







































Volume 02 Issue 10-2022 20 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 02 ISSUE 10     Pages: 20-23 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705)  
OCLC – 1290679216  METADATA IF – 5.625 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ABSTRACT 

Anthrax (Latin - Febris carbunculosa; English - Anthrax; Russian - sibirskaya yazva) is an acute and extremely dangerous 

infectious disease, characterized by septicemia, severe poisoning and the formation of carbuncles, all types of 

agriculture  It infects domestic, domestic, and wild animals, and it is easily transmitted to humans mainly through 

animals. 

 

KEYWORDS 

Epizootic, infection, pathogen, infectious process, infectious disease, mutualism, immunoreactivity, protein, reservoir, 

zoonosis, zooanthroponosis, anthroponosis, susceptible organism, types of infection, alimentary infection, 

exogenous infection, dust infection, endogenous infection, virulence, transmissible  path, horizontal path, vertical 

path, antigen, heterogeneous antigens, epitope, antibody, immune factors. 

 

INTRODUCTION 

  Research Article 

 

HISTORY OF THE ORIGIN OF ANTHRAX DISEASE AND METHODS OF ITS 

STUDY 
 

Submission Date: October 01, 2022, Accepted Date:  October 05, 2022,  

Published Date: October 12, 2022  

Crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume02Issue10-05 

 

 

A. S. Menliev  
Termez Institute Of Agrotechnologies And Innovative Development (V.F.F.D), Uzbekistan 

 

U. Bobomurodov  
Assistant Of Termez Institute Of Agrotechnologies And Innovative Development, Uzbekistan 

 

F. Amanov   
4th Grade Student Of Termez Agrotechnologies And Innovative Development Institute, Uzbekistan 

 

Journal Website: 

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Copyright: Original 

content from this work 

may be used under the 

terms of the creative 

commons attributes 

4.0 licence. 

 

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Volume 02 Issue 10-2022 21 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 02 ISSUE 10     Pages: 20-23 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705)  
OCLC – 1290679216  METADATA IF – 5.625 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

Historical information.  Long before Christ, the disease 

was called "Persian fire", and ancient Greek scientists 

called it "divine fire".  Hippocrates, Ibn Sina, Homers 

also called this disease "burning coal".  Large 

epizootics of the disease were observed in Europe, 

America, Asia and Africa during the Middle Ages and 

the next 200 years. 

 The Russian scientist A. Eshke in 1758 and N. 

Nozhevshikov in 1762 gave the name sibirskaya yazva 

(anthrax) to animals and humans in Siberia.  In 1786-

1789, S. S. Andrievskii discovered that this disease is 

contagious, and in 1788 he contaminated himself with 

the blood of a sick animal, became seriously ill, and 

proved that the symptoms and course of the disease 

are the same in animals and humans. 

 I. Peterson and N. F. Gamaleya reported on the 

transmission of the pathogen by blood-sucking insects 

from one animal to another.  In 1849, German scientist 

Pollender, in 1850, French scientists Rayne, Daven were 

the first to see the causative agent isolated from dead 

animals.  In 1876, R. Koch really isolated the causative 

agent of the disease and proved that it produces 

spores.  In 1877, Askole created a method for 

determining the disease in the precipitation reaction 

(PR-Askole reaction). 

 In 1881, L. Pasteur from a weakened pathogen, and in 

1883, L.S.  Senkovsky created a live vaccine against 

anthrax.  In 1944, N.N.  STI (Sanitary Technical Institute) 

by Ginsburg, GNKI in 1956 and S.G. in 1991-1992.  

Kolesov, N.A.  Mikhailov Yu.  Borisovich (VNIIVViM) 

created a vaccine from the bacillus form 55 strain of the 

anthrax pathogen. 

 According to S. G. Kolesov and G. I. Romanov (1976), 

anthrax caused great damage to animals and killed 

many people in ancient Rome in 463-452 BC.  In the 

same source, 163 years before Christ, this disease was 

brought to Italy from Gaul with woolen fabrics, and 

anthrax was reported in several European countries - in 

Finland in 1758 and 1774, in Switzerland in 1774, in 

Russia in the 70s of the 18th century, in France in 1912, 

and in Germany in 1926 in Poland,  It is written that it 

spread in Saxony. 

 In order to prevent anthrax, vaccination against it is 

required.  For this, all susceptible animals (calves 1 time 

from 3 months of age, 2 times after 6 months and large 

cattle of all ages 1 time in a dose of 1 ml every year, 

lambs, goats 1 time from 3 months of age)  - times, 2 

times after 6 months and large sheep-goats of all ages 

1 time in a dose of 0.5 ml and pigs also in a dose of 1 ml 

from the age of 3 months) and large pigs of all ages 

every year  It is injected subcutaneously in a dose of 1 

ml once. 

 It is necessary to vaccinate all susceptible animals, 

taking into account their fatness and physiological 

condition, every year in the risk areas for anthrax.  Thin, 

sick and hypovitaminosis animals should not be 

vaccinated against anthrax, calves, lambs and piglets 

should be vaccinated as soon as they are 3 months old.  

Vaccinated animals can be slaughtered after 14 days. 

 The main attention of veterinary specialists should be 

focused on the control of anthrax outbreaks, 

slaughtering of animals, especially forced slaughtering, 

and educational work on this disease among the 

population.  Dead animals must be burned and 

disposed of quickly, the place where it lies must be 

disinfected, and the slaughtered animal and its 

products must undergo veterinary control.  

Transportation and processing of animals and their 

products should always be under the supervision of a 

specialist.  Timely cleaning of farms from manure and 

neutralization of manure, current disinfection, 

disinsection and deratization, and keeping pastures, 

drinking water, places where animals gather, roads 

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Volume 02 Issue 10-2022 22 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 02 ISSUE 10     Pages: 20-23 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705)  
OCLC – 1290679216  METADATA IF – 5.625 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

where they are driven clean, fence around the farm  

when entering it, arrange a dezobarrier, a sanitary 

conduit, do not allow strangers and animals to enter 

the farm, provide all employees with special clothes, 

shoes, face wash, and disinfectants, newly purchased 

animals must be tested for anthrax  Taking them from 

the farm, keeping them under preventive control for 1 

month, introducing only vaccinated animals to the 

farm will help prevent anthrax. 

- not to introduce animals from other farms and 

settlements to the farm without the permission of 

a veterinary specialist, and to ensure that animals 

are not transferred from one place to another in 

the farm; 

- to take purchased animals from a farm healthy for 

this disease, to keep the imported animals in 

preventive quarantine for 30 days, during that 

period to serologically check them for brucellosis 

and to add only brucellosis seronegative animals to 

the herd; 

- do not mix livestock belonging to the farm and the 

population with other animals, even in the pasture, 

at the common watering place; 

- feeding calves with pasteurized milk, regular 

disinfection, disinsection and deratization of the 

farm, providing nutritious feed to all species of 

animals on the farm, scheduled diagnostic 

inspection. 

 As soon as the initial diagnosis of this disease is made 

among susceptible animals in a farm, herd, herd, 

settlement or other enterprise, the veterinary 

specialist immediately informs the district veterinary 

department and the sanitary epidemiology control 

officer about it.  As soon as a laboratory diagnosis of 

anthrax disease is detected among animals in a farm, 

herd or settlement, the district veterinary department 

writes a report on this situation, and on this basis, the 

farm, herd or settlement is quarantined by the decision 

of the district (city) mayor.  The body temperature of 

the animals in the furnace is measured and the animals 

are divided into 3 groups (sick, suspected and 

conditionally healthy).  Sick animals are treated, 

healthy ones are vaccinated.  Milk from healthy but 

suspected infected animals is boiled, and milk from sick 

animals is discarded.  Unhealthy and dangerous areas 

should be defined in the approval of the anthrax 

control action plan and farm health measures. 

 According to quarantine requirements, the following 

are prohibited: 

- to remove the animal, its products (meat, milk, fat, 

skin, wool, horns, hooves), feed (hay, grain), 

vehicles from the quarantine area, and to enter the 

above-mentioned persons and strangers into this 

area; 

- slaughtering an animal, cutting open a dead 

animal, skinning it, grouping or replacing animals, 

carrying out surgical operations; 

- organization of flea markets, exhibitions, sports 

events in the settlement; 

- drinking water from a common place. 

- production of meat, milk, dairy products, leather, 

wool, hooves from the farm; 

- use of sick animal milk, slaughter for meat. 

 A dezobarrier and a 24/7 guard post will be organized 

during the health care activities.  Buildings where 

animals are kept are disinfected daily.  A dead animal is 

cremated.  Residual hay, manure and other waste are 

burned.  A separate person is assigned to care for the 

sick and he is provided with special protective clothing.  

The milk of sick and suspected sick cows is boiled and 

discarded.  Conditionally healthy cow's milk is 

considered suitable for consumption after boiling.  The 

place where the animal died is disinfected with 10% 

caustic sodium, excavated to a depth of 15-20 cm, the 

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Volume 02 Issue 10-2022 23 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations  
(ISSN – 2771-2559) 
VOLUME 02 ISSUE 10     Pages: 20-23 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705)  
OCLC – 1290679216  METADATA IF – 5.625 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

soil is mixed with 25% active chlorine lime, buried to a 

depth of 2 m, and the top is concreted with the sign 

"Anthrax" and  the date is recorded.  Quarantine is 

removed from the farm 15 days after the last dead or 

recovered animal, after final disinfection by decision of 

the district governor.  That land should be included in 

the agricultural land use map of the district.  It is 

forbidden to carry out construction and reclamation 

works there.  Residual hay, manure and other waste 

are burned. 

 Manure, manure and other waste before the outbreak 

of the disease are neutralized with 10% alkali. 

 10% caustic sodium, 4% formaldehyde, 10% 

monochlorinated iodine, 7% hydrogen peroxide, and 2% 

glutaraldehyde are used for disinfection. 

 Animals infected with anthrax, people in contact with 

their meat, skin, milk, wool and other waste will be 

monitored by medical staff for 8 days. 

 The soil layer is neutralized with alkaline formaldehyde 

(10.0 formaldehyde, 5 mg of chlorinated lime per 1m2 

of surface).  Manure is neutralized by biothermal 

method within 2 years.  Liquid waste from the farm is 

neutralized within 5 days by adding 30 kg of ammonia 

to 1 m3 of liquid mass.  In addition to this, disinsection 

and deratization activities will be held. 

 

 A list of the main textbooks and study guides useduse 

Basic textbooks and manuals 

 1. Salimov H.S., Kambarov A.A.  "Epizootology" 

textbook, 2016. 

 2. Parmanov M.P.  et al., "Epizootology" textbook.  T, 

2010. 

 3. Parmanov M.P., "Epizootology" study guide.  T, 

2002. 

 4. Parmanov M.P.  et al., "Epizootology" study guide.  

T, 2007. 

 5. Mamatova M.N.  et al., "Private epizootology" 

training manual.  T, 2006. Evidence abroad 

 6. Matt J. Keeling & Pejman Rohani.  "Modeling 

Infectious Diseases in Humans and Animals", USA, 

2007. 

REFERENCES 

1. .www.  Ziyo.net.uz. 

2. www.veterinaria meditsinasi.uz 

3. www.sea@mail.net21.ru 

4. www.veterinary@actavis.ru 

5. http: //www//infect/ru 

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