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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 02 ISSUE 10     Pages: 32-40 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705)  
OCLC – 1290679216  METADATA IF – 5.625 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

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ABSTRACT 

At present, the influence modern surveying instruments has increased significantly. Modern surveying tools make the 

process easier and saves time. The development of territorial production complexes, exploration and development of 

mineral deposits, design, construction, reconstruction of industrial, agricultural and energy facilities, land reclamation, 

land management, modern geodetic equipment must be used for urban and agricultural and other tasks. 

 

KEYWORDS 

Geodesy, GPS ( GNSS )-technologies, Field controller, UAVs, Electronic tacheometer, Electronic theodolite, Electronic 

levels, Laser scanner. 

 

INTRODUCTION 

In our time, a large number of geodetic instruments 

and new technologies in geodesy have been created 

that are fundamentally different from traditional ones. 

In previous years, each type of measurement had its 

own type of instrument: a theodolite for angular 

measurements, a level for height measurements, and a 

  Research Article 

 

IMPROVING THE USE OF MODERN SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS 
 

Submission Date: October 01, 2022, Accepted Date:  October 05, 2022,  

Published Date: October 13, 2022  

Crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume02Issue10-07 

 

 

I.L. Akramov 
Head of the department “Geodesy and topography” SSDI “Uzdaverloyiha”, Uzbekistan 

 

N. M. Khozhimurodov 
Specialist of the department “Geodesy and topography” SSDI “Uzdaverloyiha”, Uzbekistan 

 

Journal Website: 

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com/index.php/ajahi 

Copyright: Original 

content from this work 

may be used under the 

terms of the creative 

commons attributes 

4.0 licence. 

 

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Volume 02 Issue 10-2022 33 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 02 ISSUE 10     Pages: 32-40 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705)  
OCLC – 1290679216  METADATA IF – 5.625 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

tape measure and range finder for linear 

measurements. Each device, depending on the 

intended use, had its own accuracy characteristics. The 

presence of professional equipment allows you to 

make the most accurate calculations in the shortest 

possible time. In the last decade, the pace of 

modernization of instruments used in geodetic 

calculations has increased significantly, completely 

new technologies have been developed, Modern 

geodetic instruments can be divided into several 

particularly significant groups: 

1. GPS ( GNSS ) technologies 

2. Field controller 

3. Drones 

4. Electronic total station 

5. Electronic theodolite 

6. Electronic levels 

7. laser scanner 

GPS (Global Position System) is a satellite radio 

navigation system or, as it is also called, a global 

positioning system. Geodetic GPS receivers are 

specially designed to accurately determine the 

coordinates of point objects. GPS receivers can be of 

the following modifications: single-frequency, dual-

frequency and multi-frequency. Currently there are 

several GNSS: 

➢ GPS ( global position system ) a system 

administered by the US government: 

➢ GLONASS (global navigation satellite system), 

Russian satellite system: 

➢ Galileo , Europe's satellite system: 

➢ Compass. Chinese satellite navigation system. 

The advantage of GNSS is the ability to determine the 

coordinates of points in the desired coordinate system 

at large distances, and as a result, labor costs are 

significantly reduced. New geodetic technologies 

include methods for determining the coordinates of 

points (positioning) from signals from special Earth 

satellites . moving in certain orbits. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure - 1 GPS technology 

 

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Volume 02 Issue 10-2022 34 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 02 ISSUE 10     Pages: 32-40 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705)  
OCLC – 1290679216  METADATA IF – 5.625 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

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The main advantage of such equipment is the mobility 

of transportation, since the GPS (Global Position 

System) has a relatively small weight and dimensions. 

Field controller - application in geodesy received 

relatively recently. Although in the field of electronics 

and computing devices, this is a fairly common device 

with which various equipment is controlled. 

Combining many functions and modules (sound 

recording, voice communication, camera, wi-fi , 

Bluetooth, touch screen, etc.), this tool facilitates the 

implementation of geodetic surveys and increases its 

accuracy and efficiency, in essence being a portable 

computer with rich range of possibilities. 

The most important argument in favor of using 

controllers was the elimination of errors and errors 

that appeared due to the human factor, and the 

acceleration of calculations. Although the use of this 

equipment violates the principle that is mandatory for 

geodetic justification of topographic surveys: 

rechecking the data obtained by a second specialist - 

with repeated measurements if necessary. The ability 

to connect the controller to various measuring 

instruments (GNSS receivers, laser scanners, 

tacheometers, etc.) and the accuracy of calculations 

allow you to get the most reliable research results in 

the shortest possible time. 

• Convenient, intuitive interface. 

• The ability to connect input and output devices 

without changing their software. 

• Large amount of memory for data storage and 

the possibility of increasing it. 

• A large number of modules. 

• multimedia options. 

• Durability and protection against possible 

damage when working in the field: resistance to 

temperature changes, moisture ingress to the case. 

When surveying terrain with a field controller, two 

types of instruments can be used: 

1. removable control panel connected to total 

station type devices 

2. autonomous control unit working in geodesy 

with GPS equipment. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure -2 Field Controller 

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Volume 02 Issue 10-2022 35 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 02 ISSUE 10     Pages: 32-40 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705)  
OCLC – 1290679216  METADATA IF – 5.625 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

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Unmanned Aerial Vehicle – One of the most common 

tasks performed in geodesy is surveying and drawing 

up a detailed plan of the area. With the help of 

unmanned aerial vehicles, which appeared in service 

with specialists only at the beginning of the 21st 

century, this has become much easier. Most field 

surveys today are carried out by teams of surveyor 

engineers. In small areas, they provide high 

measurement accuracy and low cost of maps and 

plans. In vast areas with difficult terrain, work with 

"legs" becomes unprofitable due to significant labor, 

time and financial costs. If, however, such a modern 

tool as an unmanned aerial vehicle (quadcopter) is 

used for geodetic surveying of the terrain , then the 

work can be done much faster, cheaper and more 

conveniently. This statement is also true regarding the 

use of drones for dozens of other, very different tasks 

that require high-quality visual information from the air 

for their solution. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure -3 quadrocopter 

 

This is the widest area of civil application of 

quadrocopters, which includes many areas: 

• design and survey work for the construction 

and reconstruction of roads, buildings and structures; 

• land surveying, inventory and cadastral 

valuation of land plots; 

• monitoring the state of engineering 

communications, power lines, pipelines; 

• assessment of the efficiency of land use; 

• designing the development of urban and rural 

areas with the definition of zones for the placement of 

various objects; 

• preparation of orthophotomaps for the needs 

of farmers and agricultural enterprises; 

Due to relative affordability and quick payback, today, 

almost everywhere, drones are used for geodetic 

survey of vast and hard-to-reach areas of the earth's 

surface in order to create maps and plans for various 

purposes. 

Electronic total station - The emergence of electronic 

total stations can be considered a natural development 

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Volume 02 Issue 10-2022 36 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 02 ISSUE 10     Pages: 32-40 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705)  
OCLC – 1290679216  METADATA IF – 5.625 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

of geodetic technology, a general development of 

related instrumentation and electronics. An electronic 

total station made it possible to obtain coordinates at 

any point of an object within a short period of time 

without any additional or preliminary construction of 

the territory. The accuracy of catch measurement in a 

modern electronic tacheometer reaches half a second 

of arc a professional digital surveyor's instrument 

designed for accurate measurements in the field, 

elevations, horizontal distances and increments of 

rectangular coordinates. It combines a light range 

finder and a theodolite. The device is capable of 

performing engineering calculations and storing the 

information received. 

Total stations perform a wide range of geodetic tasks: 

1. Conducting cadastral and land management 

works; 

2. Building maps and plans; 

3. Conducting observations of the deformation of 

structures; 

4. Maintenance of reconstruction and 

construction. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure -3 Total Station 

The most functional type of geodetic equipment, 

which includes a huge number of technological 

options, is an electronic total station, and the price of 

the total station depends on the number of these 

options and additional functions. Such a geodetic 

instrument is capable of not only measuring distances 

and angles, but also processing data directly in the 

process of field work. In addition, it can be used to 

solve many applied geodetic problems. The electronic 

total station, which is known as the most "intelligent" 

geodetic equipment, has an internal memory where all 

the data obtained as a result of measurements can be 

stored. Distances are measured by the device based on 

the time it takes for a light beam from a geodetic 

instrument to reach the reflector and back. The 

possible measured range depends on the technical 

features of the device. So, devices with a reflective 

rangefinder with one installed prism can measure 

distances up to 5 km, with a few further. Reflectorless 

rangefinders operate in a range of up to 1.5 km. In 

addition, this characteristic of a geodetic instrument is 

affected by the influence of external environmental 

factors: humidity, temperature, pressure, etc. The 

highest measurement accuracy will be achieved in calm 

cloudy weather, in a place protected from vibration of 

operating mechanisms. 

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Volume 02 Issue 10-2022 37 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 02 ISSUE 10     Pages: 32-40 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705)  
OCLC – 1290679216  METADATA IF – 5.625 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
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The instrument's processor has a memory that can 

store a catalog of coordinates. The presence of the 

necessary coordinates allows you to get a resection or 

position yourself on any of the known points in the 

area, simply by selecting the desired point from the 

catalog. In addition, such geodetic instruments make it 

possible to carry out stakeout, shoot in coordinates 

and solve many geodetic problems. 

Electronic Theodolite - Being highly accurate and very 

easy to use devices, electronic geodetic theodolites are 

gaining more and more popularity. These instruments 

are equipped with electronic sensors for taking 

measurement readings and then displaying their 

results on a display for the user. Easy-to-use electronic 

theodolites have become indispensable at the 

construction site during the construction of 

infrastructure facilities of any degree of complexity 

and in the performance of various works: 

• fully automate the process of goniometric 

measurements; 

• geodetic and engineering surveys for the 

construction of topographic plans and maps; 

• construction of a network of geodetic points 

on the ground during general construction works; 

• successfully used in military affairs. 

 

•  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure -4 Electronic theodolite 

The main working measure within the framework of 

the theodolite design is horizontal and vertical limbs 

equipped with minute and degree divisions. When 

participating in measurement work, theodolite aiming 

can be used at points with known static coordinates; in 

geodetic measurements, the device can be used in 

combination with a grid of threads. So, the electronic 

theodolite and its more advanced version of the total 

station represent the evolution of the device 

mechanics towards changing the used calculation 

system, providing increased accuracy and stabilizing 

the operating conditions of the device with modern 

technological additions. In this case, the electronic 

theodolite is created on the principle of ensuring ease 

of operation. The most important difference between 

electronic theodolites and optical devices is the use of 

a binary digital measuring system with full rotary angle 

sensors. Its essence lies in the marking of a 

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Volume 02 Issue 10-2022 38 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 02 ISSUE 10     Pages: 32-40 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705)  
OCLC – 1290679216  METADATA IF – 5.625 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
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photoelectric disk with an algorithm of black and white 

code marks, when illuminated , it turns out 1 or 0. This 

value is subsequently analyzed and processed in the 

processor. The captured information is recorded in an 

integrated storage element or transferred to external 

media or a PC. 

The main components of electrotheodolites are: 

1. laser or optical plummet; 

2. stand with tribrach ; 

3. graphical LCD screen with control panel for the 

most important actions; 

4. visual optical tube with a network of threads 

for high-quality positioning on the object; 

5. screws for fixing, adjusting and aiming; 

6. high-strength case with a reference system 

placed in it. 

Modern models, as a rule, are equipped with vertical 

compensators, which greatly simplifies the work with 

the device. 

Electronic levels are modern multifunctional geodetic 

instruments that combine the functions of a high-

precision optical level, an electronic storage device and 

built-in software for processing the measurements. 

The main distinguishing feature of electronic levels is a 

built-in electronic device for taking readings on a 

special rail with high accuracy. The use of electronic 

levels allows you to eliminate the personal errors of the 

performer and speed up the measurement process. It 

is enough to point the device at the rail, focus the 

image and press the button. The device will take a 

measurement, display the obtained value and the 

distance to the staff on the screen. Digital technologies 

make it possible to significantly expand the capabilities 

of levels and their areas of application. Experience 

shows that with a digital level, a 50% time saving is 

achieved compared to a conventional level. The main 

reasons are the fast data acquisition and the saving of 

measurements in the instrument's internal memory. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure -5 Electronic Levels 

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Volume 02 Issue 10-2022 39 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 02 ISSUE 10     Pages: 32-40 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705)  
OCLC – 1290679216  METADATA IF – 5.625 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

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Electronic levels have the following main positive 

features: 

• Full automation, thanks to which the 

measurement results are immediately displayed on the 

instrument screen. 

• Shock and moisture protection. Thanks to this 

feature, the device can be used in any conditions. 

• Built-in memory. The ability to write 

information to the device. 

• Transferring data to a computer. With a slot for 

a memory card, you can transfer information from the 

device to a computer in order to analyze the results in 

more comfortable conditions. 

• Ease of use. Working with the device does not 

require special skills, everything is clear on an intuitive 

level. 

All these features of the equipment allow you to 

perform many tasks much faster and more 

conveniently. Over time, these tools become even 

more advanced as they add new features that allow 

you to perform measurements even faster and more 

accurately. Such devices are indispensable in many 

areas. 

The laser scanner is a completely new geodetic 

equipment. If we consider the technical side of laser 

scanners, we can say that a laser scanner is a device 

equipped with a high-speed non- reflective laser 

rangefinder and a system for changing the direction of 

the laser beam - a special rotary mirror. By setting the 

scanning area - the sector of rotation of the mirror, in 

which the laser beam of the range finder will propagate 

at a high speed up to 50,000 points per minute, you can 

get a continuous survey of the object of interest. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure - 6 Laser Scanner 

 

Advantages of terrestrial laser scanning: 

• a three-dimensional model of the object is 

obtained instantly; 

• measurement accuracy is very high, section 

drawings and other drawings; data collection is very 

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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 02 ISSUE 10     Pages: 32-40 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705)  
OCLC – 1290679216  METADATA IF – 5.625 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
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fast - a significant time saving when working in the 

field; 

• defects and shortcomings are easily detected - 

it is enough just to compare the resulting design with 

the design 3-dimensional model; 

• safety of shooting dangerous and hard-to-

reach objects; 

• topographic plans are obtained using virtual 

survey; 

• calculation of the magnitude of deformations 

by comparison with previously obtained survey results. 

Thus, one can see how much the technologies used in 

the geodetic support of construction have been 

improved. Modern geodetic equipment and tools 

allow us to complete the most complex projects in the 

shortest possible time, ensuring the accuracy of all 

calculations and increasing labor productivity. 

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1. Alkachev T.E., Shishov N.A., Pastukhov M.A. 

History and ways of development of electronic 

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Technologies (polytechnic bulletin). - 

Krasnodar: Publishing House - South. - 2013. - 

No 3. - S. 37-39. 

2. Atroshko E.K., Ivanova M.M., Marendich V.B. 

Course of engineering geodesy. (Part first ) . - 

Gomel: BelGUT , 2010. - 140 p. 

3. Gichko K.A., Bgane R.A., Shevchenko G.G. 

Problems that arise when performing 

theodolite survey // Earth Sciences at the 

present stage. – M.: Sputnik+, 2012. – S. 106–

108. 

4. Gladyshev, S.V. Study of theodolite: teaching 

aid for students /S. V. Gladyshev, V. S. Ermakov. 

- Leningrad: LPI, 1988.- 12s. eight. 

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technologies [Electronic resource] - Access 

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survey [Electronic resource] - Access mode 

https://studfiles.net/preview/5354751/page:15/

#20 

7. Levchuk, G. P. Applied geodesy: Basic methods 

and principles of engineering and geodetic 

works: textbook for universities / G. P. Levchuk, 

V. E. Novak, V. G. Konusov.-Moscow: Nedra, 

1981.-438 p. . 

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spektr.ru/taheometry/ 

10. Source: http://echome.ru/elektronnyj-

teodolit.html 

 

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