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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 12    Pages: 33-39 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471)  
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ABSTRACT 

The article presents data from research conducted under high temperature conditions with various salt-tolerant 

plants. The possibility of using them for various purposes, as well as for improving saline soils, is being considered. 

KEYWORDS 

Soil salinization, halophytes, mineral fertilizers, plant growth in height, accumulation of dry matter. 

INTRODUCTION

Halophytes are widespread plants in the Republic of 

Karakalpakstan and the study of their features as soil 

salt accumulators for practical use represent scientific 

interest. 

Among the facultative halophytes there are plants 

used in the preparation of foodstuffs, medicines, the 

production of vegetable and industrial oils, and the 

production of fodder for livestock. The world gene 

pool of halophytes includes 2,500 species, including 

900 species in Central Asia. 

The use of halophytes is possible for the sustainable 

development of viable agriculture in arid regions of the 

world for the restoration of degraded lands, including 

saline ones, and for the production of high-protein 

energy-rich fodder, grain forage, medicinal and oil raw 

materials [1; 7-11 p]. 

In the region, in many fields there are places of salt 

accumulation, so-called “bald patches”, which have a 

very high salt content up to 24 mg% and the seeds of 

sown cultivated plants do not germinate on them. 

Special salt-tolerant vegetation develops on saline soils 

[5; 160-163 p].  

Yensen N.P., Bedell J.L., Yensen S.B. in experiments in 

1995 and  Toderich, K.N., Popova, B.B., Aralova, D.B., 

Gismatullina, L.G., Rekik, M. & Rabbimov, A.R. 

experiments in Karakalpakstan in 2016, propose the 

  Research Article 

 

CHANGES OF SALT CONTENT IN HALOPHYTES AND SOIL IN THE 

CONDITIONS OF THE SOUTHERN ARAL SEA REGION 
 

Submission Date: December 17, 2023, Accepted Date:  December 22, 2023,  

Published Date: December 27, 2023  

Crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume03Issue12-07 

 

 

Sultanova Zulfiya 
Karakalpak Agrarian And Agricultural Technology Institute, Professor ((Dsc), Uzbekistan 

Journal Website: 

https://theusajournals.

com/index.php/ajahi 

Copyright: Original 

content from this work 

may be used under the 

terms of the creative 

commons attributes 

4.0 licence. 

 

https://theusajournals.com
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume03Issue12-07
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume03Issue12-07


Volume 03 Issue 12-2023 34 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 12    Pages: 33-39 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471)  
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use of halophytes as valuable livestock feed. In the 

plants that have special adaptations for normal 

completion of ontogenesis in conditions of high 

salinity. In nature, saline soils have quite rich and 

various vegetation. 

       Due to lack of water, the cultivation of traditional 

plants becomes a problematic issue. As cotton, wheat 

and rice consume almost two, two and a half times 

more water. Therefore, the diversification of non-

traditional crops, which are characterized by low water 

consumption, have a lower transpiration coefficient, 

improve soil structure, and create favorable conditions 

for the growth of subsequent plants, is an urgent task. 

Shamsutdinov Z.Sh., Shamsutdinov N.Z. experiments 

in 2000-2002, that in connection with the salinization of 

majority of soils in the region plants adapting in the 

process of their ontogenesis to existence on saline 

soils , i.e. halophyte plants are of great interest. Here 

they are found in wild form, and some of them have 

practical use in livestock farming. Halophytes are 

characterized by high osmotic pressure of cell sap in 

cells and tissues, which allows them to absorb water 

from concentrated solutions. 

Salt-accumulating halophytes, or euhalophytes (from 

the Greek her - good, real), have the greatest 

resistance to salts. They grow and develop well on the 

most saline soils. These plants absorb a large amount 

of salts from the soil. This group includes mainly the so-

called saltworts (Chenopodiaceae stirpes - 

Chepodiaceae), saltwort, seaweed, sarcazan, some 

species of tamarix, etc. [3; 22-28 p]. Some saltworts 

accumulate up to 7% of salts from the mass of cell sap. 

As a result, the water potential of the cells is greatly 

reduced, and water enters them even from saline soil; 

salt accumulates in the vacuoles. Taking into account 

this feature of plants, we were faced with the task of 

selecting plant species that remove salts from the soil, 

reducing their initial content, and that have beneficial 

properties for use in animal husbandry or for technical 

purposes [4; 75 p]. 

Akinshina, N., Toderich, K., Azizov, A., Saito, L. &  Ismail, 

S. in experiments in 2014, suggest use halophyte 

biomass  as a promising source of renewable energy.    

For this purpose, the possibility of using high-quality 

facultative and halophytes themselves for land 

improvement was substantiated. In 2021-2022, field 

experiments were launched on the fields of the 

Scientific-Production Association Grain and Rice in the 

Nukus region. Soils of the site are meadow-alluvial, 

medium loamy, moderately and in some places highly 

saline. 

METHOD OF RESEARCH 

Field experiments phenological observations, 

diagnostics of salt content in soil and plants using the 

express method and laboratory tests. 

 Phenological monitoring and recording of plant 

growth and development phases. The starting point of 

the phase was taken as the date when 10% of plants 

entered this phase, and 75% of plants entered the full 

phase at the onset of this phase. 

Monitoring of salt content change in soil and plants; for 

this purpose, the salt content in the soil was 

determined at the beginning and at the end of the 

plant growing season using the conductometric 

method. 

Biometric analysis of plants from sample plots 

measuring 0.25 m2, chemical analysis of plants 

according to generally accepted methods. 



Volume 03 Issue 12-2023 35 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 12    Pages: 33-39 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471)  
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Determination of humus content in the soil according 

to the method of I.V. Tyurin, N-NO3 – by the method of 

Granwald-Lyazhu, P2O5 - by the method of Machigin, 

exchangeable potassium on the fire photocolorimeter 

according to the method of V.P. Protasov. 

Humus content, 0.8-1.1%; nitrogen content 0.26 mg%, 

content of mobile P2O5 -30 mg/kg; The content of 

mobile K2O is 156 mg/kg. The soils of field plots of 

phosphorus content belong to the low-supply group 

and vary from 12 to 27 mg/kg. By the content of mobile 

potassium, all investigated soils belong to the group of 

low-supply of these elements; in the arable horizon, 

the potassium content ranges from 110 to 200 mg/kg. 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

According to A. Rabbimov, B. Bekchanov, T. Mukimov   

experiments in 2011, are given systems for growing 

salt-tolerant crops and halophytes. To develop 

technology for cultivating salt-tolerant crops in the 

conditions of the Southern Aral Sea region, we carried 

out phenological observations of the growth and 

development of halophytes. 

Shprouts of cultivated facultative halophytes appeared 

on the 5-7th days after sowing (Table 1). Later and 

sparse sprouts were observed in Klimakoptera on the 

10th day after sowing. Flowering under conditions of 

lack of moisture was observed in quinoa on the 38th 

day after germination. The beginning of amaranth 

flowering was noted on August 5-10. Maturation of 

these two plants is noted at the end of September: 

quinoa 17-19, amaranth 22-25 September. 

Table 1 

Phenological observations 

Flowering of Klimakoptera is noted on June 25-29, and 

seed ripening on October 28. Kochia is characterized by 

the accumulation of large green biomass, especially 

when watered and fertilized. Flowering of plants is 

noted on July 1-5, ripening on October 18-20. Quinoa 

plants flower at approximately the same time, but 

ripening is more extended and begins on October 25-

27 and continues until frost. 

Name of plants  Date of 
sowing 

Beginning of 
germination 

seeds 
(%) 

Full seed 
germination 

Bloom 
 

Plant ripening 

Quinoa Q5 15.05.21 22.05.21 71 30.06 17-19.09  

Amaranthus white 15.05.21 21-22.05.21 98 05-10.08 22-25.09 

Pennisetum glaucum 18.04.21 24.04.21 97 01.07 05-08.09 

Sorghum vulgare 18.04.21 23.04.21 92 28.06 20-22.09 

Climacoptera crassa 17.04.21 27.04.21 37 25-29.06 26-28.10 

Kochia scoparia 17.04.21 24.04.21 71 1-5.07 18-20.10 

Atriplex patula 17.04.21 24.04.21 57 01-03.07 25-27.10 

Karelinia caspia     30.07 28-30.11 

Mung bean 16.04.21 23-24.21 90 01.07 05.07-30.07. 



Volume 03 Issue 12-2023 36 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 12    Pages: 33-39 

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Mung bean is a plant with a short growing season and 

rapid grain ripening; the bean harvest was extended 

from the beginning to the end of July.  

The height of plants in all variants varied depending on 

the rate of fertilizer application. With an increase in the 

rate of fertilizers, plant growth in height increased and 

by the end of the growing season was on average 185.2 

cm for white amaranth, and 180.6 cm for red amaranth 

(table 2). With the application option N150P100K100, 

plant height is higher than the norm N80P60K40 by 

43.7 cm; compared to red Amaranth by 59 cm, Soybean 

by 27 cm, Atriplex by 21.4 cm. Such changes and a 

positive reaction to fertilization are observed in all 

types of plants. The role of fertilizers is that they not 

only increase growth, but also increase biomass, 

productivity, and at the same time, by shading the soil, 

they save moisture from evaporation. Halophytes with 

large biomass also remove more salt ions from the soil. 

table 2 

Dynamics of plant growth and development in variants, sm 

Plants 
 

09.06. 10.07. 10.08. 10.09. 15.10. 

Quinoa (Q5var.) 22,7 62,8 69,5 68,2 - 

Amaranthus white 24,8 140,4 173,1 184,0 185,2 

Amaranthus 
red 

23,6 137,1 168,5 179,4 180,6 

Setaria italica 25,2 69,6 82,3 89,6 91,9 

Carthamnus 39,4 76,2 96,5 105,4 108,2 

Sorghum vulgare 28,3 75,7 89,6 98,3 102,0 

Mung been 15,5 42,7 59,2 60,7 58,1 

Suaeda 

physophora 
20,4 58,3 92,8 98,5 104,3 

Climacoptera 

crassa 
18,8 51,8 96,3 103,9 107,6 

Kochia scoparia 31,8 98,4 151,4 157,5 158,2 

Atriplex patula 33,4 96,7 160,7 163,2 164,8 

The highest plant height was observed in sweda, 

climacoptera, kochia and atriplex plants; further, as 

determined by the analyses, these plants also 

accumulated the greatest dry plant biomass (table 3). 

The growth of plants and their accumulation of organic 

biomass are the final results of interaction with 

environmental factors, the result of complex 

processes occurring in cells, tissues and organs. The 

study of the dynamics of growth and accumulation of 

dry matter depending on specific growing conditions 



Volume 03 Issue 12-2023 37 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 12    Pages: 33-39 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471)  
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and varietal characteristics of the plant is of significant 

scientific and practical interest. The duration of each 

phase, as well as the entire life cycle, depends on the 

varietal characteristics and nutritional conditions. 

The accumulation of dry biomass by plants was 

determined mainly by the same features as growth 

dynamics [6; 161-163 p]. The accumulation of above-

ground mass proceeded more vigorously in variants 

with the application of mineral fertilizers by irrigation. 

In the phases of emergence and flowering, the 

indicators are high; the plants were formed using 

options with the introduction of optimal doses of 

fertilizers. 

table 3 

Accumulation of dry matter by plants 

 
Plants 

Determination dates  

09.06. 29.06. 10.07. 30.07. 10.08. 22.08. 30.08. 10.09. 

Quinoa 
(Q5var.) 

25 32 46,2 55,8 58,3 59,5 63,4 - 

Amaranthus 
white 

14,7 42,7 73 86 113,7 135,2 142,6 144,2 

Amaranthus 
red 

20 39,8 61,6 84 104 130,6 133,8 134,6 

Carthamnus 27 30 40 53 63 67 67 70 

Soybeans 25 39 59 92 95 96 96   

Setaria italica 26 62 89 108 106 108 107   

Sorghum 
vulgare 

45,8 72 111,4 198,6 202,2 205,4 206,8 206,9 

Mash 12,9 26,7 36,1 47,7 65,1 68,5 68,2 68,3 

Suaeda 
physophora 

40,8 65 76,3 97,8 128,4 130,1 132,6 132,7 

Climacoptera 
crassa 

19,2 41,4 52,2 60,25 71 74,3 76,1 76,1 

Kochia 
scoparia 

31,8 92,3 116,9 178,8 208,7 232,1 234,4 234,6 

Atriplex 
patula 

20,8 62,8 98,8 113,6 130,8 132,5 134,1 134,4 

The most intense average daily increases in dry 

biomass were observed in white amaranth, atriplex 

and kochia, then climacoptera was observed until 

August 10, then the accumulation of biomass 

decreased. 



Volume 03 Issue 12-2023 38 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 12    Pages: 33-39 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471)  
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Dry matter accumulation was higher in the variants 

with fertilizer application. Some increase in dry matter 

in variants without fertilizers is apparently associated 

with the uneven distribution of nutrients in the soil and 

the ability of compounds to migrate. 

Shamsutdinov Z.Sh., Shamsutdinov N.Z. in 2003, 

consider it appropriate use of halophytes for 

sustainable development of viable agriculture in arid 

regions of Russia and Central Asia. Plants characterized 

by general resistance to a complex of abiotic stresses 

and relatively high productivity under arid climate 

conditions and low soil fertility are recommended for 

ecological restoration of arid pastures.  

Under drought conditions, irrigation plays a positive 

role in the accumulation of dry mass by plants and their 

removal of salts from the soil (Table 4). Here is data on 

the plants Karelinia caspia, Atriplex, Kochia. In areas 

with Karelinia caspia and Kochia plants, the salt 

content in plants is higher at the end of the growing 

season (October) compared to the middle of the 

growing season (July). 

Table 4 

Change in salt content in soil and plants in the middle and end of the growing season, g/l 

Crops 

 
  

July 19, 2021 July 19, 2022 October 17, 2021  October 21 ,2021  

Salinity (Ec) 

in soil 
in 

plant 
in soil 

in 

plant 

in 

soil 
in plant in soil in plant 

 Karelinia caspia 

1. Without fertilizers and 

without irrigation 8,7 3,00 7,1 3,36 15,9 1,27 9,1 3,9 

2. fertilizers  without irrigation    8,3 2,08 9,3 3,12 11,57 2,5 5,27 3,58 

3. Irrigation without fertilizers 7,62 2,00 4,51 2,25 7,88 1,56 8,3 3,24 

4. fertilizers +irrigation 7,8 2,1 6,24 2,41 9,24 1,72 10,8 3,7 

 Atriplex 

1. Without fertilizers and 

without Irrigation  2,4 3,05 2,45 3,88 4,83 2,15 2,4 1,9 

2. Fertilizers without irrigation  2,46 2,70 0,94 2,65 2,92 2,15 2,2 2,4 

3. Irrigation without fertilizers  2,1 2,50 3,04 4,96 2,94 2,17 2,9 2,5 

4. Fertilizers +irrigation  1,75 3,2 1,61 2,94 1,89 1,22 1,57 1,88 

  Kochia 

1. Without fertilizers and 

without irrigation 4,32 1,74 2,94 0,79 3,66 11,17 7,1 2,15 

2. Fertilizers and without 

irrigation 0,8 1,33 1,33 0,7 2,37 1,28 3,2 1,4 

3. Irrigation without fertilizers  1,32 1,27 1,12 1,08 2,17 1,71 2,4 2,5 

4. Fertilizers+irrigation 1,84 1,24 2,1 1,7 3,18 1,46 3,1 1,8 



Volume 03 Issue 12-2023 39 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 12    Pages: 33-39 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471)  
OCLC – 1290679216   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

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These characteristics are determined by such 

bioecological mechanisms as a developed and deeply 

penetrating root system, productive use of soil 

moisture reserves, the ability to carry out 

photosynthesis with a positive balance at ultra-high air 

temperatures (+40-+45 oC and above), belonging to 

the C4 type and other useful characteristics. 

CONCLUSION  

under normal moisture conditions, plant seeds 

germinate in 6-10 days and have good germination. The 

yield of above-ground mass, useful parts and removal 

of salts by halophytes largely depend on the intensity 

of plant growth in height. The growth and 

accumulation of dry matter of the studied plant 

varieties of non-traditional crops and halophytes were 

more strongly influenced by the application of 

increased doses of mineral fertilizers, which should be 

taken into account when cultivating to obtain plant 

biomass. Of the 3 plants studied, only Karelinia caspia 

and Kochia scoparia accumulate salts at the end of the 

growing season higher than Atriplex patula. 

REFERENCES 

1. Akjigitova N.I. Halophilic vegetation of Central Asia 

and its indicator properties. - Tashkent: Fan, 1982. - 

192 p. 

2. Akinshina, N., Toderich, K., Azizov, A., Saito, L. &  

Ismail, S. 2014. Halophyte Biomass: A Promising  

Source of Renewable Energy. Journal of Arid Land 

Studies, 24(1): 231-235. 

3. Kosulina L. G., Lutsenko E. K., Aksenova V. A. 

Physiology of plant resistance to unfavorable 

environmental factors. - Rostov-on-Don: From the 

Russian State University, 1993. - 240 p.  

4. Myachina Olga, Toderich Kristina, Hidenari YASUI, 

Akinshina Natalya, Sultanova Zulfiya, Rimma Kim 

Agrochemistry and microbial activities under 

halophytes grown under different salt affected 

soils. Journal of Arid Land Studies 

Vol. 32, Issue 3, Pages 75// The Japanese 

Association for Arid Land Studies 

5. Rabbimov A., Bekchanov B., Mukimov T.  Сhemical 

composition and palatability of some halophyte 

species. Arid ecosystems -2011, volume 17. -№. 

2(47). -p.47-54. 

6. Sultanova Z.S. Abdieva G.M., Karimullaeva M.U. 

Accumulation of biomass by halophytes in applying 

mineral fertilizers// Bulletin of Karakalpak State 

University.-Nukus 2023. Special issue (62). -P.160-

163. 

7. Toderich, K.N., Popova, B.B., Aralova, D.B., 

Gismatullina, L.G., Rekik, M. & Rabbimov, A.R. 2016.  

Halophytes and salt tolerant forages as animal  

feed at farm level in Karakalpakstan [online].  

Dubai. [Cited 30 January 2016]. https://hdl.handle. 

net/20.500.11766/3490 

8. Shamsutdinov Z.Sh., Shamsutdinov N.Z. Use of 

halophytes for sustainable development of viable 

agriculture in arid regions of Russia and Central 

Asia // Arid ecosystems. 2003. No. 19-20. v.9. pp. 22-

37. 

9. Yensen N.P., Bedell J.L., Yensen S.B. Domestication 

of Distichlis as a grain and forage. In: Biology of salt 

tolerant plants /Eds. M.A Khan, I.A. Ungar. Ohio 

Univ., Athens, 1995: 388-392. 

 

 


