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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 12    Pages: 13-17 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471)  
OCLC – 1290679216   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ABSTRACT 

The article highlights the evolutionary development of the change in morphological features of the eroded meadow 

soils of the Ferghana Valley under the influence of anthropogenic factors. 

KEYWORDS 

Anthropogenic factor, morphology, evolutionary development, arzik, shokh, gypsum, carbonate, easily soluble salts. 

INTRODUCTION

It is known that under the influence of extensive 

irrigated farming activities of the anthropogenic 

factor, soils have undergone extensive changes, and 

their morphogenetic structure, as well as other 

properties, has acquired a different appearance 

compared to the appearance formed during the 

stagnant period. Also, this process takes place in 

different activity depending on the intensity of the 

impact level. 

In the researches on the genesis and gradual 

development of soils formed in the region of Fergana 

Valley during the past time, it was noted that these 

soils are formed and developed under the influence of 

specific factors [2,83-110 p, 4, 77 p.]. Now, an approach 

  Research Article 

 

EVOLUTION OF OROSCHAEVYE SOILS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF 

ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS 
 

Submission Date: December 01, 2023, Accepted Date:  December 05, 2023,  

Published Date: December 10, 2023  

Crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume03Issue12-03 

 

 

U. Mirzaev 
Associate Professor Department Of Soil Science Fergana State University, Uzbekistan 

 

M. Quldasheva 
Andijan Institute Of Agriculture And Agrotechnology Uzbekistan 

 

B. Umarkulova 
Fergana Polytechnic Institute Uzbekistan 

 

Gulomjon Yuldashev 
Professor Department Of Soil Science Fergana State University Uzbekistan 

 

Journal Website: 

https://theusajournals.

com/index.php/ajahi 

Copyright: Original 

content from this work 

may be used under the 

terms of the creative 

commons attributes 

4.0 licence. 

 

https://theusajournals.com
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume03Issue12-03


Volume 03 Issue 12-2023 14 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 12    Pages: 13-17 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471)  
OCLC – 1290679216   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

with sufficient emphasis on the leading influence of the 

anthropogenic factor in the changes in the cross-

section of soils may allow to further illuminate the 

process of their gradual development.  

It is known that the study of the process of gradual 

development of soils is an important problem in the 

development of a system of collective measures to 

determine the direction of changes occurring in their 

cross-section and to solve many issues such as 

preserving and increasing their productivity in the 

future, improving land reclamation and rational use. 

Research object and methods. The research object is 

the meadow saz soils formed in the Fergana valley. The 

method of placing the soil sections along the 

geochemical-geographic section was used in the field 

research. “Methodological recommendations” of the 

Institute of Soil Science named after V.V. Dokuchaev 

[3] were also used. 

Research results. The maturity stage of soil formation 

and development for a specific area is characterized by 

its genetic layers within a certain soil type and its 

specific properties and characteristics, as well as the 

formation of a stable level of fertility.  

The change in ecological conditions changes the 

geochemical properties of the soil through it to the 

stage of gradual development [5, 34-37 p] and as a 

result the genetic layers in the soil section, its natural 

properties and characteristics begin to change and 

lead to an increase in the level of natural fertility. 

Accordingly, the properties of the soil can be divided 

into three groups, that is, “residual” properties 

inherited from the parent rocks in the process of soil 

formation, properties that appeared during the 

development of the soil during the stagnant period of 

the ecological environment, and finally, the properties 

that appeared during the evolutionary development of 

the soil. 

Thus, the gradual development of soils is understood 

as the change of already developed full-profile soils in 

connection with the evolution of the entire natural 

environment. In this case, one genetic type or type of 

soil can pass to another genetic type or type. In the soil 

profile, the features characteristic of the previous 

stage of soil formation gradually fade or transform, 

and new features are formed corresponding to the 

new stage of soil formation. 

V.V. Dokuchaev showed that during periods of 

stagnation (climax) when the soil-forming factors are 

in balance, changes in soil genetic horizons are weakly 

expressed, and there are no systematic large changes 

in the soil cover. 

It is known that soil-forming factors are not equally 

strong in some directions according to the degree of 

influence, for example, they are divided into two 

groups according to the geographical extent of their 

influence. 

The first group includes factors that affect large areas 

of land on a wide geographical scale - climate, 

organisms, and the age of the land. The regularity of 

the geographical location of the groups of soil types, 

which are sharply different from each other, depends 

on the ratio of these factors. Soil-forming rocks, 

topography, microclimate and human activity are the 

second group of factors. These factors have varying 

degrees of influence on smaller taxonomic units within 

a soil type, the emergence of subtypes, soil 

differences. 

The balance between these factors was disturbed 

under the influence of natural factors until the higher 



Volume 03 Issue 12-2023 15 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 12    Pages: 13-17 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471)  
OCLC – 1290679216   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

stages of the development of social formations of 

human society. 

Ecological factors that have been in balance for 

centuries have been disturbed by mechanical, 

irrigation and similar extensive effects of man, and the 

soil covers lying in a state of preservation have 

undergone extensive changes. The influence of the 

anthropogenic factor, especially in the meadow soils 

formed in Central Fergana, is well visible in the 

following directions: 

1. Planning of uneven lands in nature reserve; 

2. Irrigation of land, irrigation water supply, i.e. laying 

of suspended muddy rocks; 

3. Changing the water regime through the construction 

of the collector-water system complex; 

4. Integrated measures such as tillage systems, 

replacement of natural vegetation by crops in crop 

rotation systems, fertilization systems; 

5. Brine leaching and similar hydromelioration and 

agromelioration conditions. 

6. Secondary salinization, increase in the density of the 

driving layer; 

7. Acceleration of the degumification process at the 

initial stage on newly developed lands, etc;   

The irrigated meadow soils of Central Fergana were 

mainly developed after the 30s-50s of the last century, 

among which the rich meadow saz soils separated by 

type occupy a large area. This section of soils differs 

from the section of grassy saz soils in the region by the 

formation of specific layers, gypsum, clay, chalky, 

gypsum-rich, clay-rich layers.  

The cross-sectional structure and morphology of the 

fertile soils differ sharply from other soils of the region. 

In the cross-section of their soil and subsoil rocks, a 

clear stratification of geochemical substances is 

observed, which corresponds to the law of their 

migration and accumulation. Nutrient soils contain 

calcium and magnesium carbonates in the lower part 

of the soil-soil section, gypsum and carbonates in the 

middle part, and gypsum and water-soluble salts in the 

upper part. Accumulation of these compounds in large 

quantities has formed their own suitable layers - rich, 

arzic, gypsum and saline layers, and in this regard, the 

soil section of arzic soils has a three-layer or three-

tiered structure [1,42-83 p.].  

At the end of the 70s of the last century, protected 

arable soils were located in the north-western parts of 

the Isfayram-Shahimardonsoy contiguous spreading 

cones and in small areas within the irrigated lands of 

the lake-proluvial plain and in salt marsh complexes of 

sandy valleys (2, 83-110 p.). At present, almost all areas 

with fertile soils have been brought under irrigated 

agriculture. The eco-ameliorative status and structure 

of the soil cross-section of the reclaimed rich soil lands 

in the study area varied widely, depending on the 

length of the irrigation period, the complex of applied 

meliorative measures, the intensity of farming, etc. 

Irrigation and other anthropogenic activities have 

varied effects on the morphology and other properties 

of fertile soils. 

Within the comprehensive influence of the 

anthropogenic factor, depending on the length of the 

development period, as well as the applied system of 

activities, the soil cross-section underwent extensive 

changes. 

According to M.A. Pankov [2, 84-85 p.], the above-

described soils undergo rapid changes as a result of 

irrigation and a number of other activities from the first 



Volume 03 Issue 12-2023 16 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 12    Pages: 13-17 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471)  
OCLC – 1290679216   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

stages of exploitation, and agro-irrigation humus 

layers are formed in them under the influence of 

sediments and processing of the surface (30 cm) 

layers. started By the 70s of the last century, the cross-

sectional structure of these soils became the 

appearance of cultivated oasis soils. By this time, the 

changes in the structure of the soil cross-section mainly 

moved towards the overcoming of the disturbed 

balance factors under the influence of the 

anthropogenic factor.  

The rate of change has now slowed down, and is now 

undergoing irrigation-induced changes that are more 

rapid than those in conservation soils, but slower than 

those in the early stages of development. The scale of 

changes over the next 30-40 years is reflected in the 

changes in the forms of some components in the cross-

sectional structure, their quantitative changes along 

the cross-sectional layers, and again in the chemical 

composition of the soil.  

In particular, as a result of the research, strong 

complexity appeared in the soils, depending on the 

thickness of the soil layer and the depth of the gypsum 

layer. It was mentioned above that the reason for this 

is land leveling. The effect of irrigation on plaster forms 

is clearly expressed. Gypsum layer consisting of fine 

and small crystals of gypsum and their derivatives 

(gypsum can also be amorphous), usually located near 

the earth’s surface. The size of the crystals increases in 

the deep layers of the cross-section, they enter 

rhombic, rhombohedral and coin-shaped forms. In 

gypsum layers, the phenomenon of suffosis, which 

indicates the washing of gypsum, is clearly expressed. 

This phenomenon may increase over time.  

A fine crystalline gypsum layer naturally contains a lot 

of gypsum and is white in color. Irrigation water 

moving from top to bottom in the process of irrigation 

drains the soil mass with small particles from the 

plowed layer into the gypsum layer and deposits them 

in the spaces between the gypsum crystals. From the 

gypsum layer, it partially melts the gypsum crystals and 

washes the small crystals down. The longer the 

duration of irrigation, the more clearly the result of this 

process will appear. As a result of these processes, the 

white gypsum layer has turned into a mixed layer of 

fine rock-gypsum clay-soil with a cloudy gray color.  

The arable layer of soils has become homogeneous 

under the influence of irrigation, cultivation and other 

activities. Gypsum and arzic wounds were partially 

washed away, the remaining crystals became smaller in 

size, mixed with the soil and became indistinguishable. 

The amount of organic residue has also increased. As a 

result, the roots penetrated the subsoil layer. They are 

more abundant in the upper part of the layer and 

sharply decrease towards the bottom. There are small 

roots in the cracks between the pieces of the structure. 

In this layer, the phenomenon of leaching of salts is 

more strongly expressed. Cavities, waterways and 

funnels are found in the area, formed by the washing 

of plaster. They are filled with loose soil mass. Plant 

roots are well developed in them. In the lower layers of 

the sections, the results of the suffusion processes can 

also be observed, but they are weakly expressed and 

not everywhere. 

Changes are also clearly visible in other 

geomorphological districts, in particular, in the eastern 

part of the valley, in the Shahrikhonsay influence zone. 

Unlike the soils of Central Ferghana, here the soil 

profile does not have separate complex structural 

layers (rich or rich). But the scale of changes is 

expressed by the increase in the level of soil cultivation, 

the thickening of the humus layer, the lack of salinity 

(absence of saline layers) or deepening of the soil. The 

soils that were brought into the irrigated agriculture 

circle were mainly due to the drained and leveled soils 



Volume 03 Issue 12-2023 17 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 12    Pages: 13-17 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471)  
OCLC – 1290679216   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

as a result of the removal of waste from the places that 

were located in the depressions in the past. This 

situation is reflected in the preservation of humus 

layers buried in more soils.  

CONCLUSION 

According to the above, in the course of the changes in 

the soil of the research object, the anthropogenic 

factor activates the stagnant period in the gradual 

development of the soil, and actively changes other 

factors (mother rock, relief, flora and fauna) without 

being able to show the effect on some factors of soil 

formation and development (climate, age of the 

country). it acquires its uniqueness by appearing as a 

controlling factor. Now, the movement of this factor in 

the right directions can serve as a solution to all issues 

related to soil in the region. 

REFERENCES 

1. Kamilov O.K., Isakov V.Yu. Genesis and properties 

of carbonated-gypsum soils of Central Fergana. -

Тashkent: Science. 1992.-136 p. 

2. Isakov V.Yu., Mirzaev U.B. Properties of fertile soils 

formed in Central Fergana and their changes under 

the influence of human factors. - Tashkent.: 

Science, 2009. -228 p. 

3. Recommendations for reclamation assessment, 

development and use of gypsum-bearing soils for 

irrigated agriculture. - Soil Institute named after. 

V.V. Dokuchaeva. Moscow: 1979. 

4. Turdaliev A. Genesis, physico-chemical and 

biogeochemical characteristics of the rich-horned, 

horned-rich layers in the lands of Central Fergana.: 

b.f.d. Dissertation abstract prepared for obtaining 

a scientific degree. - Tashkent, 2016. - 77 p. 

5. Koziev R. Speed and nature of soil evolution. - 

FarSU. Scientific news. 2015. No. 1. 34-37 p. 

 


