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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 05     Pages: 04-12 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471)  
OCLC – 1290679216   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
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ABSTRACT 

This article describes the most important diagnostic tests in determining protein metabolism disorders of Fish and 

their importance. When diagnosing disorders of protein metabolism in fish, it is necessary to carry out an analysis of 

feeding them according to age (nutritional norms), characteristic clinical signs (loss of appetite, development of 

coxexia, lag behind growth and development), pathologoanatomic changes (accumulation of fat around internal 

azos, darkening of body color, coxexia, blood clots in the intestines), morphobiochemical changes in the blood 

(hemoglobin, erythrocyte count, average of hematocrit, leukocyte count, neutrophil with Rod nucleus, basophils, 

monocytes, lymphocytes, analysis of the average total protein, total calcium, inorganic phosphorus and retinol) is 

considered important. 

KEYWORDS 

Fish, intensive, coxexy, hemoglabin, common protein, retinol, perten DA7250, ETS. 

INTRODUCTION 

Relevance of the topic. Currently, effective work is 

being carried out to ensure stable supply of the 

population with livestock products and to expand 

production opportunities in livestock and its industries, 

to ensure food safety in this area. 

Also, strengthening of quality control in the livestock 

sector, increasing the volume of production of 

competitive export-oriented products, development 

of a favorable business environment, which provides 

for the production of products with added value chain, 

is widely underway. 

  Research Article 

 

DIAGNOSIS OF PROTEIN METABOLISM DISORDERS IN FISH 
 

Submission Date: May 06, 2023, Accepted Date:  May 11, 2023,  

Published Date: May 16, 2023  

Crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume03Issue05-02 

 

 

Eshburiev Sobir Bakhtiyorovich 
Associate Professor Samarkand State University Of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Husbandry And 

Biotechnology, Uzbekistan 

 

Kasimov Saifiddin Jakhongir Ugli 
Assistant Tashkent Branch Of Samarkand State University Of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Husbandry And 

Biotechnology, Uzbekistan 

Journal Website: 

https://theusajournals.

com/index.php/ajahi 

Copyright: Original 

content from this work 

may be used under the 

terms of the creative 

commons attributes 

4.0 licence. 

 

https://theusajournals.com
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume03Issue05-02


Volume 03 Issue 05-2023 5 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 05     Pages: 04-12 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471)  
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Improvement of the system of science, education, 

information and consulting services, introduction of 

modern information technologies in this field due to 

the introduction of effective forms of integrated 

knowledge and information dissemination with the 

expansion of research, education and consulting 

services in livestock and its branches such important 

works are being implemented step by step. 

In order to provide the population with high-quality 

and cheap livestock and fish products, the 

development of the livestock sector is being paid great 

attention to the sector at the level of the Republic. 

Therefore, the fishing industry, which is considered a 

branch of animal husbandry, is not an exception. In the 

development of the intensive fishing industry, 

measures such as prevention and treatment of 

infectious and non-infectious diseases in fish are 

required. 

Diseases of protein metabolism disorders are 

widespread among fish, and this disease brings great 

economic damage to fisheries. Eliminating the factors 

that cause protein metabolism disorders shows the 

need to perform tasks such as early detection and 

prevention of diseases. 

Disruption of protein metabolism in fish occurs in two 

ways: 

- increased content of protein substances in the fish 

organism. 

- deficiency of protein substances in the fish organism. 

In the first case, nutrition of the super-protein type 

occurs as a result of the over-normal release of protein 

substances in the body of fish. This patalogy is 

characterized by the fact that it is practically not found 

in intensive farms [1]. 

In the latter case, it has been experimentally 

determined that the nutrient is lacking in protein 

substances, that the metabolizing process in the fish 

organism is derailed, and that it is caused by infectious 

and parasitic diseases [5,7]. 

When diganosticizing protein metabolism disorders 

found among fish, diagnosis is made based on the 

results of fish feeding conditions, feed quality, 

biochemical indicators of feed, fish storage conditions, 

clinical and pathomorphological examinations [2,7]. 

When fish with a violation of protein metabolism are 

cracked, thickening of the stomach wall in them 

necrosis flies can be seen in the stomach, due to the 

lack of certain amino acids, pathologies such as 

impaired fat metabolism and fat accumulation in the 

liver arise.  

In many cases, the intestine becomes inflamed in the 

disruption of protein metabolism in the organism of 

Fish, and hyperemic conditions are prominent in the 

posterior sections of the intestine [3,6]. 

Protein metabolism disorders in the fish organism can 

also be diagnosed by detecting energy deficit 

syndrome (ETS). When determining (ETS), a test is 

carried out on physiological and biochemical indicators 

in fish.In this case, the fish are assessed for their 

resistance to stress factors, in particular to 

temperature rises. In this case, 20-40 L is carried out 

with non-moving water and in containers supplied with 

a constant O2 (aquarium). When starting the test, the 

water temperature rises from 0.5-2 Cº to 27-30 cº in 1 

hour, when the water temperature in sick fish exceeds 

25 Cº, kilinic signs are manifested (circular movements). 

Death is observed when the water temperature 

exceeds 27 Cº, it takes 30 fish to pass this biosinov [3]. 



Volume 03 Issue 05-2023 6 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
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When protein metabolism is disrupted, fish remain 

susceptible to growth and development, coxexia, 

infections, in a short time infected fish turn dark or 

black in general, sometimes water accumulates in the 

abdomen, covering the eyes with a white veil. Fish do 

not receive nutrients, movement coordination is 

disrupted, accumulating and dying on low-water 

shores [3]. 

When protein metabolism is disrupted, the amount of 

hemoglobin and the number of erythrocytes in the 

body of fish decreases, while the amount of many 

amino acids in the protein decreases and their 

proportions change [4]. 

The fish organism's need for protein is considered to 

be greater than that of other livestock. In fish of 

different breeds, the need for protein is different. For 

example: proteins should make up 31-38% of the feed 

for carpsimons, 35-40% for forel, 38-40% for 

osyotrsimons, 40-42% for African lacs and local river 

lacs, while proteins are required in young fish up to 

50%. Disruption of protein metabolism in the organism 

of fish is also affected by a lack of vitamins, fats and 

minerals [1,4]. 

The results obtained and their analysis. Our scientific 

researches were carried out in fish farms in Tashkent 

and Samarkand regions. Scientific investigations were 

conducted in order to determine the level of protein 

metabolism disorders among 1-year-old carp fish 

grown in "“Autsayder Fish” " fish farm located in 

Tashkent region. 

The investigations began with an analysis of the feed 

base available on the farm and the process of feeding 

the fish. Granular fodder containing wheat, barley and 

mash is widely used as feed in the farm. In this farm, 

fish are fed 3 times a day. 

The average daily feed intake in the farm is 1.5% of the 

fish's body weight (the standard daily feed should be 

2.5% of the fish's body weight.) 

In order to determine the disorders of protein 

metabolism in fish, 50 1-year-old fish were randomly 

selected as a sample and underwent clinical and 

hematological examinations. As a result of clinical 

examinations, it was found that the growth and 

development of the fish was delayed, the average 

body weight was 0.7-0.8 kg. 

At the "Aminjon Farukhbek" fishery farm located in 

Samarkand region, investigations were also conducted 

to determine the violation of protein metabolism 

among fish belonging to the 1-year-old carp breed. 

In this farm, mash and wheat bran are used as feed, fish 

are fed twice a day. At the "Aminjon Farukhbek" fishery 

farm, the amount of food taken by fish per day is on 

average 1.7% of body weight. 

In both farms, it was found that the body weight of 1-

year-old carp fish is less than the standard indicator. 

During the training, the amount of protein in the feed 

was checked according to the Гост13496.4-93 standard 

and using a modern universal infrared express analyzer 

Perten DA7250.  

Laboratory analyzes showed that 100 grams of feed 

used in the "Autsayder Fish" fishery contained an 

average of 28.86% protein. 

It was found that 100 grams of feed used by "Aminjon 

Farukhbek" fishery farm contains 14.94% protein. 

According to the requirements of the standard, the 

amount of protein in the daily feed of carp fish should 

be 31-38% on average. 



Volume 03 Issue 05-2023 7 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

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VOLUME 03 ISSUE 05     Pages: 04-12 

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Energy deficiency syndrome (ETS) test was used to 

detect protein metabolism disorders among fish. In 

this method, resistance of fish to stress factors, 

especially temperature rise, was evaluated. 

This test was carried out in 40 l tanks with still water 

and constant O2 supply (AKVARUM). At the start of the 

test, the water temperature increased from 2 Cº to 27-

30 Cº in 1 hour, and when the water temperature 

exceeded 25 Cº, diseased fish began to show clinical 

signs (circling movements). When the water 

temperature exceeded 27 Cº, death was observed in 

fish with clinical signs, 50 fish were used for this 

biotest. 

As a result of the test carried out at the "Autsayder 

Fish" fishery (ETS), 37 out of 50 fish began to show 

clinical signs when the water temperature exceeded 25 

°C, and during the experiment, clinical signs began to 

appear when the water temperature exceeded 27 °C. 

the death of the fish was observed. 

The following results were obtained in the 

investigation at the "Aminjon Farukhbek" fish farm 

(ETS): when the water temperature rose above 25°C, 

clinical symptoms appeared in 43 out of 50 fish, and 

when the temperature reached 27°C, clinical signs 

appeared. death was recorded in 43 large fish with no 

symptoms. 

Based on the results of the conducted (ETS) 

examination, the number of fish that showed clinical 

signs and died was 74% at the "Outsider Fish" farm, and 

86% at the "Aminjon Farukhbek" farm. 

During the inspections carried out at the "Autsayder 

Fish" fishery, 18% of the fish showed relaxation of the 

skeletal muscles, 10% of the fish had darkened body 

color, 24% of the fish had tumors in the muscles of the 

dorsal part of the body, and 58% of the fish had a 

decrease in response to external influences and poor 

appetite. was determined. 

In the "Aminjon Farukhbek" fishing farm, 20% of the 

fish had loose skeletal muscles, 13% of the fish had 

darkened body color, 28% of the fish had tumors in the 

muscles of the dorsal part of the body, and 54% of the 

fish had a decrease in response to external influences 

and poor appetite. 

Pathanatomical examinations at the "Autsayder Fish" 

fishery showed accumulation of fat around the internal 

organs in 26% of fish, darkening of the body color in 32% 

of fish, cochexia in 72% of fish, bleeding in the intestines 

of 13% of fish, curvature of the skull in 10% of fish, 8 In % 

of fish, it was found that the degree of refraction of the 

fin apparatus was increased, in 24% of the fish, the 

eyeball was cloudy, and in 18% of the fish, the presence 

of hemorrhages in the skin and eyelids was found. 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 1: Accumulation of fat around internal organs as a result of protein metabolism. 



Volume 03 Issue 05-2023 8 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 05     Pages: 04-12 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471)  
OCLC – 1290679216   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
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From the pathanatomical examinations in "Aminjon 

Farukhbek" fishery farm, 32% of fishes have 

accumulation of fat around internal azoes, (Fig. 2) 

darkening of body color in 34% of fishes, cohexia in 76% 

of fishes, curvature of the skull in 14% of fishes, 16 

Hemorrhages in the intestines of % fishes, increase in 

the degree of refraction of fin apparatus in 10% fishes, 

darkening of the eyeballs in 26% fishes, presence of 

hemorrhages in the skin and eyelids in 22% fishes was 

found. 

Blood samples were taken from experimental fish and 

their hematological indicators were checked based on 

generally accepted methods. 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 2. Hemorrhage in the intestines as a result of protein metabolism disorders. 

It can be seen in Table 1 that the results of the analysis 

of fish blood taken as a sample from the "Autsayder 

Fish" fishery showed that the average hemoglobin 

content was 69.26±3.78 g/l (the standard average was 

75.25± 4.38 g/l), the average number of erythrocytes is 

1.1±0.2 1012/l (norm 1.3±0.21012/l), the average indicator 

of hematocrit is 32.8±0 ,8% (normal 34.1±1.0%), 

leukocyte count on average 38.3±4.1-109/l (normal 

39.4±4.3-109/l), the average number of neutrophils 

with rod nuclei is 2.4±0.5% (norm 2.8±0.7%), basophils 

0.7±0.2% (norm 1.0±0.5% ), the average amount of 

monocytes 2.1±0.5% (norm 2.7±0.7%), lymphocytes 

88.2±1.2% (norm 90.2±1.4%) formed. 

Table 1 

Hematological indicators of fish from the "Autsayder Fish" fishery. 

T/r Indicator Result Norm (SI unit) 

1. Hemoglobin (HB) 69,26±3,78 75,25±4,38 g/l 

2. Erythrocytes (RBC) 1,1±0,2 1,3±0,2 1012/l 

3. Hematocrit (HCT) 32,8±0,8 34,1±1,0 % 

4. Leukocytes (WBC) 38,3±4,1 39,4±4,3 109/l 



Volume 03 Issue 05-2023 9 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

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VOLUME 03 ISSUE 05     Pages: 04-12 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471)  
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The average amount of total protein in fish blood 

serum is 27.25±1.81 g/l (norm 40.23±2.8 g/l), the average 

total calcium is 1.9±0.12 mmol/l (norm 2.05±0.15 

mmol/l), inorganic phosphorus on average 0.99±0.06 

mmol/l (norm 1.04±0.08 mmol/l) and retinol the 

average amount was 39.3 ng/ml (normal average 46-52 

ng/ml). 

As shown in Table 2, the results of the analysis of the 

blood of the fish taken as a test from the "Aminjon 

Farukhbek" fishery showed that the average 

hemoglobin content was 65.25±3.08g/l (the standard 

average is 75.25±4.38g /l), the number of erythrocytes 

is on average 1.0±0.21012/l (norm 1.3±0.21012/l), the 

average indicator of hematocrit is 31.8±0.8% (me mean 

34.1±1.0%), average leukocyte count 38.3±4.1-109/l 

(normal 39.4±4.3-109/l), rod-shaped neutrophils 

average amount 2.4±0.5% (norm 2.8±0.7%), basophils 

0.7±0.2% (norm 1.0±0.5%), monocytes average amount 

2.1±0.5% (norm 2.7±0.7%), lymphocytes 88.2±1.2% (norm 

90.2±1.4%), total blood serum average amount of 

protein 20.25±1.01 g/l (norm 40.23±2.8 g/l), total 

calcium average 1.9±0.11 mmol/l (norm 2.05±0.15 

mmol/l), average inorganic phosphorus 0.98±0.05 

mmol/l (norm 1.04±0.08 mmol/l) and average amount 

of retinol 37, It was 5 ng/ml. 

Table 2 

Hematological indicators of fish in the "Aminjon Farukhbek" fishery 

T/r Indicator Result Norm (SI unit) 

1. Hemoglobin (HB) 65,25±3,08 75,25±4,38 g/l 

2. Erythrocytes (RBC) 1,0±0,2 1,3±0,2 1012/l 

3. Hematocrit (HCT) 31,8±0,8 34,1±1,0 % 

4. Leukocytes (WBC) 38,3±4,1 39,4±4,3 109/l 

5. Neutrophil with rod nucleus 2,4±0,5 2,8±0,7 % 

6. Basophils 0,7±0,2 1,0±0,5 % 

7. Monocytes 2,1±0,5 2,7±0,7 % 

8. Lymphocytes 88,2±1,2 90,2±1,4 % 

9. Total protein 20,25±1,01 40,23±2,8 g/l 

5. Neutrophil with rod nucleus 2,4±0,5 2,8±0,7 % 

6. Basophils 0,7±0,2 1,0±0,5 % 

7. Monocytes 2,1±0,5 2,7±0,7 % 

8. Lymphocytes 88,2±1,2 90,2±1,4 % 

9. Total protein 27,25±1,81 40,23±2,8 g/l 

10. Total calcium 1,9±0,12 2,05±0,15 mmol/l 

11. Inorganic phosphorus 0,99±0,06 1,04±0,08 mmol/l 

12. Retinol (vitamin A) 39,3 46-52 ng/ml 



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VOLUME 03 ISSUE 05     Pages: 04-12 

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10. Total calcium 1,9±0,11 2,05±0,15 mmol/l 

11. Inorganic phosphorus 0,98±0,05 1,04±0,08 mmol/l 

12. Retinol (vitamin A) 37,5 46-52 ng/ml 

 

From the results obtained from both farms, it can be seen that the process of protein metabolism is going on in the 

body of fish, and in turn, the disorder of the metabolism of calcium, phosphorus and retinol in the body is characterized 

by the fact that it does not leave a negative impact on the process of protein metabolism. 

 

Figure 3: Blood pointer of experimental fish 

In the fish farms where the experiments were 

conducted, the fish feeding procedure was violated, 

the protein content of the feed was insufficient and 

therefore the daily protein needs of the fish were not 

covered, and the presence of clinical signs 

characteristic of protein metabolism disorders in the 

fish caught and examined as an experiment, 

pathanatomical o It was determined during the 

experiments that the changes were developed and 

that the hematological parameters were lower than 

the standard parameters. 

 

 

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Autsayder Fish Aminjon Farukhbek Norm (SI unit)



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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 05     Pages: 04-12 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 7. 471)  
OCLC – 1290679216   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
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Figure 4: Procedure for obtaining blood from the fish tail artery for hematological tests. 

Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that 

there are protein metabolism disorders among fish 

grown in fisheries. 

CONCLUSION 

The origin of protein metabolism disorders in intensive 

fisheries is caused by non-compliance with fish feeding 

procedures, daily feed intake less than 2.5% of fish body 

weight, feeding in an unbalanced diet with less than 31-

38% protein content. important factors such as  

In the diagnosis of protein metabolism disorders in 

fish, the following characteristic clinical-pathological-

anatomical signs are used: relaxation of the skeletal 

muscles, the presence of tumors in the muscles of the 

dorsal part of the body, decreased response to 

external influences, changes in appetite, accumulation 

of fat around the internal organs, darkening of the 

body color. cohexia, curvature of the skull, increased 

refractive index of the fin apparatus, darkening of the 

eyeball, the presence of hemorrhages on the skin and 

eyelids should be determined. 

The diagnosis of protein metabolism disorders in fish is 

an effective method by detecting energy deficiency 

syndrome (ETS). When the water temperature rises 

above 25 °C, clinical signs begin to appear in fish with 

protein metabolism disorders (rotational movements). 

From the hematological parameters, the amount of 

hemoglobin increased by 7.9% on average, the number 

of erythrocytes by 15.38%, the average indicator of 

hematocrit by 3.8%, the number of leukocytes by 2.7%, 

the number of neutrophils with rod nuclei by 14, by 2%, 

basophils by 30%, monocytes by 22%, lymphocytes by 

2.2%, total protein by 32.2%, total calcium by 7.3%, 

inorganic phosphorus by 4.8%, and the amount of 

retinol by o When it decreases by 14.5% on average, it is 

possible to diagnose that protein metabolism 

disorders have developed. 

REFERENCES 

1. Габаеева А.Р. «Хозяйственно- биологические 

особенности зеркалного карпа» 

Владикавказ. Диссертация  2018. 

2. Norboev, K. N., Rakhmonov, U. A., Ruzikulov, 

N. B., & Eshburiev, S. B. (2022). Effectiveness of 

Vitaprem and Probiotic Bio–3s in Group–

Prophylaxis of Hens’ Hypovitaminoses. 

International Journal of Multicultural and 

Multireligious Understanding, 9(11), 308-314. 



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(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 05     Pages: 04-12 

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OCLC – 1290679216   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
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3. Абрамов В.Ф., Н.Б. Ананева “Болезни рыб и 

пчёл”, Тираспол 2015 . 

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6. Eshburiyev, S. B., Kasimov, S. J., & Aslonova, M. 

A. (2023). Causes and symptoms of protein 

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No. 1, pp. 55-63). 

7. Aslonova, M. A., Toshmurodov, S. S., & 

Eshburiyev, S. B. (2023). SUV TARKIBI VA 

MUHITINI O’ZGARTIRUVChI OMILLAR 

TA’SIRIDA BALIQLARDA KELIB ChIQADIGAN 

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8. Eshburiyev, S. B., Qarshiyev, U. T., & Yusupova, 

Z. (2022). Prophylaxis of mineral metabolism 

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9. Sobir, E. (2016). Etiopathogenesis and 

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10. Karshiev, U. T., Eshburiev, S. B., & Yusupova, Z. 

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