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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 01    Pages: 17-23 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471)  
OCLC – 1290679216   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

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ABSTRACT 

Important problems of improving the animal breeding conditions, microorganisms in soil, and land conditions, 

preventing desertification processes can be solved by combating drought and desertification, mitigating the 

environmental situation, sowing drought-tolerant pasture plants in desert areas, studying the biological 

characteristics of soils to increase plant viability in low-humidity lands, and increasing drought-resistant plant cover in 

high-drought lands. 

KEYWORDS 

Degradation, vegetation, drought, climate, sandy-desert soils. 

INTRODUCTION

Worldwide factors such as climate change, 

temperature rise, increase in desertification processes, 

and misuse of natural resources cause land 

degradation, reduction of vegetation cover, 

deterioration of soil and water resources, and various 

changes in the ecological balance, becoming global 

and regional problems. 

The total land area of the Republic of Uzbekistan is 

44892.4 thousand hectares, of which 76.6% is in the 

steppe zone. The desert zone is formed by the 

Kyzylkum, Ustyurt, Malikchol, Sherabad, Karshi, 

Kattakum, and Sandykli deserts and the central 

territory of the Fergana region with a total area of 

33,995,000 hectares. The soils of the desert zone 

consist mainly of sandy deserts, loams, bald soils, and 

solonchaks; the mechanical composition of these soils 

consists of medium and light loams formed over 

alluvial-proluvial and lacustrine deposits [4, 7, 9, 10]. 

  Research Article 

 

IMPACT OF DROUGHT PROCESSES ON SANDY-DESERT SOILS 
 

Submission Date: January 01, 2024, Accepted Date:  January 03, 2024,  

Published Date: January 06, 2024 

Crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume04Issue01-04 

 

 

Nurgaliev Najmiddin Abdumajitovich 
(Phd) Doctoral Student Of The Department Of Soil Science, National University Of Uzbekistan 

 

Nabiyeva Gulchexra Mirergashevna 
Doctor Of Sciences In Biological, Department Of Soil Science, National University Of Uzbekistan 

Journal Website: 

https://theusajournals.

com/index.php/ajahi 

Copyright: Original 

content from this work 

may be used under the 

terms of the creative 

commons attributes 

4.0 licence. 

 

https://theusajournals.com
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume04Issue01-04


Volume 04 Issue 01-2024 18 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 01    Pages: 17-23 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471)  
OCLC – 1290679216   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
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At present, 70%, or 31.4 million hectares of our republic 

are subject to varying degrees of drought processes, 

mainly related to natural saline drift dune sandstones 

and malmrock. The Aralkum desert, covering an area of 

more than 3 million hectares, was formed due to the 

drying out of the Aral Sea alone. As a result, the 

ecological environment in the area deteriorated, thus 

aggravating desertification processes and causing 

numerous social problems [13]. 

In the formation of sandy soils, of great importance is 

the specific water regime, in particular good water 

permeability and capillarity since sand completely 

absorbs rainwater and water penetrates much deeper. 

For example: in winter and early spring in Kyzylkum 80-

120 mm of precipitation falls; this amount causes 

wetting of sandy soils down to 1-1.5 m [3, 5, 7, 10]. 

The soil cover of the desert zone is extremely non-

uniform and is characterized by its complexity, 

complex topography, high temperatures (the effective 

sum of temperatures is 4000-5000 0C), low humus 

content, high carbonate content, predominance of 

salinity, local areas of salinity and gypsum [10]. 

Object of study. The field experimental site of the 

Research Center is located in the Karaulbazar district of 

the Bukhara region, in the area of sandy desert soils 

formed by alluvial-proluvial and lacustrine sediments; it 

is located on I-II terraces of the Amu-Bukhara canal of 

the subaerial delta of the Zarafshan River. The 

vegetation cover of the area under study is 40%. These 

include white saxaul (Haloxylon persicum Bunge), 

black saxaul (Haloxylon aphyllum), wormwood 

(Artemisia tenuisecta), wormwood (Tamarix 

androssowii), incense (Peganum harmala), wormwood 

(Salsola arbuscula), black wormwood (Amaranthus 

retroflexuss), ephemera and ephemeroids: sedge 

(Physodes carex), sedge (Bmomus tectorum), fennel 

(Remopyrum Orientale), salt plants (Aeluropus 

litoralis), camel’s-thorn (Alhagi psudoalhagi), etc. 

Research methods. Soil sampling, storage and 

laboratory experiments in the territory where survey 

work is being conducted are carried out following the 

interstate standard GOST: 17.4.3.01-83 [1, 10]. 

Reproduction of drought-resistant pasture plants in 

desert areas to prevent drought and desertification, 

mitigate the ecological state, study the biological 

properties of soils to increase the viability of plants on 

lands with low humidity, and increase drought-

resistant plant cover on lands with high drought, are 

relevant issues not only for the animal breeding but 

also for improving the conditions of soil 

microorganisms, thus preventing desertification 

processes and creating the possibilities to protect the 

environmental situation. 

Today, climate change, decreased precipitation, and a 

sharp increase in temperature create environmental 

problems on a global scale. It is not a mistake to say 

that drought is a global problem that threatens not 

only Uzbekistan but also the whole world. The lack of 

water resources in many countries of the world 

negatively affects agriculture, causing desertification 

and drought. In many countries around the world, the 

extent of dryland formation as a result of climate 

change is classified as follows (see Table 1). 

 

Table 1 

Classification of climate and drylands based on aridity index by subspecies (Haipeng Yu. et al., 2021) 



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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
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SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471)  
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№ Dry lands AI 

1 Hyper-dry AI<0.05 

2 Dry  0.05≤AI<0.2 

3 Semi-dry 0.2≤AI<0.5 

4 Dry subhumid 0.5≤AI<0.65 

5 Moist   AI≥0.65 

6 Cold   PET<400 mm 

The climate classification based on the above aridity 

index consists of 6 subtypes of drylands. According to 

this classification, for AI <0.05, the land is considered 

hyper-dry, it has very few plants, mostly seasonal, and 

only some plants survive the hot summer heat. At 

0.05℃ and AI<0.2, plants in dry areas grow very slowly. 

At 0.2℃ and AI <0.5, the land is considered semi-arid, 

such areas have plants, but there is often a shortage of 

water. At 0.5℃ and AI<0.65, dry sub-humid lands have 

plants well scattered around but the water shortage is 

somewhat noticeable. At AI≥0.65 the land is taken as a 

wet area, and water needed by plants in such areas is 

very well distributed, there is no shortage of water. At 

PET<400 mm, there is a cold zone; in such areas, frost-

resistant plants are dispersed. 

Six dryland subtypes were classified using AI. Aridity 

index and drought level are the indicators that express 

water scarcity in a given area. The aridity index (AI) is a 

simple but convenient numerical indicator based on 

water scarcity in an area over a long time, it is 

calculated based on the ratio P/Pet. (AI) is the unit of 

measurement most commonly used to determine the 

climate in a given area. 

The aridity index is determined by the following formula: 

 

Here, AI is the aridity index, P is the amount of precipitation, PET is potential transpiration [6]. 

 

Table 2 

Analysis of the drought process and its significant changes in the area under research 



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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
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VOLUME 04 ISSUE 01    Pages: 17-23 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471)  
OCLC – 1290679216   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
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No Years 
Annual precipitation 

(mm) 

Annual evaporation 

(mm) 
AI Types of drought 

1 2012 131.7 1793.4 0.07344 Dry  

2 2013 147.7 1786.8 0.08266 Dry  

3 2014 159.8 1074.6 0.14871 Dry  

4 2015 148.4 1756.2 0.0845 Dry  

5 2016 181.0 835.9 0.21653 Dry  

6 2017 156.9 1073.3 0.14618 Dry  

7 2018 93.6 1984.6 0.04716 Hyper-dry 

8 2019 153.2 1128.6 0.13574 Dry  

9 2020 141.9 1788.6 0.07934 Dry  

10 2021 107.7 1969.3 0.05469 Dry  

11 2022 122.3 1869.4 0.06542 Dry  

Based on the above classification, the aridity index of 

the area under study was determined for the first time 

using the given formula.  

Table 2 shows the results of the studies based on 

analyzed climate data from the Center for Hydro-

meteorological Service for the period of 2012-2022. 

The analysis showed that in 2013, the annual 

precipitation was 147.7 mm, in 2018 - 93.6 mm, in 2021 - 

107.7 mm, and in 2022 - 122.3 mm. This is less than in 

2013, by 54.1 mm, 40.0 mm, and 25.4 mm, respectively. 

The overall result shows a higher probability of 

transition from the dry type of drought to the hyper-

dry type. The subject of the study was sandy desert 

lands, significantly affected by the drought process in 

this area; this, in turn, led to negative changes in soil 

and vegetation cover. For this reason, the aim was to 

calculate the aridity index of the area under study (Fig. 

1). 



Volume 04 Issue 01-2024 21 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 01    Pages: 17-23 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471)  
OCLC – 1290679216   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
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Figure 1. Aridity indices in the area under study 

In the figure above, the aridity index was the highest in 2016 and the lowest in 2018 and 2021. The algorithm and graph 

of the maximum product were developed by MAP  to determine the severity of drought in agriculture, so the 

calculation of the algorithm of the maximum product was difficult. The difficulty was that the data was intended for 

an approximate solution to the problem of crop yield and the degree of drought was determined using the following 

formula: 

 

Here, X is the definition of drought level obtained 

concerning yield. We did not determine the level of 

drought based on the above formula; this method was 

not used because it includes the crop yield, so, it was 

not used because there was no irrigated agriculture in 

the area under study [8]. 

Below is a classification of drought process assessment 

widely used in the USA to determine the severity of 

drought in drought-affected areas; it has 5 drought 

classifications, i.e. they are divided into the following 

levels: D0, D1, D2, D3, and D4. 

1. D0 - abnormal drought - this classification of 

droughts is characterized by short-term 

droughts during summer months, observed in 

regions where plant growth slows down. 

0,07
0,08

0,1

0,08

0,2

0,1

0,04

0,1

0,07

0,05
0,06

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024

AI - the aridity index 



Volume 04 Issue 01-2024 22 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 01    Pages: 17-23 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471)  
OCLC – 1290679216   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
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2. D1 - moderate drought - in this classification, 

droughts occur in areas where arable land and 

pastures are partially damaged, the level of 

rivers, reservoirs, and canals lowers, and 

sometimes there is a shortage of water or 

restrictions are imposed on the free use of 

water. 

3. D2 - severe drought - in this classification, 

droughts cause the loss of cropland and 

pastures in the areas where there is water 

shortage and restrictions are imposed on 

water use. 

4. D3 - extreme drought - in this classification of 

drought, the loss of crop yields occurs in areas 

subject to frequent water shortage and a risk 

of fires. 

5. D4 - extraordinary drought - this classification 

of drought includes crop areas and pastures. 

According to the above classification, in the area under 

study, short-term droughts were observed mainly in 

the summer months, accompanied by slow growth of 

vegetation, partial damage to pastures, and a decrease 

in the water level of canals and lakes. It was 

scientifically substantiated that D0 corresponds to the 

classification of abnormal drought, and D1 corresponds 

to the classification of moderate drought. 

CONCLUSIONS 

The results of analytical observations conducted to 

study the level of drought in the area under study show 

that according to the data obtained by the Center of 

Hydro-meteorological Service of the Republic of 

Uzbekistan, the annual sum of maximum air 

temperatures in 2012 was 79500c, in 2014 - 79920c, in 

2016 - 85230c, in 2018 - 82500c, and in 2020 - 88080c, 

and the annual precipitation in 2018 was 93.6 mm. The 

decrease in precipitation, which amounted to 107.7 mm 

in 2021 and 122.3 mm in 2022, led to an increase in the 

drought level. It was scientifically substantiated that it 

negatively affects the growth and development of 

plants, and the mechanical, physicochemical, and 

biological properties of soils. 

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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 01    Pages: 17-23 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471)  
OCLC – 1290679216   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

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