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 VOLUME Vol.05 Issue03 2025 

PAGE NO. 9-13 

DOI 10.37547/ajahi/Volume05Issue03-03 

 
 
 
 

Mechanical composition and properties of irrigated soils 

of syrdarya region 
 

Rayimberdiev H.A. 

Senior researcher, Doctor of philosophy in agricultural sciences, Uzbekistan 

 

Eshonkulov M.A. 

Senior researcher, SRICS, SP and A, SSES doctor of philosophy in agricultural sciences, Uzbekistan 

 

Kholboev B. 

Doctor of philosophy of biological sciences, associate professor, Uzbekistan 

 

Raxmonov I. 

Doctor of philosophy of biological sciences, associate professor, Uzbekistan 

 

Mirsharipova G. 

Candidate of agricultural sciences, associate professor, Gulistan State University, Uzbekistan 

 

 

Received: 20 January 2025; Accepted: 19 February 2025; Published: 17 March 2025 

 

Abstract: The article presents the main soil types in the region and their distribution by mechanical composition. 
It also presents methods for determining the mechanical composition of the region's soils and the results of the 
analysis of the mechanical composition of the soil by fractionation.   

 

Keywords: Soil, mechanical composition, gray-meadow, meadow, salinity level, fraction, section, light loam, 
medium loam. 

 

Introduction: The Resolution of the President of the 
Republic of Uzbekistan No. PP-71 dated February 13, 
2024 "On Additional Measures to Combat Agricultural 
Land Degradation, Support Increasing the Humus 
Content and Productivity of Soils" establishes the 
procedures for allocating subsidies from the State 
Budget in order to prevent the negative impact of 
climate change in the Republic, reduce the degradation 
of agricultural lands, and increase crop productivity and 
soil productivity by increasing the humus content in the 
soil. 

Today, in our republic, with special attention to the 
rational and effective use of land and water resources, 
research and assessment of the effect of physical, 
chemical and biological properties of soil on its 
productivity is considered one of the main tasks. 

The irrigated meadow soils of Bukhara region are rich 
in humus (1.1-1.45%) and nitrogen (0.08-0.12%) and as 
a result of agro-irrigation runoff penetrating deep into 
the mud, an agro-irrigation layer is formed, the amount 
of humus is more, and according to the mechanical 
composition, the soil is heavy loam and medium loam 
[2.10.11]. 

The mechanical composition of soils has different 
effects on its physical, water-physical, physico-
chemical, physico-mechanical, agrochemical, and 
biological properties. The ability of soils to hold water, 
its ability to rise through capillary tubes, and its ability 
to conduct water (filtration) are related to their 
mechanical composition. The mechanical composition 
determines the quantitative criteria and balances of 
moisture, heat, nutrition regimes, humus and nutrients 

 

https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume05Issue03-03
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume05Issue03-03
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume05Issue03-03
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume05Issue03-03


American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations 10 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559) 
 

 

vitally necessary for plants [1.12.13.14.]. 

In the grassland soils located in the Mirzachul region, 
the amount of physical clay particles (<0.01 mm) varies 
within a very wide range across layers, from 8.2-15.9% 
to 63.4-66.5%. Among mechanical elements, large dust 
particles (0.05-0.01 mm) occupy the main place, fine 
particles (<0.001 mm) make up 4.2-10.8% [4.5.6.7.15]. 

Freshly irrigated non-soaked and weakly soaked 
meadow-gray soils have different mechanical 
composition and are mainly composed of heavy and 
light loam. 

Freshly irrigated non-soaked and weakly soaked 
meadow-gray soils have different mechanical 
composition, consisting mainly of heavy and light 
sands, the amount of physical clay particles (<0.01 mm) 
varies from 21.4-25.5% in light sands, 48.1-53.0% in 
heavy sands, and 61.8-78.5% in clays , among the 
mechanical elements, large dust particles (0.05-0.01 
mm) prevail, the amount of dust particles, excluding 
some horizons, is from 6.2-7.5% to 18.5-20.7% [8.9]. 

In order to improve the agrophysical properties of the 
soil under the conditions of different levels of salinity, 
it was observed that the improvement of the 
agrophysical properties of the soil was observed when 
cotton was planted for one year in a short rotation 
rotation, and then mash for grain + mash for siderate + 
20 t/ha of manure + winter wheat were planted before 
winter wheat [3]. 

The state of soil reclamation and its productivity 
directly depends on the mechanical composition of the 
soil. 53.6% of the irrigated lands of Syrdarya region 
consist of medium loam, 31.3% light loam, 8.0% heavy 
loam, 6.1% sandy loam, 0.8% clay and 0.2% sandy 
mechanical composition [4]. 

The total land area in the administrative border of 
Syrdarya region is 427.6 thousand hectares, and the 
irrigated land is 287.4 thousand hectares. The land area 
of the region intended for agriculture amounts to 373.7 
thousand hectares, or 87.4% of the total land area. 
Hydromorphic and semi-hydromorphic soils are 
widespread in the region. The irrigated soils of the 
Syrdarya region consist of light gray, meadow-gray, and 
gray-meadow soils. Irrigated meadow soils make up 
13.2% of the total area of the region and are mainly 
distributed in Gulistan, Saykhunabad and Sirdarya 
districts. Pale ice soils are the main areas of the region. 
The soil nutrient supply is as follows: humus content is 
0.5 - 1.0 percent, nitrogen 0.05 - 0.09 percent, 
phosphorus 0.05 - 0.2 percent, and potassium 2 - 2.5 
percent. 

Gray-meadow soils constitute the main part of regional 
irrigated agriculture. According to the mechanical 

composition, the soils are mainly light and medium 
loam. These soils are transitional (intermediate) soils 
from gray soils to grassland soils. Depending on the 
degree of salinity, the soils are of different degrees of 
salinity, among which there are weak, medium and 
strong salinity types.  

The mechanical composition of the soils of the Syrdarya 
region varies depending on the location: 

Sandy loam and light loamy soils – often found near 
rivers. They dry out quickly and do not retain moisture 
well. 

• Medium and heavy gley irrigated soils – suitable for 
livestock and agriculture. These soils require good 
tillage. 

• Clay soils – they retain moisture well, but can become 
waterlogged if the irrigation system is not well 
established. 

The physical and mechanical properties of soil depend 
not only on its mechanical and structural composition 
and moisture content, but also on many chemical 
properties, the fine-dispersed fraction of the soil, and 
the composition of cations. The main goal of studying 
the mechanical composition of soil is to determine the 
amount of mechanical elements of various sizes and to 
develop a classification of its mechanical composition. 
In sandy and sandy loam soils, which contain a large 
amount of sand particles, the particles do not stick to 
each other and are scattered. Therefore, water moves 
very quickly from top to bottom through this type of 
soil layer, the air and temperature regime is good, and 
it offers very little resistance to tools that work the soil. 
However, humus, nitrogen, and other important 
nutrients accumulate poorly in the upper layer of the 
soil, because they are washed down to the lower layers. 
Heavy soils with a clay composition, although rich in 
nutrients, are not sufficiently productive due to 
unfavorable other conditions. Currently, soil particles 
are determined by N.A. Kachinsky's classification based 
on their quantity. The mechanical composition of the 
soil can be determined by 3 different methods.  

- "Dry" method. To do this, take a small amount of soil, 
crush it well in the palm of your hand, then blow it 
lightly, and judge the mechanical composition of the 
soil by the number of dust particles remaining in the 
palm. The heavier the mechanical composition of the 
soil in the area being tested, the more particles will 
remain in the palm. This is the crudest method of 
determining the mechanical composition in the field, 
and only allows you to distinguish between heavy and 
light soil groups. 

Determination by "clay rings". For this, 3-5 grams of 
soil is taken in the palm and a doughy clay is made by 



American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations 11 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559) 
 

 

adding some water. It is made into rings, and 
depending on its external condition, groups of 
mechanical particles such as sand, loam, glay, silt are 
separated. Depending on the mechanical composition, 

prepared rings can be as follows. 

 

1 – 

 

2 – 

 

 

3 – 
 

4 – 

 

 

5 – 

 

6 – 

  

Figure 1. Determining the mechanical composition of the soil by making "muddy 

rings": 

 1-sand; 2-sandy loam; 3-light loam; 4-medium loam; 5-heavy loam; 6 -glay. 

- Determination of the mechanical composition of the 
soil using sieves. It is used to separate its stones and 
sand into certain groups (large, medium, fine). Usually, 
sieves with holes with a diameter of more than 3 mm 
are used to determine the stony part of the soil. 
Determination of the degree of stonyness of the soil is 
most often carried out in field conditions. To do this, 1 
kg of soil is taken and passed through a sieve. The 
remaining stony part is cleaned of small particles stuck 
to the stones using special wool brushes, then weighed 
on a technical scale with an accuracy of 0.1 g and its 

percentage is calculated. 

The experiments were conducted in the conditions of 
soils prone to salinization in the Syrdarya region. In 
order to determine the physical and mechanical 
properties of the soil, in 2023, a cross-section was 
excavated from 3 points of the experimental area, and 
samples were taken from the 0-30, 31-60, 61-90, and 
91-120 cm layers of the soil and their mechanical 
composition was determined. 

 

1- table 

Mechanical composition of soil 2023 year. 

 Soil 

cross-

section

, № 

A 

sampled 

layer, cm 

Factions, % 
Physic

al clay, 

% 

Mechanical 

composition >0.25 0.25-0.1 0.1-0.05 
0.05-

0.01 

0.01-

0.005 

0.005-

0.001 
<0.001 

1 

0-30 1,3 1,1 17,4 
42

,9 
8,0 15,1 14,3 37,4 medium loam 

31-60 5,8 3,3 29,7 
39

,8 
5,6 8,7 7,2 21,5 light loam 

61-90 5,9 3,7 28,4 
41

,3 
4,8 8,7 7,2 20,7 

light loam 



American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations 12 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559) 
 

 

91-120 6,3 2,5 17,4 
46

,1 
6,4 11,1 10,3 27,8 

light loam 

2 

0-30 1,9 1,8 15,2 
42

,9 
8,0 15,9 14,3 38,2 medium loam 

31-60 5,8 3,6 32,6 
40

,5 
2,4 8,0 7,2 17,5 sandy loam 

61-90 5,3 2,7 33,3 
40

,5 
2,4 9,1 6,8 18,3 sandy loam 

91-120 6,6 2,9 19,7 
44

,5 
8,0 10,3 8,0 26,2 light loam 

3 

0-30 2,1 1,4 16,3 
42

,9 
7,2 15,9 14,3 37,4 medium loam 

31-60 8,3 5,0 25,6 
37

,4 
7,2 9,5 7,2 23,9 

light loam 

61-90 5,2 4,4 27,7 
41

,3 
6,4 8,7 6,4 21,5 

light loam 

91-120 6,0 3,8 21,9 
43

,7 
7,2 9,5 8,0 24,6 

light loam 

According to the results of the analysis, it was observed 
that the amount of physical clay in the soil sample of 
the 0-30 cm layer of the soil at the 1 point of the section 
is 37.4%, and according to the mechanical composition, 
the mechanical composition of the soil samples in the 
31-60 cm, 61-90 cm, and 91-120 cm layers is light loam. 
The mechanical composition of the soil samples in the 
31-60 cm and 61-90 cm layers of section 2 is sandy 
loam, and the mechanical composition of the soil 
sample in the 0-30 cm layer in section 3 is medium 
loam. According to the results of laboratory analysis, 
the mechanical composition of the soil samples in the 
31-60 cm, 61-90 and 91-120 cm layers has a light loam 
mechanical composition. 

CONCLUSION 

In conclusion, it can be said that loamy soils are 
considered to be among the best soils, because loamy 
soils have the most suitable water, air, and 
temperature regimes, creating favorable conditions for 
physicochemical and biochemical processes. 
Therefore, before developing agronomic measures that 
increase soil productivity, the correct and accurate 
determination of soil mechanical composition is an 
important factor in the study of cultivated areas. 

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