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 VOLUME Vol.05 Issue05 2025 

PAGE NO. 20-26 

DOI 10.37547/ajahi/Volume05Issue05-06 

 
 
 
 

Assessing the Economic Injury Level of Pests in 

Vegetable Crops (Tomatoes, Cabbage) 
 

Khudaykulov A’zamjon Mirzoqulovich 

PhD in Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor, Tashkent State Agrarian University, Uzbekistan 

 

Norova Malika Nurullayevna 

PhD student, Tashkent State Agrarian University, Uzbekistan 

 

Kholmuradov Nuriddin Khudoyberdiyevich 

PhD student, Tashkent State Agrarian University, Uzbekistan 

 

Gaziyeva Dilnoza Komiljonovna 

PhD student, Tashkent State Agrarian University, Uzbekistan 

 

Bobokulov Akobir 

Master’s student, Tashkent State Agrarian University, Uzbekistan  

 

 

Received: 31 March 2025; Accepted: 29 April 2025; Published: 31 May 2025 

 

Abstract: This article presents the results of research conducted to assess the Economic Injury Level (EIL) of key 
pests affecting vegetable crops, specifically tomatoes and cabbage. During the study, the damage caused by each 
pest to the yield was determined, and their Economic Threshold (ET) was established. Furthermore, effective 
control measures were substantiated through monitoring, pest population counting, and analyzing their impact 
on yield. Based on the obtained results, recommendations were developed to improve the biological and 
integrated pest management systems for vegetable crops. This work holds significant importance in increasing 
economic efficiency in agriculture and ensuring the rational use of chemical agents.   

 

Keywords: Vegetable, potato, trap crop, natural enemy, pest, parasitoid, predator, agrobiocenosis, moths, 
phytophages, entomofauna. 

 

Introduction: our country, special attention is being 
paid to the production of organic products free from 
synthetic chemical compounds. Particular emphasis is 
placed on creating and applying environmentally 
friendly, biologically harmless technologies instead of 
artificial fertilizers that pollute the environment and 
soil. A glance at the organic agriculture market shows 
that in 2019, the international market turnover for 
organic agriculture reached 96.7 billion Euros. 
Worldwide, 2.8 million producers were engaged in this 
activity across 71.5 million hectares of land. Experts 
state that the global organic products market has been 

growing at an average rate of 15% annually since 2016. 
By the end of 2022, its turnover had reached 183.35 
billion dollars. 

It should be specifically noted that our country has 
abundant fertile land suitable for organic fruit 
production. However, the mere availability of land is 
not sufficient for producing organic products. Today, a 
crucial issue in global practice is the application of 
technologies for plant protection that are free from 
harmful chemicals, which could otherwise transfer to 
the human body through nature and agricultural 
products. One such technology is the use of "trap 

 

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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559) 
 

 

crops" to protect fruit and vegetable products from 
insect pests in agriculture.For pest control in organic 
product cultivation, the primary reliance is on 
landscaping around the cultivated area and applying 
other biological control methods (Zehnder et al., 2007). 
In certain regions, planting diverse crops (polyculture) 
has been found to result in less pest damage compared 
to monoculture (Andow, 1991; Letourneau et al., 
2011). Polycultures can enhance biological control by 
attracting natural enemies and simultaneously 
complicate the living environment for pests (Root, 
1973). 

Geographical Description of Research Sites 

Tashkent Province was established on January 15, 
1938, and is located in the northeastern part of 
Uzbekistan. The province borders Kazakhstan's 
Shymkent Province to the north and northwest, 
Kyrgyzstan's Osh Province to the northeast, Namangan 
Province to the east, and Syrdarya Province to the 
south. Tashkent Province, situated in the northeastern 
part of Uzbekistan, includes the Western Tian Shan 
mountains and foothills, as well as the Angren and 
Chirchik river valleys. The northeastern and eastern 
parts are occupied by the Chatkal, Kurama, Pskem, and 
Ugam mountain ranges, while the area sloping down 
towards the Syrdarya River to the south and southwest 
consists of piedmont plains. 

   Samarkand Region was established on January 15, 
1938. It borders Navoiy Region to the north and west, 
Qashqadarya Region to the south, and Jizzakh Region 
to the southeast. The Qarnobcho'l desert occupies its 
southwest, while its north adjoins the fringes of the 
Kyzylkum Desert. The central part of the region is 
dominated by oases and foothills stretching from east 
to west between the Zarafshan and Turkestan 
mountain ranges. A significant portion of the region's 
irrigated lands is located in this central area. 

Andijan Region was established on March 6, 1941. The 
region borders the Kyrgyz Republic to the northeast 
and south, Fergana Region to the west, and Namangan 
Region to the northwest. 

The surface of Andijan Region is primarily flat. Its 
current relief and surface geological formations were 
created by the activity of large and small rivers and 

their tributaries during the Quaternary geological 
period. The western part of the region consists of a hilly 
plain (elevation 400-500 m), while the eastern part 
(east of Andijan city) is composed of branches of the 
Fergana and Alay mountain ranges. 

METHODS 

The primary methods for applying trap crops in our 
research were classified based on plant characteristics 
and their placement in the field. According to plant 
characteristics, they are categorized as conventional, 
genetically engineered, and "Dead-end" trap crops. 
Based on field placement, they are classified into 
strategies such as complex, perimeter, sequential, and 
two-tactic ("push-pull") strategies [Shelton, Badenes-
Peres, 2006]. 

To determine the species composition, distribution, 
and damage of pests in vegetable crops (tomatoes and 
cabbage), and for sample collection, the methods of 
G.M. Yaroslavtsev, S.G. Boinskaya, V.F. Paliy, B.P. E.S. 
Shyiko, G.S. Posypanov, G.Ya. Bey-Bienko, S.M. Volkov, 
and L.M. Kopaneva were utilized. For studying the 
bioecological characteristics of subterranean pests of 
potatoes planted as a second crop after cereals and for 
compiling phenological tables of insects, the methods 
of K.K. Fasulati and A.N. Kozhchanov were employed [8; 
p.238, 9; p.286, 10; p.269, 11; p.189, 12; p.177, 13; 
p.175, 14; pp.120-300, 15; pp.47-59, 16; p.76, 17; 
pp.40-42, 18; 19; pp.26-27]. 

RESULTS 

The research was conducted in vegetable-cultivated 
areas of Tashkent, Samarkand, and Andijan regions. 
According to our observations carried out in the fields 
of the Tashkent State Agrarian University's educational-
experimental farm in Kibray district, Tashkent region, 
the Economic Injury Level (EIL) for representatives of 
the Lepidoptera order, Noctuidae family, specifically 
the turnip moth (Agrotis segetum Den. et Schiff) and 
the heart and dart moth (A.exclamationis.L), was 
determined to be 2-3 individuals per square meter 
(Table 1). 

 

                                                                                                                             

Table 1 

Economic Injury Level of Pests in Vegetable Crops (Tomatoes, Cabbage) 

(Tashkent State Agrarian University's Educational-Experimental Farm, Kibray District, 

Tashkent Region, 2023-2024) 



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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559) 
 

 

№ 
C

a
te

g
o
ry

 

F
a
m

il
y

 

Type 
IZMM 

number 

per, 1 m2 

number 

per 100 

plants, 

number 

per leaf,  

Uzbek name Latin name 

1.  

Leridoptera Noctuidae 

Autumn armyworm 
Agrotis segetum Den.et 

Schiff 
2-3 

2.  
Eksclamation mark 

moth 
A.exclamationis. L 2-3 

3.  Cottan bollworm Heliothis armigera Hb 3-4 

4.  

Coleoptera 

Elateridae 

Turkestan click 

beetle 
Agrotis meticulosus Cond 3-4 

5.  
Moustached click 

beetle 
Slon cerambycinus Sem 3-4 

6.  

Scarabagidae 

March beetle Melonotha afflicta Ball 3-4 

7.  Pest beetle 
Polyphilla adspersa 

Motsch 
3-4 

8.  May beetle 
Melonotha melonotha, M. 

hypocastani 
3-4 

9.  Orthoptera Gryllotalpidae Tailed beetle  Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa L. 2-3 

10.  Diptera Agromyzidae Stinging flies Liriomyza sativae B. 
On one leaf 

1,0-2,0  

11.  

Leridoptera 

Plutellidae Diamondback moth 
Plutella maculipennis 

Curt 
3-5  

12.  Pieridae 
Cabbage white 

butterfly 
Pieris brassicae L. 5-7 

For two species of wireworms from the family 
Elateridae (order Coleoptera) – the Turkistan 
wireworm (Agrotis meticulosus Cond) and the longhorn 
beetle-like wireworm (Slon cerambycinus Sem) – the 
Economic Injury Level (EIL) was 2-3 individuals per 
square meter. 

Among the Scarabaeidae family (also within the order 
Coleoptera), the EIL for the March cockchafer 
(Melolontha afflicta Ball), the harmful cockchafer 
(Polyphylla adspersa Motsch), and the May beetle 
(Melolontha melolontha, M. hypocastani) was 
determined to be 3-4 individuals. 

For the mole cricket (Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa L.) from the 
family Gryllotalpidae (order Orthoptera), the EIL was 2-
3 individuals. Furthermore, for one species of leaf-
mining fly (Liriomyza sativae B.) observed on tomato 

crops in the experimental field, the EIL was 1.0-2.0 
individuals per leaf. 

According to the conducted research, for cabbage 
crops in the experimental field, the EIL for the 
diamondback moth (order Lepidoptera) was observed 
to be 3-5 individuals per leaf, while for the cabbage 
white butterfly, the EIL was 5-7 individuals. 

During our observations in the cultivated fields of 
"Bozorov Zoxid Zamini" farm in Jambay district, 
Samarkand region, the EIL for the turnip moth (Agrotis 
segetum Den. et Schiff) and the heart and dart moth (A. 
exclamationis L.), both belonging to the order 
Lepidoptera, was 1.5-2 individuals per square meter. 

For two species of wireworms from the family 
Elateridae (order Coleoptera) – the Turkistan 
wireworm (Agrotis meticulosus Cond) and the longhorn 



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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559) 
 

 

beetle-like wireworm (Slon cerambycinus Sem) – the 
EIL was 2-3 individuals per square meter. 

Among the Scarabaeidae family, the EIL for the March 
cockchafer (Melolontha afflicta Ball), the harmful 
cockchafer (Polyphylla adspersa Motsch), and the May 
beetle (Melolontha melolontha, M. hypocastani) was 2-
3 individuals. 

For representatives of the Orthoptera order, 
specifically the Gryllotalpidae family, the Economic 
Injury Level (EIL) for the mole cricket (Gryllotalpa 
gryllotalpa L.) was 2-3 individuals (Table 2). 

                                                                                                                      

 

Table 2 

Economic Injury Level of Pests in Vegetable Crops (Tomatoes, Cabbage) 

(Bozorov Zoxid Zamini Farm, Jambay District, Samarkand Region, 2023-2024) 

 

№ 

C
a
te

g
o
ry

 

F
a
m

il
y

 

Type 
IZMM 

number per, 

1 m2 

number per 

100 plants, 

number per 

leaf,  

Uzbek name Latin name 

1. 

Leridoptera Noctuidae 

Autumn 

armyworm 

Agrotis segetum Den.et 

Schiff 
1,5-2 

2. 
Eksclamation 

mark moth 
A.exclamationis. L 1,5-2 

3. 
Cottan 

bollworm 
Heliothis armigera Hb 3-4 

4. 

Coleoptera 

Elateridae 

Turkestan click 

beetle 
Agrotis meticulosus Cond 2-3 

5. 
Moustached 

click beetle 
Slon cerambycinus Sem 2-3 

6. 

Scarabagidae 

March beetle Melonotha afflicta Ball 
2-3 

7. Pest beetle Polyphilla adspersa Motsch 
2-3 

8. May beetle 
Melonotha melonotha, M. 

hypocastani 

2-3 

9. Orthoptera Gryllotalpidae Tailed beetle  Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa L. 2-3 

10. Diptera Agromyzidae Stinging flies Liriomyza sativae B. 
On one leaf 

1,0-2,0  

11. 

Leridoptera 

Plutellidae 
Diamondback 

moth 
Plutella maculipennis Curt 3-5 

12. Pieridae 
Cabbage white 

butterfly 
Pieris brassicae L. 5-7 

On the experimental tomato plot, the Economic Injury 
Level (EIL) for one species of leaf-mining fly (Liriomyza 

sativae B.) was found to be 1.0-2.0 individuals per leaf. 

According to the conducted research, on the 



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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559) 
 

 

experimental cabbage plot, the EIL for the 
diamondback moth (order Lepidoptera) was 3-5 
individuals per leaf, while for the cabbage white 
butterfly, the EIL was observed to be 5-7 individuals. 

During the research at the educational-experimental 
farm of the Asaka branch of the Cotton Breeding, Seed 
Production, and Cultivation Agrotechnologies Scientific 
Research Institute (PSUEAITI), our observations 
showed that the EIL for the turnip moth (Agrotis 
segetum Den. et Schiff) and the heart and dart moth (A. 
exclamationis L.), both belonging to the order 
Lepidoptera, was 2-3 individuals per square meter. The 
EIL for the cotton bollworm (Heliothis armigera Hb) was 
3-4 individuals. 

For two species of wireworms from the family 
Elateridae (order Coleoptera) – the Turkistan 
wireworm (Agrotis meticulosus Cond) and the longhorn 
beetle-like wireworm (Slon cerambycinus Sem) – the 
EIL was 4-5 individuals per square meter. 

Among the Scarabaeidae family, the EIL for the March 
cockchafer (Melolontha afflicta Ball), the harmful 

cockchafer (Polyphylla adspersa Motsch), and the May 
beetle (Melolontha melolontha, M. hypocastani) was 4-
5 individuals. 

For the mole cricket (Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa L.) from the 
Gryllotalpidae family (order Orthoptera), the EIL was 4-
5 individuals (Table 3). 

The research findings indicate that during the 
vegetation period of vegetable crops (tomatoes, 
cabbage), the Economic Injury Level (EIL) for pests such 
as the turnip moth (Agrotis segetum Den. et Schiff) and 
the heart and dart moth (A. exclamationis L.) was 2-3 
individuals per square meter. 

For the Turkistan wireworm (Agrotis meticulosus Cond) 
and the longhorn beetle-like wireworm (Slon 
cerambycinus Sem), the EIL was observed to be 4-5 
individuals per square meter. Similarly, for the March 
cockchafer (Melolontha afflicta Ball), the harmful 
cockchafer (Polyphylla adspersa Motsch), and the May 
beetle (Melolontha melolontha, M. hypocastani), the 
EIL was also 4-5 individuals. 

Table 3 

Economic Injury Level of Pests in Vegetable Crops (Tomatoes and Cabbage) (Experimental Field of 

the Cotton Breeding, Seed Production, and Cultivation Agrotechnologies Scientific Research Institute 

(PSUEAITI) Andijan Region, Asaka District, Branch, 2023-2024) 

 

№ 

C
a
te

g
o
ry

 

F
a
m

il
y

 

Type 
IZMM 

number per, 1 

m2 

number per 

100 plants, 

number per 

leaf,  

Uzbek name Latin name 

1. 

Leridoptera Noctuidae 

Autumn armyworm 
Agrotis segetum 

Den.et Schiff 
2-3 

2. 
Eksclamation mark 

moth 
A.exclamationis. L 2-3 

3. Cottan bollworm 
Heliothis armigera 

Hb 
3-4 

4. 

Coleoptera 

Elateridae 

Turkestan click 

beetle 

Agrotis meticulosus 

Cond 
4-5 

5. 
Moustached click 

beetle 

Slon cerambycinus 

Sem 
4-5 

6. 

Scarabagidae 

March beetle 
Melonotha afflicta 

Ball 

4-5 

7. Pest beetle 
Polyphilla adspersa 

Motsch 

4-5 



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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559) 
 

 

8. May beetle 

Melonotha 

melonotha, M. 

hypocastani 

4-5 

9. Orthoptera Gryllotalpidae Tailed beetle  
Gryllotalpa 

gryllotalpa L. 
4-5 

10. Diptera Agromyzidae Stinging flies Liriomyza sativae B. 
On one leaf 

1,5-2,0  

11. 

Leridoptera 

Plutellidae Diamondback moth 
Plutella 

maculipennis Curt 
4-5  

12. Pieridae 
Cabbage white 

butterfly 
Pieris brassicae L. 5-6 

The Economic Injury Level (EIL) for the mole cricket 
(Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa L.) was 4-5 individuals. If the 
number of pests in the vegetable field exceeds this 
established EIL, it's recommended to implement 
control measures. 

Furthermore, on the experimental tomato plot, the EIL 
for one species of leaf-mining fly (Liriomyza sativae B.) 
was found to be 1.5-2.0 individuals per leaf. 

According to the conducted research, on the 
experimental cabbage plot, the leaf damage threshold 
for the diamondback moth (order Lepidoptera) was 4-
5 individuals, while the EIL for the cabbage white 
butterfly was observed to be 5-6 individuals. 

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