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 VOLUME Vol.05 Issue07 2025 

PAGE NO. 11-16 

DOI 10.37547/ajahi/Volume05Issue07-03 

 
 
 
 

Clinical and Homatological Indications of Local Bulls 

Examined by Different Methods 
 

Urokov Botir Sayfiddinovich 

Independent researcher at the Research Institute of Livestock and Poultry, Uzbekistan 

 

 

Received: 19 May 2025; Accepted: 15 June 2025; Published: 17 July 2025 

 

Abstract: The article provides detailed data on changes in the clinical and morphological indicators of the blood 
composition of castrated and uncastrated local bulls at different ages and depending on the seasons.   

 

Keywords: Castrated, uncastrated, number of breaths, heartbeats, body temperature, red blood cells, white blood 
cells, hemoglobin, metabolism, meat productivity, seasons, and age periods. 

 

Introduction: The relevance of the subject. The global 
consumer market is currently experiencing an 
increasing demand for meat and meat products. The 
high demand for meat and meat products requires 
intensive and efficient methods of fattening livestock. 
In particular, the feeding of livestock with various 
biologically active substances to accelerate fattening 
during fattening affects the quality of the meat 
produced. As a result, the needs of consumers for high 
quality meat products are not fully covered. Castration 
of animals intended for fattening is one of the 
important measures in improving the quantity and 
quality of the meat of agricultural animals [1; 87-90p; 
2; 25p; 3; 8-13p.].  

The meat of castrated cattle is fat, soft, and does not 
have a specific unpleasant smell and taste. Castrated 
animals lose excess movements, which makes them 
easier to use and care for [10; 56p; 11; 5p; 12; 65-68p.]. 

In order to develop effective methods of meat 
production, many scientists have conducted dozens of 
studies on the formation of meat characteristics in the 
Simmental breed in its pure form and in its offspring 
obtained from crossing it with other breeds [4; 26 p; 5; 
5-8p; 6; 159p; 7; 152p; 8; 82-85p; 9; 33-35p.]. 

Leading scientists from many countries of the world are 
conducting research on creating economically efficient 
and optimal technologies for fattening agricultural 
animals, including bulls, further increasing the 
efficiency of the beef cattle industry, increasing the 
quantity and improving the quality of the meat 

produced.  

As one of the important measures of sustainable 
development of beef cattle breeding in our republic in 
the next years, including increasing the source of 
income of the population, large-scale production of 
high-quality meat at a low cost is considered one of the 
urgent tasks. Expanding the scope of scientific research 
in this area is of particular importance.  

Thus, increasing the meat productivity of cattle and 
solving the problem of high-quality meat production, 
intensive breeding and feeding of cattle, use of efficient 
methods of fattening, increasing the income of the 
population due to the increase in the productivity of 
local bulls in the households of the population, 
increasing the number of new and productive livestock, 
using their meat productivity at a high level of genetic 
potential, a large amount of meat and high issues of 
growing protein products are the current problems of 
today.  

The purpose of the research. The purpose of the 
research is to increase the productivity of meat and 
improve the quality of meat by breeding local bulls in 
the conditions of meat-growing entities (farms, farmers 
and private farms). 

METHODS  

In the course of scientific research, the data obtained 
by zootechnical, biological and statistical methods 
were determined and processed by computer 
according to the methods of (E.K. Merkureva, 1970). 

Scientific research work was carried out at the 

 

https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume05Issue07-03
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume05Issue07-03
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume05Issue07-03
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume05Issue07-03


American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations 12 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559) 
 

 

experimental farm of the Research Institute of 
Livestock and Poultry.  

RESULTS  

In the evaluation of the general physiological state of 
local bulls that have been slaughtered and not 
slaughtered in different ways in the experimental 

groups, it is important to study their clinical 
parameters. In the research, the clinical parameters of 
the bulls in the experimental groups: body 
temperature, heart rate and respiration rate were 
studied, and their physiological state was evaluated 
(Tables 1-2). 

1-Table. 

Variation of clinical parameters of 6-15-month-old bulls in the experimental groups by seasons 

Indicators Group I Group II Group III  Group IV 

Х±Sx Cv,

% 

Х±Sx Cv,

% 

Х±Sx Cv,

% 

Х±Sx Cv,

% 

6 months old, Spring (April) 

Body 

temperature, 

°C 

38,3±0,15 1,23 38,2±0,14 1,17 **38,3±0,1

8 

1,52 **38,1±0,2

3 

1,89 

Heart rate, 

minute/beat 

64,8±0,94 4,59 65,0±1,22 5,94 *65,1±1,16 5,63 64,9±1,11 5,41 

Number of 

respirations, 

minute/time 

27,9±0,55 6,20 **28,2±0,63 7,05 27,8±0,65 7,35 27,8±0,59 6,74 

9 months old, Summer (July) 

Body 

temperature, 

°C 

38,6±0,27 2,22 38,7±0,29 2,39 38,3±0,24 1,96 38,6±0,24 1,95 

Heart rate, 

minute/beat 

66,0±0,92 4,40 66,4±0,50 2,38 **67,1±0,5

9 

2,76 66,8±0,74 3,51 

Number of 

respirations, 

minute/time 

28,6±0,50 5,52 *28,4±0,58 6,47 29,0±0,49 5,39 28,5±0,45 5,03 

12 ойлик, Куз (октябрь) 

Body 

temperature, 

°C 

38,2±0,23 1,92 38,4±0,22 1,80 *38,0±0,23 1,86 38,2±0,27 2,22 

Heart rate, 

minute/beat 

63,3±0,93 4,65 63,2±0,87 4,34 64,0±0,86 4,23 *63,1±0,66 3,29 

Number of 

respirations, 

minute/time 

26,1±0,53 6,37 26,0±0,54 6,54 26,6±0,50 5,93 **26,8±0,4

4 

5,22 

15 months old, Winter (January) 

Body 

temperature, 

°C 

38,1±0,3

0 

2,48 38,1±0,26 2,16 38,2±0,25 2,04 **38,1±0,

20 

1,66 

Heart rate, 

minute/beat 

61,8±0,6

1 

3,13 **62,0±0,7

9 

4,02 62,1±0,74 3,75 61,9±0,59 2,99 



American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations 13 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559) 
 

 

 

*P˂0,05;    **P˂0,01;    *** P˂0,001; 

2-Table. 

Changes in the clinical parameters of 18- and 21-month-old bulls in the experimental groups by seasons 

 *P˂0,05;    **P˂0,01;    *** P˂0,001; 

As shown in Tables 1-2, the body temperature, heart 
rate, and respiratory rate of local bulls in the control 
and experimental groups were within normal limits, 
depending on the season and age. According to the 
results of the study, the level of reliability of the change 
in clinical indicators of bulls by season in the control 
and experimental groups II, III, IV at the age of 6 to 21 

months was **P˂0.01 units. It also shows that the 
clinical indicators of all groups of bulls in the summer 
season were higher than in the winter, spring and 
autumn seasons, which indicates that the metabolic 
processes in the body of the bulls are slightly higher due 
to the influence of the hot air temperature in the 
summer season. Due to the fact that the bulls in the 

Number of 

respirations, 

minute/time 

25,5±0,5

4 

6,73 26,0±0,52 6,28 *25,8±0,6

3 

7,71 25,9±0,55 6,68 

 

Indicators 

 Groups 

I II III IV 

Х±Sx 
Cv,

% 
Х±Sx 

Cv,

% 
Х±Sx 

Cv,

% 
Х±Sx 

Cv,

% 

18 months old, Spring (April)  

Body 

temperatu

re, °C 

38,2±0,27 
2,2

1 
38,1±0,21 

1,7

8 
*38,3±0,21 

1,7

4 
38,1±0,22 

1,8

4 

Heart rate, 

minute/be

at 

65,8±1,01 
4,8

5 

**65,1±0,6

7 

3,2

7 
66,1±0,91 

4,3

6 
65,9±0,67 

3,2

3 

Number 

of 

respiratio

ns, 

minute/ti

me 

27,1±0,57 
6,6

1 
28,1±0,75 

8,4

6 
28,5±0,52 

5,7

9 
*27,9±0,55 

6,2

0 

21 months old, Summer (July) 

Body 

temperatu

re, °C 

38,8±0,40 
3,2

3 
38,9±0,23 

1,8

4 
38,8±0,25 

2,0

2 
38,7±0,31 

2,5

0 

Heart rate, 

minute/be

at 

69,0±0,95 
4,3

7 
70,0±0,70 

3,1

6 
70,1±0,78 

3,5

2 
**69,8±0,79 

3,5

6 

Number 

of 

respiratio

ns, 

minute/ti

me 

29,9±0,53 
5,5

6 
30,1±0,46 

4,8

1 
*30,3±0,45 

4,6

8 
29,5±0,52 

5,5

9 



American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations 14 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559) 
 

 

experiment belong to the local breed and were born 
and cared for in the conditions of our republic, there 
was no significant difference between the groups in 
terms of clinical parameters. This indicates that local 
bulls are resistant to natural climatic conditions of the 
republic. 

The study of blood indicators is of particular 
importance in assessing the general physiological state 
of bulls, the process of metabolism in their bodies and 
the level of feeding. Blood is in constant motion in the 
body, flows through tissues and organs, washes it and 
actively participates in the vital activities of cows. Blood 
performs a number of vital functions in the body: 
nourishing cells, breathing, protecting them, 
maintaining water balance in tissues, maintaining body 

temperature, and others. Blood is functionally related 
to the growth and development of animals and their 
productivity indicators, ensuring the vitality of all cells 
in the body. That is why hematological parameters of 
blood composition are of great importance in the study 
of the interior of bulls and its evaluation. The 
composition of the blood varies depending on the age 
of the bulls, their physiological state, feeding 
conditions, season, etc. In a healthy organism, all 
random variations in blood composition are controlled 
by neurohumoral systems. Also, various influences on 
the organism are reflected in the blood composition, 
that is, its composition changes in a positive or negative 
direction. In the study, the morphological composition 
of the blood composition of the bulls in the 
experimental groups was studied (Table 3). 

3-Table 

 Hematological parameters of blood composition of local bulls in experimental groups 

Blood indicators 

 Erythrocytes 

(mln/ml³) 

Leukocytes 

(min/ml³) 

Hemoglobin   

(g/%) 

Standard,± 6,5 (5,5-8,5) 7,0 (4,5-12,0) 12,0 (10,0-14,0) 

Groups Х±Sx Cv,% Х±Sx Cv,% Х±Sx Cv,% 

During the 90 days of the experiment 

I-control group (not treated) 6,15±0,32 16,4

3 

7,39±0,63 27,0

5 

10,30±0,15 4,69 

II-experimental group 

(surgically tested) 

*6,68±0,34 16,0

6 

8,21±0,32 12,3

2 

11,03±0,32 9,31 

III-experimental group 

(tested by tying with rubber) 

*6,85±0,31 14,2

2 

8,32±0,36 13,7

6 

*12,11±0,48 12,58 

IV-experimental group 

(tested by clamp method) 

**7,51±0,1

7 

6,99 *8,51±0,22 8,22 12,35±0,41 10,46 

During the 540 days of the experiment  

I-control group (not treated) 6,25±0,26 13,3

9 

8,26±0,55 21,1

9 

10,32±0,15 4,59 

II-experimental group 

(surgically tested) 

6,88±0,22 10,2

8 

8,35±0,61 23,2

9 

11,22±0,33 9,18 

III-experimental group 

(tested by tying with rubber) 

7,48±0,21 8,75 **9,21±0,51 17,6

8 

**12,10±0,4

8 

12,59 

IV-experimental group 

(tested by clamp method) 

*8,12±0,09 3,45 **10,12±0,4

8 

15,0

9 

*12,27±0,44 11,25 

During the 630 days of the experiment 

I-control group (not treated) 6,89±0,29 13,1

5 

8,66±0,47 17,1

7 

11,52±0,45 12,39 

II-experimental group 

(surgically tested) 

7,15±0,31 13,5

9 

9,15±0,43 14,9

3 

12,22±0,36 9,43 



American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations 15 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559) 
 

 

*P˂0,05;    **P˂0,01;    ***P˂0,001; 

According to Table 3, on the 90th day of the 
experiment, the average number of erythrocytes in the 
blood of bulls in group I (control) was 6.15 million/ml³, 
this indicator was 6.68 million/ml³ in group II, 6.85 
million/ml³ in group III and 7.51 million/ml³ in group IV. 
This indicator was higher in comparison with 
uncastrated bulls in the control group than in their 
counterparts castrated by various methods: in group II 
by 0.53 million/ml³ (7.9%), in group III by 0.70 
million/ml³ (10.2%), in group IV by 1.36 million/ml³ 
(18.1%). 

On the 540th day of the experiment, the average 
number of erythrocytes in the blood of bulls in group I 
(control) was 6.25 million/ml³, this indicator was 6.88 
million/ml³ in group II, 7.48 million/ml³ in group III and 
8.12 million/ml³ in group IV. This indicator was higher 
than that of uncastrated bulls in the control group 
compared to their counterparts castrated by various 
methods: in group II by 0.63 million/ml³ (9.2%), in 
group III by 1.23 million/ml³ (16.4%), in group IV by 1.87 
million/ml³ (23.0%). 

By the end of the experiment, i.e. on day 630, the 
average number of erythrocytes in the blood of bulls in 
group I (control) was 6.89 million/ml³, this indicator 
was 7.15 million/ml³ in group II, 7.86 million/ml³ in 
group III and 8.25 million/ml³ in group IV. This indicator 
was higher than that of uncastrated bulls in the control 
group compared to their counterparts castrated by 
various methods: in group II by 0.26 million/ml³ (3.6%), 
in group III by 0.97 million/ml³ (12.3%), in group IV by 
1.36 million/ml³ (16.5%). Also, the number of 
leukocytes in the blood of bulls in the experimental 
groups was higher than that of uncastrated bulls in the 
control group by 90 days of the experiment compared 
to their counterparts in the different methods: in group 
II by 10.0%, in group III by 11.2%, in group IV by 13.2%. 
The number of leukocytes was higher than that of 
uncastrated bulls in the control group by 540 days of 
the experiment compared to their counterparts in the 
different methods: in group II by 1.1%, in group III by 
10.3%, in group IV by 18.4%. 

Also, the number of leukocytes on the 630th day of the 
experiment was higher in the control group than in the 
control group, which was inseminated by different 
methods, by 5.4% in group II, by 12.3% in group III, and 
by 25.3% in group IV. 

Similarly, the hemoglobin content in the blood of bulls 

in the experimental groups was higher on the 90th day 
of the experiment than in the control group compared 
to their unsprayed counterparts, respectively: in group 
II by 6.6%, in group III by 14.9%, and in group IV by 
16.6%. It was found that the hemoglobin content in the 
control group compared to their unsprayed 
counterparts, respectively: in group II by 8.0%, in group 
III by 14.7%, and in group IV by 15.9%. By the end of the 
experiment, on day 630, it was found that hemoglobin 
levels were higher than those in the control group by 
5.7% in group II, 7.5% in group III, and 15.1% in group 
IV, respectively. 

CONCLUSION 

In conclusion, the clinical condition and morphological 
blood composition of local bulls in all groups were 
within the normal range, but this indicator was higher 
in castrated bulls than in uncastrated bulls. There was 
no significant difference between groups in the amount 
of blood elements, only in the bulls in the clamp-
castrated group these indicators were higher than in 
their peers at all times and showed that castration with 
a “painless” and harmless clamp-castration was 
effective. 

Also, a slight fluctuation of these indicators relative to 
each other had a positive effect on the body of bulls fed 
on the basis of a complete ration. It indicates that the 
process of metabolism in them is accelerated. 

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III-experimental group 

(tested by tying with rubber) 

*7,86±0,14 5,59 9,88±0,39 12,6

3 

12,45±0,39 9,91 

IV-experimental group 

(tested by clamp method) 

8,25±0,07 2,75 **11,59±0,2

2 

6,12 **13,57±0,1

8 

4,28 



American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations 16 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi 

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