this group, anthophagous species cause harm by feeding on flowers and reproductive organs of living plants [1; pp. 1–3]. methods to identify bronze beetle species in fruit orchards, standard entomological methods were used, including identification keys by t.ye. osmolovsky and others, as well as literature by s.i. medvedev [1964]. for collecting beetles from orchards, 10 model fruit trees were selected on a 1-hectare area, marked with tags, and monitored. beetles were collected by shaking the branches of sample trees during early morning or cloudy weather when the temperature ranged between 8–12°c. the sampling began two weeks after bud burst. the average number of beetles was calculated mathematically from collected samples. additionally, seasonal field observations were conducted in spring and summer [4; pp. 206–210; 5; pp. 509–510]. to assess the damage caused by bronze beetles, during the vegetation period, 10 model trees per hectare were selected. on each tree, 40 clusters of flowers, young https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-05 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-05 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-05 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume05issue07-05 https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1962-9090 https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1962-9090 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1251-2989 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1251-2989 american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 21 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) fruits, and mature fruits from four directions were examined for pest damage. the data were summarized and the average damage level calculated [4; pp. 206– 210; 5; pp. 509–510]. results during the research, comparative observations were conducted in apple, pear, and quince orchards to assess the spread, damage, and bioecological characteristics of bronze beetles and their infestation levels. results are presented in tabular form. it was found that in tashkent region, epicometis turanica (turan bronze beetle) was not observed in apple orchards, whereas in samarkand region, it was the dominant species. in pear orchards, e. turanica was absent in tashkent but present at moderate levels in samarkand. in quince orchards, the species was not found in tashkent and appeared in small numbers in samarkand. subsequent observations showed that oxythyrea cinctella (pied bronze beetle) was a dominant species in apple orchards in tashkent, and widely present in samarkand as well. in pear orchards, it was moderately present in both regions. in quince orchards, o. cinctella was also moderately found in both regions. regarding protaetia marginicollis (green bronze beetle), it was found at moderate levels in apple orchards in both tashkent and samarkand. in pear orchards, it was dominant in tashkent and moderately present in samarkand. in quince orchards, its occurrence was moderate in both regions. as for stalagmosoma allbellum (spotted bronze beetle), it was rarely found in apple and pear orchards in tashkent, and not detected in quince orchards. similarly, in samarkand, it was found in low numbers in apple and pear orchards and was absent in quince orchards. in particular, studies on bronze beetles revealed that under the conditions of tashkent region, the turkestan bronze beetle (protaetia turkestanica) was rarely encountered in apple and pear orchards, while it was completely absent in quince orchards. in the samarkand region, protaetia turkestanica was also found in low numbers in apple and pear orchards and was not observed at all in quince orchards. similarly, field observations on bronze beetles showed that in the tashkent region, the dark-colored bronze beetle (protaetia agglomerata) was rarely found in apple and pear orchards, and not observed in quince orchards. in the samarkand region, protaetia agglomerata was not detected in apple, pear, or quince orchards (table 1). table 1 damage and occurrence level of bronze beetle pests in pome fruit orchards (field observations, tashkent and samarkand regions, 2023–2024) № pest beetle species observed regions tashkent samarkand types of pome fruit orchards apple pear quince apple pear quince 1. turan bronze beetle epicometis turanica (reitter, 1889) ++++ ++ + 2. pied bronze beetle oxythyrea cinctella (schaum, 1841) ++++ ++ ++ +++ ++ ++ 3. green bronze beetle protaetia marginicollis (ballion, 1870) ++ ++++ ++ ++ ++ + american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations 22 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi american journal of agriculture and horticulture innovations (issn: 2771-2559) 4. spotted bronze beetle stalagmosoma allbellum (pallas, 1771) + + + + 5. turkestan bronze beetle protaetia turkestanica (kraatz, 1886) + + + + 6. dark bronze beetle protaetia agglomerata (solsky, 1876) + + note: the data were obtained by observing all four sides of 10 model trees per 1hectare plot ++++ very frequently observed, +++ frequently observed, ++ observed, + rarely observed, not observed conclusions in conclusion, it can be stated that during the 2023– 2024 vegetation seasons in pome fruit orchards of tashkent and samarkand regions, six species of bronze beetles were studied, including epicometis turanica (turan bronze beetle), oxythyrea cinctella (pied bronze beetle), protaetia marginicollis (green bronze beetle), stalagmosoma allbellum (spotted bronze beetle), protaetia turkestanica (turkestan bronze beetle), and protaetia agglomerata (dark bronze beetle), focusing on their species composition and occurrence levels. the damage and occurrence level of dominant bronze beetle species in pome fruit orchards (apple, pear, and quince) were identified. specifically, oxythyrea cinctella (pied bronze beetle) was found to be the dominant species in apple orchards of tashkent region, while epicometis turanica (turan bronze beetle) was identified as the dominant species in pear orchards of samarkand region. within different apple varieties, three dominant bronze beetle species — epicometis turanica, oxythyrea cinctella, and protaetia marginicollis — were observed in terms of their distribution and damage. references лобанов а.л. питание жуков и других насекомых. c 1-3. медведев с. и. пластинчатоусые (scarabaeidae). подсемейство cetoniinae, valginae / с. и. медведев // фауна ссср. жестокрылые. т. х, вып. 5. м. 1964. л. с. 27-28. крыжановский о. л., мамаев б. м. отряд жесткокрылые или жуки // жизн животных, т. 3. м., изд-во «просвещение», 1969. с. 328-330. арслонов м.т., х.з.абдуллаева, с.п.усмонов, д.т.турдиева “ўсимлик зараркунанда, касаллик ва бегона ўтлари ривожланишини башорат қилиш” 206-210 – бет поспелов с.м., арсенева м.в., г.с. груздев “ўсимликларни ҳимоя қилиш” биология фанлари доктори, профессор н.г.берим тахрири остида «ўқитувчи» нашриёти тошкент 1978. 509-510 – бет. 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