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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 09    Pages: 1-5 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471)  
OCLC – 1290679216   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ABSTRACT 

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a vital staple crop in Ethiopia, playing a crucial role in food security and 

livelihoods. To enhance wheat productivity, advanced genotypes are continuously developed through breeding 

programs. In this study, we conducted field trials across multiple locations and seasons in Ethiopia to assess the grain 

yield performance of advanced bread wheat genotypes using the Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction 

(AMMI) analysis. The AMMI model allowed us to dissect the main effects of genotypes and environments from their 

interactions, providing valuable insights into genotype performance and stability across diverse agroecological 

conditions. Our findings identified high-yielding and stable genotypes, highlighting their potential for further breeding 

and dissemination to farmers. Moreover, we revealed genotype-by-environment interactions, which can inform the 

development of location-specific wheat varieties to optimize productivity in different regions of Ethiopia. This study 

contributes to the advancement of wheat breeding efforts and provides a robust framework for evaluating and 

selecting superior wheat genotypes, ultimately bolstering food security and sustainable agricultural practices in 

Ethiopia. 

 

KEYWORDS 

Bread wheat, Triticum aestivum L., grain yield, advanced genotypes, Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative 

Interaction (AMMI) analysis, genotype-by-environment interactions, stability, agroecological conditions, wheat 

breeding, food security, Ethiopia. 

 

  Research Article 

 

ASSESSING GRAIN YIELD OF ADVANCED BREAD WHEAT (TRITICUM 

AESTIVUM L.) GENOTYPES IN ETHIOPIA THROUGH ADDITIVE MAIN 

EFFECT AND MULTIPLICATIVE INTERACTION ANALYSIS 
 

Submission Date: Aug 22, 2023, Accepted Date:  Aug 27, 2023,  

Published Date: Sep 01, 2023  

Crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume03Issue09-01 

 

 

Dawit Alemu 
Hawassa University College of Agriculture, Hawassa, Ethiopia 

Journal Website: 

https://theusajournals.

com/index.php/ajahi 

Copyright: Original 

content from this work 

may be used under the 

terms of the creative 

commons attributes 

4.0 licence. 

 

https://theusajournals.com
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume03Issue09-01
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume03Issue09-01


Volume 03 Issue 09-2023 2 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 09    Pages: 1-5 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471)  
OCLC – 1290679216   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

INTRODUCTION

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most 

essential cereal crops globally, serving as a primary 

source of nutrition for a significant portion of the 

world's population. In Ethiopia, wheat is a vital staple 

crop, contributing substantially to food security and 

livelihoods, and remains a key component of the 

country's agriculture sector. To meet the increasing 

demand for wheat and ensure sustained productivity, 

continuous efforts are directed towards developing 

advanced wheat genotypes through breeding 

programs. 

The performance of wheat genotypes, particularly in 

diverse agroecological conditions, is influenced by a 

complex interplay of genetic factors and 

environmental variables. In the context of multiple 

environmental factors, evaluating the grain yield 

potential and adaptability of advanced genotypes 

becomes a challenging task. Traditional statistical 

analyses may not adequately capture the interactions 

between genotypes and environments, leading to 

potential biases in genotype selection. 

To address this challenge, the Additive Main Effect and 

Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) analysis has 

emerged as a powerful tool in plant breeding research. 

The AMMI model allows for the separation of main 

genetic effects from genotype-by-environment 

interactions, enabling a more comprehensive 

assessment of genotype performance and stability 

across multiple locations and seasons. By accounting 

for both the genetic potential and the response to 

varying environmental conditions, the AMMI analysis 

enhances the accuracy and reliability of genotype 

evaluation. 

In this study, we aimed to assess the grain yield 

performance of advanced bread wheat genotypes in 

Ethiopia through the application of the AMMI analysis. 

Field trials were conducted across diverse 

agroecological zones to capture the variability in 

environmental conditions and to represent the wheat-

growing regions of the country. The AMMI analysis was 

employed to extract valuable information on genotype 

adaptability and stability, enabling us to identify high-

yielding genotypes with consistent performance 

across different environments. 

The outcomes of this study are expected to contribute 

significantly to wheat breeding efforts in Ethiopia. 

Identifying superior and stable genotypes will not only 

strengthen the nation's food security but also enhance 

the resilience of the agricultural sector to changing 

environmental conditions. Moreover, understanding 

genotype-by-environment interactions will facilitate 

the development of location-specific wheat varieties, 

optimized for the unique challenges and opportunities 

present in different regions of Ethiopia. 

Overall, the assessment of grain yield in advanced 

bread wheat genotypes using the AMMI analysis is 

crucial for informed decision-making in wheat breeding 

programs. By leveraging this powerful analytical 

approach, we can accelerate the development of high-

performing wheat varieties, promote sustainable 

agricultural practices, and ultimately contribute to the 

well-being of Ethiopian farmers and consumers alike. 

METHODOLOGY 

Selection of Advanced Bread Wheat Genotypes: 

A diverse set of advanced bread wheat genotypes from 

the breeding program or germplasm collections were 

chosen for the study. These genotypes were selected 

based on their potential for high grain yield and other 

desirable traits. 



Volume 03 Issue 09-2023 3 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 09    Pages: 1-5 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471)  
OCLC – 1290679216   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

Experimental Design: 

Field trials were conducted across multiple locations 

representing different agroecological zones in 

Ethiopia. The locations were carefully selected to 

capture a wide range of environmental conditions, 

including variations in soil type, temperature, and 

rainfall. The experimental design was randomized 

complete block design (RCBD) with multiple 

replications to minimize experimental error. 

Field Experiment Setup: 

Plots were prepared following standard agronomic 

practices for wheat cultivation. The selected advanced 

genotypes were sown in uniform plots, and 

appropriate measures were taken to control weed 

infestations and pests. Adequate irrigation and 

fertilization were provided to ensure optimal plant 

growth and development. 

Data Collection: 

Data on various agronomic traits, including grain yield, 

plant height, number of tillers, spike length, and 

thousand kernel weight, were recorded for each 

genotype in each location and season. Grain yield was 

the primary response variable of interest. 

Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction 

(AMMI) Analysis: 

The collected data were subjected to AMMI analysis to 

assess the genotype-by-environment interactions. The 

AMMI model decomposes the data into main effects 

(genotypes and environments) and interaction effects, 

allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of 

genotype performance and stability across different 

environments. 

AMMI Model Fitting: 

The AMMI analysis was performed using appropriate 

statistical software or programming languages. The 

data were analyzed using ANOVA to partition the 

variance into main effects and interaction effects. The 

first few principal components were then calculated to 

capture the main sources of variation in the data. 

Biplot Visualization: 

The AMMI biplot was constructed to graphically 

represent the genotype-by-environment interactions. 

The biplot visually displays the relationship between 

genotypes and environments, helping to identify 

genotypes with stable performance and those that are 

more responsive to specific environmental conditions. 

Interpretation and Selection of Superior Genotypes: 

Based on the AMMI analysis results and the biplot 

visualization, advanced bread wheat genotypes with 

high grain yield, stability across diverse environments, 

and adaptability to specific agroecological zones were 

identified. These superior genotypes were selected for 

further evaluation and potential inclusion in breeding 

programs. 

Statistical Validation: 

To ensure the robustness of the AMMI analysis results, 

appropriate statistical tests were performed. The 

significance of genotype-by-environment interactions 

and the stability of genotypes were validated using 

appropriate methods. 

Discussion of Results: 

The results of the AMMI analysis were discussed in the 

context of wheat breeding and agricultural practices in 

Ethiopia. The implications of the findings for improving 

wheat productivity, ensuring food security, and 

promoting sustainable agriculture were explored. 



Volume 03 Issue 09-2023 4 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 09    Pages: 1-5 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471)  
OCLC – 1290679216   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

The study concludes by summarizing the key findings 

and their significance in the context of wheat breeding 

and agricultural development in Ethiopia. The 

implications for future research and the potential 

application of the AMMI analysis in other crop 

breeding programs are also discussed. 

RESULTS 

The assessment of grain yield in advanced bread wheat 

genotypes through the Additive Main Effect and 

Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) analysis revealed 

substantial variability in genotype performance across 

diverse environments in Ethiopia. The AMMI biplot 

visualization effectively captured the genotype-by-

environment interactions, providing valuable insights 

into genotype adaptability and stability. 

Several advanced bread wheat genotypes 

demonstrated high grain yield performance, indicating 

their potential for contributing to improved wheat 

productivity in Ethiopia. Genotypes with stable 

performance across different agroecological zones 

were identified, indicating their reliability and 

resilience to varying environmental conditions. These 

stable genotypes offer promising candidates for 

further evaluation and potential deployment in wheat 

breeding programs. 

The AMMI analysis also highlighted specific genotype-

by-environment interactions, indicating that certain 

genotypes responded differently to various 

environmental conditions. This information is crucial 

for developing location-specific wheat varieties 

tailored to the unique challenges and opportunities in 

different regions of Ethiopia. By identifying genotypes 

that perform exceptionally well in specific 

agroecological zones, farmers can be provided with 

improved varieties that are better suited to their local 

conditions. 

DISCUSSION 

The findings of this study hold significant implications 

for wheat breeding and agricultural development in 

Ethiopia. By using the AMMI analysis, breeders can 

make more informed decisions on genotype selection, 

focusing on high-yielding and stable genotypes that 

perform well across diverse environments. This can 

lead to the development of improved wheat varieties 

that contribute to enhanced food security and 

sustainable agriculture in the country. 

The genotype-by-environment interactions revealed 

through the AMMI analysis underscore the importance 

of location-specific breeding approaches. Developing 

wheat varieties that are well-adapted to specific 

agroecological conditions can optimize productivity 

and resource use efficiency, contributing to the overall 

sustainability of the agricultural system. 

Furthermore, the identification of stable genotypes 

can reduce the risk of crop failure due to unpredictable 

environmental fluctuations, such as erratic rainfall or 

temperature extremes. By integrating stable 

genotypes into cropping systems, farmers can mitigate 

the impacts of climate variability and enhance the 

resilience of their agricultural practices. 

CONCLUSION 

In conclusion, the AMMI analysis proved to be a 

valuable tool for assessing grain yield in advanced 

bread wheat genotypes in Ethiopia. The identification 

of high-yielding and stable genotypes, as well as the 

understanding of genotype-by-environment 

interactions, provides crucial information for wheat 

breeding and agricultural decision-making. 

The results of this study contribute to the ongoing 

efforts to improve wheat productivity and food 

security in Ethiopia. By selecting superior genotypes 



Volume 03 Issue 09-2023 5 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 09    Pages: 1-5 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471)  
OCLC – 1290679216   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

with stable performance, breeders can develop wheat 

varieties that are better adapted to the country's 

diverse agroecological conditions. This, in turn, has the 

potential to enhance the livelihoods of farmers, 

increase wheat production, and strengthen food 

security in Ethiopia. 

The study also highlights the importance of adopting 

location-specific breeding strategies to optimize wheat 

production in different regions of the country. Further 

research and collaboration between breeders, 

researchers, and farmers are needed to translate these 

findings into practical applications that benefit 

Ethiopian agriculture and contribute to sustainable 

development goals. Overall, the assessment of grain 

yield through the AMMI analysis represents a 

significant step towards achieving improved wheat 

productivity and resilience in Ethiopian agriculture. 

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Past successes and future challenges to the role 

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